Guide for Squatter Upgrading by philhappy

GUIDE FOR SQUATTER UPGRADING

AUTHOR

Alice Buri Eric Sviratchev Susanne Tobisch

ILLUSTRATION & EDITING

Alice Buri Eric Sviratchev Susanne Tobisch

REVISION

FIND MORE

Michael Surbรถck University of Technology Vienna www.stb.tuwien.ac.at/ https://philhappyblog.wordpress.com/ https://www.facebook.com/ PhilHappy-1437764856502734/

INDEX CAPTION

SOCIAL

HOME

Make it Colorful Solar Cooker Sunshield Electricity Solar Energy Constuctive Upgrade Sanitary Room Bamboo Social

12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Community Center Community Project Start a Campaign Land Ownership Urban Farming Get a Degree Education for All

74 78 80 84 88 90 92

ILLUSTRATIONS

WATER

Water Tank Collecting Rainwater Watercone Make Water Drinkable Septik System Dry Toilet

34 36 38 40 44 46

WASTE

Cleanup Event Upcycling Precious Plastic Recycle Guru Composting Bokashi Bin

54 56 60 62 64 66

REFERENCES

104

HOME

WATER

WASTE

SOCIAL 07

CAPTION Land Title A land title is a document confirming the ownership of a certain piece of land, granting a bundle of rights for its holder. It is registered at the Land Registration Authority (LRA). One of the primary characteristics of informal settlement is that they are built on ground not possessed by the settlers. There are multiple preconditions leading to this fact, but nevertheless for a raised standard of living it would be of advantage to have certainty of your property rights. There are some possibilities for squatters to get legal compliance. For example the majority of settlers in Pasil gained access to their land titles by the S.I.R. program through „rent to own“ arrangements. Furthermore the Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992 points out the priority of „on-site development“ for the improvement of slum settlements.

Congrats, you already have your land title or you are about to get it! In this book you will find several propositions for upgrading your living standard, even without spending a great amount of money.

You are not sure about the legal regulations applying to your squatter but it is a well established settlement in a convenient area? There are many projects in this book that are suitable for your situation and you will also find some in-

SOL D!

Fo r SA LE

TO RE NT

formations regarding the process of achieving a land title.

Because this book is not solely about housing issues, regardless your living conditions, you will also find some recommendations uncommitted to the ownership of property.

HEY! YEAH!

People The projects found in this book range from „you can do it all by yourself“ to „you should find or initiate a movement supporting your undertaking“. Money By no means we are able to tell you the exact amount of money you will need to spend for the realisation of the presented projects, but we tried to give you a hint on the price range.

Legal Disclaimer Please be aware that the authors must reject any kind of complaints resulting from the given information in this book. Although we took great care to verify all our resources and informations this book still is a students paper and should be therefore called into question before blindly following any of the recommendations. We also want to point out that every action, inspired by the lecture of this book, must by all means follow governing law.

Home Improvement The callenges of informal living The definition of squatter settlement differs from country to country. A variety of informal structures has developed within urban areas. Widely regarded as an accommodation for the poorest, Shanty towns, slums or townships have developed into gigantic urban areas. While the Favelas in Brazil have grown into proper city structures and reach from the inner districts till the outskirts of the biggest cities the Philippine settlements tend to use up every kind of free space. In Manila, more than 500,000 people live as squatters, or as they call themselves, informal settler families. Because they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have land titles, their right to live in their homes is regularly challenged by the government and private landowners.1 Natural circumstances like riverbanks or properties near important infrastructural points which arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cultivated seem to be places where people settle. The difference also occurs on the level of engineering. It seems likely that houses built in endangered zones should be built with a strong foundation. Flooding and earthquakes often destroy the many shelters near the coastline. Most of the homes are easy to rebuild and so many citizens seem to life with the risk of losing their homes. Disasters happen in the course of time, but it seems like they get forgotten. People get used to many harsh conditions and it is an empiric process to understand where and how to build informal settlements. There are many places not suitable for housing and it would save a lot of grief if settlers realize that some advantages of living at an endangered spot might not be worth the trouble. So what are the disadvantages of living in a place like that and how can different risks be reduced.

001 Favela Rochina

002 Slum Area

1 www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/filipino-neighbors-fought-new-homes-won

HOME Individuals have to understand the risks of different natural happenings. By recognizing those terms they can easily save some lives. But it isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t only the areal hazards that might harm the inhabitants. Incomplete buildings with poor engineering are likely to harm the inhabitants and their neighbours. There are many projects and small but effective interventions to make your house a suitable environment. Abb. 03 Home upgrade

004 Indian slum

005 Philippine Squatter

The standard of living is very low in many places. A lot of houses are trapped within a high density of buildings and suffer from a lack of light and fresh air. It will harm the hygiene and the mood when living in a dark and uncomfortable place and it will have impact on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s health. A home isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t only a shelter from the environmental impacts. It is often home to the whole family and a place where people gather. Often Philippine families are big and they are living together in a small apartment suitable for less than three persons. Making your home a liveable place will improve happiness within the whole family. No matter where people live, there are many facts builders need to consider before constructing an accommodation. Some folks are experienced and have already built a safe and secure home in their area. Asking for information and sharing experience is always helpful inside a community. Helping others live a comfortable life will make your life as part of the community better. Informal structures have been starting points of civilisations and people have developed experience and skills to survive and life comfortably within given circumstances. Exchanging those experiences will hopefully improve squatter settlements.

HOME

Make It colorful An artistic zest for life Housing upgrades can cost a lot of money and effort, but you don’t need to invest a great amount of value to achieve a fulfilling outcome. Some artists have already discovered the informal settlements as their canvas. Just like a special graffiti leaves people in awe so does a colourful cityscape.

SPRAYCANS

The art of favela painting is not about cosmetically ‘camouflaging’ an area, but rather rejuvenating deprived areas of a city and creating a positive social effect on the general district at hand. it is a means of imagination and rethinking, redesigning and rebranding a community at whole. 1

ROLLS

ColorBuckets

BRUSHES

LADDER

''Rebranding a community at whole.'' If you are able to gather a few people and restore the facades of your neighbourhood it might affect other inhabitants. A colourful neighbourhood will have an emotional impact on inhabitants as well as visitors and brings the members of a whole community closer to each other. In 2005, haas&hahn began with developing the idea of creating their community-driven art interventions in brazil. They set-up a series of project in Rio’s Vila Cruzeiro, which later spread to places such as Santa Marta. The duo’s artistic venture offers local youth education and job opportunities, while beautifying their community and making it a more pleasant place to live.1 Just like those artists had an idea you can find talented people in your community with interesting

006 Favela Painter

1 www.designboom.com/art/favela-painting-by-haas-hahn/

HOME ideas. If the community can find funding for such an investment it could help getting young people out of trouble and foster their talents. Favela Painting Project Since 2005, Haas&Hahn have created several Favela Painting projects in Rio de Janeiro, ranging from a single Mural to a whole street transformed into a river and a giant square turned into a radiant explosion of color. 007 Painted homes

This example shows an internationally funded project on a big scale. If you like to improve your own house all you need is some colour and friends. Making a bamboo framework around your building will help reach all areas. Within this process you can also install other useful ideas which you can find on the next pages.

008 Kids in streets of Rio

FAVELA PAINTING PROJECTS www.favelapainting.com http://goo.gl/xPQemb

Make a Donation

HOME

Solar COOKER The suns provides useful energy This system is an easily self-made cooking devise which is simple to construct and will work with the right amount of sunlight. There are various designs but all of them use the same idea. They make use of direct sunlight to cook, heat or pasteurize food. You don’t need any fuel or energy besides sunlight to power this mechanism. There are three principles how a solar cooker is developing heat. The first one uses mirrored surfaces concentrating sunbeams onto a certain cooking area, which will heat up. The temperature depends on the geometry of the surface and it can be extended to a heat which will melt salt or even metal. Solar cooking products are typically designed to achieve temperatures of 150 °F (65 °C) to 750 °F (400 °C).

009 Solar Cooking

The second system will concentrate sunlight onto a cooking pan. The material will conduct and preserve the heat. The pans should be as dark as possible to have the best outcome. The third relies on trapping heat energy. By putting a glass over the pan heater and trapping the air inside you create a greenhouse effect that reduces the convection of heat. This cover transmits incoming visible sunlight but is opaque to escaping infrared thermal radiation. On a cloudy day you can reach temperatures just like on a sunny day by minimizing the heat convection.1 Solar Cookers International This organisation is focused on creating an international exchange and providing knowledge about the solar cooker sector. They try to support collaboration and encourage research. By raising

010 Compact Cooker 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cooker

HOME awareness they want to increase public and institutional awareness.

011 Energy collector and cooker

DIRECT SUNLIGHT

We work to solve the problem of inadequate household energy facing nearly 3 billion people on our planet. Since human health, quality of life, and environments are affected by cooking fuel choices, we offer a solution to the difficult choices nearly half of all families make every day: whether to buy fuel, or to buy food and other family needs. The sun’s free energy is a viable solution for all who live where the sun shines. Solar cooker technology is a sustainable and environmentally responsible tool which helps families fight poverty and disease, and changes women’s and children’s lives for the better.2

bundeld HEAT

SOLAR COLLECTOR

SOLAR COOKER http://www.solarcooking.org/ http://www.solarcookers.org/

LEARN TO COOK 2 http://www.solarcookers.org/about/mission/

HOME

SUNSHIELD Sunny hot weather under the shade Sun protection is an important issue in cities exposed to a lot of sunlight. For example the Spanish cities of Madrid and Malaga have some of their main streets covered with awnings spanning in between buildings. The liveability and the temperature on a hot summer day stays within a pleasant range. The rise in the incidence of skin cancers over the past decades is strongly related to increasingly popular outdoor activities and recreational exposure. Overexposure to sunlight is widely accepted as the underlying cause for harmful effects on the skin, eye and immune system. Experts believe that four out of five cases of skin cancer could be prevented, as UV damage is mostly avoidable. 1

' Simple, easy and efficient,..'' The heating and solar radiation in areas near the equator is by trend higher than in other climatic zones. The WHO offers some useful tips on dealing with sun exposure. For example it is wise to limit your time in the midday sun or to check the UV Index. Besides using sunscreen and wearing protective clothing, seeking shade is the most helpful when UV rays are most intense. In squatters there is a high density of buildings in the more private zones, but on the exposed main streets shade is rarely available. The lack of trees, which offer the most natural and comfortable shade on these roads can be a problem. Those streets are most busy during midday and in stressful situations extreme sun radiation can lead to lack of concentration in traffic or older people fainting.

