Petras Vestartas Generics in Newham by Petras Vestartas

KADK DEP.8 LONDON

GENERICS IN NEWHAM

2013 PETRAS VESTARTAS

RESEARCH COMPARISON BETWEEN 6 BOROUGHS OF LONDON SELECTION...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6-7 3D SITE MODEL......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8-13 NEWHAM..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14-15 ENFIELD...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16-17 HAMSTEAD..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18-19 BARNET................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20-21 TOWER OF HAMLETS..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................21-22 SOUTHWARK........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23-24 COMPARISON......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26-37 SUMMMARY “GENERICS IN NEWHAM“ MAPPING OF NEWHAM REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 38-43 SHORTEST DISTANCE NETWORK MAP...............................................................................................................................................................................................44-45 JANE JACOBS MAP .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................46-47 ATTRACTOR POINTS MAP....................................................................................................................................................................................................................48-49 TRANSPORT INTERSITY MAP ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................50-51 ENDOSKELETON MAP ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................52-53 OVERCROWDING MAP................................................................................................................................................................................................................./.......54-55 CONCEPT MEDIUM PROGRAM CONCEPT MEDIUM PROGRAM...........................................................................................................................................................................................................58-61

SUPERPOSITION BORDER CONDITION..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................62-65 SHORTEST PATHS................................................................................................................................................................................................................................71-68 ISOVIST............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 72-77 OUTPUT

SELECTION

MAP OF SELECTED LOCATIONS LOCATIONS WERE SELECTED BY: A) SOCIAL DATA; B) BUILDING TYPOLOGY; C) UNUSED SPACES; D) POPULATION DENSITY; E) MONO & MULTIFUNCTIONAL URBAN FABRIC;

ENFIELD

3D SITE MODEL

DEPOPULATED SCHEME

NEWHAM OVERCROWDED SCHEME

HAMSTEAD

3D SITE MODEL

RICH SCHEME

BARNET MANSIONS SCHEME

SOUTHWARK

3D SITE MODEL

MODERNIST SCHEME

TOWER OF HAMLETS MIXED-USE SCHEME

NEWHAM

LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

TYPOLOGY

URBAN FABRIC

ENFIELD

LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

TYPOLOGY

URBAN FABRIC

HAMSTEAD

LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

TYPOLOGY

URBAN FABRIC

BARNET

LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

TYPOLOGY

URBAN FABRIC

SOUTHWARK

LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

TYPOLOGY

URBAN FABRIC

TOWER OF HAMLETS

LANDUSE OF SELECTED AREA

TYPOLOGY

URBAN FABRIC

NEWHAM

SECTION A-A

PLAN FRAGMENT

SECTION A-A

SECTION B-B

URBAN BLOCK COURTYARD DENSITY

SECTION B-B

ENFIELD

SECTION A-A

PLAN FRAGMENT

SECTION A-A

SECTION B-B

HAMSTEAD

SECTION A-A

PLAN FRAGMENT

SECTION A-A

SECTION B-B

BARNET

SECTION A-A

PLAN FRAGMENT

SECTION A-A

SECTION B-B

TOWER OF HAMLETS

SECTION A-A

SECTION B-B

TRANSPORT INTENSITY MAP

[ N

MAIN TRAFFIC MAP

THIS MAP CALCULATES INTERSECTIONS BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ROADS.

BUS/TRAIN STOP TRAIN LINE SECONDARY ROAD PRIMARY ROAD TRUNK

NEWHAM TRAFFIC SCHEME

IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS BIG YOU GET VALLEY. IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS IS SMALL YOU GET PEAK. THEN AVERAGE NUMBER IS CALCULATED.

173

1 : 10 000

500

1000 M

TRAFFIC INTESITY IN SECTIONS

MAPPING

SITE FOR ANALYSIS

123 99

104 101 110 130

AS A RESULT, THIS MAP SHOWS HOW INTENSE STREETS ARE IN DIFFERENT IN POINTS. BY JOING ALL POINTS INTO 2D SURFACE MAP YOU GET MORE AND LESS ACTIVE AREAS AROUND THE STREET.

TRAFFIC INTESITY IN 2D PLAN

161

INDENTITY

HOWEVER, RESIDENTS direction and LOCAL views, the straight road - besides ORIENTS being ...more comfortable for traffic - still has the IN A ability CITY BY THESE ATTRACTORS EXCEPT GARDEN CITY to be beautified by either letting it lead to an important element or beautifying its sides FROM SHOPPING STREETS AND HOUSING HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH by trees or by breaking the lines. UNITS. A

SECONDARY STREET MAP

SHARED

DELAUNAY SHORTEST DIST.

ALS FOR CONNECTING ATTRACTORS A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACE RAYMON URWIN:WITH BOULEVARDS. LATOF THE CITY B) NO GARDEN SPACE He argued that better development of sites would C) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COSINESS be done if they were owned by smaller bodies. ER REGENT’S STREET WAS ERECTED ANDBY POROSITY SOCIAL HOUSING FORCE IS UNIFORM. OF GOVERMENTAL ENOURMOUS FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALS LAW.HOUSING NEWHAM HAS INVERT SITUATION, HAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS WHEN THESE ATTRACTORS DO NOT STAND OUT OF NEIGHBOUR BUILDING MASS.

...while the curved road provides ever-changing

VAR D

BOU LE

VAR D

BOU LE

SURE Y?

LI C

PA RCK UL CU TU LT RE UR E

B B

AFTER GREAT BYE-LAW FIRE OF LONDON IN 1666SOCIAL HOUSING DING THERE WERE MULTIPLE PLAN PROPOSARCHITECTURE DISADVANTAGES:

UNIFORMITY

UNIFORM UNIFORM VISTASVISTAS

DIFFERENT DIFFERENT VISTASVISTAS

usly

PU B LPI CA RK

HO US HO ING US ING HO HOUSIN G US HOUS HO ING ING US ING GR HOUSIN AN HO GR G USING D AN IN DU HDO IN DU US HO ST A VENUE ING AV US ST R RY ENUE ING RY AIL H RA OU ND HIO W IL S I ND AY ING UUSS HOUSIN W US INTG AY G HOUSIN RY TR G IND Y UST IND HOUSIN RY HOU UST G RY INDSUING FA STRY RM INDU FA STRY RM

IN MA

PUBLIC BLIC

PU B

GARDERN CITY SCHEME

THIS MAP CALCULATES SHORTEST DISTANCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST.

