Agricultural Adaptive Research Co-op: A Strategy for Climate Resiliency in Sainte-Flavie by Philippe Fournier

Agricultural Adaptation Research Co-op A Strategy for Climate Resiliency in Sainte-Flavie

Fall 2021 Peter Go-Hua School of Architecture ARCH 672: Architectural Design 1 Instructors: Salmaan Craig, Daniela Leon, Philip Tidwell Students: Guillaume Croteau, Philippe Fournier, Calina Olari, Laura Titolo-Robitaille and Jin Jia Mu Zhao

Agricultural Adaptation Research Co-op A Strategy for Climate Resiliency in Sainte-Flavie

Table of contents 05

Mission Statement

Introduction: Another Summer

Chapter 1: Agriculture, Community, Risks 1.1 Sainte-Flavie: The Coast and the Fields 1.2 Coastal Risks

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding 2.1: Unbuilding: Salvaging Materials: Inventory and Possibilities 2.2: Rebuilding: Coupling Salvaged and Plant-Based Materials

Chapter 3: The Facility 3.1: Phase 1: Storing, Processing 3.2: Phase 2: Developing, Expanding, Accomodating 3.3: Phase 3: Researching, Innovating, Learning

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation 4.1: Regional Climate Projection 4.2: Agricultural Adaptation 4.3: Climate Resilient Building Design

133

Conclusion: Another Winter

137

Appendix

159

References

This manual proposes a new research facility in Sainte-Flavie, to be run by a co-operative of local farmers, in order to support the local agricultural and social networks as they adapt to climate change.

Mission Statement

Another Summer

Introduction

Agriculture, Community, Risks

Chapter 1

Chapter 1: Agriculture, Community, Risks

1.1

Sainte-Flavie The Coast and the Fields

Municipalité de Sainte-Flavie

Sainte-Flavie is a small coastal town of about 884 people in the region of Bas-SaintLaurent, Quebec. Nestled on a scenic coastal floodplain between the Saint Lawrence estuary and a steep escarpment, the townʼs economy is dominated by tourism and agriculture. The extreme seasonality of these activities makes the local population fluctuate wildly between peaks in the Summer and lows in Winter. The town is also located at the important intersection where Route 132—which loops around the entire Gaspe peninsula—meets itself. The coastal branch of Route 132 is dotted by restaurants, gift shops, galleries and motels to cater to the summer tourists, while its perpendicular branch climbs the escarpment and runs parallel by rows of farmland and Mont-Joli airport before crossing through the town of Mont- Joli itself. This farmland is mapped onto the landscape in long, thin Seigneurial plots running perpendicular to coast, up the escarpment and deep into the flat, elevated landscape until they terminate at the municipal boundary of Mont-Joli.

Sainte-Flavie Catholic Church

Presbytère de Sainte-Flavie 505 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

507 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Municipality Center

Centre dʼArt M.Gagnon

775 Rte Flavie-Drapeau, Sainte-Flavie

564 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Ptit Bistro

Restaurant la Rose des Vents

471 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

504 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Chapter 1: Agriculture, Community, Risks

Sea Pavillon

518 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Serge Desbiens Galerie

492 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Camping du Capitaine Homard 180 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

La Gaspésiana

460 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Privately owned Barns

435 Rte de la Mer, Sainte-Flavie

Mont-Joli Motel

800 Rte Flavie-Drapeau, Sainte-Flavie

Chapter 1: Agriculture, Community, Risks Milk Production ±45%

Cattle Production ±15%

Potatoes ±13%

1830ha

1098ha

458ha

Ornemental Horticulture ±10%

366ha

Agriculture represents a major economic sector in Sainte-Flavie, as most of the land is dedicated to farming. In fact, current statistics show that 25 farming companies are in Sainte-Flavie, which own 95% of the land in the town and represent 9.8% of the farming activity in the entire MRC La Mitis region. Right now, 20% of the farmers are over 40 years old and may not necessarily have someone taking over the farm after them. Half of the agriculture is for milk production.

With respect to climate change and future adaptation needs, the agricultural activities of the town are at a turning point. We think there is a potential for our project to intersect with this field, by providing resources, farming equipment and tools as well as supporting a local economy around agritourism. Moreover, a shared infrastructure could help the farmers to experiment, research, diversify their activities and support each other during the transition to this new chapter in the townʼs story.

Topographic shift

Chapter 1: Agriculture, Community, Risks

Typical Parcel - 48.6 ha

Des chalets et des roulottes avaient été emportées - Picture: Pierre Michaud-Archives

On tente de nettoyer les dégâts - Picture: Pierre Michaud-Archives

Chapter 1: Agriculture, Community, Risks

1.2

Risks Future of Sainte-Flavie

In December 2010, the town of Sainte-Flavie experienced a powerfully destructive storm. Flooding and coastal erosion damaged many homes, resulting in material and emotional losses. Such catastrophic events are likely to become stronger and more frequent due to climate change. Rising sea levels will continue to encroach on the fabric of Sainte-Flavie, inundating coastal properties and forcing residents to move away. Right now, government incentives are in place for the people to voluntarily relocate themselves, demolishing or abandoning the structures left behind. At the same time, the demographics of the town are aging, the population is declining, and limited economic opportunities mean there is no guarantee that future generations will remain in the area.

Age characteristics - Sainte-Flavie

0-14 years

15-64 years

65+ years

Footnote:

*Population data from Portrait de la communauté de Sainte-Flavie. https://aruc.robvq.qc.ca/

Sainte-Flavie remains one of the most beautiful towns in Bas-Saint-Laurent, but its context will inevitably force it to face a transition within the next 50 years. We are now tasked with proposing strategies to meet these challenges, build up the townʼs resiliency, show alternative ways of living with coastal threats, and engage with the collective memory of the town.

Year 2021 - Sea Level Rise Coastal Section - 1 : 100

Year 2036 - Sea Level Rise Coastal Section - 1 : 100

Year 2071 - Sea Level Rise Coastal Section - 1 : 100

Unbuilding, Rebuilding

Chapter 2

ʻʻLʼérosion côtière ça ne nous dérange pas beaucoup, on est protégés, mais lʼérosion financière, on ne peut rien contre ça.ʼʼ 30

- Pierre Bouchard, résident de Sainte-Flavie

ʻʻDans cinquante ans, le visage de Sainte-Flavie va être complètement diﬀérent.ʼʼ - Jean-François Fortin, maire de Sainte-Flavie

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

2.1

Unbuilding Salvaging Materials: Inventory and Possibilities

When coastal properties are abandoned, the buildings on them can either be demolished, relocated, disassembled, or left to decay. Demolition and abandonment risk contaminating the area around the building with harmful substances found in the building materials or household items. Abandonment also represents a waste of perfectly salvageable materials, especially in a place like Sainte Flavie, where cheap land means that building and material values usually make up most of a propertyʼs overall assessed value. Relocation can be costly or unfeasible given the type of structure and its size since it will need to be carried on wide-load vehicles on shared roads which may have an incompatible infrastructure. This leaves “unbuilding,” or disassembly, as the optimal solution in most cases. Concrete foundations should be left behind intact, as over time they will calcify and provide a carbon sink along the coast. 31

Currently, residents can take any recycle material from their properties to the Ecocentre de la Mitis at Mont-Joli Airport. However, the eco-center lacks an adequate structure for storing and processing mass quantities of wood to be reclaimed at the scale proposed over the timeline of this project. Therefore, in the short term, a facility should be provided to aid in the salvaging of wood from disassembled homes, to ensure that high-quality members are properly stored, cut, and sorted to retain their material integrity for later re-use in new structures. This will become Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C. Building.