012 Malaga, Spain

013 Madrid, Spain 1 http://www.who.int/uv/sun_protection/en/

HOME Implementing simple sun protection could be useful in some busy streets where people work, eat or exercise. You donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need a lot of construction because with some screws, brackets and racks and a big cloth you can build an awning. Useful formula

TOOLS, SCREWS CLOTHS

TOOLS, SCREWS

BRACKETS

With a few ingredients you can make your own sun cream protection 30ml Coconut oil 24ml Sheabutter 3ml Jojobaoil 3ml Vitamin-E-Oil 30 Drops of etheric Oils Zinc oxide powder depending on the sun protection factor

HOIST, GEAR

WHO TIPS www.who.int/uv/sun_protection/en/

HOME

ELectricity Creating your own electricity Generating your own electricity can be a useful independent power source in any kind of environment. There are several different ways of generating electric power by using available resources. The following list is an introduction to a variety of methods, providing you with links to instructions and basic knowledge.

''using all available recources'' Wind Turbine There are a few things you will need for constructing a machine that will convert wind power into useful electricity. Starting with a generator, which is a machine that will convert kinetic energy into electric energy. As most do-it-yourself projects describe you will also need blades, a tower, base and the batteries and wiring system so that the wind turbine will work. Take care of the wind direction, and make your system adaptable. The energy can be transferred to the battery which will store and provide electric energy. 1

014 Kinetik wind power

Pedal Power Billions in Change is a company that is focused on creating simple, effective and innovative solutions for communities all over the world. They developed a stationary pedal bike which can generate enough energy to provide 24 hours of electricity. When a person pedals, the wheel on the bicycle will drive a flywheel, which turns a generator. The mechanism is made with regular bike parts, so it can easily be fixed. With no connection to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the grid,â&#x20AC;&#x2122; this bike can provide elec-

015 Peddel power development

1 http://www.treehugger.com/wind-technology/build-diy-wind-turbine-30.html

HOME tricity anywhere, as long thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s someone there to peddle it.2 They arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t the only one that came up with this kind of solution. Pedal Power designed two similar systems for generating self-sufficient energy. They also offer exact build plans for constructing the system yourself. 3 Water-activated Battery

016 Do-it-yourself kit

COPPER

ZINK

SALTWATER

COPPER

This system provides a reserve battery, which you can use in case of emergency. You can store energy for up to ten years and it will need to be activated. The electrolyte is usually stored separately from the electrodes which remain in a dry inactive state. The battery is only activated when it is actually needed by introducing the electrolyte into the active cell area. In Water-activated batteries the electrolyte is usually water or sea water. 4

SALTWATER

ELECTRICITY SELF SUFFICIENT ENERGY www.explainthatstuff.com/generators.html www.otherpower.com/

BILLIONS IN CHANGE

DO-It-yourself 2 http://billionsinchange.com/ 3 http://pedal-power.com/ 4 http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys/Saltwaterbattery.html

HOME

SoLar Energy Make use of what is given Solar power is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy. It is a clean and one of the most abundant renewable energy sources available. There are different ways to harness solar energy; either photovoltaics or solar heating & cooling, concentrating solar power or passive solar. All of them besides passive solar use mechanical or electrical devices to convert the heat or light given into other forms of energy. Passive solar direktly converts heat energy from sunlight.

sOLAR HEAT PARABOLIC

''most abundant renewable energy...'' There is a lot of sun energy coming down to earth. About 174.000 terawatts of solar radiation are measured at the upper atmosphere. Most people around the earth receive about 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m² per day. A normal 60 watt light bulb uses about 0.06 kWh per hour, so a whole day would be about 1,4 kWh. That’s amazing because solar energy can be used very effectively in areas closer to the equator, because they have a greater amount of radiation. There are methods like moveable solar panels for an optimum of energy yield. Still it is impossible to harvest solar power when it’s dark. But radiation is also appearing on a cloudy day. Many people harness solar energy as they implement solar panels on their roof structures. Also big companies use it for powering their machines. For most people it seems like an effective and sustainable way of powering your home. When it comes to financial issues people often believe that the installation of photovoltaic panels is expensive and a lot of work. But there have been projects developed even in Indian slums where settlers are provided with solar stations powering

SOLAR PANELS HEAT UP

HEATED UP FLUID RELEASES STEAM STEAM POWERS TURBINE

COLD FLUID RETURNS ELECTRICITY IS GENERATED

HOME Solar Home Lighting System This system was invented by SELCO Solar Pvt. Ltd, which is a social enterprise focused on providing sustainable energy solutions and services for underserved households and businesses.1 They are targeting some common presumptions like: Poor people cannot afford sustainable technologies or Poor people cannot maintain sustainable technologies and social ventures cannot be run as commercial entities. 017 SELCO system

So how does it help? It empowers people to lighten their homes and offices without using fuel based products for lighting. The system generates photovoltaic energy for either lighting or heating of water, television or whatever you power with it. A reliable source of electricity results in a better quality of life. It will also affect your health having a good lighting condition while living or working inside. SELCO has developed a customized service and provides training for proper use. Even street vendors or small houses in Indian slums use this system to power their needs.

018 Installment

SOLAR HOME LIGhting system www.selco-india.com www.facebook.com/SELCO.SOLAR

SOLAr VIDEO :) 1 http://www.selco-india.com/about_us.html

HOME

Constructive Upgrade Building a secure and cosy home Constructing a house will need a lot of patience and effort. To make your place liveable and save will need to take even more steps into consideration. There are a lot of rules and guidelines for building proper houses but if we narrow them down to some more simple steps it can be described as following.

''build a storng foundation.'' The first step is to build a good foundation. Concrete with reinforcements will keep the building steady on most of the ground that we build on. Whenever building with concrete we have to deliberate that reinforcements have to be put in the tensile area so the concrete doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t crack. The base plate of the building will offer a stable ground for building our primal structure. There are different opportunities to choose from, building either strong walls or columns will hold the next level. We also need to stiffen the building in all possible directions, which means your horizontal plate and both directions of walls need to be stiff, so the building doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t collapse when strong winds occur.1 The following Projects will describe how a proper building is made. As it is hard to offer you a complete step by step instruction we want to show that there are many projects developed which describe a simple way of constructing.

019 Phil Happy construction 1 https://goo.gl/8y7Ufs

HOME PhilHappy A group of students at the Technical University of Vienna developed projects for intelligent squatter constructions. The projects offer a variety of ideas how to make the most out of the minimum.

Co nc re te 40 kg

You can find all the instructions given in their Facebook page. Whether you want to build a single story building or multiple levels or want to improve you standards, here you can find instructions simple enough to be understood without the knowledge of an engineer.

SOME Things you will need for building a home

They teach you how to make a simple and clever floor plan, how to make a basic concrete structure or how to erect a building made from bamboo. Also there are hints for intelligent use of materials as well as how to provide an atmospheric environment with good climate conditions. Heijmans One Not only Phillipine Settlers try to squatter: Because rents are raising steadily in european cities People are looking for innovative solutions. They are building squatters inside their cities - find out more about it online.

020 Heijmans One

Philhappy & HEJMANS ONE www.facebook.com/PhilHappy-1437764856502734 www.heijmans.nl/nl/heijmans-one

FEEL HAPPY !

EUROPEAN SQUATTERS?

HOME

SANITARY ROOM Some ideas for a start Having a proper sanitary room inside your house will make your place more liveable. It’s not only an issue of comfort but also about the standards of hygiene. There are some basic things to consider when installing a sanitary room. Let’s distinguish between having a house and considering building a new home.

WATER COLLECTION

If you have decided to install sanitation into your house after a while living inside of that place you have to check for connections available and the infrastructure given. Water supply and sewerage are the most basic parts needed. When they both are available your accommodation is probably in an area where squatters are already considered as proper districts or most households own a land title. It will be easy installing a normal water based toilet system.

Pump

SHOWER TOILET

What if both of those things aren’t available? There are different solutions for building a sanitary room without proper sewerage or even without water. The “Dry Toilet” will probably be the easiest to install inside an already build home. You will find information about how it works in the following chapter of this book. If you are considering building a home in an area where there is no sewerage you could build a “septic system”. This project is also described in the following chapter. It needs water and is best located underneath the sanitary room. By collecting rain water inside a tank in the top floor you’ll be able to flush all feces. Another helpful tool will be installing a shower inside the bath room. So how can you build a shower system without having a proper water supply

021 Pumping Ducha Halo

HOME system. There is a project for called “Dusha Halo” which offers an appropriate shower. Ducha Halo Ducha Halo brings the dignity and well-being of a hot shower to people living with no running water and inconsistent electricity. Ducha Halo’s 6-liter metal container (with an analog temperature sensor) is easy to heat on the stove, reducing preparation time and physical strain. Two minutes of hand pumping yields a fifteen-minute hot shower, which flows in a refreshing generous stream from a cheerful plastic showerhead. 1

022 Ducha Halo

projectxyz http://goo.gl/RFUdDb www.designigniteschange.org/

DUSHA HALO VIDEO 1 http://www.designmattersatartcenter.org/proj/safe-agua/

HOME

BamBOO SOCIAL Local material, local knowledge There are a few things to consider when building with bamboo. It is common misconception that bamboo is an affordable construction material, but in reality it can be pretty pricy. From the various types of bamboo kinds there are only a handful suitable for constructing. Guadua, Dendrocalamus and Phyllostachys have proven to be the most efficient. Bamboo buildings are also considered to be the most sustainable structures which are earthquake resistant. Traditionally bamboo structures have been built in cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific and to some extent in Central and South America. In China bamboo is also used for scaffolding although it has been banned for buildings with more than 6 stories. In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In Japanese architecture, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental and/ or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.1 Traditional structures have survived over decades and have proven to be a sustainable way of building. Although the buildings are common in rural areas, a lot of knowledge is still passed on to many generations. When building with bamboo we have to examine the advantages and the disadvantages. Connections and links have to be protected from water or any external force. We have to take care because wooden materials rotten when they are constantly exposed to water also we have to consider the dangers of fire.