LEVARD VABRODU BOULE

IN MA

While protagonists such as Jane Jacobs had already pointed to the relationship between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 and 80s that CPTED became more well-known through the work of Oscar Newman, Alice Coleman, etc. A number of other theorists and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc. Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorkÊs Bronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first year of implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, it also contributed to the creation of fortress cities.

G IN US HO G IN NG UGS USI HOIN HOUSING HO L US OO G HO SIN CINHG G HOUUSING IN USS HOUSING US HO HOUSING HO G HO L O NUE IN HO AVE SING USG GRAND SC HOU HOSIN G HOUSING N I U S HOUUE H O TR Y N G N HOUSING US USI AVE G D GRAND SIN IN O H HOU NG RY I T S S TYS HOU INDU STATION ENTR HOUSING TDMUS STRY G INDU SIN IN LLO STATION HOU RAY UST TS STATION IND EN TM LO AL

1997 - ELLIN

STRY

A typical example of neighbourhood gating in London can be found in Dartmouth Park, Hampstead, called Holly Lodge Estate. The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood

FOLLOWS FEAR

HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHWORTH

INDU

of raced ymeaning UK ing good d e

SHORTEST DISTANCE NEIGBOURHOOD - GATING FORM MAP

A A

STATION

by trees or by breaking the lines.

THIS MAP CALCULATES SHORTEST DISTANCES BETWEEN FUNCTIONS OF INTEREST.

B B B B

B B

A B

B B

B B B B B

B B

BB B

Shortest ways between point A and multiple points of interest B in a superimposed map.

AIR

HOUSING

RECREATION

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

RECREATION

UNDERGROUND

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

RECREATION UNDERGROUND AIR

HOUSING PUBLIC

HOUSING

SHOPPING ONE WAY UNDERGROUND STREET TRAFFIC

PARKING

RECREAT.

PEDESTRIANS

PRIVATE GARDEN

UNDERGROUND WHICH STREETS JANE I COULD DEVELOP?

HOUSING

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

PEDESTRIANS

TRAFFIC

PEDESTRIANS

TRAFFIC

PARKING

PEDESTRIANS

PRIVATE GARDEN

TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

40 PARKING

TRAFFIC

BUS

PEDESTRIANS

TRAFFIC

TWO WAY SHOPPING STREET

SUPERPOSITION OF PATHS

AIR

PUBLIC PRIVATE

RECREAT.

AIR

PUBLIC PRIVATE

MAPPING

B B

IS LITTLE COMMERCE OR STREET HOUSING THE STREET. HOUSING HOUSINGLIFE TO KEEP EYES ON RECREATION UNDERGROUND PROJECTS ARE TURNED INWARD ONTO COURTYARDS, AWAY FROM STREETS AIR AND SIDEWALKS. GANG WARFARE BY THE POOR AND FORTRESSING BY THEHOUSING HOUSING HOUSING WEALTHY.

ONE WAY STREET

B B

AIR

HOUSINGTHERE

HOUSING

B B B

B B

TYPES

B B

ONE OF THE TRUISMS OF ORTHODOX PLANNING IS THE IDEA THAT PARKS AND OPEN GROUND SPACE ARE IN AND OF THEMSELVES HEALTHY, POSITIVE RELATION ADDITIONS TO URBAN AND SUBURBAN LIFE GENUINE AND INARGUABLE IMPROVEMENTS OVER THE ASPHALT AND CONCREATE OF URBAN STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. JACOBS “TURNS THIS IDEA AROUND“ BY SUGGESTING THAT IT IS CITIES (THEIR ACTIVITY, THEIR DENSITY, THE INTEREST THAT THEY BRING IN THE FORM OF FOOT TRAFFIC, THE ENCLOSURE THEY PROVIDE BY WAY OF BUILDINGS AND STREETS, THAT MAKE PARKS SUCCESSFUL. THE LACK OF SUFFICIENT CITY LIFE RENSTREET DERS PARKS BOTH DLL AND DANGEROUS.)

B B

SHORTEST DISTANCE MAP

JANEFUNCTION JACOBS SECTION MAP

MAIN STREET

AIR

REC

UND

TO:

The Estate comprises one enclosed neighbourhood Religious Religious buildings buildings

ATTRACTOR POINTS MAP LIGHTING

CONNECTED ReligiousReligious buildingsbuildings

DEFINED

THIS MAP SHOWS BUILDING AND SPACESPACE AROUND THAT REPRESENT ALL THE FUNCTIONS SEPARATEEXCEPT FROM HOUSING AND INFORMAL SURVEILLANCE LEGIBILITY RETAIL COURTYARD

Hotels Hotels

PUBLIC FUNCTION IF THE FUNCTION UNIT SUBURBAN FAR AWAY ISIS SEPARATED FROM HOUSING UNITS HOUSING FUNCTION HAS PRIVATE GARDENS. FROM THE SAME FUNCTION UNIT IT BETRADITIONAL AGENDA: THERE IS NO COMMON PUBLIC SPACE, CLOSED AND SEPARATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE COMES LESS IMPORTANT. ONE TEND CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL HOUSINGTO UNITS OWNER, BUT ADDITIONAL COMMON PUBLIC SPACE IS REQUIRED GO TO PLACE THAT ARE CLOSE TO YOU RATHER FAR AWAY. ReligiousReligious buildingsbuildings

Hotels Hotels

BYE-LAW ARCHITECTURE RAYMON URWIN: He argued that better development of sites would be done if they were owned by smaller bodies.

HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY?

Education Education facilities facilities

UNIFORMITY

SHARED

INDENTITY

STREET TYPE

...while the curved road provides ever-changing direction and views, the straight road - besides being ...more comfortable for traffic - still has the ability to be beautified by either letting it lead to an important element or beautifying its sides by trees or by breaking the lines.

GARDEN CITY

HAMSTEAD, WELVYN, LETCHW

UST IND

IN MA RO

PUBLIC

Jane Jabos = Active Street (instead of closed urban courtyard) Jane Jabos = Active Street (instead of closed urban courtyard)

Jane Jabos = Active Street (instead of closed urban courtyard)

DIFFERENT VISTAS

UNIFORM VISTAS

HO U

GR AN D IN DU HO US ST ING RY RA HO IL IND US W US ING AY TR Y IND UST RY I FA RM

Connection of urban blocks

HOUSING

STRY

FORTRESS

TRAFFIC INTESITY IN 2D PLAN

INDU

Modernist approach = New development

3) The sidewalks should have continuously users on it Connection of urban blocks

HOUSING

GRAND

HOUSING

VARD BOULE

G IN US HO G IN G SIN US HOU HO L OO G H SIN G SC HOU IN US G HO NUE IN AVE US HO G SIN HOU RY ST G DU SIN IN HOU RY TS EN TM LO AL

STATION

Modernist approach = New development

what is happing on the street and take action if necessary.