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

Exploded Axonometric Typical Coastal House - 150m2

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

Processing Reclaimed Wood Sorting and Final Uses

2. Transport Wood to Facilities

In a standard coastal home, about 60% of the lumber will be salvageable for re-use. Wood should be sorted during the dismantling process by quality: re-useable and waste.

Waste wood or degraded material will be sent to the Ecocentre de la Mitis for processing, while the reclaimable wood will be sent to a new proper sorting facility as part of Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C.

3. Identify, Remove Metal

5. Re-saw Lumber

Metal in wood can damage machines when it is cut, so all of it must be removed. Nails can be hidden, decapitated or buried into the wood so metal detectors or magnets should be used to find them. Diﬀerent tools can be used to extract them in diﬀerent conditions.

Using band and table saws, the is re-cut to new standardized thicknesses as required for the new re-use project.

5. Air Drying

6. Final Planing, Cuts and Sorting

Wood is stacked into large piles with a spacer between each layer, then left in the storage area to dry naturally from the air.

Dried wood can now be planed, sawn, and sanded to its final dimensions and conditions as required by the re-use project. Members are then sorted by type, species, and size.

1. Disassembly/Sorting

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

High-Grade Wood Members The best wood members should be selected for their appearance, minimum wear-and-tear, absence of rot, fungus, and excess knots. Only high-grade wood should be re-used to make loadbearing structural components, like trusses, beams, and columns. In accordance with ICB guidelines, reclaimed wood members must be doubled up to meet the equivalent structural integrity of single freshcut lumber members.

Medium Grade Wood Members

Low Grade Wood Members Low-grade members are those that are severely damaged or are aﬀected by severe rot, fungal or insect infestation, excess knots and metal, unusable shapes, or other major issues that make them too diﬃcult to reuse. Such members should be properly discarded at the eco-center. While they cannot be used for building, waste wood has many other uses. It can be donated back to farmers to be used for animal beddings, equestrian and landscaping surfaces, or sent to local lumber plants to be used as feedstock for panel board manufacturing. It can also be used for biofuel and other industrial uses.

Medium grade wood members can be re-used for nonstructural purposes, including furring and strapping, blocking, bracing, non-loadbearing partitions, shims, millwork, cladding, floorboards, furniture, finishes, and many other uses.

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

2.2

Rebuilding Coupling Salvaged and Plant-Based Materials

Materials that are salvaged from coastal homes can be recycled and adapted for a variety of new building systems, including walls, trusses, partitions, and roof systems. In particular, wood members from former stud walls can be reused provided they are doubled up in their new wall systems. Other salvageable material includes plywood sheathing, metal sheeting, insulation, and cladding.

In addition to salvaged materials, crops from the farms themselves can be used and adapted into new biogenic building systems. Straw bales can be used in insulation, walls, roofing, and exterior cladding. Flax can be used to produce insulation, flooring, drapes, linen, linoleum, paint oils and stains, panels, and many other products. The changing climate also provides an opportunity in the region to experiment with new crops and their uses in biogenic building material manufacturing. Research in this area will become the long-term focus of the A.A.R.C. facility in Phase 3 and has the potential to transform the economy of the region.

The Trusses - Chord / Rafter Reclamation In all three phases of the building construction, the roof structure consists of a grid of 18m span wood trusses spaced 3050 o.c. with support from steel tension cables and plates. While phase 1 will be constructed from new lumber, phases 2 and 3 will make use of reclaimed wood

members from disassembled coastal homes, requiring careful selection of premium grade material and a doubling of the members in order to meet the IBCʼs recommended structural standards for reused wood.

Post b

Beam fastener plate

Post c

Tension cables

Connector post A

Connector post B

Connector post C

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

In order to achieve the long spans required by the bottom chord and rafters, reclaimed members will be doubled up and nailed together such that they overlap with one another mid-way in a brick-like pattern.

The typical member is sized 92-5/8” so that they could be assembled from reclaimed studs salvaged from a typical 8ʼ high room.

Post a

Tension cables

Post b

Reclaimed Wood Assembly Pattern

Post c Tension cables

Tension cables

Tension Member Stress diagram

Compression Member

The Trusses - Chord / Rafter Assembly

Truss Location

18.

289

Typical Chord Assembly (x2 total per truss)

2.3

53m

2.3

53m

0.4

89m

0.9

11m

1.6

66m

2.0

87m

Typical Chord Components

x60 screws

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

Truss Location

12.

638

m 43

Typical Rafter Assembly (x4 total per truss)

2.3 53m

2.3 06m 0.9 21m 2.0 97m

0.8 75m

2.0 51m 1.1 76m 1.1 30m

ypical Raft Rafter Typical er Components

x40 screws

Interior partitions: Modular Straw Bale

At each phase of the buildingʼs construction, the exterior envelope shell will be fully assembled before any interior partitions are constructed. Instead, internal partitions would be built up afterwards, with the walls around rooms requiring the most consistent thermal comfort being made of modular straw bale units that

Module Components (x4) 2x6 reclaimed wood studs, cut 967mm long (x4) 2x6 reclaimed wood studs, cut 672mm long (x4) 2x6 reclaimed wood studs, cut 356mm long (x2) Straw bales, sized 14” x 18” x 36”, compacted (x48) Screws

can easily be stacked, organized, disassembled and reassembled into potentially infinite programmatic and spatial configurations. This will give the farmers ample flexibility to change the buildingʼs spatial layout as their needs and the needs of the facility change over time.

748mm

Typical Straw Bale Structure

96 m

The units can be quickly and cheaply made almost entirely from donated and salvaged material: reclaimed wood and nails (or preferably, screws) from disassembled coastal homes, and donated straw bale from the farmers themselves. They provide a high RSI value and hence can be used to beef up the thermal performanc of the envelope in nested spaces where required. A quantity of “spare” modules should be built up and stored, which can be used to create a warm, ad-hoc emergency shelter space in the event of a severe storm or flood that displaces coastal residents.

Modular Wall Construction

Finishing Once the stacking is complete, each side of the straw bale wall is enmeshed with a metal lath and coated with a thick layer of cement plaster. This helps waterproof the assembly and gives it a 2hr fire rating. Since these straw bale assemblies are not bearing loads from the truss or exterior roof structure, there is no danger of a an isolated fire in a strawbale-enclosed room from threatening the sudden collapse of the overall roof through the rest of the building.

Each wooden frame module is sized to hold two stacked, compacted straw bales of standardized dimensions (14” x 18” x 36”), compacted. Straw will be filled in the gaps between the two exterior frames to reduce thermal bridging across the wall. Construction consists of simple stacking andscrewing together of units to provide vertical and lateral bracing.

INVENTORY OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES - COAST

Property Values

This map shows the present-day building values for the town of Sainte-Flavie (as assessed most recently in 2014). On practically all properties in the town, the value of the building makes up the large majority of the value of the property, while land values are a small share.

This fact suggests that dismantling/reconstruction, reuse or wholesale relocation of certain buildings to less-precarious lands nearby are economically feasible strategies for residents who wish to remain in SaintFlavie while preserving their home values as the coastline encroaches.

E UT RO

2 13

Building Values

Land Values

>$500,000

>$50,000

$250,000 - $500,000

$35,000 - $50,000

$100,000 - $250,000

$20,000 - $35,000

<$100,000

<$20,000

Land Uses Agriculture

Vacant Lot (Unbuilt)

S ve u e Fl

t en ur a t-L a in

Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

Ru eP el le

Ru eC e ut o R

2 13

ho ui

tie

Ro ut e

13 2

Ru eB

el le

vu e

Reclaimable Wood - 2036

A typical 150m2 wood-frame 2-storey house with a 75m2 footprint contains a lumber volume of 31.24m3 . Of this, approximately 60% of the lumber can be recovered for reuse.* Using these assumptions, we can calculate the predicted volume of wood that can be reclaimed from the at-risk wood buildings in each time scale.

