Arizona State University The Design School
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Acknowledgements Professors Darren Petrucci Phil Horton James Shraiky Will Heywood Students Elham Ghaffari Behnam Hosseini John Lee Cindy Louie Jorge Ochoa-Alvarado Morgan Pakula Eric Prichard John Risi Rishi Sapra Natalie Shutt-Banks Golondrina Timewell Taylor Townsend
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PEDAGOGY pushing PRACTICE A collaborative approach teaching architects and designers to redefine twenty-first century challenges and help transform contemporary design practice.
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Third Side Studio Applied Research Collaborative Herberger Institute for Design and the Arts The Design School Arizona State University PO Box 871605 Tempe, Arizona 85287
Published by The Design School ADE 622 Advanced Architectural Studio IV 6th Year Architecture Thesis Studio Arizona State University
Book Design John Risi
Applied Research Collaborative has attempted to identify all owners of copyright. We regret any errors or omissions. All rights to illustrations and text reserved by ARC. This work may not be copied, reproduced, or translated in whole or in part without permission of the publisher. Š 2011 Applied Research Collaborative The Design School
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The Applied Research Collaborative represents a new pedagogical model for teaching design to architects in the 21st century. New collaborative environments and methods are employed that embrace the complexity of contemporary architectural design practices. The ARC strives toward excellence, innovation, and depth through an integrative collaborative framework. Transdisciplinary groups are formed to redefine problems that require transformative solutions.
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Contents Chapter One: Who are We?
1-9
Mission Statement Definition: The Third Side House Rules Guiding Principles Framing Immigration Wicked Problem: Immigration
Chapter Two: How is Immigration Contextualized to the United States?
10 - 23
Research Lexicon
Chapter Three: How is Immigration a Design Issue? Immigration as a Diagram Narratives
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24 - 41
42 - 57
Chapter Four: How do We Get to Integration? Symptoms v Root A-Ha of Integration Integration, not Assimilation Integrative Experiences Urban Typologies
58 - 79
Chapter Five: How is Integration Contextualized to Phoenix? Site Criteria Data Mapping Site Mapping Urban Typologies Site Detail
80 - 107
Chapter Six: What Could Be? Criteria Objectives Headlines The Projects To Take Away
108 - 130
Appendix
1
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Mission The Third Side House Rules Guiding Principles Wicked Problem Framing Immigration
Chapter One
...WHO are we? 1
Mission
To operate as a catalyst which frames misaligned conditions into a synthesized resolution for the greater public good. 2
The Third Side
Taking a step back from a difficult situation to look at it with fresh eyes. Seeking to understand the sides of the situation, encourage a process of cooperative negotiation, and support a wise solution; meeting the essential needs of all sides. 3
House Rules No Fence Riding make a decision, have an opinion
Constantly Critique do not play devil’s advocate
That sucks, not you suck focus on the work, not the person
Release Early, Release Often do not hold back information
Debate before Democracy use an impasse as a way to strengthen the project
Roll the Dice do not be afraid to try, experiment
Be Curious constantly seek new knowledge
Pee with the Door Open be comfortable in uncomfortable situations 4
Strive for Excellence
Guiding Principles CREATE mutually beneficial exchange
ENGAGE the root of the problem, not the symptom
ACHIEVE dynamic delivery of sources and resources
DEVELOP transformative solutions
RESPOND to and empower the individual and the whole
PROMOTE
economic viability and sustainability
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Wicked Problem
A wicked problem is a problem with complex interdependencies and a nonlinear formulation which will always have more than one possible explanation. Buchanan, 97 6
Immigration is a wicked problem.
Third Side Studio IS the Problem Our strengths: diverse. Our thoughts: diverse. Our backgrounds: diverse. Our design qualities: diverse. These diversities are parts of the whole. Working toward a resolution to the wicked problem facing us. Third Side Studio leveraged our diversity.
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Framing Immigration
The third side studio is redefining the problem of immigration from one of assimilation to the notion of integration based upon a mutually beneficial exchange among distinct and diverse communities. 8
We are attempting to transform conventional exchanges into integrative experiences that benefit both parties and bring them closer together through the filters of perception, people and services. 9
Research: History Context Program Construction Technology Representation Lexicon
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Chapter Two
...HOW is immigration contextualized to the United States?
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Research compiled and analyzed to History
reasons to immigrate and policy created
Why Immigrate? • • •
Economic or political turmoil Famine or natural disaster Available resources in the U.S., the American Dream
Why prohibit? •
Fear of the unknown and Political Motives
Changes
• • • • •
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Open doors to restrictions to relaxation 1820s: Chronic labor shortage and cheap land 1880s: Steamship cuts down travel time to two weeks 1890s: Industrial boom created high labor demand 1965: Race, creed, and nationality restrictions lifted
create a context of immigration. . .
Context
push/pull factors and perception as reality
What draws or repels?
Push factors refer to the motives for one to emigrate away from an area, while pull factors are the motives for attracting one to another area.
What is reality?
The immigration debate is framed and proliferated by the media. Many times media sources have political motives which cause them to spread misperception.
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. . . new terms and definitions arose Program
resources and services available to an immigrant
What is available? • • •
Immigrant Legal Resource Center (ILRC) Florence Project Welcome to America Project
What acts have been passed? • • • • • • • •
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The Naturalization Acts of: 1790, 1795, 1798, and 1879 The Page Act of 1875 The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 The Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943 The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 The REAL ID Act of 2005
which put to paper the problems. . .
Construction
interventions to control and regulate immigration
What role do foreign born workers have? • • • •
According to the AGC, the construction industry is expected to require an average of 200,000 net new workers per year over the next decade. Foreign born workers are necessary for those jobs. Increases of 10% in the supply of immigrants reduces the immigrant wage by about 10%. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that 22% of construction workers are foreign born with 2.4 million immigrants working in the sector, the largest source of jobs for immigrant labor.
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. . .of immigration, and created the Technology
new advances and the results of technologies being created
What are the consequences? • • •
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Technology creates a reality of connection, across the globe, while simultaneously creating a social isolation. A concern arises in terms of ‘big brother’ and how much power they should have, as well as the amount a person would be concerned if they have nothing to hide. 25% of engineers and high tech people are foreign born. Students and occupational desires give preference to immigrants.
system to frame our approach.
Representation
how things are perceived and interpreted
How are conditions perceived? • •
The urban form is evidently dissimilar on different sides of border conditions because of economic, cultural, and political differences. People are categorized and given a definition based on how they are perceived as well as cultural trends. This results in xenophobia, a fear of strangers and the unknown.
What influences the condition? •
The influences of perception, in regards to immigration in particular, are knowledge, information presented in the media, and societal trends toward a certain group of people.
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The third side studio, moving forward from the initial research, was able to identify and define terms which put the issue of immigration into the context of the United States. 18
These lexicon terms allowed us to identify the issues that were present in this wicked problem, and give us the beginning to tackle the problem as a Design Issue. 19
Genigrant Disorienteering
A ‘Genigrant’ or Generational Immigrant is how a person acclimates to a society and more The act of navigating the complex set of systems which allow an immigrant to become naturalized. importantly, technology. The generation a person is born in can play a larger part in using current technology more so than location. A more recently born person will be able to adapt to using current technology in today’s world more than an older person.
Dissimilation GLAMerica Thetendency outward for branding of thetoUnited States that that attempts to seduce immigrants toand maintain The immigrants join communities are predominately made up in of order people businesses that reflect the country that US theycitizens. just immigrated from. wealth, education, etc. the high standard of living for current See: freedom,
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Loan Sharkonomics Cyclipariah
The financial exchange between undocumented workers and check cashing institutions as a means In a reoccurring and repeated cycle, a person or a group of people are designated to be mistreated of receiving payment for work without entering the banking system. and avoided. The identity of the pariah changes as the sociopolitical climate evolves due to the insecurities and xenophobia that are inherent in the human nature.
Demographic Engineering Mirage practice selectively admitting and rejecting different ethnic, religious, or political For groups for MirageThe refers to the of fortunes and possibilities that are available here in the U.S for everyone. immigration into the United States as a means of manipulating economic, political and cultural example migrating here and being able to reach any goal that they might have. forces.
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Skype 1 Visa The notion that ‘it’s a small world’ is ever present and even more true today. With the means and capabilities of technology today the world is exponentially more connected. ‘Space’ is completely redefined in today’s world. A room no longer has the constraints of four walls but instead an Internet or satellite connection.
Techno-Americanization The notion that any person, regardless of locale, is in part ‘American’. By using technology that the United States has invented, people both foreign and domestic buy into and accept the culture of America. This democratizing the ideals of being American.
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Native Foreigner Techno-Tolerance The notion that cancitizen be used tolives educate become more tolerant and accepting A natively borntechnology United States that in a people culturalto community that is so isolated from main ofstream othersAmerica who at first appear to be different. Disseminate information to immigrants to help themthis so as to not allow them to be familiar with American culture. In extreme cases better assimilate and socialize to American culture, as well as to current citizens to better educate may prevent the citizen from learning the native language. them and relieve tensions created by fear and stereotypes.
Vict-immigration Never-Ending Assimilation Theconstant tendencyand for continuous undocumented immigrants to be taken advantage of during because of their The integration process anvictimized immigrantorgoes through before, and status. This could be byofa the Coyote, abusive after becoming a citizen United States.spouse or unethical employer.