HOUSING PUBLIC RETAIL

A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATE PLACE B) NO GARDEN SPACE C) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CREATES COS AND POROSITY

SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM.

Modernist approach = New development

HOUSING

DISADVANTAGES:

Green Spaces Green Spaces

NEWHAM - INDUSTRIAL URBAN FABRIC STREET LIFE WITHPRIVACY ROW OF SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES. THEY ARE CLOSED IN PRIVATE COURTYARDS.HOWEVER THEY ARE INTERUPTED BY FRAGMENTED PUBLIC FUNCTION HOUSING HOUSING RETAIL IN THE SAME 4 CORNER URBAN BLOCK BOUNDARY AREA. 2) There must be eyes on the street, meaning 1) There must be a clear boundary between that inhabitants and owners get involved public and private space.

SOCIAL HOUSING

HOUSING FUNDED BY INDIVIDUALS HAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS

WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

FOR PRIVATE OWNER

Hotels Hotels

Education Education facilities facilities

Public buildings Public buildings

POPULATION DIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

OPEN FOR EVERYONE CLOSED

between crime and the built environment in the early sixties, it was in the 1970 an 80s that CPTED became more well-known 41 Alice through the work of Oscar Newman, Coleman, etc. A number of other theorist and practitioners further developed or adapted the idea of CPTED, including Brantingham and Brantingham (1994), Crowe (1991), Poyner and Webb (1992); Ekblom (1995; 1997), Shaftoe (1996), etc Many successes on different scales has been documented all across the world, for example the Clason Point Gardens project in New YorkÊs Bronx showed a significant 54% drop in the crime rate during the first ye of implementing environmental design measures. In some cases, however, it also contributed to the creation of fortres cities.

Religious Religious buildings buildings

HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

SOCIAL AGEDA:

OPEN SPACE FOR EVERYONE;

Public buildings Public buildings

Green Spaces Green Spaces

PUBLIC SPACE

PUBLIC

cities, of which Liverpool provides good examples

PATH INTERSETION AS NODS

sts. al

Green Spaces Green Spaces

DISTANCE FUNCTION MAP

rity 97)

closing entire existing neighbourhoods to prevent crime. This type of gated community can be distinguished from security villages or estates that are new private developments built with walls and access controlled entrances from the start.

enclaves and often "no-go areas‰, adjacent to each other, that are separated by high walls, gates, electronic surveillance cameras and private security guards monitoring the access into these areas.

TRADITIONAL AGENDA: of ity fear andTRADITIONAL insecurity AGENDA: THERE IS NO COMMON THEREPUBLIC IS NO COMMON SPACE, PUBLIC SPACE, 97) As such, Ellin (1997) CLOSED AND SEPARATE CLOSED SPACE AND SEPARATE FOR PRIVATE SPACE FOR PRIVATE CONNECTING IDIVIDUAL CONNECTING HOUSING IDIVIDUAL UNITS HOUSING UNITS ws fear‰ in the OWNER, OWNER, COMMON BUT ADDITIONAL PUBLIC COMMON PUBLIC ting in people in BUT ADDITIONAL SPACE IS REQUIRED SPACE IS REQUIRED eas constructing arious forms sts. eir range of interests. l to pay is essential lso incorporate a elated toTHIS the first, MAP SHOWS TRANSPORT STOPS nollows finance‰ (Ellin

POPULATIO DIFFERENC IN DENCITY

RETAIL FUNCTION MAP

ENDOSCELETON MAP

WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPA FOR 1 FAMI

OPEN OPEN FOR EVERYONE FOR EVERYONE

AS A RESULT, MAIN STREETS OF NEWHAM BECOMES LIKE EDOSCELETON WHERE MAJOR FLOWS OF BOUROUGH HAPPENS.

FOR PRIVATE FOR OWNER PRIVATE OWNER

CAL D NTAL

PRIVACY PRIVACY

PUBLIC

MAPPING

CLOSED CLOSED

PUBLIC

AND RETAIL FUNCTION MERGED IN ONE LAYER.

2. THERE MUST BE EYES ON THE STREET, MEANING THAT INHABITANTS AND OWNERS GET INVOLVES WHAT IS HAPPENING ON THE STREET AND TAKE ACTION IF NECESSARY.

STREET LIFE STREET LIFE

STREET T

TO: TION IS RELATED TO:

TE AND PUBLIC

HOUSING

HOUSING RETAIL

RTICAL LAYERING AREAS 2) There must be 2) eyesThere on SHOULD the must street, be eyes meaning on the street, meaning SIDEWALKS HAVE CONTINOUSLY 1. 1) THERE CLEAR BOUNDARY There MUST must beBE 1) a clear Thereboundary must be between a clear boundarythat between inhabitants andthat owners inhabitants get involved and owners get involved public PUBLIC and privateAND public space. and privateSPACE. space. USERS what is happing onwhat the street is happing and take on the street and take BETWEEN PRIVATE action if necessary.action if necessary.

STREET FORTRESS

EN 42

HOUSING

HOUSING PUBLIC RETAIL

FORTRESS

HOUSING PUBLIC RETAIL PUBLIC

PUBLIC

3) The sidewalks should 3) Thehave sidewalks continuously should have continuously users on it users on it DIFFERENT VISTASDIFFERENT

Bronx showed a significant 54 43 drop in the crime rate during of implementing environmental measures. In some cases, how also contributed to the creatio SOCIAL AGEDA: cities. In essence, although there are additional OPEN SPACE FOR influences, the increasing trend towards fortification and privatisation is strongly TRADITIONAL AGE related to perceptions of fear and insecurity among urban residents. As such, Ellin (1997) CLOSED AND SEP argues that „form follows fear‰ in the OWNER, BUT ADD contemporary city, resulting in people in SPACE IS REQUIR perceived high risk areas constructing defensive enclaves of various forms and nature to protect their range of interests. In this sense, the ability to pay is essential in many cases,THE whichMOST also incorporate a NEWHAM IS ONE OVERCROWDsecond theme, closely related to the first, ED AREAS LONDON. THREE STORY namelyINthat of „form follows finance‰ (Ellin DISADVANTAGES: 1997).VOLUME DO NOT SATISFY BUILDING THE 1997).