Building Values >$500,000 $250,000 - $500,000 $100,000 - $250,000

o H Ho Hou

This map shows buildings in Sainte-Flavie that are projected to be at risk of damage from high-tide storm flooding within the next 15 years, recommending their dismantling. Since most consist of standard wood-frame typologies, much of their structure can be salvaged for reuse.

<$100,000

Land Uses Agriculture

Building Name - Reclaimable Wood (m3) t Ke

Le ch -6

2m -4

7m 3 3 -2 m 3 8 9m m se - 3 2 -7 ou -5 H se er ou se H ou rM H su es rt Po e rg 3 be m Au 48 -3 el ot H na ia 3 es sp 0m Ga -4 3 s La io - 7m m3 el 0 H ge - 2 r a se ou H

Total Reclaimable Wood: 1,357 m3 Avg density of wood: 471 kg/m3 Total Reclaimed Wood Weight: 638,469

3 op 0m Sh 3 -3 ft Gi nt 7m 3 ra - 3 2m ion 3 au se - 1 est 37m st g ou Re H use Sug ry o H La lle

Vacant Lot (Unbuilt)

m - 7 13m ed e Sh ous H

Ro ut e

13 2

4m -1 3 s e - 8m 3 3 ou H ed 7m m 3 11 Sh 5m ed e -3 Sh s ou se H 3 ou H 9m -2 se 3 ou H m -4 3 3 se 3 2m 3 m ou -2 8m 16 H e 3 8m us m - 5 ed se Sh ou Ho - 22 se H u 3 se Ho 6m 2 ou 3 H se 8m 3 ou -5 m H 32 se ou se H 3 ou 3 H m 44m 3 -8 - 8m se - 2 ed Sh ou 3 H u se 3 3 o 0m 7m m H - 2 - 1 - 30 se se e ou ou us

13 2 Ro ut e

vu e el le Ru eB

rd na ho ui Ru eC

r tie Ru eP el le Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

Reclaimable Wood - 2071 This map shows buildings in Sainte-Flavie that are projected to be at risk of damage from high-tide storm flooding within the next 50 years, recommending their dismantling within the 15-50yr time span. In addition, much of the coastal Route 132 can be expected to be submerged, damaged or otherwise impassable by the 50-year mark, thereby effectively stranding properties with no alternative access routes, such as the subdivisions around Rue Chouinard and Rue Pelletier. Buildings on these properties may be additionally recommended for dismantling and reclaiming of material.

Building Values >$500,000 $250,000 - $500,000 $100,000 - $250,000

<$100,000

Land Uses Agriculture

Vacant Lot (Unbuilt)

eS uv e F

nt re u a t-L n i a

r le

o th

Ga ie

Building Name - Reclaimable Wood (m3)

ar d’ u td

Total Cumulative Reclaimable Wood: 3,123 m3 Total Cumulative Reclaimed Wood Weight: 1,470,255 kg

eu Vi

4m -3 3 3 m3 se m 3 ou - 22 0m -6 H d e 2 8m 3 ri he S le se 3 / ed 1m h Ga ou -1 H /S 1m 3 ed -1 m 3 Sh se - 3 3 m ou e 3 s 25 H ou m se 3 H 27 ou 6m se H -3 ou H se ou H 3 3 3 3 3 m - 8 35m m 2m 2m 26 d -2 -4 e ed o se Sh se tr Sh ou ou is H H /B 3 3 se m m ou -8 19 H 3 d 3 e m se m Sh 29 3 ou -8 m H 16 se ed 3 3 Sh m ou e s H 4 8m ou -2 H -4 g in se p ou m 3 H Ca 3 et 5m 3 te -6 7m e Gi -1 vi 4m la se -1 F d ou eH he 3 nt S i m Sa -6 el st ot M Po 3 da m na - 8 3 3 C a s e - 8m m ou e 14 3 H us - 7m 3 o e H us - 1 9m o se H -2 ou se H ou H

Total Reclaimable Wood: 1,766 m3 Avg density of wood: 471 kg/m3 Total Reclaimed Wood Weight: 831,786 kg

s ou H e

-3 3

-4

5m -1

2m -2 se 3 ou m 3 H - 11 4m 1 ed e Sh ous 3 H 3 5m 3m e - 2 -2 s se ou 3 ou 3 / H 3m 3 H m -2 m - 5 se 23 3 ed ou se Sh H 1m ou -1 H 3 / ed 9 m 3 / Sh -1 3 1m m se -2 59 ou e H -3 s e ou H om tH en em 3 t ir 6m Re 3 -2 3 se 3 2m ou -1 4m m H - 1 12 3 ed Sh 3 se d 3 / 2m ou e m H Sh - 2 -4 3 8m se m 3 3 -5 ed 4 ou Sh d - 4m 74m se H 3 / - - 3 ou he H 4m / S ed arn 26m h - 1 m3 /S B dse e 34 3 ou e - 25m Sh H s 3 ou se H 4m ou 3 -3 H e 0m 3

Ru eC

ho ui

s ou H

ur Ch

ch ux

tè

-8

vu e el le Ru eB

s ou H

ic ol

13 2 Ro ut e

r tie Ru eP el le Chapter 2: Unbuilding, Rebuilding

The Facility

Chapter 3

Chapter 3: The Facility

3.1

Storing, Processing Phase 1

The Agricultural Adaptive Research Co-Operative, or A.A.R.C., is a proposed new facility, to be run by a local co-operative of farmers, that will be used to support the local agricultural and social networks as they adapt to climate change. The building will be constructed in three distinct phases over time, with each phase addressing an expedient local need brought on by the changing climate and coastline; namely, these are, in order: the displacement of coastal residents, the shift ing tourism identity, and the increased agricultural output becoming the new economic center of gravity.

Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C. facility construction will be a building made from new lumber, programmed exclusively for the purpose of storing, sorting, and processing salvaged materials and wood from disassembled coastal homes. After processing, high-grade reclaimed materials are then to be reused primarily for building new replacement homes along the rear access roads above the escarpment on existing coastal farm parcels, while poor grade materials will be sent to the eco-center. These newly constructed homes can then either be sold, rented, or gifted with priority to the displaced coastal residents who wish to remain in Sainte Flavie. Using exclusively salvaged materials, new homes could be built at an approximate ratio of one new comfortable house per four disassembled homes. A new access road will need to be paved along the north property boundary between Mont-Joli airport and the adjacent coastal farm lots to facilitate this transition on those parcels.

Site Axonometric

Sainte-Flavie

Bell evu e St

Transect Parcel

Christian Assembly Hall

Garage

32 y1 w H

Site

Sewage Treatment Plant

Typical Costal Farm Lots

Chapter 3: The Facility

Typical Costal Farm Lots

Mont-Joli Regional Airport

Mont-Joli

Site Axonometric - Phase 1

Typical Costal Farm Lots

te Rou ure t u F

32 y1 Hw

Mont-Joli Regional Airport

Chapter 3: The Facility

GOVʼT OF QUEBEC Up to $200,000 funding incentives for moving from coastal floodplain

CO-OP FACILITY

Leased or sold to displaced residents, tourists and other clients

FARMERS Build

Build

Revenu ue

CO-OP PHASE 3: INNOVATION

Research Grants

Legend Building material flows Financial flows Crop flows

New Biogenic Bldg Materials

New Crops

Employment

Expansion of Facility to Provide Experimental Research Labs, Learning Rooms

Research Share Revenue

10% of land designated for co-op operations, experimenting with new crops, methods and research.