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A Design Approach to Immigration Narratives: Maria Lopez Chao Wu Dave White Anna Gromyko Juan Carlos
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Chapter Three
...HOW is immigration a Design Issue? 25
A Design approach to Immigration. . .
education groups
economy
security
PERCEPTION
crime
A
PEOPLE
B
C
life services
RESOURCE
healthcare
economy individuals
legal
COMMUNICATION A = Media B = Informal Social Networks C = Network of Organization
THIRD SIDE Studio:
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The research was realized as being three parts, perception-people-resource, under the larger umbrella of immigration. The research led to the realization that of all the problems associated with immigration were symptoms of a greater root problem. The underlying deficiency was a lack of exchange.
security
crime
PERCEPTION
A
economy
The area of perception was investigated in terms of security, crime, and economy in which the means of communication (A) is the media.
COMMUNICATION
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ON
A Design approach to Immigration. . . groups
A
PEOPLE
B
C
individuals
MUNICATION The area of people was investigated in terms of groups and individuals in which the means of communication (B) is informal social networks.
a mal Social Networks 28 ork of Organization
RESOUR
education
economy
B
C
life services
RESOURCE
healthcare
legal
The area of resource was investigated in terms of education, economy, life services, health care, and legal in which the means of communication (C) is the network of organizations. 29
The third side studio, moved forward from the distillation of research, created narratives to present the problems and propose solutions to open discussion for a beginning to our project. 30
These narratives allowed us to narrow down a context and create the first iteration of our interventions. Working through immigration as a Design Issue.
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Maria Lopez
the stats
day care
39% of Hispanic female headed households live in 39% hispanic female headed households poverty. in US live in poverty earn • Many households $18,700 a year. Latino Female-headed household families make $18,700 a year, defined as poverty or near poverty by the US government.
i
•
the stats
Im lik to ra
$28,600 for non-hispanic white
It fle al
S
adult education • 24% of children born are 24% ofraised US children raised by by a born single parent. single parent immigrant family [2009 US • 84% of single parents are KidsCount] mothers.
the stats 84% of single parents are mothers [2009 US Census]
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Maria is in a low income family and is in need of daycare and adult education.
C va b ea
N
Th fu
informal economy cash conditional
olds
milies erty or
US
009
SF Daycare informal economy
nanny-time bomb cash conditional
Immigrants in LA create microenterprises, like street vending and repairing clothes, to grapple with the high unemployment rate and lack of low skill labor.
Incentivise immigration processes by requiring educational attainment and heath services for their children. The outcome may lead to decreased crime rates and social burden attributed to the low skilled as well as boost immigrant trends of upward mobility.
SF Daycare
It allows women immigrants to have flexibility to take care of their children and also is extension of Francisco their household work. Children at the San day care
nanny time bomb
Many undocumented / documented value their ethnic diversity and learn to women immigrants are working as become tolerant of differences between nannies provinding low cost low-cost • 58% of all young immigrant children have at least one limited English each other at an early age. child care, as well as creating increased Proficient Parent. the labor supply of high-skilled jobs for • Proportion with a mother who has not graduated from high school ranges This builds a foundation of integration for native women from 37-68%. future generations.
• Children who value ethnic diversity can learn to become tolerant to help build integration. • Many female immigrants work as nannies, should they be made to leave there would be no nannies left. • Incentivising immigration processes could help her better her situation.
WHAT IF.... ...services were mobile and Maria could learn English, receive child care services, and generate income without ever having to leave her children? ...she could run a day care service? ...she could be promoted to become a leader in offering these services to other immigrants?
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healthcare Juan Carlos Vict-immigration
eme
m 60 he The tendency for undocumented to immigrants to be victimized or taken mu se 60 advantage of because of their status. This an he The tendency undocumented could be by a for Coyote, abusive spouse or m to immigrants to be victimized or taken as unethical employer. se advantage of because of their status. Hispanics, This Health Insurance and Health Care Access - Pew Research Center an th • 83% of migrant workers are could be by a Coyote, abusive spouse or mo without health insurance. as unethical employer. la • Farm labor is the 2nd most the Health Insurance and Health Care Access - Pew Research Center D 83% of migrant workers are without any form Hispanics, of health dangerous job. m nsurance. ar lat T Du 3% ofof migrant are is without any formdangerous of health Dept. Labor: workers agric. labor the 2nd most tr mo nsurance. ob in the U.S. co are re Th Dept. agric.non-legal labor is the 2nd most dangerous 60% of Labor: non-citizen, resident Hispanic adults vi tre ta ob inhealth the U.S. ack insurance Undocumented immigrants and their children comprise 17% of the estimated 46 million Americans who lack health insurance. co Acco
Vict-immigration
perception economics
crime
educatio
2
0% of non-citizen, non-legal ack health insurance
estimates, 11.9 million undocumented immigrants were living in the U.S. in 2008. Three-quarters (76%) of these undocumented imm Research suggests that the issue Homicide rates and immigration rates are Roughly 58%red of m Overall, about one-quarter of all adult Latinos are undocumented. Pew Hispanic Center analyses of Current Population Survey data comes down to skill/education level to inversely correlated less than 7 years resident Hispanic adults vis 98% of Hispanic immigrants who are neither citizens nor legal permanent residents are undocumented. So, while the survey classifi not line up exactly with the Latino undocumented population, the two groups are nearly identical. determine the true economic impact ing them whattax the Undocumented immigrants and their children comprise 17% of the estimated 46 million Americans who lack health insurance. Accord Health Status of an individual, not visa status bor terms as “fun estimates, 11.9 million undocumented immigrants were living in the U.S. in 2008. Three-quarters (76%) of these undocumented immig The Latino population in the U.S. is relatively young, and Latino who are neitheroffenders citizens nor legal permanent residents are yo 75% of hispanics areadults immigration Overall, about of all are undocumented. Center analyseswith of Current Survey data Latinos who one-quarter are not citizens oradult legalLatinos permanent residents are younger than age 30, compared 27% ofPopulation Hispanic adults who arein •noryouthfulness 60%Pew ofHispanic non-legal, non98% of Hispanic immigrants who U.S. are neither citizens legal permanent are undocumented. So, while the surveyAmong classifica undocumented immigrants pay $7 bilresidents and 22% of the adult population. The of thisresidents population contributes to its relative healthiness. ad not line upnor exactly the Latino undocumented population, thereport two groups areeither nearlymissed identical. citizens legalwith permanent residents, about one-third (34%) that they work, or spent at least half a day in bed citizen Hispanic adults lack lion into S.S. which they can’torcollect. of illness injury. The rate rises to 42% among adult Latinos who are citizens or legal permanent residents and to 52% among the 2
Health Status
health insurance. This results in using the ER for healthcare.
The Latino population in the U.S. is relatively young, and Latino adults who are neither citizens nor legal permanent residents are youn Latinos who are not citizens or legal permanent residents are younger than age 30, compared with 27% of Hispanic adults who are cit residents and 22% of the adult U.S. population. The youthfulness of this population contributes to its relative healthiness. Among adul citizens nor legal permanent residents, about one-third (34%) report that they either missed work, or spent at least half a day in bed ov of illness or injury. The rate rises to 42% among adult Latinos who are citizens or legal permanent residents and to 52% among the U.
•
Juan is a migrant worker and is in need of health care and education.
Experiences in the Health Care System
Three-fourths (76%) of Latino adults who are neither citizens nor legal permanent residents report that the quality of medical care th was excellent or good. This is similar to the proportion of adult Latino citizens and legal permanent residents (78%) who express sat health care.
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However, when asked a separate question -- whether they had received any poor medical treatment in the past five years -- adult La
nor legal permanent residents are less likely (16%) to report any problems than are Latinos who are citizens or legal permanent resi Experiences in the Health Care System
Three-fourths (76%) of Latino adults whocitizens are neither citizens nor legalresidents permanent residents report that themedical quality treatment of medicalincare Among those Latinos who are neither nor legal permanent who report receiving poor the they pas was excellent or good. This is similar of adult Latino contributed citizens andtolegal residents (78%)(43%) who express state that they believed their accentto orthe theproportion way they spoke English that permanent poor care. A similar share believedsatis that health care. to their poor treatment. More than one-third (37%) felt that their race or ethnicity played a part in their poor care, and one contributed
economics economics
crime crime
educationeducation WHAT IF....
...migrant workers could form co-op loan sharkonomics cashing economyResearchcheck crime community farming suggests that the issue Homicide rates and immigration rates are Roughly 58% of migrant workers have cost of cashing: upwards of comes down to skill/education level to inversely correlated less than 7 years of schooling, mak20% groups where they determine the true economic impact ing them what the Department of La-$23 billion in remitof an individual, notdollars visa status bor terms as “functionally illiterate” use their skills tances are sent from the US to 75% of hispanics are immigration offenders Loan Sharkonomics foreign countries each year. undocumented immigrants Research suggests that the issuepay $7 bil- Homicide rates and immigration rates are Roughlyteach, 58% of migrant wor The financial exchange between to grow, lion into S.S. they can’t collect. -Avg.which Transfer rate:15%, profits undocumented workers and check comes down to skill/education level inversely correlated less than 7 years of schoolin could be in excess of $3.5to biland sell produce cashing institutions as a means of lion dollars annually. economics education determine the true economic impact ing them what the Departme receiving payment for work without that bor benefits the of an individual, not visa status terms as “functionally illit entering the banking system. 75% of hispanics are immigration offenders local economy undocumented immigrants pay $7 bilRoughly of migrant have in the U.S. DIY lion into 58% S.S. which they workers can’t collect. less than 7 years of schooling, makSustainable food ing them what the Department of Laproduction? bor termsofasusing “functionally illiterate”facility: upwards of 20%. • Cost a check cashing
education
are
nders • $23 billion dollars in remittances are sent from the U.S. to foreign countries each year.