POPULATION DENSITY MAP PLAN PLAN CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION

THIS MAP SHOWS POPULATION DENSITY ENTRANCE ENTRANCE AREAS OF NEWHAM. SYMMETRY AXIS HIGHLIGHTED AREAS ARE BETWEEN MIN AND MAX DENSITY VALUES.

LCOMPOSITION IN SYMMETRY DIFFERENT AXIS

FUNCTION SECTION

POPULATION DIFFERENCE IN DENCITY

be done if theySUBURBAN were owned by smaller bodies. IS RELATED TO: HOUSING FUNCTION AND POROSITY A) GARDEN SOCIAL HOUSING IS UNIFORM. B) STREET

GROUND GROUND RELATION RELATION SYMMETRY AXIS

AIR

UNDERGROUND

RECREAT.

STREET

HOUSING

HOUSING RECREATION

HOUSING

AIR

HOUSING HOUSING

SHOPPING RECREAT.

RECREAT.

SPACE DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC UNDERGROUND SPACE HORIZONTALLY

HOUSING

PUBLIC PRIVATE

AIR HOUSING HOUSINGB)

LIVING UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND

UNDERGROUND

STREET THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AIR

UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND

REC

UND

MAIN STREET

PARKIN

TRAFFI

BUS

PEDESTR

TWO WAY SHOPPING

HOUSING

PUBLIC PRIVATE

STREET

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING HAMSTEAD, WELVY HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND

TRAFFIC

PEDESTR

TRAFFIC

PEDESTR

TRAFFIC

TWO WAY SHOPPING

GARDEN

1) There must public andAIR

AIR

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING RECREATION RECREATION HOUSING RECREATION RECREAT.

GARDEN

UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND

PUBLIC PRIVATE

UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND

HOUSING

TRAFFIC

ERGROUND

PARKING

HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING HOUSING RECREATION HOUSING RECREATION RECREATION RECREATION

HOUSING RECREATION RECREATION

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

PEDESTRIANS

PRIVATE GARDEN

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

TRAFFIC

PARKING

HOUSING

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING HOUSING

REATION

ONE WAY

AIR

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

AIR

PEDESTRIANS

AIR

...while the curved road provides AS IN MIXED USE ever-changing URBAN AREAS direction and views, the straight road - besides being ...more comfortable for traffic - still has the ONE WAY ONE WAY ability to be beautified by either letting it lead to STREET STREET an important element or beautifying its sides AIR AIR AIR AIR by trees or by breaking the lines. PRIVATE GARDEN

STREET TYPE

STREET

UNDERGROUND AIR

AIR

SHA PR

HOUSING

PUBLIC

HOUSING

HOUSING RECREATION

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

RECREATION

PRIVATE

UNDERGROUND

HOUSING

PUBLIC PRIVATE

UNDERGROUND

HOUSING

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING RECREATION

RECREATION

GROUND UNDERGROUND RELATION

HOUSING RECREATION

PUBLIC PRIVATE

HOUSING

AIR

UNIFORMITY VERTICAL GARDEN AND STREET INDENTITY HORIZONTAL SUBURBAN HOUSING FUNCTION IS RELATED TO: GARDEN A) GARDEN

RECREATION

HOW TO ENSURE PRIVACY? PUBLIC PRIVATE

PUBLIC PRIVATE

AIR PUBLIC PRIVATE

AIR

AIR PUBLIC PRIVATE

WHAM AIR

FOR PRI 1) There must public and

HOUSING

STREET TYPES

THERE IS NO LAYERING VERTICAL LAYERING AS IN MIXED USE URBAN AREAS

WHAT IS THE MINIMAL LIVING SPACE FOR 1 FAMILY?

STREET TYPES

HOUSING FUNDED BYSPACE INDIVIDUALS LIVING DIVIDE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC HAS IDENTITY BY ONE'S NEEDS SPACE HORIZONTALLY

ENTRANCE

FUNCTION SECTION

FOR PR

SOCIAL HOU BYE-LAW VERTICAL ARCHITECTURE PR AND NUMBER OF INHABITANTS LIVING HERE. A) VERY LITTLE PRIVATEFOR PLACE RAYMON URWIN: B) NO GARDEN SPACE CAN WE TRANFORM IT? HORIZONTAL He argued HOW that better development of sites would C) OPEN SPACE DOES NOT CRE

HISTORICAL BUILDING CAPACITY

PLAN CONFIGURATION

FOR COU

FORM FOLLOWS FINANCE

SHORTEST DISTANCE MAP

0. 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184

0.3995

0.699184 0.5993 0.499417 0.799067 INTERSECTION 0.5993 0.699184 0.5993 0.399534 0.499417 0.29965 SECONDARY STREET

0.89895 VISUAL CONNECTION 010 30 50

100 m

JANE JACOBS MAP

0. 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184

0.3995

0.699184 0.5993 0.499417 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184 0.5993 0.399534 0.499417 0.29965 SHORTEST PATH TO ATTRACTORS

0.89895

SPECULATED STREET NETWORK 010 30 50

100 m

ATTRACTOR POINTS MAP

0. 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184

0.3995

0.699184 0.5993 0.499417 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184 0.399534 0.499417 0.29965

0.5993

0.89895

010 30 50

100 m

TRANSPORT INTENSITY MAP

0.29965 0.399534 0.499417

0.499417

0.399534 0.29965

0.5993

0.399534

0.499417

0.799067

0.5993

0.399534

0.499417

0.29965 0.199767

0.799067

0.89895

0.89895 0.699184

0.399534 0.29965 0.499417

0.399534

0.799067

0.699184 0.5993

0.699184

0.5993

0.699184

0.499417 0.099883 0.399534 0.29965

0.199767

0.799067 0.099883

0.29965

0.099883

0.399534

0.199767

0.399534 0.29965

0.699184

0.799067

0.099883

0.5993

0.89895

0.199767

0.499417

0.799067

0.5

0.199767

0.699184 0.5993

0.399534

0.499417 0.29965

0.29965 0.89895 0.199767 0.099883

0.29965

1.0

0.29965 0.199767 0.799067

0.099883 0.199767

0.29965

0.399534

0.199767 0.099883

0.499417 0.29965

0.799067 0.5993 0.699184

0.5993

0.89895

0.3995 0.499417 0.5993 0.399534

0.699184

0.699184 0.399534 0.29965

0.799067

0.5993

0.199767

0.499417

0.499417 0.199767

5993

0.099883

0.399534 0.29965

0.799067 ACTIVE ZONE 0.5993 0.699184 0.5993 0.399534 0.499417 0.29965 PRIMARY ST.

0.399534 0.199767

0.29965

0.199767

0.499417

0.89895INTENSITY ZONES 010 30 50

0.5993 0.499417 0.399534

100 m

ENDOSCELETON MAP

0. 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184

0.3995

0.699184 0.5993 0.499417 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184 0.399534 0.499417 0.29965