Expansion of Facility to provide rental tourist accomodation and a public events venue

Build

Storage & Processing of Salvaged Material from Unbuilt Homes

CO-OP PHASE 2: AGRITOURISM

NEW HOMES

Construction

% of Incentive

Build

Sales/Leasing

CO-OP PHASE 1: WORK

Build

Salvaged Barns

% of Incentive

Disassembled, materials salvaged. Land rewilding

Salvaged Homes

Salvage Homes

COASTAL STRUCTURES

FARM LOTS

Construction Process - Phase 1

Chapter 3: The Facility

ECT P S O PR

HA EP

2 SE

3 SE

The structure of the building sets a datum line for the next phases. Made of GLULAM columns and Beams, the structure supports the truss system defined earlier. A constant interior height of 4.5m gives a human scale to the space as well as clearance for transportation trucks and agricultural equipment to enter the space. In Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C., all the materials used are new since the unbuilding process of the coastal homes is starting at about the same time. This phase of the project is critical to introduce new building techniques in the construction industry in terms of material uses and sourcing. While the building stays relatively simple in its shape, the incorporation of biogenic materials like the tied-back thatched straw for the roof and the exterior walls represents a renewal of old building techniques in a contemporary way.

ECT P S O PR

HA EP

Exploded Axonometric - Phase 1 Phase 1 of the A.A.R.C. has a light industrial purpose to support the unbuilding practice on the coastline and start the research activities of the cooperative. Two large spaces provide a freeness of uses. It could be adapted to other sorts of programs, like an emergency shelter in times of great need. Diﬀerent size of operable doors allows for a wide range of access. Large agricultural equipment could be stored there, to be shared by the farmers. Legend 1. Storage 2. Workshop 3. Tools Storage 4. Mechanical Room 5. Secondary Entrance 6. Garbage Room 7. Tied-back Thatched Straw

Industrial Shelves

Utility Equipments

Large Agricultural Door

Builders Salvaged Materials

Unbuilderrs

Drop Oﬀ Point

Chapter 3: The Facility

3 4 5 A Farmer

6 Woodworking Equipments

A Researcher er er

2 A Visitor

Operable Glass Doors

Secondary Entrance

Phase 1 - Completed

Emergency Shelter Plan

2010 Saw a terrible winter storm in Sainte-Flavie, damaging many coastal properties and displacing their residences. As climate changes, severe storms and coastal flooding will occur with more frequency and place coastal residents in greater risk. In the event of another disaster, the storage and workshop rooms of Phase 1 of the facility can be easily adapted to become an emergency shelter space. Later, after

the construction of Phases 2 and 3, the multipurpose spaces and rental bedrooms can also be used to house people during a crisis. Using the stored inventory of straw bale wall modules, ad-hoc bounded sleeping spaces, and warming rooms can be quickly assembled. The great insulating quality of the straw can help provide a warmer microclimate in spaces bounded by it, especially if people are huddled in close quarters.

Chapter 3: The Facility

Stacked Straw Bale Modules

66 Storage Space

Chapter 3: The Facility

Workshop Space

Typical Coastal Farm Lot - Phase 1 There are over 89 farm parcels in Sainte-Flavie that share this typical landscape condition: long skinny lots stretching perpendicular from coastal Route 132 on the floodplain, up the escarment to a rear access road deep inland. The size of these properties in addition to their relationship to the coast make them ideal conditions for cheaply transitioning at-risk coastal buildings to inland agricultural terrain while retaining the community’s connection to the water. eu Fl

-L nt

Mont Joli

Typ. Coastal Farm Lots

Map of Sainte-Flavie

The most vulnerable coastal homes should be abandoned and disassembled immediately. The homes’ salvaged materials would be brought to the first phase of the new co-op building for storage and processing for reuse in new builds. Using our prior calculations, we can conservatively approximate that for every 8m2 of area per unbuilt home, 1m2 area of a replacement unit can be built from recycled wood. Based on areas, it would take four typical 150m2 (2-storey) single family homes to produce one new, comfortably-sized 75m2 2-bedroom unit.

Example parcel, below

reclaimable area (12.5%)

existing house area

4 existing coastal houses

new 2bd unit above escarpment (reclaimed wood)

1 Forested escarpment

Farm owner residence (Highlighted) Coastal properties at acute risk in the next 15 years

Chapter 3: The Facility Rear Access route/road. For parcels that abut Mont Joli airport at the rear, a new paved access route would need to be provided along the perimeter of the airport lot.

Current productive farmland

Red: Land to be parcelled or leased; recommended 1:1 or greater for properties formerly parcelled from the farm lots along the coastal Route 132

Floodplain

1. The Government of Quebec is offering up to $200,000 in incentives for homeowners in at-risk floodplains to move. Owners of coastal properties can take advantage of this and begin disassembly. Salvageable materials will be brought to the AARC Phase 1 for processing.

Uphill

2. Farmers build new homes on their land to be accessed from the rear roads, either to be rented or sold, with priority given to displaced residents of Sainte Flavie. Salvaged material from the co-op building can supplement the new construction.

Chapter 3: The Facility

3.2 Developing, Expanding, Accomodating Phase 2

Phase 2 of the A.A.R.C. facility will be constructing a new building volume programmed to accommodate emerging agri-tourism activities. Coinciding with the gradual inundation of Coastal Route 132—which is expected to become impassable in many areas, threatening remaining coastal businesses—Phase 2 of the building will be constructed primarily from reclaimed wood as disassembly of coastal structures continues. Coastal barns and the residences of the farm parcel owners will need to begin disassembly and relocation up the escarpment as waters threaten properties across Route 132, providing ample material for future expansion of the A.A.R.C. facility.

The decommissioning of coastal Route 132 will gradually make inland Route 132 the primary means of access to the town of Sainte-Flavie. Since our site is centrally located along this road at the corner of Mont Joli airport, it is visibly well-positioned to attract tourist traﬃc. The new volume contains leasable bedrooms, dining rooms, and other accommodation spaces, in addition to a large multiple-purpose event space that accommodates a wide variety of uses including weddings, markets, conferences, performances, community gatherings, and other social activities. This phase of the facility capitalizes on the potential to center agritourism as a new draw for Sainte Flavie despite the reduced accessibility to the coast. Simultaneously, it provides a source of rental income for the farmer co-op owners to finance future expansion, active operations, research, new equipment, and reinvestment into the local economy.

Site Axonometric - Phase 2

Typical Costal Farm Lots

te Rou ure t u F

32 y1 Hw

Farm Lots

Chapter 3: The Facility

GOVʼT OF QUEBEC Up to $200,000 funding incentives for moving from coastal floodplain

CO-OP FACILITY

Leased or sold to displaced residents, tourists and other clients

FARMERS Build

Build

Revenue

CO-OP PHASE 3: INNOVATION

Research Grants

Legend Building material flows Financial flows Crop flows

New Biogenic Bldg Materials

New Crops

Employment

Expansion of Facility to Provide Experimental Research Labs, Learning Rooms

Research Share Revenue

10% of land designated for co-op operations, experimenting with new crops, methods and research.