• • •
Average transfer rate: 15% with profits being in excess of $3.5 billion annually. 58% of migrant workers have less than seven years of schooling. 75% of Hispanics are immigration offenders.
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Chao Wu
richmond, bc chinatowm
ethnoburbia communities richmond, bc chinatowm
27th street & greenway •
New ethnic enclaves are
Scattered model of the new ethnic enclave. growing at the edge of New immigrants from China are moving into suburbs at cities. the edge of cities instead of downtown areas. • inThey embody the idea of a
ethnoburbia communities
Car Civil Society. richmond, bc chinatowm“Richmond as an enclave 27thembodies street &ofgreenway the idea an auto-
mobile civil society (Urry 2000a, p.190). Richmond would not be possible without the car, as the social interactionLocated that occurs through restaurants, Scattered model of the new ethnic enclave. in north central Phoenix. This enclave i karaoke and the like all are enabled through the New immigrants from China are moving into suburbs at surrounded by a non-hispanic population. the edge of cities instead of in downtown areas. movement of people through their cars.” 19% of the zipcode is hispanic 50% of the block is hispanic “Richmond as an enclave embodies the idea of an automobile civil society (Urry 2000a, p.190). These enclaves represent concentrations of uniq Richmond would possible without the car, as Scattered model of not the be new ethnic enclave. Located north central Phoenix. This enclave is •in Enclaves represent resources. by They allow immigrants to eat their ow the immigrants social interaction that occurs through surrounded a non-hispanic population. New from China are moving intorestaurants, suburbs at concentrations of unique of food, shop in grocery stores with familiar item karaoke and theinstead like all are enabled through the resources. the edge of cities of in downtown areas. movement of people through their cars.” keep ties to their homeby country. • Often surrounded 19% of close the zipcode is hispanic “Richmond as an enclave embodies the idea of an automobile civil society (Urry 2000a, p.190). Richmond would not be possible without the car, as the social interaction that occurs through restaurants, karaoke and the like all are enabled through the movement of people through their cars.”
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Chao is an Intel engineer and is in need of breaking out of his enclave bubble.
ethnic groups. 50% of the different block is hispanic
These enclaves represent concentrations of uniqu resources. They allow immigrants to eat their ow of food, shop in grocery stores with familiar items keep close ties to their home country.
technoburb techno-tethered techno-tethered
WHAT IF....
mobile isolation Having one foot in two places.
Those who are able (using modern communications and transport systems) to effectively ‘exist’ in two or more countries at the same time: their country of origin, their host country of emigration, and perhaps even the diasporic culture to which they belong.
mobile isolation
techno tethered
digital community
Having one foot in two places. Those who are able (using modern The new model of chinatown is based on mobility, communications andHowtransport We Travel87% of daily trips take place in systems) to effectively ‘exist’ personal vehiclesin two or 91% of people commuting to work more countries at theusesame time: their personal vehicles The average driver drives 29 miles country of origin, their host country perday of emigration, and perhaps even the diasporic cultureoftochinatown which they is belong. The new model based
mobile isolation
culture isolation
on mobility, How We Travel87% of daily trips take place in • Foreign born people often have ‘one foot in two places’ being able to personal vehicles communicate with their home country at any moment. 91%• ofBeing people to work ablecommuting to exist in multiple ‘locations’. use personal vehicles The average driver drives 29 miles perday
...there were symbols placed in the suburban landscape that transformed the anonymous context into a “deep map” that expresses the personal histories and hidden secrets that live within our everyday spaces?
• New model of enclave is based on mobility. • 87% of daily trips take place in personal vehicles. • 91% of people commuting to work use personal vehicles with an average drive of 29 miles per day.
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Anna Gromyko
the stats Immigrant children often have trouble integrating with their new culture, especially when only one parent is allowed to immigrate 25% of children in the US are estimated to be immigrant children in 2010 13% of the unauthorized immigrant population are single-person households
Immigration Divorce
The situation that occurs when unit is divided and forced to live different countries due to citizen issues. This can result in single households and/or siblings bein • in25% of children in the U.S. different countries. on average, immigrant families make are immigrant children. • Immigrant make $24,000 less per families year than native $24,000 less than native families. families. 22.4% The U.S. poverty rate for recent immigrants in 2000 was 22.4% proportion of immigrant children with a parent who has not graduated from Due to high school ranges from 37%-68% differenc on average, immigrant families make living in $24,000 less per year than native families. their eco 22.4% The U.S. poverty rate for recent
economics
Enclav
immigrants in 2000 was 22.4% proportion of immigrant children with • has 13% the unauthorized a parent who not of graduated from immigrant population are high school ranges from 37%-68%
•
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Anna is a teenage immigrant and is in need of education and economic mobility for her father.
single person households 22.4% are in poverty
on
life
mmigrant on
E DESIGN 2011
WHAT IF....
Immigration Divorce
ave trouble culture, arent is
re estimated 2010
THIRD SIDE STUDIO 2011
The situation that occurs when a family unit is divided and forced to live in different countries due to citizenship issues. This can result in single parent households and/or siblings being located in different countries.
education economics
...there was a community based split family under education mobile education Enclave Economics Cyber Segregation program that Due to economic conditions and cultural The act of maintaining a connection to differences many immigrants find themselves could educate another culture through technology while living in enclave situations that determine staying segregated from the culture in which their economic status Anna’s father while one physically lives. with her tech isolation impoverished The notion that anyworking person, regardles school to improve of locale, is in partits ‘American’ . By usin curriculum, Anna is having problems integrating technology that theallowing UnitedforStates has into an English only school while being part of a linguistically isolated home, invented, people both foreign and “integration where her father does not have a high domestic buy into and accept credits” in lieuthe of cult school education, so he is holding on children often have trouble integrating with their new culture, to•hisImmigrant cultural connections through more traditional the id of America. This democratizing especially when only one parent is allowed to immigrate with the children. technology, while Anna has been Techno Americanized for most of her of being American.classes? THIRD SIDE STUDIO 2011
on average, immigrant families make $24,000 less per year than native families. 22.4% The U.S. poverty rate for recent immigrants in 2000 was 22.4% proportion of immigrant children with a parent who has not graduated from high school ranges from 37%-68%
Techno-Americanization THIRD SIDE DESIGN 2011
THIRD SIDE DESIGN 2011
life • •
37-68% of immigrant children have a parent who has not graduated from high school. Immigrant children often live in a linguistically isolated home.
...Anna and THIRD SID her father were matched with an Immigrant Mentor? 39
enclave
Dave White
ethnic community enclave
ethnic community
los angeles’ chinatown
enclave
40
7% white incl. hispanic 2% african american 81% asian county chinese population = 2.8%
ethnoburb
Dave recently moved near LA’s Chinatown and is in need of interacting with his community.
• LA Chinatown is an enclave. 7% white, 2% African los• angeles’ chinatown American, 81% Asian. 7% white incl. hispanic 2% african american 81% asian county chinese population = 2.8%
ethnoburb
San Gabriel Valley as an ethnoburb san gabriel valley with 43% Asian population. • A ghetto is any segregated 58% white incl. hispanic mode of life. 1% african american
e
s
5 1 4
gh
•
ghetto
43% asian
a gh living or st
y
f
as
WHAT IF....
Disorienteering
The act of navigating the complex set of systems which allow an immigrant to become naturalized.
guadalupe ethnic information
hub of resources Dissimilation
...Dave embraced and learned from Chinese culture through a networking tool that connected non-Chinese people to Chinese families eager to share traditions and resources.
The tendency for immigrants to join communities that are predominately made up of people and businesses that reflect the country that they just immigrated from.
Chinatown continues to be a typical inner-city barriers ethnic enclave, with a salf contained, intorspective economy.
ethnic reflection
english only = 11% = 46% english well as been “Theseen ethnoburb a hub hasforbeen immigrants, seen as aa place hub for = 10% no english • Chinatown continues to be a typical inner-city ethnic enclave, with a self contained, introspective economy. ”The ethnoburb has been seen as a hub for immigrants, a place where they can make a living, and do business mainly in their own networks.”
make•where a living, they and can domake business a living, mainly and do
wn networks.” through their own networks.” • • •
immigrants, a plac
...Dave attempts business mainly to improve under served immigrant communities?
The ethnic communities contain a range of language capabilities. LA’s Chinatown: english only= 19%, english well= 30%, no english= 7% Guadalupe: english only= 11%, english well= 46%, no english= 10%
are predominately made up of nts to join ey immigrated from. omanetly made
41
Symptom v Root A-Ha: Integration Assimilation/Integration Integrative Experiences Urban Typology
42
Chapter Four
...HOW do we get to integration? 43
A Design approach to Immigration. . .
immigration research technology humanitarian process politics economy legal media perception illegal education et cetera...
symptoms
lack of exchange 44
root problem
the a-ha moment
integration [not assimilation]
through
mutually beneficial exchange 45
Integration, not assimilation
Assimilation
immigrants relinquishing their linguistic and cultural characteristics in order to become part of the economic and social structure of mainstream society
Integration
a dynamic, two-way process in which newcomers and the receiving society work together to build secure, vibrant, and cohesive communities. Emphasis is placed on the two-way process of exchange by both immigrants and members of the receiving society
Mutually Beneficial Exchange
46
an exchange where the parties involved both benefit, while simultaneously moving upward. “help me help you help me�
through integrative experiences...
children dogs food curiosity
non-judgemental situations
sadness pregnancy injuries food loss
vulnerability
food boot camp sporting events team works
bonding over common struggle
9/11 race for the cure food
bonding over events in time
story telling
situations that find commonalities and create cultural interaction
47
. . .with food as the vehicle of
social engagement
gathering of family and friends
tradition/history
generational passing of recipes and techniques
relaxation
breaking from working life to gather and eat
communication
conveying cultural and personal values
nourishment
healthfully feeding the body and soul
skills
developing the art of cooking
livelihood
sharing cooking skills as a way of life
48
choice to act as a bridge.
food is a bridge between the old country Food as a Bridge and thethisnew. using food as the vehicle to initiate two-way process moving towards integration
49
Analysis of the urban form in ethnoburb
3.18 .2
WEI LI @ Meeting Conditions exist within a spectrum...