0.5993

RETAIL + STOPS

0.89895

NEAREST AREA 010 30 50

100 m

POPULATION DENSITY MAP

0. 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184

0.3995

0.699184 0.5993 0.499417 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184 0.5993 0.399534 0.499417 OVERCROWDED 0.29965 AREA

0.89895

POPULATION DENSITY 010 30 50

100 m

SPERPOSITION

0. 0.799067 0.5993 0.699184

0.3995

0.699184

GREEN SPACE

0.5993

EDUC

PRIVA

EDUCATION 0.499417

GREEN SPACE

EDUCATION

HOTE

GREEN SPACE

EDUCATION

HOTE

PRIVATE COURTYARD

GREEN SPACE

COURTYARD 0.799067 PRIVATEPRIVATE COURTYARD 0.5993 0.699184 0.5993 0.399534 EDUCATION HOTELS HOTELS 0.499417 0.29965

REL

PRIVATE COURTYARD GREEN SPACE

EDUCATION

HOTELS

0.89895

PRIVATE COURTYARD GREEN SPACE

EDUCATION

HOTELS

RELIGION

PUBLIC

PRIVATE COURTYARD

010 30 50

100 m

PUB

KADK DEP.8 LONDON

CONCEPT “...THE JERRY-BUILDERS ARE ALWAYS BUSY IN LONDON TRYING TO COVER NEW AREAS WITH THE ABOVE DESCRIBED ONE-FAMILY HOUSES WHICH ARE EASILY SOLD. AS A RESULT , THEY WANT TO EXTRACT AS MUCH VALUE FROM LAND AS POSSIBLE. DURING THESE LAST DECADES THE OLD QUARTERS HAVE TO A GREAT EXTENT BEEN DESERTED AND PEOPLE HAVE MOVED FURTHER AND FURTHER AWAY FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE TOWN...” “LONDON: THE UNIQUE CITY I” STEEN EILER RASMUSSEN

“ONE OF THE TRUISMS OF ORTHODOX PLANNING IS THE IDEA THAT PARKS AND OPEN SPACE ARE IN AND OF THEMSELVES HEALTHY, POSITIVE ADDITIONS TO URBAN AND SUBURBAN LIFE GENUINE AND INARGUABLE IMPROVEMENTS OVER THE ASPHALT AND CONCREATE OF URBAN STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. JACOBS “TURNS THIS IDEA AROUND“ BY SUGGESTING THAT IT IS CITIES (THEIR ACTIVITY, THEIR DENSITY, THE INTEREST THAT THEY BRING IN THE FORM OF FOOT TRAFFIC, THE ENCLOSURE THEY PROVIDE BY WAY OF BUILDINGS AND STREETS, THAT MAKE PARKS SUCCESSFUL. THE LACK OF SUFFICIENT CITY LIFE RENDERS PARKS BOTH DULL AND DANGEROUS.) THERE IS LITTLE COMMERCE OR STREET LIFE TO KEEP EYES ON THE STREET. PROJECTS ARE TURNED INWARD ONTO COURTYARDS, AWAY FROM STREETS AND SIDEWALKS. GANG WARFARE BY THE POOR AND FORTRESSING BY THE WEALTHY. “THE DEATH AND LIFE OF GREAT AMERICAN CITIES“ JANE JACOBS „CONTROVERSIES ARE NOT WHAT WE SHOULD ESCAPE FROM BUT WHAT SHOULD BE COMPOSED, ACTOR AFTER ACTOR, EXACTLY AS THOSE WHO MODEL THE CLIMATE AD, ACTOR AFTER ACTOR – THE ROLE OF AIR TURBULENCES, THEN THE CLOUDS, THEN THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE, THEN THE ROLE OF PLANKTON, EVERY TIME GAINING A MORE AND MORE REALISTIC RENDERING OF THIS TRUE THEATER OF GLOBE. “ ... „HOW TO KILL YESTERDAY, HOW TO KILL TODAY, AND HOW TO KILL TOMORROW! IN EVERY CHAPTER, TO TALLY THE DEAD, YOU HAVE TO ADD SEVERAL ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE TO YOUR CALCULATOR!“ WAITING FOR GAIA. COMPOSING THE COMMON WORLD THROUGH ARTS AND POLITICS “REASSEMBLING THE SOCIAL: AN INTRODUCTION TO ACTOR-NETWORK-THEORY” BRUNO LATOUR

NEWHAM IS ONE OF THE MOST OVERCROWDED BOROUGHS IN LONDON. MOREOVER, NEWHAM IS AN INHERENT (SIMPLE) ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE THAT IS PURELY RATIONAL IN DESIGN AND CONDUCIVE TO STANDARDIZATIONS, AS A RESULT IT IS UNIFORM TO CLASSIFICATION. IN SPATIAL AND SOCIAL TERMS, NEWHAM’S ATTRIBUTES HAVE ‘UNIQUE’ AESTHETIC QUALITY, SETTING LONDON FAR APART FROM ITS CONTINENTAL PEERS.” HOWEVER, HIGH DENSITY OF POPULATION (OVERCROWDING), UNEMPLOYMENT, UNFIT DWELLINGS IS CLOSELY LINKED WITH SOCIAL AND POLITICAL AGENDAS, THAT ARCHITECTURE HAS LITTLE TO DEAL WITH. DESPITE REGENERATION EFFORTS IN THE DOCKLANDS, EAST END AND THAMES GATE WAY, NEWHAM REMAINS ONE OF THE MOST DEPRIVED BOROUGHS IN THE WHOLE COUNTRY. ATTRACTOR POINTS OF THE CITY - PUBLIC FUNCTION TRIES TO OUT-STAND SURROUNDING URBAN FABRIC. AFTER GREAT FIRE OF LONDON IN 1666 THERE WERE MULTIPLE PLAN PROPOSALS FOR CONNECTING ATTRACTORS OF THE CITY WITH BOULEVARDS. LATER REGENT’S STREET WAS ERECTED BY ENORMOUS FORCE OF GOVERNMENTAL LAW. HOWEVER, NEWHAM HAS INVERT SITUATION. ATTRACTORS DO NOT STAND OUT OF NEIGHBOR BUILDING MASS. HOWEVER, LOCAL RESIDENTS ORIENTS IN A CITY BY THESE ATTRACTORS EXCEPT FROM SHOPPING STREETS AND HOUSING UNITS (BASED ON INTERVIEW OF LOCAL RESIDENTS IN NEWHAM).