Expansion of Facility to provide rental tourist accomodation and a public events venue

Build

Storage & Processing of Salvaged Material from Unbuilt Homes

CO-OP PHASE 2: AGRITOURISM

NEW HOMES

Construction

% of Incentive

Build

Sales/Leasing

CO-OP PHASE 1: WORK

Build

Salvaged Barns

% of Incentive

Disassembled, materials salvaged. Land rewilding

Salvaged Homes

Salvage Homes

COASTAL STRUCTURES

FARM LOTS

Construction Process - Phase 2

Chapter 3: The Facility

CT SPE O PR

3 SE A H EP

For phase 2, the same construction techniques are used, but this time taking advantage of the salvaged materials previously-stored in phase 1. At this point in time, unbuilding processes are happening at the same time as the rebuilding, for the research facility or the greater community that is being relocated. This phase is meant to be a second building on the site to keep the activities up and running in the storage and workshops. The two buildings will function separately as they have opposite programs and diﬀerent needs. In the accommodations part, the construction system varies. Rather than having a slab on a grade like the other spaces, a crawl space is created to integrate an insulated floor system for comfort

Exploded Axonometric - Phase 2 Phase 2 of the A.A.R.C. contains one open space and accommodations units with their respective programs. The open space is meant for large community events of various nature, seasonal markets, exhibitions, weddings, etc... The accommodations provide spaces for researchers who would stay on-site for a longer period. These spaces could also be rented by tourism, to learn about the research facility and the activities they focus on. A kitchen and dining space is positioned in the middle to enhance the sense of community, foster discussions, exchanges.

2 Fa Far arr m mer er fr e f om La Réd La dem emp m tion Farmer from Sai Sa S a nt-Donat

Loc L Lo o al Farmer

1 Community

Seasonal Market

Legend 1. Open Space 2. Services 3. Lounge 4. Closed Oﬃce Space 5. Transition Space 6. Private Rooms 7. Kitchen + Dinning 8. Tied-back Thatched Straw 9. Temporary Wall Assembly

Chapter 3: The Facility

6 A Rese ese earc a rc ar rcher h

A Tourist iist sstt

Additional Thermal Layer *Refer to chapter 4

4 77

Farmerʼs Stand

Operable Windows

Secondary Access

Operable Glass Door Windows

Phase 2 - Completed

Gathering

Market

Exhibition

Chapter 3: The Facility

Christmas Event

Wedding

Yoga Session

Floodplain

Typical Coastal Farm Lot - Phase 2

1. Rewilding of Coastline with plants such as American beechgrass to slow coastal erosion. 2. Concrete foundations undergo carbonatation, creating a carbon sink over time. As the concrete shells fi ll with water, algae slowly breaks down the concrete. 3. Properties within the 50-yr flood risk zone to be disassembled; materials salvaged and brough to Co-op to be processed and used for Phase 2 of Co-op expansion.

4.Coastal route 132 may become seasonably impassable and/or significantly damaged. 5. Farmerʼs residence abandoned for new replacement home constructed at rear road access; old home is disassembled.

6. Barn structures begin disassembly, salvaging and processing in phasing appropriate to maintain farm operations. Much barn structure can be salvaged for Phase 2 of Co-op Building.

6 1

2 5 4

Chapter 3: The Facility

3 2

Uphill 1. Residences have been completed, are in use as rentals or sold to new owners. Rental income supplements farm and co-op operations. 2. The farmerʼs new permenant family residence is built at the rear riad and ready for move-in. 3. New/replacement barn buildings are being constructed as needed. 4. Normal farm operations continue.

Chapter 3: The Facility

3.3

Researching, Innovating, Learning Phase 3

Phase 3 of the A.A.R.C. Facility will be expanding the facility to connect the two volumes from Phase 1 and 2 so that they become one long continuous building. Like Phase 2, this phase would be constructed with primarily reclaimed and materials. The new infill space will house flexible research spaces including a laboratory and workshop space. The building can now accommodate intensive, experimental research into new crops, farming methods, products, biogenic material production, and other agricultural and sustainable practices. Workshop and storage spaces are now primarily used for farming activities and the sharing of resources, tools, and information. Farmers would dedicate about 5-10% of farmland on their own parcels for collective co-op production projects, while the abandoned coastal edge of the parcel would be allowed to rewild with anti-erosion flora and native fauna. 83

In addition, due to the uncertain future of the adjacent Mont-Joli Airport, this phase proposes adaptive re-use of the vast arable land on the airport property for integration with co-op activities and crop production. The A.A.R.C. would become the new major center of the community in Saint-Flavie, able to host both innovative private research and large public social events yearround. It would help attract both public and private investment into the region while maintaining Sainte-Flavieʼs traditional status as a tourist destination. The flexible spatial arrangement of the final building itself consists of modular interior wood and straw bale partitions which can be easily disassembled and reassembled into new configurations as the farmersʼ needs change over time. The strong thermal properties of these enclosures also allow for experimentation in natural thermoregulation as these configurations change. This phase represents the launching pad for new opportunities to transform the town and the region into a world model for climate resiliency and agricultural innovation.

Site Axonometric - Phase 3

Typical Costal Farm Lots

te Rou ure t u F

32 y1 Hw

Farm Lots

Chapter 3: The Facility

GOVʼT OF QUEBEC Up to $200,000 funding incentives for moving from coastal floodplain

CO-OP FACILITY

Leased or sold to displaced residents, tourists and other clients

FARMERS Build

Build

Revenue

CO-OP PHASE 3: INNOVATION

Research Grants

Legend Building material flows Financial flows Crop flows

New Biogenic Bldg Materials

New Crops

Employment

Expansion of Facility to Provide Experimental Research Labs, Learning Rooms

Research Share Revenue

10% of land designated for co-op operations, experimenting with new crops, methods and research.

Expansion of Facility to provide rental tourist accomodation and a public events venue

Build

Storage & Processing of Salvaged Material from Unbuilt Homes

CO-OP PHASE 2: AGRITOURISM

NEW HOMES

Construction

% of Incentive

Build

Sales/Leasing

CO-OP PHASE 1: WORK

Build

Salvaged Barns

% of Incentive

Disassembled, materials salvaged. Land rewilding

Salvaged Homes

Salvage Homes

COASTAL STRUCTURES

FARM LOTS

Construction Process - Phase 3

Chapter 3: The Facility

87 Phase 3 of the A.A.R.C. fills up the gap space between the building to complete the remaining programmatic elements of the space. Each extremity of the buildings, constructed to be easily dismantled, are partly taken down and reused for the construction. The building sequence stays still and it is expected that this part is quickly realized as they are in continuity with the rest of the building. In this scenario, the closing gesture complete the thermal regulation strategy (thermal nesting) of the building, refer to chapter 4.

Phase 3: Research & Innovation Phase 3 of the building will be devoted to expanded facilities for research and innovation, including a fully equipped laboratory. A large multi-purpose learning space along the south side can be used as a classroom and meeting room to host training sessions, classroom visits, lectures and workshops. the room also doubles as a sun room to let in solar gain in the winter. Oﬃce space and additionals torage will be provided as well This phase marks the final piece of the facility connecting all phases, with its proximity to the workshop from Phase 1 allowing ease of connection between hands-on work between the shop, laboratory and classroom.

a se Ph

Chapter 3: The Facility

1. Laboratory 2. Sunroom Learning Space 3. Open Oﬃce 4. Storage 5. Closets 6. Operable Garage Doors

To Multipurpose Space

a se Ph

To workshop

as Ph

2 6

Floodplain

Typical Coastal Farm Lot - Phase 3

1. Rewilding/cultivation of Coastline continues, trees such as the common juniper are introduced as a wind buﬀer 2. Concrete foundations undergo carbonatation, creating a carbon sink over time. As the concrete shells fi ll with water, algae slowly breaks down the concrete.

3. Advanced progression of shoreline has made Coastal Route 132 totally impassable 4. The remaining floodplain could have multiple uses such as a beach, campsite, park or for (limited) agricultural production. Other possibilities include selling or consolidating the leftover floodplain to become new public lands as a park, ecological reserve or common beach for the residents and visitors of Sainte Flavie.