023 Local house transport

1 Nancy Moore Bess; Bibi Wein (1987). Bamboo In Japan.

HOME Millennium School Bamboo Project This school offers a sustainable and suitable building which is disaster resistant and can withstand 93 mph winds. It is built with local materials and the idea is to minimize construction waste and incorporate natural light and ventilation. It is easily rebuilt and replicable. The project was inspired by vernacular houses found in the Philippines and Southeast Asia an area hit by typhoons on a regular basis.2 Bamboo Bikes Project 024 Millenium School

The goal of this Project was to offer a local product that can be distributed in the Sub-Saharan African area. The production neither requires a high cost infrastructure nor does it rely on electricity. Large-scale production will ultimately help deliver a sustainable and affordable form of transportation to rural populations, while also creating local employment opportunities.3

025 Bamboo Bike

BAMBOO www.bamboobike.org www.bamboo.wikispaces.asu.edu/

A COOL SCHOOL

BIKE BLOG

2 http://inhabitat.com/first-full-bamboo-school-in-philippines-stands-up-to-tough-stormwinds/ 3 http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/initiatives/private-sector-development/bamboo-bikes-project/

HOME

NOTES Scribble your own idea right here

HOME

NOTES Scribble your own idea right here

WATER Keeping a clean environment Water Cycle There are three different aspects one should think about when talking about freshwater. First of all, water supply for drinking and other uses like washing and cleaning, secondly, wastewater and last but not least environmental water like in rain and rivers. Those aspects are all connected to each other through the water cycle. The groundwater is fed from rivers that carry fresh rainwater from the mountains, as soon as it comes to the surface, the water starts condensing, because of the sunlight and the surrounding temperatures. The clouds that form from water vapours are saturated at a certain point, and it starts raining again. Current Situation Over the past years the growing urban population of the Philippines has demanded a significant increase in water supply and sanitation services and facilities. That demand is often not satisfied because of the high costs of such services. An estimated 83 percent of the population of Cebu City have access to clean drinking water, but just a small percentage have it available directly inside their house for 24 hours a day. Many people are dependent on public water faucets to meet their basic needs. Especially in poorer communities with shared connections, water only runs twice a day for an hour or two. Often when there is no public water faucet, drinking water is bought from water delivery trucks, which is very expensive. In some neighbourhoods are old but still existing wells, which could be a supporting water supply for washing or after being tested for contamination even for drinking, this could be a cheap and

026 Squatter pollution

027 Water cycle

Outlook

028 Water supply

The trends on the Philippines and in many countries worldwide are pointing towards privatisation of water and the whole infrastructure connected to it. One of many examples is the water privatisation in Manila, while the coverage of households having access to potable water grew drastically after the take-over of the water and sewage systems from private companies, prices increased more than 200 percent. 2 The urging problem of handling waste water properly doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem to be interesting enough for big investments, therefore there is no concrete development in sight. This might be a great chance for communities to tackle those problems themselves and find solutions that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t result in drastic rise in price.

029 Ground water pollution 1 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/ 2 http://www.circleofblue.org/2012/world/making-connections-in-the-philippines-water-privatization-across-manilas-east-zone/

WATER

easily available water source for everyone. Domestic hot water in general is not common in the Philippines, since water temperatures are already comfortable to use, but if used for personal hygiene the water should reach a temperature over 60 degrees Celsius inside the reservoir, to eliminate the risk of legionella exposure. 1,2 The sewage situation is even worse than the one of freshwater supply, since there is no proper canal network. Many communities have small networks of open wastewater canals, which are leading to the nearest river or into the sea. This can bear serious health risks, since the exposure to faecal bacteria can cause a number of diseases. Openly disposed sewage water is also seeping into the ground and contaminating the drinking water of the whole city

WATER TANK

WATER

Storing water the right way In many regions of the world water is not or not always available, even in very densely populated urban areas, it is often a very rare good. Water Connection is often not available or not affordable, and huge parts of the population depend on public water faucets to meet their needs. Environmental incidents can also result in a temporary failure of water coverage. Serious consequences to the life and health of the people are sometimes only avoided by aid agencies providing water for the most basic needs. A water tank can solve many of those problems permanently, and even provide some extra qualities. They can be employed as backup storage just in case, or for daily use. There are many different ways of how to implement such a project, depending on how you intend to fill your water tank and what you want to use it for. The collection of rainwater is covered in another project of this book, but there is also the possibility to fill the tank manually by pouring water into it, or connecting it to a water line.1 The positioning of the tank is determined by the encountered surroundings and the intended use and method of filling. If the tank is filled with rainwater it needs to be put any place that is lower than the roof, if it is placed inside or outside depends on the situation and on personal preference. If the water tank is filled manually or through a pipe, it can be placed on an elevated level, for example on the roof of your house, if the construction is strong enough, or on a small tower next to it. This positioning brings a lot of advantages with it, you can use the power of gravity to take a shower

030 New York, USA

031 Roof Tank, Caribbean Island

1 http://www.offthegridnews.com/grid-threats/water-water-everywhere-long-term-water-storage/

The tank itself can be any kind of container or barrel made out of plastic or metal, but there are also do it yourself approaches made out of plywood and rubber liner. To heat up the content it should be kept in dark colors. To heat up the water better and to a higher temperature, you can connect the tank to a solar panel or a hot water heater.

032 Putting up a tank

Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t directly drink the water from your water tank as it might contain organisms that pose a serious health risk when ingested. You can filter the water with special, so called Ultrafilters, or cook it to kill all the bacteria to make it potable. This can be considered for a community project as well, because water shortages often affect whole neighborhoods, therefore a shared emergency water supply can be vital.3 Many communities around the world also use the water for firefighting, which is of extreme value in squatters, where most of the buildings contain wooden structure and are built close to each other.

Water Tank

2 http://ghost32writer.com/?p=6149 3 http://watercharity.com/conclusion-pagal-elementary-school-water-tank-project-philippines

WATER

or heat up the water by choosing a black tank that absorbs the heat of sunlight. 2

COLLECTING RAINWATER

WATER

Make use of natural resources Water can be a very expensive resource and is often not easy to come by. Water supply might not even cover every area of the city, and the costs of getting a connection at home are high and can vary depending if a lot of people in the neighborhood have one or not. A lot of people depend on water sold in bottles, or public water faucets to meet their needs. Because of the high density of informal settlements rainwater can often not seep away properly. It is dripping from the roofs and accumulating in the streets. It is often only seen as source of destruction, the opportunities to make use of it are often overlooked.

033 Collecting rain water

Rainwater is a free source of relatively clean water everyone has access to that might significantly reduce the amount of money spent on water if it was used to its full potential. There are several possibilities rainwater can be collected, the most common one is installing a rain barrel. To install a rainwater barrel, you need a good leveled place to position it close to your house. A rainwater gutter needs to be added to the roof, that leads into a down spout. The barrel itself will be placed next to the down spout on a platform, so you will be able to draw water later. Make sure to divert that down spout or use a hatch so the water will be lead elsewhere, and away from your house when the barrel is full. Connect the downspout with the barrel by leading a pipe in on top of it. You can add a faucet close to the bottom of the barrel to tap water with a bucket or a hose. You can add more barrels, depending on how much water you need and how big your roof is. Extra barrels will be connec-

034 Collector

035 Where to collect

Another method that would not draw that much water, but might be attractive as well is using funnel shaped objects to collect water directly into a container of your choice. One idea is an inverted umbrella that collects the water and directly routes it into a barrel. The umbrella can be self-made with some wood or metal bars that are arranged in pyramid or cone shape and span a canvas on their inner surface, or just take some plastic sheet and curve it into a cone like shape. The tip of it is connected to a pipe that leads into the barrel. Â˛ The Watercone will be featured in this chapter is a readymade that enables the same process but also can be used to distill the water afterwards. With the collected rainwater you could plant crops or trees and water them without having additional costs, this might be the start to your own urban farming project. The water can also be used for cleaning and washing. Make sure not to drink it untreated because it might contain impurities or bacteria. You can read about how to make water drinkable in one of the other projects.

036 Garden collector

RAINWATER COLLECTION http://goo.gl/b28l9A

1 http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Rainwater-Collection-System 2 http://www.zdnet.com/article/harvesting-rainwater-for-more-than-greywater/

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ted to each other with pipes, so the water level will even out.1

WATERCONE

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A simple way of making clean water The Watercone is a product, that makes producing potable water really easy and doable for anyone. You only need the cone itself, water and a few hours of sunshine or high temperatures to transform undrinkable to drinkable water. Like the name already suggests, it has a conical shape and is made from transparent polycarbonate. The units are self-supporting, stackable and equipped with a screw cap spout on the top and an inward circular collecting tub on the bottom. It can be filled with sea water or brackish water, and even water that contains highly toxic elements such as mercury, arsenic or cadmium to extract drinkable water.

037 Watercone

The usage is quite easy, you need to fill the pan with non-drinkable water, then put the cone with the cap screwed on top and place the whole thing in the sun or any other warm place. After a few hours, the salt water from the pan should be condensed and the distilled water should be collected in the circular tub, now you can pour it in a bottle and drink it or store it. The maximum amount of water processed is 1,5 litres a day. There are 5 great benefits of using a Watercone

038 Condensation

1. It is much cheaper than bottled water and pays for itself after about 2 months if used daily. After that it will still work for another 5 years. 2. As opposed to other types of solar stills this concept is understood easily, and there is no need for any electronics or filters that need to be changed. It is made from polycarbonate, which is durable and insensitive to damages and if broken, still recyclable.

039 Amount of water

4. After natural disasters or in rural areas, where fresh water is not available, the Watercone can be used to condense water for medical purposes, which can make the difference for life and death.

040 Filling the cone

5. Last but not least the Watercone also might create jobs, either via selling water or because of secondary products that are only possible with freshwater like agricultural goods. There are also alternative uses for the Watercone, like drying foods and fish inside, or harvesting rainwater during Monsoon by using the cone as a funnel. 1 Finally, it has to be noted that it is not recommended to exclusively drink distilled water, because it lacks all the important minerals and electrolytes humans need to not dehydrate, but it can be used for agricultural purposes, cooking, washing or any other uses without concern. 2

041 Clean water

WATERCONE http://www.watercone.com/product.html

CLEAN WATER :) 1 http://www.watercone.com/product.html 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_water

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3. Perfect for people living near the sea or on islands, it allows them to use the water they live closest to for drinking or agriculture, and not depend on water trucks or piping companies.

MAKe WATER DRINKABLE

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Simple ideas for potable water Untreated water can pose a serious health threat to everyone that comes in contact with it. All waterborne diseases are mostly transmitted in fresh water. Theoretically one can be infected during bathing, washing and preparation of food, but most commonly the infection is a result of drinking contaminated water. The Water contains several different organisms like bacteria or viruses that contaminate the water. Those organisms can get into the water because of insufficient sewage or waste management, that lets leakage get into the groundwater. There can also be minerals, metals or other solids in the water that can make water undrinkable. Drinking contaminated water can cause flu-like symptoms, diarrhea, nausea and a loss of appetite. To prevent contamination of your water source it is recommended to keep its environment clean. If possible, get your water source tested for drinking safety before consumption.

042 Natural recource

There are several possible ways to make undrinkable water drinkable. Some just treat the taste, others can be used to kill the bacteria or get rid of the metal parts in the water. Each of them can be adapted to be able to treat huge or small amounts of water, they also vary in price range so there should be something for everybody in the list below. 1

043 Charcoal filtering 1 http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/

044 Waterpump

There are different kinds of filter to make contaminated water potable. These filters can be bought, one of the best known brands might be lifestraw, which offers a wide range of products from straws, to bottles to huge filters to supply whole families. Those products come at price and the filter needs to be replaced now and then, a cheaper method is making such a filter yourself. Cut off the bottom of a bottle and use it upside down, or build the filter directly into your rainwater barrel. Use some cloth at the bottom or at the faucet to hold everything in, then put a layer of charcoal on top of it, and finish it off with alternating layers of gravel and sand. Before using it the filter should be washed out several times until the water comes out clean. Same as with the bought filters, the self-made kind only have a certain amount of cleaning volume, and should be replaced after some months. It also positively changes the taste of water but cannot be used to make saltwater drinkable. Boiling water Undoubtedly the easiest and most convenient method is boiling the water for 5 minutes to make

045 Boiling water

MAKE WATER DRINKABLE http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/

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Filter

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sure all the bacteria is dead. But boiling does not get rid of minerals, solids or metals in the water, so you need to be sure there are none of those substances in the water or to use one of the other methods additionally. Also, this method cannot be used to make saltwater drinkable. Distillation Distillation is essentially catching water vapour and collecting the condensate. This can be achieved with different methods. One idea would be boiling water in a kettle and catch the vapour in a glass tube that connects to another container to collect the condensed water. There are also options that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t require cooking but rather use sunlight as an energy source to condense the water, one example for this method is the Watercone. The pan is filled with contaminated water, then the cone is put on top of it, the water is condensed and collects in a circular through on the base of the cone. This method was invented to make brackish water drinkable.