59 ACCORDING TO CLARANCE STAIN’S CONCEPTS - ATTRACTOR POINTS’ NETWORK CAN BE REDEFINED BY CONSIDERING, THAT THE COMFORTABLE WALKING DISTANCE IS ONE MILE. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL IS THE CENTRE OF THE UNIT AND WITHIN A ONE HALF MILE RADIUS OF ALL RESIDENTS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD, THERE IS LOCAL SHOPPING CENTER, LOCATED NEAR THE SCHOOL. RESIDENTIAL STREETS ARE SUGGESTED TO ELIMINATE INTENSE TRAFFIC AND PARK SPACE FLOWS INTO THE NEIGHBOURHOOD (VENICE, ST. PETERSBURG, WEST PALM). BY RE-READING CLARANCE’S , HOWARDS’ AND JANE JACOBS’ CONCEPTS FOR CITY NEW RULES ARE BEING GENERATED IN A NEWHAM CONTEXT. PEOPLE ORIENT THEMSELVES IN A GENERIC CITY BY NON GENERIC ELEMENTS. HOWEVER, NEWHAM LACKS IDENTITY AND IS UNIFORM BY HAVING NO LANDMARKS AND MULTILAYERED FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY. ACCORDING TO JANE JACOBS, THIS TYPE OF GENERIC CITY “IS TURNED INWARD ONTO COURTYARDS AWAY FROM THE STREET AND SIDEWALKS - GANGWARE BY THE POOR AND FORTRESSING BY THE WEALTHY” AS A RESULT, NON-GENERIC ELEMENTS OF THE CITY HAVE TO BE EXTENDED AND TRANSFORMED, SO THAT THEY WOULD BE OPEN TO THE PUBLIC AND STEET LIFE. EACH FUNCTION OF THE CITY IS DIFFERENT AND HAVE TO BE ANALYSED SEPARATELY IN ORDER TO EVALUATE BOTH FUNCTIONS AND THEIR NEIGBORGOODS. ACCORDING TO RESEARCH MAIN ELEMENTS OF NEWHMAN ARE DIVIDED IN 2 PARTS: 1) GENERIC ELEMENTS: A) HOUSING; B) RETAIL; 2) NON-GENERIC ELEMENTS: A) EDUCATION; FUNCTION + STREET + NEIGHBORHOOD (SITE PLAN OF THE FUNCTION, STREET FOR ENSURING SAFETY AND NEIGBORHOOD IS CONNECTED BY NUMBER OF LOCAL RESIDENTS)

B) RELIGION; FUNCTION (ONLY INTERIOR OF THE FUNCTION AND SITE PLAN CAN BE CHANGED)

C) PUBLIC; FUNCTION + STREET + NEIGHBORHOOD (FUNCTION VOLUME, STREET FOR ENSURING ACCESS TO RETAIL AND NEIGBORHOOD IS CONNECTED BY NUMBER OF LOCAL RESIDENTS)

D) GREEN SPACE; NEIGBORHOOD (GREEN SPACE IS ADVANTAGE IN ITSELF, AS A RESULT ONLY NEIGHBORHOOD CAN BE CHANGED TO BENEFIT FROM IT)

E) BROWN FIELD; FUNCTION (INTERIOR + EXTERIOR OF THE FUNCTION AND SITE PLAN CAN BE CHANGED)

F) HOTELS; EXCLUDED

G) OFFICES; EXCLUDED

+NON-GENERIC ELEMENTS ARE BEING EXTENDED BY COMPARING THEIR LOCATION WITH COLLECTED DATA MAPS: A) ATTRACTOR POINTS MAP; DISTANCES BETWEEN SIMILAR FUNCTION UNIT ARE EVALUATED

B1) ENDOSKELETON MAP; AREAS SURROUNDING RETAIL FUNCTION AND TRANSPORT LINKS ARE EVALUATED

B2) TRANSPORT INTENSITY MAP; FLOWS OF TRANSPORT ARE EVALUATED

C) OVERCROWDING MAP; POPULATION DENSITY IS EVALUATED

=ACCORDING TO MAPPING DATA 4 SELECTION RULES ARE CREATED: A) IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN SAME FUNCTION UNITS IS LARGER THAN BETWEEN OTHER ONES, THEN FUNCTION IS CONNECTED WITH LARGER NEIGHBORHOOD. FUNCTIONS THAT ARE CLOSE TO EACH OTHER CAN DISTRIBUTE MULTIPLE FLOWS OF PEOPLE; B1) IF THE FUNCTION’S NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT IS CLOSE TO RETAIL AND TRANSPORT STOPS, THEN IT IS SELECTED FOR FURTHER EVALUATION. THESE UNITS ARE THE MOST COMFORTABLE FROM DEVELOPERS POINTS OF VIEW. B2) IF THE FUNCTION IS CLOSE TO HIGHEST FLOWS OF TRAFFIC THEN IT IS SELECTED FOR FURTHER EVALUATION. THESE UNITS HAVE A POTENTION TO RECEIVE MORE VISITORS THAN OTHERS. C) FINALLY, OVERCROWDING MAP IS BASED ON EXTENSION OF PREVIOUSLY SELECTED OBJECTS’ VOLUMES. FINALLY, THERE ARE TWO MAIN CONCEPTS FOR SOLVING UNIFROMITY, OVERCROWDING AND INTENSE FLOWS OF NEWHAM. FIRSTLY, THERE IS LACK OF VISIBLE VOLUMETRIC CHANGES BETWEEN DIFFERENT PARTS OF CITIES. SECONDLY, THERE IS LACK OF FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCE AND ACTIVITY. BY SPECULATING ON THESE IDEAS, MODELS CAN BE CREATED BY STRICT RULES AND EVALUATION OF SUPERIMPOSED DATA.