1 01
! A H A MENT
suburb
enclave
MO
超级市场
enclave
ethnoburb
SOCIAL Y-AXIS
suburb
GROUP w/ BOBS
It doesn’t always evolve from one to the other...
GEO-SPATIAL X-AXIS
assimilation high income
‘gated’ community cluster
50
Let’s put it into a bi-axial diagram!!
dispersed
超级市场
low income
CINDY + MORGAN enclave
suburb
cultural isolation
ethnoburb
ECONOMIC Z-AXIS
terms of immigration...
Urban Typology Diagram: Elements
AXES: Horizontal - cluster to dispersed Vertical - assimilation to cultural isolation quadrants: gated community, suburb, enclave, ethnoburb
Navigating
sites are placed on the diagram in terms of how they interact within themselves and with the surrounding context
Outcome
the typological study resulted in the realization that the outcome of the project(s) should be to create a web of connections between the quadrants where they fell on the
51
Urban Typologies Quadrant Characteristics: Gated Community
Suburb
• • • • • • •
• • • • • •
VOLUNTARY SELF SEGREGATED/GOVERNED COMMUNITIES (white collar) exclusivity no socioeconomic stratification/leveling homogenous (demographic,formal) community tax (HOA) perception of high income service based economies/interactions can exist in many different ways (buildings, university, single family housing) • introverted TYPOLOGIES • lifestyle based • prestige based • security based • purpose oriented
Ethnoburb
SUBURBAN ETHNIC CONCENTRATIONS WITH TIES TO GLOBAL ECONOMIES, SELF SUSTAINING (white and blue collar)
52
• • • • • • •
group tensions high concentrations of middle class medium density/large scale live/work situations ethnically owned businesses introverted and extroverted dependant on vehicular transportation
LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREA OF SIMILAR ECONOMIC CLASS (white and blue collar) new construction independent municipalities dependant on vehicular viability service based business based on nuclear families geared toward the American dream
TYPOLOGIES • residential • industrial
Enclave
ONE ETHNIC GROUP, SURROUNDED BY A HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION (ISLAND EFFECT) (blue collar) • • • • • • • • • • •
aids in immigrant transition mix of commercial and residential compact/dense comfort zone for newcomers service based cheap and densely populated housing sense of community can be a trap supply of low skill labor force poorer living conditions compared to surroundings introverted
COMMUNITY TYPOLOG
analysis through immigra dependent on urban center
assimilated potential political autonomy
engineered settlement (houses, nature, business)
facilitates community making (festivals, block parties) golf church course
shared amenities
‘gated’ community
CCR/self governing/ self maintaining
frozen yogurt
grocery store
suburb
hiking trails
private schools
high-income economic status AJ’s market
maid service health/ hospital
landscaping
daycare
job
in-house nurse
cluster
university
san gabriel valley
community/ government services
LA chinatown
localized economic system due to limitations (skills/language)
Lee Lees
better schools, opportunities, upward mobility
montery park
nuestro barrio
herbal shop (ethnic resouce)
ethnoburb
socio-economic stratification
cultural festivals language school
specialized goods and services
dispersed
LA fitness
Boiling Crab Restaurant
enclave low-income economic status
hookah bar
multiple ethnicities represented
district
culturally isolated
neighborhood place high
low
economic status
53
Detail: Gated Community assimilated
facilitates community making (festivals, block parties) golf church course
shared amenities
‘gated’ community
CCR/self governing/ self maintaining
frozen yogurt
private schools
grocery store hiking trails
maid service landscaping
cluster
health/ hospital
job
in-house nurse community/ government services
54
university
san g valley
Detail: Suburb dependent on urban center
assimilated potential political autonomy
engineered settlement (houses, nature, business)
church
frozen yogurt
private schools
grocery store
suburb
hiking trails
high-income economic status AJ’s market
health/ hospital
university job
community/ government services
daycare hookah san gabriel bar Lee Lees valley
LA fitness
Boiling Crab Restaurant
dispersed better schools, opportunities, upward mobility 55
service
Detail: Enclave
health/ hospital
landscaping
job
in-house nurse
cluster
university
san g valley
community/ government services
enclave low-income economic status
LA chinatown
montery park
nuestro barrio
herbal shop (ethnic resouce)
eth cultural festivals language school
specialized goods and services
localized economic system due to limitations (skills/language) 56
culturally isolated
health/ hospital
Detail: Ethnoburb
university daycare
job
hookah san gabriel bar Lee Lees valley
community/ government services
dispersed
LA fitness
better schools, opportunities, upward mobility
Boiling Crab Restaurant montery park
herbal shop ethnic resouce)
ethnoburb
socio-economic stratification
cultural festivals language school
multiple ethnicities represented
district
culturally isolated
neighborhood place high
low
57
economic status
Site Criteria Data Mapping Site Mapping Urban Typology Diagram Site Detail
58
Chapter Five
...HOW is integration contextualized to phoenix? 59
Mapping
The third side studio, in approaching site selection, began by using US Census Bureau ethnicity mapping as a first step. From there other demographic and census data was brought in to narrow down a range of possible demonstration sites. Site visits and analysis were completed to further filter the possible site list. Areas for possible demonstration interventions were then determined. 60
Mapping Criteria:
Ethnic Population and Density Educational Level Foreign Born Population Income Level (distribution and median income)
Analysis Criteria:
Residential (single and multi family) Commercial Institutional Public and Government Vacant Lots Cultural Natural Space Parking Historic Construction Newer Construction
61
Demographic Mapping
62
Ethnicity break down of the greater Phoenix metropolitan area.
Site Selection Mapping
Site selection in the greater Phoenix metropolitan area.
63
Site Analysis El Campito
Foreign Born Population
Education: High School Graduation
Maryvale
64
Foreign Born Population
Education: High School Graduation
Income: Household Distribution
Income: Household Median
Income: Household Distribution
Income: Household Median
65
Site Analysis Maryvale
Foreign Born Population
Education: High School Graduation
Palamino Park
66
Foreign Born Population
Education: High School Graduation
Income: Household Distribution
Income: Household Median
Income: Household Distribution
Income: Household Median
67
Site Analysis Raintree
Foreign Born Population
Education: High School Graduation
Sunnyslope
68
Foreign Born Population
Education: High School Graduation
Income: Household Distribution
Income: Household Median
Income: Household Distribution
Income: Household Median
69
The third side studio, to further distill site selection, placed the sites on the typological diagram. Three sites were chosen to represent the two extreme typological conditions and one middle ground. These sites provided a context for conceptualizing potential design interventions. 70
assimilated
Site Typology Placement suburb
‘gated’ community
Raintree Dr. high-income economic status
Palamino Park
cluster
dispersed
Sunnyslope
El Campito low-income economic status
Falon Park
Maryvale
ethnoburb enclave
culturally isolated
71
Raintree Drive
El Campito
• • • • • •
• •
(white and blue collar) antithesis (white and rich) only minority presence is in the service industry high potential to affect perception isolated from ethnic cities many global corporate headquarters mixed white collar/ blue collar jobs
Sunnyslope
(white and blue collar) • • • • • • • • • • • •
72
high forclosures high and low economic classes very near each other low educational levels predominantly hispanic financially precarious single family and multi family sense of community pride and many community services high foreign born population transitioning demographic (last 10 years) shared industrial/commercial corridor mountain preserve (recreational) walking/running/biking paths
(blue collar)
• • • • • • •
high foreign born population deep historical importance with regard to immigration potential for immigration proximity to downtown urban isolation due to industrial corridor 50/50 single family and apartment complexes predominantly hispanic urban food desert underneath flight path
assimilated
Raintree Dr.
white and blue collar
Antithesis (white and Only minority presen high potential to affe isolate from ethnic ci many global corpora mixed white collar / b
suburb
‘gated’ community
Raintree Dr. high-income economic status
dispersed
cluster Sunnyslope
El Campito El Campito
blue collar
orn population to immigration or immigration y to downtown dustrial corridor tment complex nantly Hispanic ban food desert Flight path
low-income economic status
ethnoburb enclave Sunnyslope
culturally isolated
white and blue collar
high forclosures high and low economic classes very near predominantly Hispanic 73 low educational levels financially precarious Single family and multifamily
11
East Raintree Drive
11 03 03
ETHNIC PROFILE percent of total population
09
ECONOMIC PROFILE average annual income
09
• 90% white • 2% hispanic • 7% black • 8% asian • 3% other EDUCATION percent of tot. pop.PROFILE
ethnic profile ethnic profile
• 17% < $30,000 • 22% $30,000 - $50,000 • 34% $50,000 - $100,000 • 20% $100,000 - $200,000 • 6% $200,000 + BIRTHPLACE PROFILE average annual income
percent of tot. pop. 80% white • 98% high school degree
average annual income <$ • 30,000 11% foreign born
• 50% bachelors2% degree white 80% hispanic
• <$-1% change in foreign22% born 30,000 17% $30,000 - $50,000
hispanic black
7%2%
$30,000 - $50,000 $50,000 - $100,000
22% 34%
KEYNOTES black asian
8%7%
$50,000- -$200,000 $100,000 $100,000
34% 20%
•
17% masters degree
asian other 3%8% 01. Gated Community 02. AJ’s other
3%
03. Strip Mall 04. Senior Center 05. Mayo Clinic 06.school School deg. 98% high
education profile education profile
population since 2000
07. Whole Foods $100,000 - $200,000 6%20% $200,000+ 08. Auto Dealership 09. Library $200,000+ 6% 10. Westworld
change foreign born-1% pop. since in 2000
02.01. aj’sgated community 03.02. strip aj’small 04.03. senior stripcenter mall 05.04. mayo clinic senior center 06.05. school mayo clinic 07.06. whole foods school 08.07. auto dealership whole foods
74 auto dealership 08.