046 Distillation

Tablets or Drops Iodine tablets or chlorine drops are very effective in killing bacteria, but it may result in a very undesirable taste left in the water. Those substances can be bought from various companies, although they are not really expensive it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem like a great durable solution to depend on tablets or drops that can only be used for one application.

047 Tablets or Drops

UV Light Ultraviolet Light is used to purify water, the most common form to use this method is with UV light

048 UV Pen

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pens like SteriPEN. Although it destroys 99% of the bacteria in the water it does not affect its taste or colour, which means you canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t erase bad taste or simple dirt out of your water with that method. It can purify 1 litre of water in just 90 seconds, which makes it very convenient, but it can only treat between 50 and 150 litres of water until you need a battery replacement.

SEPTIc SYSTEM

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A smart way of sewage disposal Septic systems are the most common way of disposing of sewage water in the Philippines. It is one of the few proper ways of disposing foul water completely off the grid and ecological compatible. A Septic system works exactly like a huge municipal wastewater treatment plant. It consists of two parts: a septic tank and a drain field. The tank itself is a belowground box, usually made of concrete, fiberglass or plastic with one pipe leading inside and one going out on the other side. After the wastewater flows from the house through the sewer pipe into the tank it is held there long enough for the solids and liquids to separate. Three layers are then formed inside the tank: greases and oils as scum on the top, a middle layer of clarified wastewater and a layer of sludge at the bottom. The clarified liquid flows from the septic tank to the drain field, the other parts remain in the tank. The drain field is just simple perforated pipes that distribute the wastewater which is then trickling off through layers of sand and gravel.1,2

049 Scheme

There are several different versions of septic systems, each cater different needs and budgets. The most commonly used one is made up from two compartments, the holding and digesting tanks which is enough for private usage. Most systems in the Philippines are made of concrete, which is a good invest in quality, but might pose a problem if you have to move to another location. The solution to that problem is septic tanks made of plastic, which can be easily demounted and reassembled if needed. Though portable these tanks are not exactly cheap. 050 System 1 http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/subpages/septic_defined.cfm 2 http://myphilippinelife.com/our-philippine-house-project-septic-and-drainage/

Before building any kind of septic system you should check with your local laws and regulations to make sure your system conformable to law, so you wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t encounter any legal issues later. 051 Rainwater barrel

The maintenance of septic systems is very important and often neglected. It is important to not destroy the biological digestion inside the tank in any way, therefore chemicals, oils, hair or other foreign matters should not be flushed down the toilet or drain. The solids that pile up inside the tank should be cleaned out regularly, how often you need to do that depends on the size of the tank, the number of people in the household and the volume of solids in your wastewater.1

052 Installment

SEPTIC SYSTEM http://m.wikihow.com/construct-a-small-septic-tank

How to dRain! 3 http://m.wikihow.com/Construct-a-Small-Septic-System

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There is one really low budget do it yourself idea, where the septic tank is made up of two rainwater barrels. You just need to dig a ditch and put both barrels inside, one slightly further up than the other. They get connected to each other with short parts of plastic pipe. The ditch is den filled with sand and gravel, before the drain field pipes are laid and a final layer of soil is spread.3

DRY Toilet

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Actually no water involved Dry toilets are an alternative to water flush toilets, that are especially interesting for areas where water is not always available, or if there is no proper sewage system. Unlike a septic system, that also provides autonomy from canalization, a dry toilet is portable, lower priced, and easier to install. There are several different types of dry toilets, the most relevant might be the composting toilet, the urine-diverting dry toilet and the bucket toilet. The bucket toilet is, as the name already suggests, a simple bucket with a toilet seat covered with a lid. This is improvement compared to open defecation, but unpleasant odors will develop especially in hotter climates. And the problem where to put the contents of the bucket once it is full will remain, since burying them and composting them outdoors might not be an option in dense urban areas.1

053 Dry toilet

A more sophisticated form is the composting toilet that directly treats the excretions on site. Cover material needs to be put inside the toilet after every use, this facilitates the composting process and also reduces odor and absorbs liquids. Saw dust, coconut coir or peat most are the most commonly used materials. Excess liquids are collected in a second compartment underneath the solid matter, they are leaked through a perforated bottom of the main compartment. To properly aerate the process, a vent pipe with an inbuilt fan is recommended, although this can also be achieved by stirring the contents manually.2 The urine-diverting dry toilet is directly separating urine from solid matter. The urine did not come in

054 Compost compartment

1 http://www.omick.net/composting_toilets/bucket_barrel_toilet.htm 2 http://www.omick.net/composting_toilets/composting_toilets.htm

Generally, all the options above are purchasable but can also be self-built. There are simpler and more sophisticated versions, that can be installed inside or in an outhouse, and also variants that offer more than one composting compartment, which makes continuous usage more pleasant.

055 Urine-diverting toilet

DRY TOLIET www.sustainable-solutions.info www.omnik.net

3 https://sustainable-solutions.info/urine-separating-composting-toilets/

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contact with solids at any time, so it is possible to drain it directly at your property without having to fear any health consequences and since urine can be used as fertilizer you may even notice positive effects on the plants in your garden. Human waste is about 85% water by volume, this means diverting toilets have a lot more capacity for their size compared to normal composting toilets. Also with this system the solids are only slightly moist, which is perfect for composting and does not release any odor, therefore the waste can also be put in a regular composting bin together with other biological waste.3

NOTES

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Scribble your own idea right here

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NOTES

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Scribble your own idea right here

solid waste management How to deal with pollution Current environmental situation1 The problems with waste management in the Philippines are quite obvious, a lot of garbage is lying in the streets and the trash which is collected at home does not get picked up regularly or at all, but the issue goes much deeper than that. For decades trash was brought to open dump sites, which pose a serious threat of collapsing or catching fire. This lead to reoccurring mortal incidents associated with improper handling and deposition of waste. The open disposal of waste is also poisoning groundwater, rivers and the entire environment through toxic leachate that leaking from those mountains of waste. The illegally disposed garbage gets washed into to ocean by rain or floods and is posing a serious strain on aquatic life and the habit of burning garbage is releasing toxic emissions into the air. Everybody who comes in contact with either the waste, the leachate or the polluted air is taking serious health risks.

056 Dump site

All of this is happening although there are actually specific laws which split responsibilities for waste management. The city is responsible for the disposal of non-recyclable and special waste, while the barangay is in charge of biodegradable, compostable and reusable waste. The law allowing open waste dumps was already eliminated 2001 and the construction of environmentally friendlier sanitary landfills was made mandatory. Despite those theoretical solutions, governing law is not obeyed because of the high efforts and costs of environmentally friendly waste disposal. 057 Toxic gases 1 http://www.adb.org/publications/garbage-book-solid-waste-management-metro-manila

Handling waste

Recommendations Segregating trash at home into the categories “compostable”, “non-recyclable”, “recyclable” or “special waste” is an important contribution.

059 You are what you eat

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058 River pollution

The proper handling of waste is nearly impossible if there is no prior separation, because while some materials are easily composted or recyclable others are potentially toxic. In combination these components produce toxic leachate and pose serious health risks, but collected separately they can be reused, recycled and properly treated. Contrary to the public opinion, the majority of trash is recyclable. Some are “factory returnable” materials such as paper, glass, metal and certain plastics and others can be composted like organic or biodegradable materials. The estimated capacity of active dumpsites in the Philippines is reached in only two years, which makes clear that the only solution to waste management problems can’t be just segregating waste, but also avoiding it.

CLEANUP EVENT Community cleaning

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Ignored by public policies, waste management can be a huge obstacle to improve people’s living conditions. It is a key component for water and sanitation projects as well as for feeling comfortable in your surrounding and identifying with your neighbourhood. Above all else, a change in inhabitants’ behaviour is influencing the waste situation in squatters. 1 Having clean up events is a first step to shape your environment yourself, and to take action instead of waiting for someone else to do it. Get your family and friends, neighbours and even the barangay‘s attention and go to the streets and the beaches to collect all the waste. The segregated waste can be brought to collection points in every barangay. The second step is installing waste bins or trash bags at every sari-sari store and on every corner of the city. If everybody throws their trash inside instead of onto the streets, you will live in a permanently clean environment and also notice a huge improvement on the water quality of your neighbourhood.

060 Clean up the world

The global campaign “Clean Up the World” is engaging an estimated 35 million volunteers in 130 countries every year for the environment, which makes it one of the largest community based campaigns in the world. It is held in connection with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and it brings businesses, community groups, schools, governments and individuals together. Clean Up the World inspires and empowers communities to clean up, fix up and conserve their environment. 2

061 Seaside clean up 1 http://eauetvie.fr/en/activites/gestion-dechets

You can find all the groups engaging in Clean Up the World with their projects on the map linked on their website, you can also join them with your own group. They are providing a range of resources and promotion for your projects.2

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062 Waste art

Apart from being important for the environment clean up events can be a huge opportunity business wise as well. The ocean sole foundation found a way to combine their efforts of protecting the ocean from all the waste with making amazing art. They host clean up events on the beaches of Kenya and arrange a proper disposal for all the waste collected, except for old flip flops. Those get upcycled to hand crafted sculptures, that come with an important message about marine conservation.3

063 Flip Flops

Cleanup Event www.cleanuptheworld.org/ www.ocean-sole.com

2 http://activities.cleanuptheworld.org/ 3 http://www.ocean-sole.com/

Upcycling Reusing materials

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Upcycling is creatively reusing waste, unwanted or by-products, or just old things you have lying around at home, and transform it into new products. The production of certain materials can be quite harmful to the environment, which makes every attempt to lengthen the lifetime of a product, like upcycling and recycling a good deed to the environment. Many materials can be given an other useful life by reusing them and bringing them to another purpose. Most of them even more than once. It is also directly befitting the community because of the reduction of actual waste going to the dumpsites. You can use the things you have at home or go treasure hunting for great materials in the neighbourhood or even in the trash. Upcycled products could be useful objects, decoration for your home, accessories or art, just whatever comes in mind. We want to inspire you to have your own upcycling ideas and give you a few examples about what upcycling could be. Quazi Design from Swaziland makes beautiful accessories and jewellery out of discarded waste magazines. The Basic designs have all involved rolled paper beads, but now there are several different designs and collections. They have been able to successfully promote their brand and are now selling their items all over the world, giving women artisans a chance to provide for their families.1