MEDIUM THE MEDIUM USED FOR NEWHAM IS SIMILAR TO A CELLULAR AUTOMATON. CELLULAR AUTOMATA IS A DISCRETE MODEL STUDIED IN COMPUTABILITY THEORY, MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS. A CELLULAR AUTOMATON CONSISTS OF A REGULAR GRID OF CELLS, EACH IN ONE OF A FINITE NUMBER OF STATES, SUCH AS ON AND OFF. FOR EACH CELL, A SET OF CELLS CALLED ITS NEIGHBORHOOD IS DEFINED RELATIVE TO THE SPECIFIED CELL. A NEW GENERATION IS CREATED, ACCORDING TO SOME FIXED RULE (GENERALLY, A MATHEMATICAL FUNCTION) THAT DETERMINES THE NEW STATE OF EACH CELL IN TERMS OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE CELL AND THE STATES OF THE CELLS IN ITS NEIGHBORHOOD. BY DESCRIBING, EVALUATING AND TRANSFORMING “CELLS“ OF NEWHAM URBAN FABRIC ONE COULD CONTROL HOUSING FUNCTION AROUND “CELLS“ AND INCREASE ITS QUALITY OF LIVING. IF THE “CELL“ HAS A POTENTIAL TO LIVE, THEN NEIGHBOURS BENEFITS FROM IT. OTHERWISE, SURROUNDING HOUSING FUNCTION HAS A TENDENCY DEVALUATE. FINALLY, THE WHOLE CITY IS UNDERSTOOD AS SERIES OR ARRAYS OF ELEMENTS, THAT ARE GROWN TOGETHER. THE SUPERIMPOSED IMAGE IS DEPENDENT ON SEPARATE CELLS AND CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THEM. HOWEVER, THIS PRINCIPLE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO MAPPING DATA AND COMPUTATION ITSELF WITHOUT LOOSING EVALUATION BY AUTHOR IN EACH STEP. FURTHERMORE, MEDIUM IS CLOSELY RELATED WITH GEOMETRY OR TRANSFORMATION BETWEEN REGISTERED REALITY OF A SITE ONTO A SITE IN THE MEDIA OF MEASURABLE SCALE. THERE ARE 3 PHASES BETWEEN DATA COLLECTION AND SPATIAL GEOMETRY FOR THE SITE: 1) COLLECTION OF DATA IS CONNECTED WITH INTENSITY CHARACTER IN EACH PHYSICAL POSTION CONNECTED WITH X,Y,Z AXIS; 2) CONTEXTUAL TYPOLOGIES, MATERIALITY, BEHAVIOR OF NEIGHBORS AND BORDER CONDITION; 3) INTERPRETATION; COLLECTION OF DATA RESULTS IN SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS, DIAGRAMS AND DIGITAL MODELS. BY USING DIFFERENT METHODS OF WRITTEN SCRIPTS, DATA IS BEING ADDED TO THE CONTEXT OR SITE ITSELF. CODE GIVES MAXIMUM, GRADIENT AND MINIMUM VALUES. THEN DATA IS APPLIED TO EXISTING TYPOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL AND CONTEXTUAL GEOMETRICAL ELEMENTS. ISLANDS OR ATTRACTOR POINT OF THE CITY IS THE FOCUS POINTS. EACH ISLAND IS BEING DESCRIBED BY THREE ELEMENTS AND RESULTS IN DIGITAL MODELS: A) BORDER CONDITION; B) GEOMETRY OF THE TYPOLOGY; C) ECONOMICAL-RETAIL VALUE; BY RE-READING JANE JACOBS AND ALDO ROSSI BORDER CONDITION IS APPLIED TO THE SITE, AS NEWHAM IS A FOTRESS CITY OF CLOSED UNITS. IT IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE BORDER CONDITION, THAT WAS USED IN ALDO ROSSI WORKS OF ARCHITECTURE, SUCH AS “SAN CATALDO CEMETRY”. HIS BOOK “THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE CITY“ ARGUES FOR A GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF THE FABRIC OF CITIES, AND GREATER RESPECT FOR CULTURAL CONTEXT FROM ARCHITECTS, WHO SHOULD TRY TO MAKE USE OF HISTORICAL DESIGN PRECEDENT RATHER THAN TRYING TO REINVENT TYPOLOGIES. BY USING DIGITAL AND PHYSICAL MODELS DATA IS BEING TRANFORMED AND DIFFERENT PARTS OF EACH BORDER ARE EVALUATED, SUCH AS: THE HEIGHT, WIDTH, SUBDIVISION, LINEARITY, CONTINUITY OF EACH LINE. EACH BORDER IS NOT CONNECTED WITH TYPOLOGIES. ACCORDING TO JANE JACOBS IT IS IMPORTANT TO EXPRESS IT CLOSED ENTITY AND OPEN IT. TYPOLOGICAL GEOMETRY OF EACH ISLAND IS LEFT AS IT IS BUT EXTENSION IS EVALUATED BY MAXIMUM VOLUME. MAXIMUM VOLUME IS BEING DEFINED BY A LANDMARK CONDTION. LANDMARK CONDITION IS BEING ANALYSED BY 3D ISOVIT FROM THE CHOSEN SITE - PLASHET PARK. URBANISTICALLY EVERY ATTRACTOR POINT OF THE CITY SHOULD BE VISIBLE OR MARKED BY MUTIFUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES ALONG THE PATH TO AN ATTRACTOR POINT. TECHNICALLY, 3D ISOVIST GIVES A DIRECT RESULT OF VOLUME THAT IS VISIBLE FROM CURRENT POSITION. FINALLY, RETAIL FUNCTION OF NEWHAM IS RE-EVALUATED. ISLANDS ARE EXTENDED BY RETAIL FUNCTION. ACCORDING TO ANALYSIS, RETAIL FUNCTION IS ONE OR TWO STORIES VOLUME. HOWEVER, THIS FUNCTION APPEARS ONLY BETWEEN POINT A - “UNDERGROUND STATION A“ AND POINT B “UNDERGROUND STATION B”. AS A RESULT THESE STREET ARE THE MOST ACTIVE BECAUSE OF ECONOMICAL VALUE. IN ORDER TO ACTIVATE SECONDARY STREETS DIGITAL MODEL OF “SHORTEST PATH CONDITION“ IS BEING MADE. IT CALCULATES NOT ONLY SHORTEST DISTANCE AND ROUTE BEWTEEN DIFFERENT ATTRACTOR POINTS OF THE CITY BU ALSO SUPERIPOSE ALL POSSIBLE ROADS PER EXISTING ROAD SYSTEM. THE FINAL OUTCOME IS A STREET MAP OF DIFFERENT INTENSITIES OF MORE OR LESS USED ROADS. ROADS THAT ARE USED MORE THAT OTHERS ARE EXPRESSED IN VOLUMETRIC SCALE, BY DEFINING THE LENGTH OF THE UNIT AND KEEPING IT 1-2 STORIES IN HEIGHT, THAT IS EQUAL TO THE CONTEXT. MEDIA RESULTS IN CONCEPTUAL ISLAND MODELS THAT HELP ACTIVATING THE MAIN SITE - PLANSHET PARK. AGAIN, ACCORDING TO JANE JACOBS PLASHET PARK IS NOT A POSITIVE ADDITION TO THE SYSTEM OF THE CITY, BUT ONLY A CONSEQUENCE OF ELEMENTS THAT MAKE IT ACTIVE. 60