Chapter 3: The Facility

Uphill 1. New/replacement barn buildings have been completed and all farm operations, animals, tools etc have been permanently relocated uphill at the rear road. 2. Normal farm operations continue. Research- and touristbased co-op operations ramp up with Phase 2 of the facility complete: Participating farmers agree to designate a percentage of their own lands for production of experimental crops and methods on behalf of co-op research.

A.A.R.C.ʼs Operation Flows

GOVʼT OF QUEBEC Up to $200,000 funding incentives for moving from coastal floodplain

A.A.R.C. FACILITY

Build

NEW HOMES Leased or sold to displaced residents, tourists and

CO OP PHASE 2: AGRITOURISM

Sales/L Leasing

Build

FARMERS Build

10% of land designated for co-op operations, experimenting with new

Revenu ue

Build

Expansion of Facility to provide rental tourist accomodation and a public events venue

Build

Storage & Processing of Salvaged Material from Unbuilt Homes Salvage Homes

Salvaged Barns

% of Incentive

Disassembled, materials salvaged. Land rewilding

CO OP PHASE 1: WORK

Research Grants

CO OP PHASE 3: INNOVATION Expansion of Facility to Provide Experimental Research Labs, Learning Rooms All programs are now functional and connected, providing consistent flows of income revenue, material and new and old crops for research, development and innovation.

Construction

Salvaged Homes

COASTAL STRUCTURES

FARM LOTS

Staple crops

Research Share Revenue Rental Income New Crops Biogenic Materials

EDUCATION Legend Building material flows Financial flows Crop flows

Opportunities for education are created through the CO-OP

Chapter 3: The Facility

COMMUNITY

RESIDENTS Residents benefit from the market, the employemet opportunities and the new economic growth of tourism

Hiring

ECONOMY

MARKET The market benefits the community for providing goods as well as enployments and for attracting tourism

Shipping

EXPORTS

Sales

All Crops

The economy is strenghtened by the export of agricultural goods outside of the region

TOURISM Agritourism and vacationing become the two dominant drivers of tourism into the local economy

EMPLOYMENTS The market, crops and CO OP create employment opportunities for the community

WORKSHOPS AND EVENTS Both the community and tourists benefir from the events and workshops organized at the CO-OP. It brighs socio-economic and cultural value to the area.

Hiring/Training

FUTURE MANUFACTURING With new reasearch about biogenic material and other flax products, there will be an incentive for mass manufacturing of those products

Sales

New Biogenic Bldg Materials

Sales

Climate Adaptation

Chapter 4

Current climate Near Team mean temperatures Long Term mean temperatures Interior setpoint temperatures Adaptive comfort temperature range

Coldest annual temperature 13°C diﬀerence Hottest annual temperature Comfortable

The temperature cascades are based on the two extreme setpoint temperatures. θ1 Summer

θ2

23.5°C 25°C

θ3 27.5°C

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

4.1

Regional Climate Projection Adaptive Tresholds

To face climate change with resiliency, we designed our building for the worst-case scenario, with a climate projection between 2081 and 2100 assuming a high-carbon future. The adaptive thresholds for the region are based on the IPCC Interactive Atlas database. Based on the ICPPʼs projections, the average temperature for the Bas-St-Laurent region would still generally be very cold, however natural ventilation could be used for at least half of the year to provide passive cooling in the warm season. In the summertime, comfortable temperature is achievable without any supplementary mechanical cooling devices, even on the hottest day of summer. Generally, local Summers will get hotter, and Winters will get warmer, creating an opportunity to also provide passive ventilation strategies even in previously-cooler months. 97

Regional Climate Projection - 50 years 1 : 1 000 000

Ar S

Sainte-Flavie will be aﬀected. New possibilities for agriculture will be created such as new crops to grow. The total population of the Bas-Saint-Laurent region will have increased by about 7.8%. This number is a prediction based on the tendencies from the 2016 census from Statistics Canada extended over 50 years*. For this prediction to happen, adaptation is necessary to face the challenges brought by climate change.

l m l3e1% pu 3k Po e a : a2 b+ 8s2 Ar n-: etios m2 -udla 5k iPeop ea: 6 er % Ba A r r m -3 3 s u 93 i s n: 3 é t t io 2 e M p u l a 4 9k m vi l a 3 8% Po e a : Ar -F 8 te : 5 4 i n io n 2 e % Sa lat km uc 5 -18 L pu 3 8 9 Po e a : e 22 A r nt n: i io 2 t la k m pu 73 Po e a : i Ar

In 50 years, the average yearly temperature near the shore line will be at 7 °C meaning that there will be a 2 °C increase from now.

s 24 ou : 5 m lation m2 k pu 2 3 Po e a : Ar

57 +4 2%

F 17 t - :1 2 i n t io n m S a pu l a 1 21 k Po e a : Ar

n ie

Average Yearly Temperature

7 °C 6 °C Ri

5 °C

e 00 èr : 2 vi lation m2 k pu 8 4 Po e a : Ar

4 °C

s Le s e qu s Be

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up Lo +3.0%

Rimouski-Neigette

r 00 ou n: 9 m atio m2 K a opu l : 4 3k P ea

é dr 1% An +1

0 te : 7 3 i n t io n 2 S a p u l a 70 k m Po e a : Ar

3 °C

as ka

+4 6%

èr

tiè

ca 2 72 Po t i o n : 2 L a pu l a 21 k m Po e a : Ar

0 -3 ad

Té m

isc

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% 36

Po e a : Ar

es ol % st -61 P i 26 5 s - :1 oi t i o n Tr pula 8km

8 °C

National park

Controled exploitation zone

Wildlife reserve

e 4% -2 an 3 at 62 ic % r M 13 l 5 n: 2 -4 U 7 t io m 32 la 3ke n: pu 66nt Po eaa: i t io 2 rS la m

FLE

NT R4:E Climate Adaptation Chapter hapter U -LA 13 2 Ro a d IN T A S E

at a

s % La

BA S

-S A

E AUR L IN T

t ap

éd i

La Mitis

Total Population Count Year 1

90 347

Key map Quebec 1 : 20 000 000

Year 15 92 444 Year 50 97 347 +7.8% Footnote:

*Population data from 2011 - 2016 taken from Statistics Canada, https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/

d 13

Ro a

100

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

4.2

Agricultural Adaptation Optimizing Yields

Sainte-Flavie has two great natural resources that provide the economic and social vitality of the town: the water, which attracts a tourist economy, and the land, which supports great agricultural productivity. We have seen the massively disruptive impact that climate change is having on the relationship between the townspeople and the water. However, its eﬀects on their relationship with the land have the potential to be much more salutary, as longer growing seasons and projected increases in crop yields are expected to be a boon for the agricultural economy of Bas-St-Laurent. This silver lining puts Sainte-Flavie in a great position to adapt to climate change gracefully by capitalizing on innovation in the agriculture sector.

101

In addition to increased yields of existing crops, climate change will likely allow the introduction of new crops to the region. The A.A.R.C. facility and attendant co-operative provide the foundation for the local farmers to pool resources and research new crops and farming methods, as well as byproducts of crops, such as the surging market interest in biogenic building materials. Flaxseed cultivation, which has recently begun in the region, is an example of a crop that has huge economic and manufacturing potential beyond its raw commodity value, which could translate to major new investments into industry and employment in the greater region. Finally, the uncertain future of Mont-Joli Interregional airport leaves open the possibility to convert some of its nearly 910 acres of land into agricultural uses in partnership with A.A.R.C. operations.