08 08
pop. since 2000
03 03
birthplace profile birthplace 11% foreign born pop. profile
50% bachelors masters deg.deg. 17%
keynotes 01.keynotes gated community
03
17%
foreigninborn pop. change foreign born
17%
03
economic profile economic profile
98% high school bachelors deg.deg. 50% masters deg.
03
03
11% -1% 06
09. library 10.09. westworld library 11.10. westworld 12.11.
06
05
12.
05 profile analysis area
profile analysis area
residential,single family
residential,single family
residential,multi family
residential,multi family
commercial
commercial
institutional
institutio
A
10 10
11
onal
06
B
A
06
02
B
10
02
C
03
06
03
D
C 02 01
E
03
01
04
D
04
01 01
06 06
public & government
public & government
vacant
vacant
cultural
cultural
natural space
natural space
parking
historic construction
parking
historic construction
01
newer construction
newer construction
former & current groceries
former & current groceries
E
75
Sunnyslope
sunnyslope
ETHNIC PROFILE percent of total population
ECONOMIC PROFILE average annual income
• 24% white • 68% hispanic • 4% black • 0% asian • 4% other EDUCATION PROFILE
• •
ethnic profile
economic profile
BIRTHPLACE PROFILE
percent of tot. pop.
• 55% high school degree • white 4% bachelors degree 24% • 0% masters degree
hispanic
68%
black KEYNOTES
4%
asian ethnic
48% < $30,000 0% $200,000 +
$200,000+
0% profile
0%
economic profile
01. Step One Halfway House other 4% 02. Residential, Single percent of tot. pop. Family
white
average annual income
24%
<$ 30,000
48%
hispanic 68% education profile
$200,000+ profile birthplace
highblack school deg. asian bache lors deg.
4% 55 % 4 %0%
foreign born pop.
otherdeg. masters
0 %4%
pop. since 2000
0%
01
41%
change in foreign born
birthplace profile
high school one halfwaydeg. house 55 % 01. step
foreign born pop.
09. 10. 11. 12.
A
+2%
keynotes education profile family 4 % 02. residential,single bache lors deg. 03. 0% 04. masters deg. 05. 06. 07. 08. 76 01. step one halfway house 02. residential,single family
E
average annual income
• 41% foreign born • <$2% change in foreign born 30,000 48% population since 2000
01
41%
change in foreign born pop. since 2000
+2%
keynotes
03.
09. 10. 11.
profile analysis area
residential,single family
residential,multi family
commercial
institutional
B
D
A
C
B
02
C 02
02
D
public & government
vacant
cultural
natural space
parking
historic construction
newer construction
former & current groceries
E
77
El Campito Barrio el campito barrio ETHNIC PROFILE percent of total population
ECONOMIC PROFILE average annual income
• 9% white • 74% hispanic • 7% black • 3% asian • 6% other EDUCATION PROFILE
• 43% < $30,000 • 36% $30,000 - $50,000 • 20% $50,000 - $100,000 • 2% $100,000 - $200,000 • 0% $200,000 + BIRTHPLACE PROFILE
• white 44% high school degree 9% • 5% bachelors degree • hispanic 3% masters degree74%
• •
ethnic profile
economic profile
percent of tot. pop.
average annual income
black
7%
asian
3%
KEYNOTES
W Lincoln S
ethnic profile
43%
$30,000 - $50,000 population since 2000
36%
$50,000 - $100,000
20%
10% change in foreign born
- $200,000 2% 07. El $100,000 Portal 08. St $200,000+ Anthony Catholic Church 0% 09. Maricopa County Environmental
economic profile
average annual income
education profile
<$ 30,000 birthplace profile 43%
blacklors deg. bache
7% 5%
$30,000 - $50,000 36% 49% foreign born pop. $50,000 $100,000 change in -foreign born 20%
asian deg. masters
3% 3%
other
6%
02. Central Park high school deg. 03. Bentley Project
44%
5% bache lors No deg. 04. Elks Lodge 477 Ibpoew 05. St Pius Xdeg. Catholic Church 3% masters 06. American Legion 07. El Portal 08. St Anthony Catholic Church
78
04
B
05
$100,000 - $200,000 +10% 2% pop. since 2000 $200,000+ 0%
birthplace profile
09. Maricopa County Environmental 10. 49% foreign born pop. 11.
change 12.
in foreign born
pop. since 2000
04
+10%
keynotes
01. GrandPark
01
S 7th Ave
keynotes education profile 01. GrandPark
W Lincoln S
05
S 7th Ave
01.other Grand Park 6% 02. Central Park 03. Bentley Park percent of tot. pop. 04. Elks Lodge No 477 lbpoew white 9% 05. St Pius X Catholic Church 06.high American Legion hispanic 74% school deg. 44%
01
49% foreign born <$ 30,000
profile analysis area
09. Maricopa County Environmental
residential,single family
residential,multi family
commercial
institutional
S Central Ave
07 06
St
S Central Ave
S Central Ave
St
B
C
03
oln St
D 08
02
07
01
B
A
E03
07 06
D
06
F
03
09
A E
W Buckeye Rd
C
G
Central Park02 One of the first Parks in Phoenix mostly 02 used by Mexicans
08
08
F
09
09
W Buckeye Rd
W Buckeye Rd public & government
vacant
cultural
natural space
parking
historic construction
newer construction
former & current groceries
G
79
Criteria for Integration Project Objectives Timeline Projects Arizona 2050
80
Chapter Six
...WHAT could be? 81
I n orde r t o a c hi e ve i nteg r a ti o n a nd a su ccessf u l Criteria Third Space
1. Does this project utilize a neutral (equal risk) space for
exchange? 2. Is this interaction a two-way cultural exchange, a back-and-forth?
3. Do users in this project have a high level of collective ownership, in terms of investment and buying into the project? 4. Is this project directly shaped by user input: users can directly effect how the project operates? 5. Is the collective stakeholdership of the project both public and private; can ownership be taken and shared by those most effected by the project?
6. Does this project operate successfully in different contexts and at different scales?
Ownership / Accountability
Transferability
82
p ro j e c t , c e rt a i n c r i ter i a sho ul d b e met . . .
Use of Existing Infrastructure
7. Does this project add value to the existing infrastructure, in terms of what is being utilized (library,parking lots,light rail, etc)? 8. Does this project take maximum advantage of existing infrastructure, in terms of how it is being used?
9. Is this project directed towards multiple socio-economic groups (what class/status is being targeted)? 10. Is this project directed towards multiple ethnic groups (which ethnicities are being targeted)? 11. Is this project directed towards people of all intellectual capacity (can anyone use it, regardless of intelligence)?
Accessibility
Low Cost / High Impact
12. Does this project use the lowest cost possible for the
highest impact, in terms of implementation? 13. Does this project use social capital for the highest impact? 14. Is this project inexpensive to use, while producing maximum benefits for the users? 83
I n orde r t o a c hi e ve i nteg r a ti o n a nd a su ccessf u l
Objectives 1. The project should help in solving specific immigrant issues: economy, education, and perception. 2.
84
Perception is a more implicit objective because it is a less tangible problem. Economy and education are explicit goals which can be used to manage issues of perception.
p ro j e c t , c e rt a i n o b j ec ti ve s sho ul d be met . . .
3. 4.
The project should create a meaningful, mutually beneficial exchange between disparate cultural groups--immigrants and natives. The project should connect unique strengths of immigrant and native communities, and broadcast them to the larger social context.
85
The third side studio, after formalizing project criteria and objectives, performed an asset analysis of Arizona. These assets are the positive, existing conditions that could provide the foundation, economic, educational, civic, and otherwise, for an Arizona that takes a positive, proactive stance towards immigration. 86
From here the studio developed a timeline of potential media headlines projecting two divergent trajectories: where Arizona appears to be going given itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current direction towards immigration policy and perception, and where Arizona could go if policy and perception were looked at as opportunities rather than problems.
87
The projects have aspirations of changing Arizona ARIZONA REALIZES BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY IN IMMIGRATION
CLEAN ENERGY REVITALIZES STRUGGLING COMMUNITIES
GARDENS GREEN THE LIGHT RAIL
2015
LATINO URBANISM SHAPES PHOENIX NEIGHBORHOOD
WHAT COULD BE... MASSIVE BLACK-OUTS AS POWER GRID FAULTERS
88
TENSIONS RISE AS SUPPORTS FOR SB1070 INCREASES
FOOD PRICES RISE AS LOCAL FARMS DRY UP
into the most culturally diverse state in the country.