PROGRAM THE LONDON BOROUGH OF NEWHAM SITS FIVE MILES EAST OF THE CITY OF LONDON AND IS BOUNDED BY TOWER HAMLETS AND HACKNEY TO THE WEST, WALT HAM FOREST TO THE NORTH, AND REDBRIDGE AND BARKING & DAGENHAM TO THE EAST. UNTIL THE MID-19TH CENTURY, THIS WAS A RURAL AREA WHERE FARMING DOMINATED, BUT THIS ALL CHANGED IN THE 1850 WITH THE BUILDING OF THE ROYAL DOCKS - AT THE TIME THE LARGEST DOCKS IN THE WORLD. OTHER INDUSTRIES SOON FOLLOWED, AND WITH THE JOBS CREATED CAME A WAVE OF IMMIGRATION INTO THE AREA (THE POPULATION OF WEST HAM IN 1851 WAS 18,817; BY 1901 IT WAS 267,903) A DIVERSE COMMUNITY EMERGED, WITH PEOPLE FROM INDIA, CHINA, AFRICA AND EUROPE MIXING WITH LONDONERS, AND THE GROWTH OF THE WORKING CLASS POPULATION. THE MAIN PROBLEM OF NEWHAM IS OVERCROWING CONDTION, THAT RESULTS IN HOUSING PROGRAM IN RELATION TO RETAIL FUNCTION AND TRANSPORT RE-EVALUATION. PROGRAMS THAT EXISTS WITHIN THE URBAN FABRIC OF NEWHAM PROVIDE SERVICES TO HOUSING FUNCTION. LINEAR ELEMENTS OF GENERIC ELEMENTS OF 3-4 STOREY BRICK HOUSES ARE FULLY BUILT. NON-GENERIC ELEMENTS - ISLANDS - ATTRACTOR POINTS OF THE CITY ARE BEING EXTENDED. THE PROJECT PROGRAM IS DIVIDED IN TWO STAGES: A) PLASHET PARK AS A SITE; B) EXTENSIBILITY OF ISLANDS; PROFRAM FUNCTION IS DIVIDE IN TREE STAGES: A) HOUSING; B) RETAIL; C) TRANSPORT; THE BORDER OF PLASHET PARK IS DEFINED BY HOUSING AND RETAIL FUNCTION. TRANSPORT LINKS AND DENSITIES DEFINES VOLUMETRIC SPACE OF EACH ELEMENT. THE SITE ITSELF IS A PARTLY FINISHED URBAN PERIMETER SCHEME. WHAT IS MORE THERE IS A CLEAR DIVISION OF EACH PERIMETER UNIT VARYING FROM 5-10 METERS. ALSO, THE PERIMETER IR BEING DISTURBED BY FLOWS OF PATHWAYS BEWTEEN EAST AND WEST PART OF PLASHET PARK. ISLANDS SURROUNDING PLASHET PARK IS BEING EXTENDED BY MAXIMUM VALUE OF HOUSING FUNCTION THAT COULD PLAY AS LANDMARK CONDITION VISIBLE FROM PLASHET PARK. THERE IS A BORDER CONDITION IN EACH ISLAND TOO, AS EVERY ELEMENT OF NEWHAM IS CLOSED AND NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC. HOWEVER, BORDER IS NOT INTERPRETED AS A BUILT FORM OF ARCHITECTURE. BUT BY ADDITION OF POTENTIAL RETAIL FUNCTION ON TOP OF THE BORDER ACTIVATES THE ATTRACTOR POINT BY MAKING IT OPEN TO HE PUBLIC. EVERY MAXIMUM VALUE IS A DIRECT TRANFORMATION FROM MAPPING DATA TO THE REAL MODEL. BECAUSE EVERY ATTRACTOR POINT OF NEWHAM IS DIFFERENT AND NOT COHERENT WITH EACH OTHER, THEY SHOULD BE UNDERSTOOD AS SEPARATE UNTS. THESE UNITS ARE DEFINED BY THEIR OWN MATERIALITY, SPACIALITY, NEIGBOOR CONDITION AND OTHER ISSUES WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIALITY AS THE PROGRAM OF ARCHITECTURE.

BORDER CONDITION

ANALYSIS OF EACH DIFFERENT INSTITUTION PROVED THAT THERE IS “BORDER CONDITION” IN EACH ISLAND. (BORDERS ARE PARTIALLY OR FULLY CONTROLLED, AND MAY BE CROSSED LEGALLY ONLY AT DESIGNATED BORDER CHECKPOINTS AND BORDER ZONES MAY BE CONTROLLED.) BORDER CONDITION IS IMPLEMENTED NOT ONLY INTO ATTRACTOR POINTS OF THE CITY BUT ALSO INTO EACH GENERIC - HOUSING AND RETAIL FUNCTION. AS A RESULT, BORDER CONDITION, SHOWS THAT NEWHAM IS NOT OPEN TO THE PUBLIC “FORTRESS BY THE RICH AND GANGWARE BY THE POOR“ (JANE JACOBS). BY SUPERIPOSING RETAIL, TRANSPORT INTENSITY AND OVERCROWDING MAPS PLASHET PARK BORDER AND ITS NEIGHBORHOOD IS CHOSEN FOR FURTHER ANALYSIS.

ISLANDS OF NEWHAM

SUPERPOSITION OF MAPPING DATA

BORDER CONDITION

TRANSPORT INTENSITY MAP TECHNIQUE: CNC MILLING

ENDOSKELETON MAP TECHNIQUE: CNC MILLING

OVERCROWDING MAP TECHNIQUE: CNC MILLING

BORDER CONDITION

SHORTEST PATHS

SHORTEST PATHS 70

RETAIL FUNCTION LAYER

SHORTEST PATHS SUPERPOSITION

ISOVIST

OUTPUT 78

DECISION 1

DECISION 2

OUTPUT