Crop Rotations and Yields A Case Study of Flax Yields According to Diﬀerent Stubbles Crop Rotations. Crop rotations consists of planting diﬀerent crops sequentially on a given area of farm land in order to improve the soilʼs health, balance its nutrients, and combat pest and weed stress. A simple rotation could involve two or three crops, and a more complex one might include a dozen. Below is a preliminary list of crops that could potentially be integrated in a crop rotation with flax. However, actual rotations should be planned using local expertise; it would be unreasonable to specify a specific crop rotation strategy.

FLAX SOWN ON WHEAT STUBBLE

FLAX SOWN ON BARLEY STUBBLE

lowest yield and quality

high yield and quality

Wheat Grass Triticum

Barley Grass Hordeum vulgare

Light: Full sun

Soil: Well-drained soil

Soil: Loamy soil, Well-drained soil

Bloom time: Spring to Summer

Advantages: Erosion control, Nutri-

Advantages: Easy to grow, Erosion

ent cash crop, Cash and cover crop,

control, Nutrient recycler, Weed

Weed suppressor, Soil enhancer,

suppressor, Soil enhancer, Pest

Spring pasture.

suppression.

102

FLAX SOWN ON ITS OWN STUBBLE

Blue Flax Linum perenne Light: Full sun Soil: Sandy soil, Loamy soil, Drought/dry soil Bloom time: Spring to Summer Advantages: Easy to grow, Bee friendly, Low maintenance, Good for containers, Great for mass plantings, Naturalizes.

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

A Natural Solution. If a farmer plants the exact same crop on his/her land every year, he/she continually pulls the same nutrients out of the soil. In the long term, as the growing conditions of the land will remain constant, pests and diseases who thrive from these conditions will start to appear. With monocultures like the one described, adding chemical fertilizers and pesticides becomes a necessity in order to maintain high yields. Thus, a simple crop rotation helps to naturally combat the undesired eﬀects associated to monocultures.

FLAX SOWN ON SWEET CLOVER STUBBLE

FLAX SOWN ON SOYBEAN STUBBLE

medium yield and quality

high yield and quality

Common Oat Avena sativa

Sweet Clover Melilotus Officinalis

Soybean Glycine max

Light: Full sun

Soil: Sandy soil, Loamy soil,

Soil: Sandy soil, Clay soil, Average

Soil: Average soil, Well-drained soil

Drought/dry soil

soil

Bloom time: Spring to Summer

Bloom time: Late Spring to mid

Advantages: Agronomic value, Cash

Advantages: Weed suppressor, Ero-

Summer

crop, Erosion control, Diversifies

sion control, Scavenge excess nutri-

Advantages: Naturalizes, Soil

producersʼ grain marketing portfo-

ents, Add biomass, Soil enhancer.

enhancer, Erosion control

lio, Soil enhancer.

103

FLAX SOWN ON OAT STUBBLE

FLAX SOWN ON CANOLA STUBBLE

FLAX SOWN ON PEA STUBBLE

medium yield and quality

low yield and quality

Highest yield and quality

Corn

Canola Brassica napus

Sweet Pea

Light: Full sun

Light: Full sun / Half sun

Soil: Well-drained soil

Soil: Sandy / Loamy / Clay Soil,

Bloom time: Spring to Summer

Well-drained soil

Advantages: Bee friendly, Erosion

Bloom time: Summer

control, Nutrient cash crop, Cash

Advantages: Attract Butterflies, Bee

and cover crop, Weed suppressor,

Friendly, Fragrant, Extended Bloom

Soil enhancer,

Time (more than 4 weeks), Great For

104

FLAX SOWN ON CORN STUBBLE

Zea mays subsp. mays Light: Full sun Soil: Loamy soil Bloom time: Spring to Summer Advantages: Easy to grow, Low maintenance, Cash crop, Scavenge excess nutrients.

Lathyrus odoratus

Mass Plantings

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

FLAX SOWN ON SUNFLOWER STUBBLE

FLAX SOWN ON POTATO STUBBLE

medium yield and quality

high yield and quality

medium yield and quality

Navy Bean

Sunflower

Potato

Phaseolus vulgaris

Helianthus

Solanum tuberosum

Light: Full sun

Light: Full sun / Half sun

Light: Full sun

Soil: Well-drained, Slightly acidic

Soil: Sandy / Loamy / Clay Soil,

Soil: Well-drained, acidic soil

Bloom time: Spring to Summer

Drought / Moist Soil

Bloom time: Spring to Summer

Advantages: Agronomic value, Cash

Bloom time: Summer

Advantages: Easy to grow, Cash

crop, Erosion control, Diversifies

Advantages: Attract Butterflies, Easy

crop, Easy to store crop

producersʼ grain marketing portfo-

To Grow, Attract Hummingbirds,

Disadvantages: Greatly disturbs soil

lio, Soil enhancer.

Bee Friendly, Low Maintenance,

health and strength

105

FLAX SOWN ON NAVY BEAN STUBBLE

Great For Mass Plantings

Crop rotations and yields

1 9 2

106

Typical Farm Lot Organization Simple crop rotation scenario Legend 1

Farmerʼs family home

Barn

Vacant / Rentable portion of land

Subdivision of land to allow for crop rotations ( optional )

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Blue Flax

Linum perenne Flax enhances the soil structure and reduces the risk

Soybeans provide nitrogen-rich residue to the soil and

of worms and fungi. Following itʼs cultivation, the

are therefore best to plant prior to a crop that absorbs

soil is now in itʼs ideal condition thanks to the weed

significant amounts of nitrogen.

suppression advantages of flax.

Canola Brassica napus

Soybean Glycine max

Corn Zea mays subsp. mays

Canola roots grow deeper in the soil and can therefore

Corn absorbs significant amounts of nitrogen and

absorb nutrients that are not accessible to other crops.

phosphorous from the soil. Corn also requires the

The roots also allow for water to penetrate through

presence of potassium, zinc, iron, manganese, copper

the soil, reducing the risk of erosion and improving

and boron to grow properly.

soil structure for future crops.

Common Oat

Potato Solanum tuberosum

Oat scavenges excess nutrients, more precisely, it

Potatoes have a very high soil nutrient uptake. After

absorbs the excess Nitrogen, Potassium and Pospho-

the harvest, the amount of crop residue is low and

rus found in the soil when planted early enough.

therefore the soil results with little protection from erosion. Furthermore, the use of heavy machinery to harvest the crop aresults to a greater soil degradation.

Sunflower

Barley Grass

Helianthus

Hordeum vulgare

Sunflowers provide shade and therefore have very

Barley absorbs the excess Nitrogen found in the soil. It

good weed suppression qualities. They can also help

also reduces soil moisture in its early growing stages,

in cleaning contaminated soils and are therefore very

improves soil structure and helps in weed control by

good to include in a crop rotation strategy.

providing suﬃcient amounts of shading.

Wheat Grass Triticum Wheat grass improves the soil structure as well as increasing the nitrogen supply of the soil. Similar to the canola roots, wheat roots also allow for water to penetrate through the soil which means less runoﬀ and faster drainage and thus reducing the risk of erosion.

107

Avena sativa

Projected Climate Change Eﬀects on Crop Yields Case Study: Economic Benefits of Flax Farming should be seen as a silver lining for climate change in the town of Sainte Flavie; while rising sea levels are threatening the coastal tourism aspect of the economy, rising temperatures are also improving the conditions for the farming section to flourish. We propose that Sainte-Flavie capitalizes on this opportunity to be a new center for Quebec agriculture, additionally shifting its tourism sector from strictly coastal tourism to more agritourism.