ARIZONA LEADS THE NATION IN PRO-IMMIGRATION REFORM
WALKING COMMUNITIES SPRING UP AROUND PHOENIX
PHOENIX BECOMES AMERICAN’S DIVERSITY CAPITAL SOLAR STREETS REDUCE URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND CITY TEMPERATURE
2050
ETHNIC GARDENS SPREAD THROUGH CITY WITH RAIL
2030
WHAT MIGHT BE...
CONTINUED PROTESTS STRAIN ETHNIC TIES IN PHOENIX
ETHNIC COMMUNITIES PLAGUED BY POOR HEALTH
RACE RIOTS ROCK DOWNTOWN PHOENIX; 20 KILLED, MORE INJURED 89
The Problems
HEATLH: During the first 5 years of residency in the U.S. immigrant populations
experience significant increases in chronic health disorders. In the face of these hardships immigrants continue to receive inadequate access to health care and wellness measures. What if... instead of vilifying immigrants as a treat we could find a way to leverage their cultures to improve the health of both immigrants and U.S. residents.
SOLAR: he addition of new infrastructure often disconnects and
deteriorates already struggling neighborhoods. What if... the addition of new infrastructure were able to be heal communities rather than harm them?
90
GARDENS: Perception affects the way that different cultures view and
interact with each other. Without interaction between people of different cultures, mis-perceptions and biases prevail. Due in part to the automobile based urban form of phoenix, the city has become a series of culturally isolated communities. This isolation precludes meaningful interaction between people of different cultures and increases the likely hood of xenophobic attitudes. What if... The lightrail becomes a â&#x20AC;&#x153;school hallwayâ&#x20AC;? for transporting children to ethnic community gardens. Through the ethnic garden the school children learn about gardening, nutrition, and cultural acceptance. After school programs will follow the same program. On the weekends the gardens become agri-tourism locations with traveling dinners along the light rail. The public benefits through healthy fresh vegetables and culturally informative packaging available in vending machines on and along the lightrail.
91
2015 2015
2030 2030
100 mile
2
light rail solar gardens
SOLAR PATH : First deployed in El Campito the solar path empowers the hispanic community to build a more active urban form which encourages healthier lifestyles. The power from the solar structure illuminates El : First deployed in El Campito the solarPhoenix. path empowers the Campitoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streets atSOLAR night andPATH supplements the energy infrastructure of downtown
2015
SOLAR PATH : Over time the solar paths will spread to ot electrical energy and shade, the paths will bring new opp hispanicpopulations. community to COMMUNITY GARDENS: power from the solar structure
build a more active urban form which encourages healthier lifestyles. The COMMUNITY GARDENS: illuminates El Campitoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s streets at night and supplements the energy infrastructure of downtown Phoenix.
light rail
2050 SOLAR PATH : In the year 2050 we envision phoenix as a collection of diverse and distinct ethnic communities. These communities will have access to an equally diverse set of amenities based on the traditions and cultures of the people that make up Phoenix. The solar path system will create a far path reaching infrastructure in which these amenities exist, thrive, and evolve.
solar
92
2030 SOLAR PATH : Over time the solar paths will spread to other communities surrounding Phoenix. Along with electrical energy and shade, the paths will bring new opportunities for active and healthy lifestyles in native born populations.
gardens
2050 2050
ther communities surrounding Phoenix. Along with portunities for active and healthy lifestyles in native born
2015 COMMUNITY
SOLAR PATH : In the year 2050 we envision phoenix as a collection of diverse and distinct ethnic communities. These communities will have access to an equally diverse set of amenities based on the traditions and cultures GARDENS : The that garden to pop along the light toaallow travelers to stop in which these of the people makebegin up Phoenix. Theup solar path system willrail, create far reaching infrastructure amenities exist, and Go machines are thrive, placed onevolve. the lightrail and allow travelers to enjoy ethnic foods while
and shop. Meals to not having to go out of their way.
COMMUNITY GARDENS:
2030 COMMUNITY GARDENS: As the light rail extensions are added onto the current rail system, the
gardens begin to become dispersed along the expanded train line. This expansion will increase the ethnic food garden types, expanding the diversity of cultures represented.
2050 COMMUNITY GARDENS: The gardens begin to located in areas that are near schools, parks and
community centers throughout the valley. The once linear network along the light-rail becomes a web like network, affiliated with community oriented facilities and the solar/healthcare network built by our project. 93
Anna Gromyko
94
Anna is a 12 year old immigrant to Phoenix from the Ukraine. Her mother was not granted entry.
Every Wednesday...
EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM learning in the ethnic garden
STUDENT PARTICIPATION
GARDENING
EDUCATION IN THE GARDEN CORN: forms a natural trellis that supports the beans as they climb upward winding their tendrils around the sturdy corn stalks. SQUASH: serves as a living mulch as their large leaves shade the soil, keeping it damp and free of weeds. BEANS: plants are nitrogen fixers creating a rich soil mix perfect for the squash to thrive.
FOOD PREPARATION AND NUTRITION
SPREADING CULTURAL ACCEPTANCE
MENU
CULTURAL LESSON
THREE SISTERS EMPANADAS
YUKATAN PENINSULA: ingenious farming techniques of the Mayans, Aztecs and Incas played an important role in the establishment of those empires.
CORN: 4.02 grams protein, 113 calories and 2.8 grams fiber. Corn has Vitamin B (Thiamin, Vitamin B6, Niacin, Riboflavin, Folate). It has traces of Vitamin A and Vitamin E. SQUASH: 1.82 grams ofvitamins protein, 76 calories and 5.7 grams of fiber. Squash contains riboflavin, iron, Vitamins A and C. BEANS: 8.58 grams of protein, 134 calories and 8.8 grams of fiber. This green legume is loaded with A, B-1, B-6, C, and a supersized serving of osteoporosisfighting K.
TERRACES: the use of terraces to cultivate mountainous regions, is used throughout the world today vitamins
Anna’s class takes the light rail to the Growing Culture’s classroom gardens. This month, her class is visiting the Latino Gardens. There, she learns about different Latino cultures and rituals.
RAISED EARTH PLATFORM CANALS: the Mayans and Aztecs used canals to transport water throughout the terrace
95
Every Wednesday... They also continue their daily lessons about math and science in the gardens.
vitamins
Anna loves learning about different cultures, but next week is very special to her.
96
the latino garden is a laboratory for learning: cooking, nutrition, math, agriculture and environmental science
1+1= 2
RESTAURANT
OUTDOOR CLASSROOM
FARMERS MARKET
AGAVE GARDEN
FIGS
POMEGRANATE
PERSIMMON
TAMARIND FRUIT
OLIVES
DATES
SERANOS & JALAPENOS PRICKLEY PEAR CACTUS TOMATOES CILANTRO TOMATILLO SQUASH
jefferson street
13th street
Next week, her class will begin traveling to the Eastern European gardens.
LATINO GARDEN WEEKDAY
Every Wednesday...
MAIZE
The Mayans understood the importance of Maize (Corn) to their survival. Maize sustained life, and that which sustains human life IS life, to be reverenced and worshipped. The Mayan rituals were devoted to corn and to the propagation of life, even as a sacrifice was offered. This reverance for Corn has carried through Mexican traditions through today, where corn tamales are always part of a celebratory meal.
FISH
Fish also play a large role in festive celebrations. The word for fish, “Yu,” sounds like the words both for wish and abundance. As a result, on New Year’s Eve it is customary to serve a fish at the end of the evening meal, symbolizing a wish for abundance in the coming year. For added symbolism, the fish is served whole, with head and tail attached, symbolizing a good beginning and ending for the coming year.
PURI
Puri is light unleavened wheat bread of Pakistan and northern India, usually fried in oil. Diwali involves the lighting of small clay lamps filled with oil to signify the triumph of good over evil. Traditionally this marked the closing of accounts for businesses dependent on the agrarian cycle, and is the last major celebration before winter.
ETHNIC RITUALS WITH FOOD
She will be the classes’ cultural ambassador in the garden. Anna remembers the garden her mother kept, and is excited to share her mom’s recipe for Ukranian pyrohy which will also be packaged and sold on the light rail vending machines.v
cultural lessons through food
97
Chao Wu
98
Chao is a 26 year old Chinese immigrant who works at Intel. He commutes daily on the light rail.
Since moving... Chao moved close to the light rail and now rarely uses his car. Most evenings he buys a ‘take and make’ ethnic entree from the light rail vending machines. AGRI TOURISM
VEGETABLE VENDING
FARMERS MARKET
ETHNIC RESTAURANT
He enjoys the opportunity to try different ethnic dishes. Tonight he will make pyrohy.
99
Since moving... Chao’s life has been secluded. Most of his friends worked at Intel.
LATINO GARDEN WEEKEND the latino garden is two acres, located on 13th street and jefferson
Growing Culture’s gardens offer everyone on the rail the opportunity to learn and appreciate different cultures through food.
100
1+1= 2
RESTAURANT
OUTDOOR CLASSROOM
FARMERS MARKET
AGAVE GARDEN
FIGS
POMEGRANATE
PERSIMMON
TAMARIND FRUIT
OLIVES
DATES
SERANOS & JALAPENOS vitamins
PRICKLEY PEAR CACTUS TOMATOES CILANTRO TOMATILLO SQUASH
jefferson street
13th street
Now he meets new people daily.