064 Upcycling

1 http://quazidesign.com/

Cutting old plastic bags into thin strips is the first step to a number of possible upcycling ideas. Using the plastic strips as strand for weaving, crocheting or knitting you can create everything that would be also possible with a broad-meshed fabric. Floor cushions, lamp shades, bags or carpets are just some of the potential opportunities.2

Old inner tubes from bicycles and cars also offer a huge variety of possible upcycling projects. They can be transformed into bags and other accessory, but because of their thick and leak-proof material. They are also usable as planting pots for both inside and outside. The designer Leo Kempf even invented a rocking chair solely made out of reclaimed wood and old tires.4

066 Woven material

An example of an upcycling project on a bigger scale could be using glass bottles as construc-

UPCYCLING http://goo.gl/3R0uRW

2 http://goo.gl/3R0uRW 3 http://www.upcycling-deluxe.com/t/material/reissack 4 http://www.leokempf.com/blog/?p=126

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065 Upcycled necklace

Packaging materials like rice bags, coffee bags and old fabrics often already have colourful prints and can be sewed to pretty accessories, bags . They can be sewn together and transformed to $huge sunshields that protect the people on the streets in front of your house from overheating and are providing some nice shade for you to relax under.3

tion material, to create a really special atmosphere inside your home. If you don’t feel like using normal windows - it might be for budget reasons or just because you want to unfold your creativity - you could think about the possibility of bricking in glass bottles instead. They will create privacy inside while still letting light in, if you use different colours you can also create a great light effect like in the example shown from the architect Friedensreich Hundertwasser. 5

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For those, who don‘t fear investing into a huge project that requires some craftsmanship a do it yourself woodstove for outside cooking might be just right. It is made out of two tire rims, that are welded on top of each other, in the front there is an opening to put in the firewood. To give it a solid ground to stand on just put some bricks on the ground and you are ready to go. 6€

067 Rice bags

068 Home decoration

069 Glass bottles 5 http://www.bay-of-islands-nz.com/hundertwasser.shtml 6 http://www.isavea2z.com/diy-wood-stove-made-from-tire-rims/

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070 Griller

precious plastic What to do with all that stuff? Precious plastic is a project that is dedicated to make recycling plastic possible for everyone. This is realized with a set of machines, which are easy to build and developed for users to set up a small scale plastic recycling workshop. The whole concept is based on a do it yourself approach to building plastic processing machines, therefore blueprints of the machines are available online for anyone to download. The machines can be made up of basic materials like discarded metal bars and can be assembled with basic tools. All materials used should be easily available wherever you live.1

071 Machines

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The project was started by the Danish designer Dave Hakkens as a graduation project at a design academy in 2013. He wanted to raise awareness about the reported 311 million tonnes of plastic waste created around the world each year. Most of this will end up in the wrong place, landfills, oceans, inside animals. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s damaging our earth.2 Only 10 percent of this annual amount of plastic waste is recycled. To spread the idea, he made the construction plans available for anyone, also in the hope of helping clean up local neighbourhoods all around the world. The modular machines are made of different components that can all be repaired replaced or customized. There are different machines for each purpose: The shredder is grinding plastic waste into tiny flakes, which can then be inserted in all the other machines to make new products. The injection molding machine melts the flakes into molds and allows you to create small objects in large quantity. Examples are doorknobs, tiles

072 Dump site materials

073 Basic tools 1 www.designboom.com: http://goo.gl/BlA2dO 2 www.deezeen.com: http://goo.gl/AZrgL2

and small decorative objects like candle holders. The Compressor is an oven inside which the plastic is slowly melted and pressed into a mold, this machine can be used to create large and solid objects like buckets, chopping boards or plates. The Extruder is used for a continuous process, where the shredded flakes are extruded to a string of plastic which can be used for further design like woven lamps. This filament is also the primary material for 3d printing.3

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074 Working together

While this project works perfectly if you start it on your own, it would also be great to implement in a community, where every member has a different machine. As a bonus your whole neighbourhood profits from the recycling process because there will be no more plastic waste in the streets.

075 Recycled plastic

PRECIOUS PLASTIC http://preciousplastic.com/

CREATE SOMETING FUN 3 http://preciousplastic.com/en/

Recycle guru Creating a sustainable environment

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Recycle Guru is an online platform originated in India, it is helping citizens to recycle their waste. The formal waste collection organized from city or barangays is often working very poorly. If the waste gets collected at all, it is mostly picked up altogether without any segregation. In need of a regularly waste removal, many people rely on informal waste collectors. Most cities already have a large and complex network of informal waste collectors, and instead of criminalizing them, recycle guru tries to strengthen that sector. Currently waste collection is often seen as improper profession performed under dangerous and unhygienic circumstances and those who practise it are viewed as robbers. There is actually a lot of knowledge of materials and processes in this sector that has not been acknowledged. We want to use resources more sustainability for a healthy, clean community and to bring more dignity to the recycling profession.1 Only 1% of materials purchased to cater the needs of our modern society are still in use six month later, the remaining 99% is waste. An estimated 20-25% of municipal solid waste is collected by the informal sector, and all of it is recycled and goes to creating raw material. This means an immense reduction in carbon output. The informal sector in Delhi alone reduces carbon emissions by the same amount as taking 175,000 cars from the road. This is roughly equivalent to providing electricity to 130,000 homes!1

076 Recycling

Trader Cities across India have large commodity markets for where Traders buy and sell dry waste. These are dense neighbourhoods where clustered shops focus on a specific category of materials, such as bottle caps, newspapers, or jute bags. For constant supply, Traders have long-standing relationships with waste workers across their city. They offer credit to their suppliers and only have to make a quick call to fill incoming orders for materials.

078 Sorting

Processor In industrial areas, labourers clean, sort and wash materials purchased from Traders. Items such as plastic are broken down into flakes and pellets, a standard form used by informal and formal manufacturers to create new products. Manufacturer The processed materials which are chips, granules, blocks are then sent to product manufacturing companies. These can range from rudimentary facilities to very sophisticated plants that covert this raw material into usable products. Some of this processed material is also shipped out of the country to be converted into fleece, fabric, wire, containers, pipes, construction material etc.1

RECYCLE GURU http://recycleguru.in/

REDUCE, REUSE, RECYCLE 1 http://recycleguru.in/index.php

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077 Participants & Materials

Composting Converting biodegradables

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Composting is a simple way to convert your biodegradable waste to something useful. It is free, easy to make and also good for the environment. The process brings out humus, which can be used to fertilize your garden, it adds nutrients to your plants and helps to retain moisture in the soil. It is a natural alternative for chemical fertilizers and even supports microscopic organisms in the compost that ward off plant disease. You can reduce your household waste by as much as 30% with composting and in consequence help reducing the waste brought to landfills, so they wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t fill up that quickly. You can compost any biodegradable materials, apart from meat, bones or fish scraps, as they might attract pests and do not include manures from any animal if you plan to use the compost on food crops. Different composting materials might decompose at different rates, to speed up the process mix everything properly. The simplest composting method is just piling your waste up on bare earth, this also allows worms or other animals to get into the pile and support the process. Lay branches first to help the air circulation inside your pile, and cover it with a sheet to keep in the heat and liquids, to speed up the process. Turning the pile every few weeks will help bring air into it. For small scale outdoor composting enclosed bins are the best solution. You can build one yourself from a heavy duty garbage can by simply drilling holes with a diameter of about 1,5cm at an interval of 15 cm around the can. Then fill it up with waste and stir the contents occasionally to make sure they are aerated properly, mixing can also be achieved by rolling the bin.1

079 Process

080 Biodegradables

1 http://eartheasy.com/grow_compost.html#f

Tips for composting Activators can be added to the compost to help get the process started. Good activators are well rotted chicken manure, grass clippings and young weeds. If any insects are attracted to your compost, simply cover any fruit or vegetable matter with grass clippings or leafs, or sprinkle it with lime or calcium.

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Any odours that might occur can be reduces with the same methods, and always remember to not add any meat scraps to your compost.

081 Composting barrel

COMPOSTING http://eartheasy.com/

SUSTAINABLE LIVING

BOKASHI BIN Food waste treatment

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The Bokashi system is best explained as treatment for food waste or other biological waste. The term Bokashi is Japanese and meaning “fermented organic matter”. The word fermented is already explaining the big difference to composting. While Composting is a process that needs air to break down the materials into humus, the Bokashi bin is sealed airtight and ferments the matter inside. The benefits of a Bokashi bin are many, first of all it is way better for the environment than just dispose of organic materials together with all the other waste a household produces. But there are much more direct benefits as well, the juice produced in the process can be used as a fertiliser in your garden, if poured into the kitchen and bathroom drains it helps to prevent your pipes from choking up. The waste itself can be buried in your garden or put on the bottom of plant pots as fertilisers, but you should wait with planting for 2 weeks, because the Bokashi waste is acidic and takes time to neutralise. You can also add Bokashi waste to already planted plants, but make sure they don’t come into direct contact, otherwise it might burn them.1 To make your own Bokashi bin, you need two plastic buckets with one lid, and a tap to drain the fluid. First you need to drill some small holes into one of the buckets, this is where the fluid will leak through later. The second bucket needs a hole to but in the tap, make sure it is sealed up properly. Now you can put the first bucket into the second, if they don’t seal properly, some sealing strip or tape should do the job. Now your bucket is ready to use. 2

082 Stages

083 Home systems

1 http://www.bokashi.com.au/ 2 http://joyeverafter.com/blog/2012/4/16/diy-bokashi-bucket-composting.html

084 Bokashi Bin

BOKSHI BIN www.bokashi.com.au/

GET STARTED

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It is recommended to have two buckets in use, since one of them can be full and in fermentation process while you already fill up the other one. The longer the waste is fermenting, the better is the final product. After you filled your bin with waste, you need something to get the fermentation started, this can be bought on the internet as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bokashi mixâ&#x20AC;? or you can just make it yourself. To make it yourself wash rice in two parts water and drain it, but keep the water and let it rest for a week with a lid, which is not closed to tightly, the air should still circulate. Then add 10 parts milk and let it rest for another two weeks, strain off the solids, now you have purified lactobacillus serum that gets your fermentation started when added to the Bokashi bin. For an optimal result make alternating layers of waste and serum, then let the bin rest for some weeks.

NOTES

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NOTES

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Scribble your own idea right here

a strong Community Development of a togetherness Cebu City has approximately 900.000 inhabitants and is, like most cities in the world, still growing. According to a report of the United Nations Habitat programme1 since 2007 more than a half of world’s population is living in cities and it’s been estimated that this number will grow. This rapid development will be one of the biggest challenges for city administration and planning in the future, concerning topics like affordable housing, proper infrastructure, health care and many more. What is the most powerful resource of a city if not its inhabitants? Most cities evolved from small settlements, built to protect the community and each member had their rights and duties. Within time the settlements grew larger and larger, the community spirit weakens as the differences between the individuals of the society grow larger.