Since moving... This weekend he will be meeting friends on the light rail to enjoy a progressive dinner at the gardens.
WEEKEND PROGRAM community cultural education and involvement
RESTAURANT • CHEF RUN • WEEKEND ONLY • WINE TASTING EVENTS • CELEBRATES ETHNIC HOLIDAYS • PARTICIPATES WITH THE OTHER ETHNIC GARDENS PROGRESSIVE MEALS
AGRI-TOURISM
FARMERS MARKET
• FARM TOURS
• VEGETABLE SALES
• DEMONSTRATIONS
• COOKING DEMOS
• GARDENING CLASSES
• COMMUNITY PARTNERS
They will begin with appetizers at the Halal garden and end with music and dessert in the Caribbean Gardens.
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Juan Carlos
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Juan is a 38 year old Mexican immigrant. He now works with his brother landscaping in El Campito.
Heading home... 23
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After a day of work and a long bus ride, Juan arrives in El Campito.
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1. grant park 2. proposed garden 3. veterans center 4. adult community center 5. boxing gym 9. church 14. elementary school 18. proposed ethnic market 20. proposed sports field 23. proposed parking
He walks towards home under the solar canopy and picks up some groceries in a neighborhood market along the way.
70 â&#x20AC;&#x2122; wi ng sp an 21 0k W pe r 30 0â&#x20AC;&#x2122;
street lighting w/in canopy trunk
shaded walkways
pedestrian street plaza seating / planters
service trunk: invertor box, vendor plug-in
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Heading home... As Juan continues home he stops by the soccer field where his children are playing. He sits on a bench to watch them play. While he is there a friend passes by who tells him that a free clinic has been set up at the church down the street.
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IMMIGRANT HEALTH FACTORS lack of insurance language barrier
The main reason immigrants are less insured than native-born citizens is that, despite their high rates of employment, fewer immigrants have employer-sponsored health insurance. nationally, of the foreign born population 34% do not have health insurance in arizona, of the foreign born population 41% do not have health insurance
limited income
Language differences inhibit immigrants from directly communicating with health care professionals and from acquiring health insurance.
Low-income immigrants are also less likely to have employer-sponsored coverage and other private coverage, but the gaps are somewhat narrower.
nationally, of the foregn born spanish speaking population 72% do not speak english “very well”. in arizona, of the foreign born spanish speaking population 70% do not speak english “very well”
nationally, of the population natives make $25,454 foreign born make $22,039 in arizona, of the population natives make $24,888 foreign born make $20,165
behavioral change
Changes in diet, decreased physical activity and exposure to an unhealthy American diet are associated with obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Under 5 years, of living in the US, hispanics have an obesity rate of 16.1%. After 5 years, of living in the US, hispanics have the obesity rate of 22.0%.
ST. JOSEPH HEALTH CLINIC
MISSION OF MERCY CLINIC
This Mobile Primary Health Clinic serves children and adults from low-income families who are without a regular primary care physician, and those who have difficulty obtaining affordable healthcare in their community.
Mission of Mercy provides free healthcare, free dental care and free prescription medications to the uninsured, underinsured and those who “fall through the cracks” of our healthcare system.
clinical outreach
Heading home... When the game is over Juan gathers his children and leads them down the solar path to the clinic for a quick check up.
clinical outreach
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Heading home... After the visit to the clinic Juan decides to take his family out to eat at a local cafe. It is run by an old friend from Hermoislla. She cooks traditional Northern Mexican food with fresh vegetables from the garden next to the cafe.
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Heading home...
night time rendering?
As Juanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s family walks home they pass other cafes and family gatherings that have spilled out onto the solar path. Outside their home they chat with their neighbor about how much El Campito has changed in the last four years.
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The third side studio, came to the realization that, most problems commonly labeled â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;immigration problemsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; actually have very little to do with immigrants as a separate demographic group. These problems are often societal problems which, despite having certain cultural specificity, effect both immigrants and natives. 108
Many of these problems can be locally addressed, for the benefit of natives and immigrants alike, by leveraging valuable, enriching differences between cultural groups.
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Glossary Research Bibliography Case Studies Bibliography
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Chapter Seven
APPENDIX 111
Glossary Amnesia A series of positive effects and influences in the US that has been created because of immigration. It covers a wide variety of valuable forms from cultural exchanges to spurring the economy.
Assimilation Immigrants relinquishing their linguistic and cultural characteristics in order to become part of the economic and social structure of mainstream society.
Border Orphaned The immigration policies and economic conditions which force one member of a family out of the country while the rest of the family remains behind.
Bureaucratic Apathy Enforcement of policies contrary to humanitarian principles.
Catapult Factors The motives for immigration from the country of origin such as war, poverty, poor living quality, etc.
Cyclipariah A reoccurring or repeating cycle in which a person or group of people are designated to be mistreated and avoided. The identity of the pariah changes as the sociopolitical climate evolves due to the insecurities and xenophobia that are inherent in the human nature.
Demographic Engineering The practice of selectively admitting and rejecting different ethnic, religious, or political groups for immigration into the US as a means of manipulating economic, political and cultural forces. 112
Digital Immigrant The notion that people of older generations or from countries not as developed as the US learn differently as well as adapt to and use technologies in a different manner. They remember how things were done in years past and at times prefer to do things â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the old fashioned wayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, whether or not it is most efficient.
Digital Native The notion that people born into todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s world, especially in the US, are better able to use and adapt to new and advancing technologies. Growing up with a keyboard and mp3 player is something taken for granted, digital natives learn differently and at times can not fathom how things were done just 15 years ago.
Disorienteering
The act of navigating the complex set of systems which allow an immigrant to become naturalized.
Dissimilation
The tendency for immigrants to join communities that are predominately made up of people and businesses that reflect the country that they just immigrated from.
Eco Dam
Migratory corridors interrupted or irreparably destroyed by impassable barriers.
Enclave
One ethnic group, surrounded by a heterogeneous population.
Ethnoburb
A suburban ethnic concentration with ties to global economies and is self sustaining. 113
Glossary Freedom Machine
The economic system that was created by and survives on the consumption of “homeland security” products and services.
Gated Community
A voluntary self segregated, self governed community.
Genigrant
A ‘ genigrant’ or generational immigrant is a how a person acclimates to a society and more importantly, technology. The generation a person is born in can play a larger part in using current technology more so than location. A more recently born person will be able to adapt to using current technology in today’s world more than an older person.
GLAMerica
The outward branding of the US that attempts to seduce immigrants in order to maintain the high standard of living for current US citizens. See: freedom, wealth, education, etc.
GPS - SOS
The notion that certain everyday electronic devices such as cellular phones can be turned into a GPS tracker to locate people who may be lost or in dire situations to prevent loss of life, for example people in the desert who have been hurt and run the risks of heat stroke and dehydration.
Immigration by Occupation
The US Immigration Policy that prioritizes certain groups for immigration based on their occupation. The intent is to fill jobs that can not be fulfilled with US citizens due to shortages of available people trained in a profession.
iFence
Using electronic, often fully automated, equipment for the purpose of preventing entry into the country. 114
immigration Divorce
The situation that occurs when a family unit is divided and forced to live in different countries due to citizenship issues. This can result in single parent households and/or siblings being located in different countries.
Immigration Polygamy
The relationship between an immigrant and the multiple governmental entities that the immigrant has to communicate with.
Immigration Slavery
The exploitation of non citizen immigrant workers by businesses through poor working conditions and severely reduced wages by the threat of withheld visa status or deportation.
Immigration Stratification
The de facto tendency for immigrants to either be: highly educated or uneducated. Typically the higher educated immigrant will be given legal status in the US, while the less educated worker will be in the US without proper legal documentation.
Integration
A dynamic, two-way process in which newcomers and the receiving society work together to build secure, vibrant, and cohesive communities. Emphasis is placed on the two-way process of exchange by both immigrants and members of the receiving society.
Just in Time Technology
The notion that technology can be utilized in a ‘just in time’ manner so as to save lives in danger. For example, coming across a piece of technology that can supply water in the desert ‘just in time’ so that the person will not suffer from dehydration. Technology allowing for things to happen at the moment they are most needed for public benefit.
Loan Sharkonomics
The financial exchange between undocumented workers and check cashing institutions as a means of receiving payment for work without entering the banking system.
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Glossary Mirage
The fortunes and possibilities that are available here in the US for everyone. For example migrating here and being able to reach any goal that they may have.
Mutually Beneficial Exchange
An exchange where the parties involved both benefit, while simultaneously moving upward. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Help me help you help me.â&#x20AC;?
Native Foreigner
A natively born US citizen that lives in a cultural community that is so isolated from main stream America so as to not allow them to be familiar with American culture. In extreme cases this may prevent the citizen from learning the native language.
Never-Ending Assimilation
The constant and continuous integration process an immigrant goes through before, during, and after becoming a citizen of the US.
Paper Chameleon
An immigrant whose lawyer files him or her as having several different types of expertise on paper, in order to gain citizenship
Paper Permanency
The overwhelming amount of paperwork in the immigration process. The more paper accumulated, the more permanent the immigrantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s status becomes.
Positive Surveillance
The notion that technology can be used to provide safety. In terms of monitoring to provide a secure environment for a greater number of people as often as possible.
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Regulation Triage
A rebellious reaction to government policies or laws one believes to be unjust culminating with the inserting of ones own band-aid solution. ex: Humanitarian systems like water stations placed along remote paths in the desert in order to mitigate the number of deaths linked to antiimmigration structures.