085 Community thinking

As long as a community stands together it will always be more powerful than one individual. The consent principle of democracy is based on decisions made by the majority of policy makers. By bringing power to the people, communities are able to accomplish certain necessities. With the help of everyone involved in a group or community project the result will more likely be positive and satisfy everyones needs. A group of people can spark a fire within a community and help by bringing faith for every single individual. Historic examples of people with a rebellious attitude have gathered peers helping them enforce better environments for their fellow human beings. Together they have managed to rebuild political systems withholding communities and their freedom of speech. You don’t need to start a revolution to change a drawback in your society. Changes can be crea-

086 Davao Fresh Foods Cooperation

1 „State of the World‘s Cities 2012/2013“ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs

ted not only on a global but also on a local scale. Whenever you want to cause some change in policy or implement an infrastructural upgrade you can bring the whole neighbourhood together and discuss your wishes and strategies. Even a small group of people can have a big effect. Two teenage sisters have taken a stand against pollution in Bali – and they’ve convinced the government to ban plastic bags by the year 2018.2

087 Education

It isn’t only about changing things within your society, but mainly about growing as a society itself. You can manage to build upon a sustainable environment and well-formed education for the next generations. It can be like a big gathering of family and friends organizing a party or a wedding. It could also be strangers exchanging valuable ideas and knowledge within a prearranged meetup.

2 http://inhabitat.com/how-two-amazing-teenage-girls-convinced-bali-to-ban-plastic-bags/

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Teaching kids values of your modern society or planning workshops with neighbours in your area - there are a lot of challenges to tackle, like waste management, lack of education, social absorption or different individual problems. Together we are able to find effective and sustainable solutions. Ideas grow into projects and spread throughout interaction, social media or just at the dinnertable-talk. It might be helpful to know where you are heading by knowing what challenges others had to face.

COMMUNITY CENTER Building togetherness A community center is a public place for gathering, exchanging, social support, public information and it opens up many more possibilities. Many activities can be organized in a place like this. It can be a place for traditions, celebrations or for meetings, political debates, sports, weddings, non-governmental organizations. It can also offer sanitation, health care or education. All those activities propsed by members of the community can be discussed and most of them can be carried out within the same place. Throughout history there have always been different places for gathering. A place where you can go to and discuss politics, activities, needs or anything like that offers you the freedom of speech. Just like people in ancient greek did in their agora or the politicians do in the parliament, the community center offers an area for some kind of basic democracy on a local scale.

088 Butuan City Community

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Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quite a task to develop a community center. The whole community is involved in such a process, a lot of funding and construction has to be done and a lot of maintenance will be needed. But first we should check what kind of group interests the community has and what kind of projects should be developed. After building a workforce you should check for funding as well as making decisions about what kind of areas and rooms the community center should have. Now that the process has started youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll probably need some extra help. For all those steps there are international organizations which help communities all around the world with the help of volunteers and international funding.

089 Fruit Tree community center

Go Abroad This is an already existing example of how an organization is searching for volunteers to help a local community build a community center in Tacloban City. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a community center focused on providing a meeting place for everyone in the community as well as a safe and healthy environment for neighborhood children. 090 Kids with voluteer

Volunteers with this program can work on a wide variety of projects including organizing education activities for children such as arts classes, handicrafts classes, story time, cooking classes, sports and any other activities. The community center also offers adult education activities that volunteers can become involved with including nutrition classes, adult literacy classes, self-empowerment sessions and more. The center also has a small library, toys and assists with the distribution of food to families in need.1 As you can see people all around the world are asked for help and are willing to help other communities to build a stronger foundation and exchange knowledge for a better future.

091 Newly build homes

1 http://www.goabroad.com/providers/eli/programs/community-center-in-the-philippines-58942

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GAWAT KALINGA www.gk1world.com/ www.gkmabuhay.com/

Gawad Kalinga 2

092 Volunteers

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The Community Center is formed around a stable community. The people from GK Mabuhay are organizing connections between visitors from around the world and the local communities. Activities such as housebuilding or community clean ups as well as family interaction with the volunteers help the local communities develop a brighter future. By implementing volunteer help the communities can reach goals, like building a community center much faster and with knowledge and funding from experienced organizations.

2 http://gkmabuhay.com/

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Community project Building upon an identity There are different ways to be special. As a community we often fail to interconnect, but as a group have an unbelievable potential. Alone we are weak but together we are strong. Let‘s make use of our potential and create our own identity. Everyone has different skills and just like a big firm needs diverse skills, a profitable community project requires everyone’s involvement. Just like the founders at “Dharavimarket” made their vision reality it is possible for your community to make your dream come true and start working on a productive idea. The aim of a community project should be the creation of a platform where everyone can be involved and take advantage from it.

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We wish to make the local story global. We want to introduce each artist, his work and his lifestyle to the world, teach him about the needs of the changing consumer while giving the consumer the opportunity to develop personalized/custom products. Dharavi residents are already manufacturing for global MNCs but they don’t know about their clients because of several agents in between. We wish to provide as much direct access as possible.1 It isn’t the easiest task creating a meaningful and working project, which will also be profitable for the whole community. To be as effective as possible there are steps you have to follow. Let’s take the example of promoting a local product. The basic concept of marketing tells us there are three core elements to be considered. Who are the marketers? What is being marketed and how to target the market. So at first we need to evaluate the needs, wants and demands of those groups we are targeting. What value does the

IDEA

INPUT VS OUTPUT

SYSTEM Knowledge

NETWORK

PROFIT

COMMUNITY

www

GLOBAL PRODUCT

1 http://www.dharavimarket.com/aboutus

product have and how will it satisfy the customer’s needs. Let’s not forget about the way we want to sell it; how do we connect the marketers with the customers and what kind of platforms is available. That’s just some basic economic thoughts. As you develop your project you will face different obstacles, like financial issues, bureaucracy or legal issues. There is help and regulations for all those problems. Building a network that will help you challenge those obstacles. Success can be achieved with the help of a good communication, organisation and knowledge sharing. The aim should be to help others by involving all individuals in the processing of achievements. Dharavi Market

093 Dharavi

DharaviMarket.com is a for profit initiative aimed at making the skills of the squatter settlement more accessible to the middle/upper classes while providing the local, skilled craftsmen and artisans direct access to local and global markets. It aims at providing, world class, quality goods at cheap prices as one would directly buy from the manufacturers while giving the craftsmen a price worth their craft and effort.

Find inspiration 2 http://www.dharavimarket.com/aboutus

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Community Project http://www.dharavimarket.com

STARt A Campaign Online campaigning for beginners When thinking about the big problems in the world, like environmental pollution, extinction of species, social disparity and so on, people often ask themselves what they could do about it. And more often they come to the conclusion that there isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t much to be done by their own. But in fact there is a lot to be accomplished by a dedicated soul. Based on the example of two young girls from Bali we like to show you what is possible, if you are keen to tackle some of the problems surrounding you.

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Bye bye plastic bags - or how two amazing sisters convince Bali to ban plastic bags 1 The teenage sisters, Melati (14) and Isabel (12) Wijsen, are living on the island of Bali, Indonesia. Like most of the countries around the world, Indonesia suffers from a massive plastic pollution problem. In 2013 Melati and Isabel decided that something has to be done to protect their beautiful island.2 They wanted to make a difference in this world and they wanted to do it immediately, they didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to wait till they grow up or rely on someone else to do it. Because plastic waste, and what to do to avert it, is such a huge topic they decided to focus on plastic bags. A quick research showed that in their homeland there were 680 cubic meters of plastic bags generated each day, and only 5% of them get recycled. The used bags mostly end up in the rivers or the sea or they get burned or dumped; all of this causing inestimable harm to the environment. The sisters first attempt was to find likeminded kids to team up with and they found them not only at their own school, but all over the island. They set up a multi layered campaign including

094 Wijsen sisters

095 Beach cleaning

1 http://inhabitat.com/how-two-amazing-teenage-girls-convinced-bali-to-ban-plastic-bags/ 2 http://ecowatch.com/2016/02/06/bali-ban-plastic-bags/

an online and offline petition, presentations at school and they tried to raise awareness with beach cleanups and flash-mobs.3 They designed a logo and printed it on t-shirts and they even distribute alternatives for the bags, like net bags, recycled newspaper bags, organic bags - all of them produced on the island. They found more and more people to promote their case. They gained great attention on their project from all over the world, and even got on a hunger strike but after one year of hard campaigning they reached their biggest goal: a Memorandum of Understanding with the governor of Bali that states plastic bags will be banned on the island by 2018.4 Besides of a good capability to convince people by their speeches, the internet and social media helped the girls to organize and spread their cause. Listed below some useful tools for online campaigning:

096 Pollution

www.avaaz.org

BETTERPLACE

The meaning of the word avaaz is voice, and the goal of this internet platform is to give a voice to everyone. In the past it was very difficult to find supporters for social movements, but thanks to the new technologies, the outreach can be so

AVAAZ

CAUSES

3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=197&v=NRltIlK9GC0 4 http://www.wetpixel.com/articles/bali-will-be-plastic-bag-free-by-2018-thanks-to-these-sisters

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CAMPAIGNING www.causes.com www.avaaz.com

much higher. You can easily start your petition by filling out a form on the website. Right after this you can start to spread the word and your supporters can sign online. www.causes.com Like Avaaz, Causes is a big campaigning platform where you can promote your campaign and connect with your allies and your supporters. As a registered organization you can also do fundraising via the platform. www.betterplace.org/en Betterplace is a donation platform founded in germany, but they also host projects from all over the world. facebook.com

097 Bye bye plastic bags

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The easiest way to connect with many likeminded people is to set up a Facebook Group. After setting up the group you can invite your friends. You can define if group members can add people and if the group is public, wich is good way to reach more followers. You can share your thoughts, events, photos and even files. If your campaign gains a more advanced status you can create a Facebook site with a logo and share the informations about your case with all your fans. You can pay a fee for a higher outreach of your site. Make sure if you can afford it, because this is mostly used by commercial companies.

twitter.com, snapchat.com, instagram.com These tools should be used in accomplishment of an other online presence. You can use it to keep your followers updated about your projects and to stick in their memories. Twitter is mostly suitable for text and photo messages, with Snapchat you can send short movie clips and pictures to your friends and Instagram is best to be used for photographic content. Despite most of these platforms provide their service free of charge, be sure to read all of the „terms of use“ and „site policy“ regulations carefully before your registration! further information http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2014/jul/15/16dos-and-donts-of-online-campaigning-clicktivism-digital-activism-kony http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-online-campaigning-27595.html http://www.ngoleitfaden.org/online-spendensammeln/so-geht-gutes-online-fundraising/

SOCIAL

http://mashable.com/2011/03/14/social-good-

Land Ownership From Squatters to legal Property The issues of land ownership in the Philippines, especially for informal settlers, are very wide and complex. Public opinion is rather hostile to the squatters, because of high crime rates, corruption and fraudulent squatter businesses. Many tax-paying citizens maintain a negative attitude towards their illegal neighbors, but there are also many of them relying on the easy availability of informal workers. On the other side every parcel of land, occupied by informal settlers, and every individual living there, has their unique background story. To cover all concerning issues of this topic would go beyond the scope of this text, but we like to show you two examples of squatters turning into equally emancipated neighborhoods.