Scapegoating Immigrants
The practice of singling out any party for unmerited negative treatment or blames.
Shatner Fencing
The act of building a discontinuous barrier that starts and stops at seemingly random intervals.
Skype-1 Visa
The notion that ‘it’s a small world’ is ever present and even more true today. With the means and capabilities of technology today the world is exponentially more connected. ‘Space’ is completely redefined in today’s world. A room no longer has the constraints of four walls but instead an Internet of satellite connection.
Suburb
A low density residential area of similar economic class.
Techno-Americanization
The notion that any person, regardless of locale, is in part ‘American’. By using technology that the US has invented, people both foreign and domestic buy into and accept the culture of America. This democratizing the ideals of being American.
Techno-Tolerance
The notion that technology can be used to educate people to become more tolerant and accepting of others who at first appear to be different. Disseminate information to immigrants to help them better assimilate and socialize to American culture, as well as to current citizens to better educate them and relieve tensions created by fear and stereotypes. 117
Glossary The Third Side
Taking a step back from a difficult situation to look at it with fresh eyes. Seeking to understand the sides of the situation, encourage a process of cooperative negotiation, and support a wise solution; meeting the essential needs of all sides.
Vict-Immigration
The tendency for undocumented immigrants to be victimized or taken advantage of because of their status. This could be by a Coyote, abusive spouse, or unethical employer.
Wicked Problem
A problem with complex interdependencies and a nonlinear formulation which will always have more than one possible explanation.
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Research 2007 U.S. Department of State Trafficking in Persons Report
“Attorney General’s Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Activities to Combat Trafficking in Persons Fiscal Year 2006” (May 2007) www.humantrafficking.org/countries/united_states_of_america
American Schooling
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/597489
Arizona Heart Hospital
http://www.abrazohealth.com/facilities/ArizonaHeartHospital/home.aspx
Arizona Republic
http://www,azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/2009/07/15/20090715foodcity0715.html
Children of Immigrant Families
The Future of Children: The David and Lucille Packard Foundation
Columbia Journal of Gender and Law
“Love, Honor, or Control: Domestic Violence, Trafficking, and the Question of How to Regulate the Mail-Ordered Bride Industry”, Kirsten M. Lindee, 2007 https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/
Congressional Budget Office
http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/116xx/doc11691/07-23-Immigrants_in_Labor_force.pdf
Cornell Hospitality Quarterly
“Restaurant Profitability Management: The Evolution of Restaurant Revenue Management”, Gary M. Thompson, May 11, 2010
Does Immigration Induce ‘Native Flight’ from Public Schools into Private Schools? Journal of Public Economics: Julian R. Betts, Robert W. Fairlie
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Research Digital Immigrant
http://www.marcprensky.com/writing/prensky%20-%20digital%20natives,%20 digital%immigrants%20-%20part1.pdf
Education Credentials and Immigrant Earnings
University of Calgary and University of British Columbia: Ana Ferrer, W. Craig Riddell
Entrepreneurship among Disadvantaged Groups: An Analysis of the Dynamics of SelfEmployment by Gender, Race, and Education Handbook of Entrepreneurship: Robert W. Fairlie
Explaining Ethnic, Racial, and Immigrant Differences in Private School Attendance
Department of Economics at the University of California, San Diego: Julian R. Betts, Robert W. Fairlie
Giving Facts-Fighting Chance
http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/special-reports/giving-facts-fighting-chance-answers-toughestimmigration-questions
Global Commission on International Migration
International Migration and Human Rights, A Paper Prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, Stefanie Grant, Harrison Grant Solicitors, September 2005, http://www.gcim.org/attachments/TP7.pdf
Hispanic and Asian Historic Properties http://phoenix.gov/historic
Immigrant Skill Utilization in the Canadian Labour Market: Implications of Human Capital Research 120
Center for Industrial Relations and Department of Sociology at the University of Toronto: Jeffrey G. Reitz
Immigrants and Education
Public Policy Institute of California
Immigrants and Education
wagner.nyu.edu/facility/cy/schwartz.cv.pdf
Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and LA http://www.jstor.org/stable/3088897
Integration
www.cgir.org.system/files/25-32_imm_integr.pdf
International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research
“A Recipe for Success: Understanding Regional Perceptions of Authenticity Themed Restaurants.” Caroline Lego Munoz and Natalie T. Wood, Vol. 3 No. 3 2009, pp 269-280
Latinos in Higher Education: Many Enroll, Too Few Graduate Pew Hispanic Center: Richard Fry
Mother’s Education and the International Transmission of Human Capital: Evidence from College Openings and Longitudinal Data California Center for Population Research UC Los Angeles: Janet Currie, Enrico Moretti
Prescribing Books for Immigrant Children
American Medical Association: Lee M. Sanders, Tamar D. Gershon, Lynne C. Huffman, Fernando S. Mendoza
Phoenix Newtimes
http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2007-07-26/news/sunnyslopetopia/ 121
Research Public Policy Institute of California
“Ethnic Concentration and Bank Use in Immigration Communities, September 2010 http://irving.vassar.edu/faculty/sp/BohnPearlman_201009.pdf
School-Family-Community Partnerships: Strategies for School Counselors Working with Caribbean Immigrant Families ASCA: Natasha A. Mitchell, Julia A. Bryan
Sexualities Journal
“Sex Trafficking as the ‘New Slave Trade’”, Felicity Schaeffer-Grabiel, Sexualities April 7, 2010 Vol. 13 No. 2, pp 153-160
Society Journal
Day Laborers and Dock Workers: Casual Labor Markets and Immigration Policy, Peter Skerry in Society (2007)
Social Indicators Research
Legal Protections and Advocacy for Casual Workers in the USA, Social Indicators Research (2008), Vol. 88, Issue 1, pp 197-213
Sunnyslope Historical Society and Museum
www.sunnyslopehistoricalsociety.org/sunnyslopehistory.html
Sunnyslope WINS Community Website www.sunnyslopecommunity.org/
The Education and Wages of Immigrant Children: The Impact of Age at Arrival Economics of Education Review: Arturo Gonzalex
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The Florida Bar Journal
“Employment Verification: Then and Wow!”, Labor and Employment Law, Giselle Carson, January 2009
The Parenting of Immigrant Chinese and European American Mothers: Relations between Parenting Styles, Socialization Goals, and Parental Practices University of California, Riverside: Ruth K. Chao
Understanding, Speaking, Reading, Writing, and Earnings in the Immigrant Labor Market AEA: Anthony P. Carnevale, Richard A. Fry, B. Lindsay Lowell
United States House of Representatives
“The 2005 Reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act: Why Congress Acted to Expand Protections to Immigrant Victims” John Conyers Jr. http://vaw.sagepub.com/content/13/5/457
What have Immigrants wanted from American Schools? http://www.jstor.org/stable/3688180
United States Department of Agriculture www.agcensus.usda.gov
United States Department of Agriculture
www.agcensus.usda.gov/wps/portia/usda/usdahome?contentidonly=true%content id=2009/02/0036.xml
Yale Journal on Regulation
“Banking the Poor” Michael S. Barr, C:\Documents and Settings\parrish\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\OLKE\ Banking the Poor JREG FINAL PRINTER PROOF (March 7, 2004).doc 123
Case Studies 27th and Greenway
Perosnal Site Visits and Analysis
Administration for Children and Families http://www.acf.hhs.gov/
Amnesty International
http://www.amnesty.org/
Arizona HB2162
http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/legtext/49leg/2r/bills/hb2162c.htm&Session_ ID=93
Arizona League to End Regional Trafficking http://traffickingaz.org/
Border Action Network
http://www.borderaction.org/web/index.php
Calgary Immigrant Educational Society http://www.immigrant-education.ca/
California School of English http://csofe.com/joomia/
Conditional Cash Transfer http://www.pewtrusts.org/our_work_report_detail.aspx?id=16104
Corrections Corporation of America 124
http://www.cca.com/
Embracing the World - Empowering Women Project
http://www.embracingtheworld.org/what-we-do/empowering-women/
Family Literacy PhD Programs http://www.famlit.org/
Fields Corner
http://www.fieldscorner.org/
Friendly House
http://www,friendlyhouse.org/
Ghetto Tourism - Reality Tours
http://www.racialicious.com/2007/07/19/globalization-or-zoo-like-exploitation-slum-tours-on-therise/
Ghetto Tourism - The Wire
www.citypaper.com/film/history.asp?id=11846
LA Chinatown www.chinatownla.com
National Center for Family Literacy http://www.famlit.org
Net - Roots Campaign http://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/2008/03/obama_tools
New York White Flight
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/white_flight
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Case Studies NijeL
http://www.nijel.org
No More Deaths
http://www.nomoredeaths.org/
RiiM
http://riim.metropolis.net/
Robert Taylor Homes
Venkatesh, Sudhir Alladi. American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 2000
San Francisco Day Care (Marshfield Cultural Fair) http://www.marshfieldculturalfair.com/
San Gabriel Valley
Li, Wei. Ethnoburb: The New Ethnic Community in Urban America. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009.
Seattle Immigration Protest
http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002965500_webseattle01.html
SFILEN
http://www.sfimmigrantnetwork.org/
Tempe Union High School
http://www.tuhsd.k12.az.us 126
The Marshfield Cultural Fair
http://www.marshfieldculturalfair.com/
The Red Idea
http://www.joinred.com/aboutred
http://www.npr.org/2011/02/16/133775340/twitters-biz-stone-on-starting-a-revolution
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