098 Construction site

Pasil, Cebu City 1

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The area south of Guadalupe River has been settled for a long time, as far back as Spanish colonial period there has been dwellings of the indigenous people. The mentioning of â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Squattersâ&#x20AC;&#x153; dates back to the 1940s, and it is believed that the church was landowner at that time. After several large fires in 1964 all of the settlers had been expelled. But because of the government missing to provide sufficient alternatives, the settlers reinhabited the area soon. In the 1980s, under the regime of president Marcos, the Slum Improvement and Resettlement Program (S.I.R.) was launched to legalize property situations. Residents living south of Conception Street and owning a lot larger than 25 sqm, have been admitted to the program and could receive their land titles trough a rent-to-own sys-

099 Pasil 1 Hagen A., Strolz O., Pasil+, S. 162

tem. Today the majority of the Pasil residents already hold their land titles, and more will follow. Ugong, Valenzuela City 2 Living in the danger zone alongside Tullahan River, for almost ten years, became to much to bear for former Overseas Worker Enriqueta Catayong. The worrying about her family’s safety, each time the river’s approaching overflow, the hard work repairing the house and the fight against demolition teams threatening her house - prompted the wish of a change. Enriqueta, or „Kits“ as what her friends call her, initiated a housing cooperative with her neighbors 4 years ago, aiming at the erection of new homes for the informal settlers families. Having been a member of Forever Young, a pro-women’s group in Manila, Kits was able to connect with several civic organizations and NGO’s. But to persuade the community to join their cause was probably the hardest part. At least Kit’s cooperative was founded in 2012, representing nearly 2000 members.

100 Site plan & visualisation

2 http://www.shfcph.com/LEADING_THE_ROAD_TO_CHANGE.html

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Land Ownership

For the funding of their project, the community took advantage of the High Density Housing Program3, wich provides loans for community associations. With the help of a land developer cooperation they started to plan a community-driven housing project, consisting of thirty 3-storey houses in the relocation site. Each unit will measure 28 sqm and there will also be commercial spaces operated by the community. The future residents were fully involved in all planning steps - from the selection of the building site to the designs of the houses, everything followed the communities needs. Finally in March 2015 the first 3 units of the 30 housing buildings were turned over to their new inhabitants.

101 Kits housing cooperative

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102 On site

3 http://www.shfcph.com/HDH_Fast_Facts.html

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URBAN FARMING Plant your own food Urban farming is the practice of cultivating food in urban surroundings. Offering people who are living in big cities the opportunity to eat their own, local grown, fresh food. Apart from providing a rich variety of safe food for local residents, it also helps the environment, because it is low in so called “food miles”, which are associated with long distance transportation. Another benefit is that it adds greenery to the city, that increases shading, reduces harmful runoff and improves the perception of a neighborhood.1 Urban gardens can vary in size, one big example is the community farming project in Detroit, USA. Since this city is shrinking, there is more than enough inner city space to implement a huge farm. The main goal of these projects is educating children about growing food, and maintaining availability of fresh food, providing residents with a rich diet.

103 La Piñas City

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Another example is a farming project in La Piñas City that was launched by the Department of Agriculture. Different methods, like container gardening and vertical farming are explored here. This is to demonstrate how you can use every bit of space to produce your own food, that will also be directly available in any emergency situation. One of the main goals of this project is to involve local schools and educating children on the value of agriculture and caring for the environment.2 While keeping animals is quite popular in informal settlements around the world, the opportunity to grow plants is often undervalued, because of the seemingly obvious lack of space in dense neighborhoods. But many crop plants can be cultivated in the tiniest of spaces with a little creativity.

104 Sub-irrigated planter

1 http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/68611-urban-farming-quezon-city 2 https://containergardening.wordpress.com/2015/02/08/the-importance-of-urban-gardening/

One idea, that will be suitable for everybody, is plastic bottle gardening. Those bottles are normally just thrown away, so this method is not only about cultivating food, but also about upcycling waste. Pierce little holes in the cap of the bottle and the cut it in half, now you already have your planting pot ready. If you are hanging them upside down, each above another, you now only have to water the top plant, because most of the water is going to seep through and drip on the plant below.3 If you are not ready to start a huge urban garden just yet, you can make a SIP, which is a planter that will basically water itself. You just cut a huge plastic bottle in half and puncture some holes for ventilation in the upper half. Add two strips to the bottleneck, so the plant will be able to soak up the water later. Then put water in the lower half and put the top upside down into the other half. Now you can plant any crop you want without having to water it so often. Enjoy your harvest!

105 Herb garden

106 Urban farming Detroit

3 http://balconygardenweb.com/plastic-bottle-vertical-garden-soda-bottle-garden/

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Urban Farming https://containergardening.wordpress.com

GET A DEGREE Studying at an online university Higher Education can be a life changer for many people, it can lead the way out of poverty by gaining access to better jobs and it can strengthen self-esteem to stand up against the miseries of life. But although equitable access to higher education is established in the „International Bill of Human Rights“ 1th reality is that there are countless reasons for disadvantage. In general, to attend a university or college, you will need a lot of money. Not only for the tuition fees, and learning materials, but you will also need to compensate the loss of wage while you are studying. Classes take place at a fixed schedule and for those, not living near a major city, it means also to move. In Cebu City there are many universities with lots of programs offered, but for now we want to introduce you to a different kind of studying.

107 Students comment

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University of the People (UoPeople) University of the People is the world’s first non-profit, online University. Founded 2009 in California, its mission is to grant higher education for all of those who might otherwise never have access to it.2 The learning method is based on online courses, reachable from all over the world, combined with peer-to-peer learning and a personal Program Advisor system. Attendees have access to the top university lecturers worldwide and fellow students are found in over 180 countries. The quality of the program is continually assessed and improved through regular outcome assessment and external reviews.3 There are currently three different degree programs available - „Business Administration“, „Computer Science“ and „Health Science“.

108 UoPeople

1 http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html - Art. 26 2 http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/09/09/university.socialnetworks/

To become a student at UoPeople you have to be 18 years or older and because courses are entirely taught in English, you need to provide proof of your English proficiency. Applicants must be able to demonstrate high school completion. In order to be admitted to an undergraduate degree program, students must successfully complete the Foundation Courses. These courses will give the student all skills they need to participate in the academic degree studies.

109 Students

Although UoPeople is a non-profit University, they still need to charge some fees in order to maintain the system. There is a nominal application fee of 50 USD, and at the end of each exam period they request processing fees for each exam. According to the principles of UoPeople there are several scholarship offered and they will try to give advice on financing programs.

110 Learning

TOO COOL FOR SCHOOL 3 http://www.uopeople.edu/about/uopeople/mission-values/

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ONLINE UNIVERSITY www.uopeople.edu/ www.openuniversity.edu/

Education for all Enhancing your opportunities The governmental education system of the Philippines, reaches a relatively large part of the population. According to the 2008 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey1 68% of people older than six years have completed at least elementary education. But looking at high school rates, there are just about 40% left. Profound education cannot only be a door opener to a good-paying job, but also empowers people to cope with challenging tasks and to take their place in the society. DepEd Alternative Learning System (ALS)2 To provide sufficient education to all citizens, the Department of Education engages a parallel learning system, the so called „Alternative Learning System“. There are several programs with different approaches:

SOCIAL

The Basic Literacy Program is meant for people who haven’t had the chance to attend primary education at all, or dropped out of elementary school, and are therefore lacking basic skills of reading, writing and numeracy. The Continuing Education Program is for those dropped out at a later state. Its goal is to supplement important knowledge to enhance quality of life, and the program helps to achieve equivalency for further educational steps. Courses take place at the Community Learning Centers (CLCs) wich are often installed in public schools, barangay halls or rooms provided by the government.3 DepEd also provides radio-based instructions to bring the education to where the learners are.

111 Students

112 Classroom

Abb. 109 Department of Education

1 https://psa.gov.ph/content/education-women-and-men 2 http://www.deped.gov.ph/als 3 http://www.courses.com.ph/alternative-learning-system/

The new Education System of the Philippines With the â&#x20AC;&#x17E;Enhanced Basic Education Act4 of 2013â&#x20AC;&#x153; the government of the Philippines, is changing its educational system. By the beginning of the school-year 2016/17 the transition, of the former 10-year cycle to the K-12 program5, is completed.

113 Kindergarten

This means all children are supposed to attend at least 13 years of education, starting at the age of 5 with Kindergarten. This first year of preschool education is an important factor for providing all children with the designated skills for entering primary school. Therefore in Kindergarten, children will learn the alphabet, numbers, shapes, and colors in their Mother Tongue to build a solid foundation for the later multilingual education. After Kindergarten, students are obliged to attend 6 years of Primary School, 4 years of High School and 2 years of Senior High School. For the last two years, students can choose a specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school capacity. Senior High School will make sure that all students will be equipped for work, entrepreneurship, or higher education.

114 Teacher

4 http://www.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/ 5 http://www.gov.ph/k-12/

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EDUCATION FOR ALL www.deped.gov.ph/ www.gov.ph/k-12/

NOTES

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NOTES

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Eric Sviratchev http://durianproject.blogspot.co.at/ Alice Buri http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2013/07/shanties-squatters-on-waterways-e1389791111619.jpg https://istihbaratalani.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/ adsz-ek-00193.jpg http://www.favelapainting.com/page/favelapainting http://www.favelapainting.com/page/favelapainting http://www.thepolisblog.org/2013/07/community-aesthetics-in-heliopolis.html http://www.solarcookers.org/files/cache/add9adc10046830948d472abb1b5f378_f728.jpg http://solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/Low-cost_ Wooden_Solar_Box_Cooker http://www.solarcookers.org/ https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vls/6/65/ Malaga_Calle_Marqu%C3%A9s_de_Larios.jpg https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/02/e2/7d/9c/calle-sierpes.jpg https://de.pinterest.com/pin/46232333648009943/ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/content/dam/ news/2015/10/06/billionairebike/01billionairebike. adapt.768.1.jpg https://steve-blood.squarespace.com/products/ big-rig http://www.selco-india.com/img_gallery_images_final/image51.jpg https://cdn.asiancorrespondent.com/wp-content/ uploads/2011/07/IndiaSolarPower.jpg Phil Happy, TU Wien http://www.heijmans.nl/nl/heijmans-one/ http://www.designmattersatartcenter.org/proj/ safe-agua http://www.designmattersatartcenter.org/proj/ safe-agua

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http://4chlff2fhold2qx0rp267ua5lt2.wpengine. netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/b5ventilation-section-copy.jpg http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/files/2012/12/TestRide.61-1024x679.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ATyPB7ojU_k/UHGYeiGmBfI/AAAAAAAAAFc/sfdpF0cNNng/s1600/bayanihan.jpg http://freddyruanoi3.weebly.com/consequences. html https://www.sawater.com.au/community-and-environment/our-water-and-sewerage-systems/watersources/the-water-cycle http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/11/16/ typhoon-haiyan-survivorsstruggleforcleanwater.html Alice Buri https://www.flickr.com/photos/andrew_ellis/4805555316/ http://forums.iboats.com/forum/other/non-boating-technical-topics/541920-backup-water-storage-supply http://watercharity.com/conclusion-pagal-elementary-school-water-tank-project-philippines http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/rainwater-harvesting http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Rainwater-Collection-System http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Rainwater-Collection-System http://tcpermaculture.blogspot.co.at/search/label/ Water%20Harvesting http://www.watercone.com http://www.watercone.com http://www.watercone.com http://www.watercone.com http://www.watercone.com http://www.mdgfund.org/node/3636/3635 http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/

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https://prezi.com/0we8ln4megur/the-philippines/ http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/ http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/ http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/ http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/ http://www.jonesseptic.com/2015/09/15/whatkind-of-septic-system-is-best-for-me-dutchesscounty-ny-septic-tank-installation/ http://www.aplumbers.com/imgs/p/septic-tank_1. jpg http://m.wikihow.com/Construct-a-Small-SepticSystem http://m.wikihow.com/Construct-a-Small-SepticSystem https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/b4/ c0/fa/b4c0fadfcd4f92a7c2814dff8e09e02d.jpg http://www.omick.net/composting_toilets/composting_toilets.htm http://www.ecovita.net/privy.html http://img6.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2013-08-17/96ESHIOG19BR0001.jpg Alice Buri http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/769362/mmda-ombudsman-team-up-vs-execs-who-let-esteros-stink Alice Buri http://activities.cleanuptheworld.org/ http://www.natures-guardian.org/endangered-species/ocean.html http://www.treehugger.com/sustainable-product-design/recycled-flipflops-toys.html http://www.ocean-sole.com/ http://www.edwardmorgan.net/blog/quazi-design http://inhabitat.com/quazi-design-creates-gorgeous-sustainable-jewelry-from-old-magazines/quazi-design-recycled-magazine-jewelry-6/ http://hipcycle.com/20-stuffed-floor-cushion.html http://www.upcycling-deluxe.com/t/material/reissack http://www.leokempf.com/

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http://www.inspirationgreen.com/index.php?q=glassbottlewalls.html http://www.isavea2z.com/diy-wood-stove-madefrom-tire-rims/ http://www.creativeapplications.net/news/preciousplastic-diy-plastic-recycling-and-manufacturing/ http://davehakkens.tumblr.com/ http://preciousplastic.com/en/plan/ http://www.starternoise.com/tag/precious-plastic/ http://soocurious.com/fr/recyclage-maison-environnement-bouteille/ http://recycleguru.in/ http://recycleguru.in/ https://www.quora.com/What-is-one-unique-thing-about-Bangalore-that-a-must-visitfor-non-Bangalorean https://www.theodysseyonline.com/panning-blackgold http://pioneersettler.com/your-ultimate-guide-todiy-compost-bins-for-homesteading/ https://vegan.at/inhalt/lebensmittel-verschwendung-oesterreich http://www.bokashi.com.au/ http://www.compostinghome.com.au/indoor-kitchen-compost-bin-with-bokashi.html http://joyeverafter.com/blog/2012/4/16/diy-bokashibucket-composting.html Alice Buri http://gk1world.com/community-sakadab http://mikyu.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/social-enterprise-workshop.jpg http://fruit-tree.org/new-community-center-in-thephilippines/ http://fruit-tree.org/new-community-center-in-thephilippines/ http://cdn2.goabroad.com/images/program_content/why-you-should-care3-1423621678.jpg http://gkmabuhay.com/assets/images/tikadvill.jpeg

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http://gkmabuhay.com/assets/images/Heroes%20 Build.jpeg https://cdlanderson.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/ dsc_0086.jpg http://www.aufeminin.com/news-societe/balideux-ados-parviennent-a-interdire-les-sacs-plastiques-s1804193.html https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water http://indosole.com/ http://www.shfcph.com/LEADING_THE_ROAD_TO_ CHANGE.html Michael Surbรถck http://www.shfcph.com/ http://www.shfcph.com/ http://www.shfcph.com/ https://containergardening.wordpress. com/2015/02/08/the-importance-of-urban-gardening/ http://balconygardenweb.com/plastic-bottle-verticalgarden-soda-bottle-garden/ https://containergardening.wordpress. com/2015/02/08/the-importance-of-urban-gardening/ https://containergardening.wordpress. com/2012/03/20/growing-in-a-bottle-debbie-kong-greenroofgrowers/ http://www.uopeople.edu/ http://www.uopeople.edu/ http://www.uopeople.edu/ http://www.uopeople.edu/ https://www.facebook.com/DepEd.Philippines/ https://www.facebook.com/DepEd.Philippines/: http://www.gov.ph/k-12/ https://www.facebook.com/DepEd.Philippines/:

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REFERENCES HOME

Home Improvement 1 www.yesmagazine.org/people-power/filipino-neighbors-fought-new-homes-won Make it Colorful 1 www.designboom.com/art/favela-painting-by -haas-hahn/ Solar Cooker 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cooker 2 http://www.solarcookers.org/about/mission/ Sunshield 1 http://www.who.int/uv/sun_protection/en/ Electricity 1 http://www.treehugger.com/wind-technology/ build-diy-wind-turbine-30.html 2 http://billionsinchange.com/ 3 http://pedal-power.com/ 4 http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/toys/Saltwaterbattery.html Solar Energy 1 http://www.selco-india.com/about_us.html Constructive Upgrade 1 https://goo.gl/8y7Ufs Sanitary Room 1 http://www.designmattersatartcenter.org/proj/ safe-agua/ Bamboo Social 1 Nancy Moore Bess; Bibi Wein (1987). Bamboo In Japan. 2 http://inhabitat.com/first-full-bamboo-school-inphilippines-stands-up-to-tough-stormwinds/

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3 http://mci.ei.columbia.edu/initiatives/private-sector-development/bamboo-bikes-project/ WATER

Water 1 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/PROJECTS/0,,contentMDK:22517012~menuPK:64282137~pagePK:41367~piPK:279616~theSitePK:40941,00. html 2 http://www.circleofblue.org/2012/world/making-connections-in-the-philippines-water-privatization-across-manilas-east-zone/ Water Tank 1 http://www.offthegridnews.com/grid-threats/water-water-everywhere-long-term-water-storage/ 2 http://ghost32writer.com/?p=6149 3 http://watercharity.com/conclusion-pagal-elementary-school-water-tank-project-philippines Collecting Rainwater 1 http://www.wikihow.com/Build-a-Rainwater-Collection-System 2 http://www.zdnet.com/article/harvesting-rainwater-for-more-than-greywater/ Watercone 1 http://www.watercone.com/product.html 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_water Make Water Drinkable 1 http://survivallife.com/make-water-drinkable/ Septic System 1 http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/subpages/septic_defined.cfm 2 http://myphilippinelife.com/our-philippine-houseproject-septic-and-drainage/

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3 http://m.wikihow.com/Construct-a-Small-SepticSystem Dry Toilet 1 http://www.omick.net/composting_toilets/bucket_ barrel_toilet.htm 2 http://www.omick.net/composting_toilets/composting_toilets.htm 3 https://sustainable-solutions.info/urine-separating-composting-toilets/ WASTE

Solid Waste Management 1 http://www.adb.org/publications/garbage-booksolid-waste-management-metro-manila Cleanup Event 1 http://eauetvie.fr/en/activites/gestion-dechets 2 http://activities.cleanuptheworld.org/ 3 http://www.ocean-sole.com/ Upcycling 1 http://quazidesign.com/ 2 http://goo.gl/3R0uRW 3 http://www.upcycling-deluxe.com/t/material/reissack 4 http://www.leokempf.com/blog/?p=126 5 http://www.bay-of-islands-nz.com/hundertwasser. shtml 6 http://www.isavea2z.com/diy-wood-stove-madefrom-tire-rims/ Precious Plastic 1 www.designboom.com: http://goo.gl/BlA2dO 2 www.deezeen.com: http://goo.gl/AZrgL2 3 http://preciousplastic.com/en/

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Recycle Guru 1 http://recycleguru.in/index.php Composting 1 http://eartheasy.com/grow_compost.html#f Bokashi Bin 1 http://www.bokashi.com.au/ 2 http://joyeverafter.com/blog/2012/4/16/diy-bokashi-bucket-composting.html SOCIAL

A Strong Community 1 „State of the World‘s Cities 2012/2013“ United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs 2 http://inhabitat.com/how-two-amazing-teenagegirls-convinced-bali-to-ban-plastic-bags/ Community Center 1 http://www.goabroad.com/providers/eli/programs/ community-center-in-the-philippines-58942 2 http://gkmabuhay.com/ Community Project 1http://www.dharavimarket.com/aboutus 2 http://www.dharavimarket.com/aboutus Start a Campaign 1 http://inhabitat.com/how-two-amazing-teenagegirls-convinced-bali-to-ban-plastic-bags/ 2 http://ecowatch.com/2016/02/06/bali-ban-plastic-bags/ 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=197&v=NRltIlK9GC0 4 http://www.wetpixel.com/articles/bali-will-be-plastic-bag-free-by-2018-thanks-to-these-sisters

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Land Ownership 1 Hagen A., Strolz O., Pasil+, S. 162 2 http://www.shfcph.com/LEADING_THE_ROAD_ TO_CHANGE.html# 3 http://www.shfcph.com/HDH_Fast_Facts.html Urban Farming 1 http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/hunger/68611-urban-farming-quezon-city 2 https://containergardening.wordpress. com/2015/02/08/the-importance-of-urban-gardening/ 3 http://balconygardenweb.com/plastic-bottle-vertical-garden-soda-bottle-garden/ Get a Degree 1 http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html - Art. 26 2 http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/09/09/university.socialnetworks/ 3 http://www.uopeople.edu/about/uopeople/mission-values/ Education for All 1 https://psa.gov.ph/content/education-women-and-men 2 http://www.deped.gov.ph/als 3 http://www.courses.com.ph/alternative-learningsystem/ 4 http://www.gov.ph/2013/05/15/republic-act-no-10533/ 5 http://www.gov.ph/k-12/

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HOME 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Make it Colorful Solar Cooker Sunshield Electricity Solar Energy Constructive Upgrade Sanitary Room Bamboo Social

WASTE 54 56 60 62 64 66

Cleanup Event Upcycling Precious Plastic Recycle Guru Composting Bokashi Bin

WATER Water Tank Collecting Rainwater Watercone Make Water Drinkable Septic System Dry Toilet

34 36 38 40 44 46

SOCIAL Community Center Community Project Start a Campaign Land Ownership Urban Farming Get a Degree Education for all

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