108

Studies by ecologists in recent years have sought to quantify the impact of projected climate change on the agricultural sector in Quebec. The general consensus is that while some regions of Quebec will likely experience declining crop yields in the near future, BasSt-Laurent is uniquely poised to see an immense surge in crop yields and productivity. Furthermore, generally, rising temperatures and longer growing seasons are expected to allow the region to grow new crops that are not yet widely cultivated. This

Research Citation: J Brassard, B. Singh. (2007) “Eﬀects of climate change and CO2 increase on potential agricultural production in Southern Québec, Canada.” Climate Research, Vol. 34 105-117.

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation The growth of flaxseed is already being adopted by farmers in the Bas-St-Laurent region, due to its higher profitability than some other staple regional crops. However, beyond the benefits of flax growth to the farmers themselves, flaxseed cultivation has many other great benefits that could have a transformational domino eﬀect on the greater regional economy of the Gaspesie. Flaxseed is already widely used for so many diﬀerent manufacturing applications, including the production of linen textiles, linseed oil, linoleum. Market interest in new biogenic and sustainable building materials will position flaxseed as a major beneficiary of investment and R&D, positioning the A.A.R.C. facility as an ideal testing ground for using flax in new ways. This could be a major opportunity to bring manufacturing, innovation, entrepreneurship, and employment opportunities to the region and help slow or reverse trends of depopulation and disinvestment.

109

Site Plan

110

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Mont-Joli Regional Airport (With agricultural activities) 111

Future Route

Hw y 1 3

1 2 3 4 5 6

Main Entrance Exterior Parking Staging Area Garden Experimental Field Greenhouse

Site Sections

Section A

112

7 10

Section B

A B

Key Plan

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

2 13

7 3

113

9 12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Research Co-op Exterior Parking Staging Area Garden Experimental Field Greenhouse Farm Lots Mont-Joli Regional Airport Highway 132

10 11 12 13 14 15

Shared Kitchen / Dining Entrance / Open Space Sunroom Workshop Storage Organic (Terric Humisol) Top Soil Subsoil Parent Material Bedrock

A.A.R.C.

Airport S ve u e Fl

r au L tin

t en

Mont Joli

Farmer Routes to AARC

Typ. Coastal farms

Map of Sainte-Flavie

e El

t va

n io

114

Sainte-Flavie (Coastal Route 132 decomissioned due to sea level changes)

r -y 50

Li re o Sh m 10

a ev El

n tio

r Fa al

A.A.R.C.

ts Lo

132

a Co

n tio

te Rou

c pi

a ev El

Adaptive Reuse of Mont-Joli Interregional Airport In 2020, Air Canada indefinitely suspended operations to the Mont-Joli interregional airport due to financial uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic. National eﬀorts to combat climate change are likely also going to limit the viability of discretionary air travel, leaving the future fate of the airport in question. Because it is located next to our proposed A.A.R.C. site, we are proposing adaptive re-use of the arable land on the airport grounds

for farming and integration with the A.A.R.C. facilityʼs operations. Furthermore, the Ecocentre de la Mitis, also located on the airport site, can compliment material processing at the A.A.R.C Facility. Agricultural activties on the land could also occur concurrently with ongoing flight operations without decomissioning the airport.

10m

Lo ts

n tio

lF ar

New parcels on farm lots to house displaced coastal residents

st a

Sa in te M -F on la t-J vi ol e i

en tf or

op o

a ev El

Ele

Chapter C Ch ap pte ter 4: 4: Climate Cli lima mate ma tte e Adaptation Ad da ap pttat atio ion io n

n tio

115 115

New Farmland (decomissioned Mont-Joli Interregional Airport) 910 Acres

Ecocentre de la Mitis (operations continue in collaboration with the A.A.R.C. facilityʼs material reclamation processing.

-F L

JO LI AV I

t ul

Sa in t M on e-Fl av t-J ie ol i

Former Terminal

M ON T

. Ch

a re

er rm o F

p A ir

t or

e rop

rty

20 °C

37 °C

36 °C

35 °C

37 °C

36 °C

32 °C

28 °C

34 °C

31 °C

116

Achieving thermal comfort The human body can generate and dissipate heat depending of itʼs environment. The objective of the metabolism is to regulate the body temperature with minimal eﬀort and when that is being achieved, this is what we call thermal comfort.

Projected climate change Even though basic thermal comfort requirements are likely to remain the same over time, the exterior environment is expected to change. Thus, there will be an increasing potential for natural ventilation in the cold and cool seasons and an increasing risk for needing air conditioning in the summer.

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

4.3

Climate Resilient Building Design Designing for Thermal Nesting and Buoyancy Ventilation

This project will integrate new ways of thinking about thermodynamic behavior in a building. Thermal nesting is a design strategy where diﬀerent interior spaces are organized in such a way as to allow the sharing of heat between rooms and partitions. Coupled with buoyancy ventilation and thermal mass (see appendix), this strategy allows for comfortable interior environments from season to season, where the balance of energy exchange and the use of natural ventilation are at the core of how a building works thermodynamically.

Heat exchanges for flow-divided nesting

Heat exchanges for flow-connected

117

In the design process, building parameters such as surface area, internal heat generation, rate of heat transfer, and ventilation rate can precisely predict the experienced indoor environment, therefore enabling a design outcome that can rely mostly on the natural environment, rather than mechanical systems. In addition to considering indoor climatic conditions, we also calculated the embodied carbon (refer to appendix), which is responsible for the principal greenhouse gas emissions in building construction. The construction industry has the potential to shift to a low carbon future by using principally biogenic materials and natural methods.

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange Nesting Strategies: Plan and Sections in Summer

Strategy no.1 Linear

1 6 2

118

1 Storage

5 Garbage room

9 Toilet

13 Multipurpose space

2 Workshop

6 Laboratory

10 Open space

14 Lounge

3 Mechanical room

7 Sunroom

11 Laundry

15 Bedroom

4 Entrance

8 Open oﬃce

12 Oﬃce

16 Shared kitchen & dinning

Strategy no.1 Linear

θ3

θ4

1 Storage Exterior

2 Workshop

θ1

6 Laboratory /

37 °C

27 °C / 36

θ3

θ1

θ4

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Strategy no.2 Spaces within Spaces

9 1

8 9

119

Strategy no.2 Spaces within

θ2

/ Sunroom

6 °C

θ3

θ2

θ1

16 Accommodations

10 Open Space

27 °C / 35 °C

37 °C

θ3 θ1 θ2

θ2

θ1

θ2

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange Nesting Strategies: Plan and Sections in Winter

Strategy no.1 Linear

1 6 2

120

1 Storage

5 Garbage room

9 Toilet

13 Multipurpose space

2 Workshop

6 Laboratory

10 Open space

14 Lounge

3 Mechanical room

7 Sunroom

11 Laundry

15 Bedroom

4 Entrance

8 Open oﬃce

12 Oﬃce

16 Shared kitchen & dinning

Strategy no.1 Linear

θ3

θ4

1 Storage Exterior

2 Workshop

θ1

6 Laboratory /

10 °C

16 °C / 21

θ3

θ1

θ4

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Strategy no.2 Spaces within Spaces

9 1

8 9

121

Strategy no.2 Spaces within

θ2

/ Sunroom

1 °C

θ3

10 Open Space

θ2

θ1

16 Accommodations

10 °C

15 °C / 24 °C

θ3 θ1 θ2

θ2

θ1

θ2

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange Nesting Strategies - Accommodations - Flow Divided

122

The accommodations alternate between a flow-divided scheme in summer and a flow-connected scheme in winter allowing the thermal nesting strategies to be much more eﬃcient in achieving an adequate level of thermal comfort. T1 spaces were designed and set to the minimum required thermal comfort level, 27 °C in summer and 20 °C in winter and then, the temperature cascade was adjusted to mitigate the need for additional cooling. According to our calculations, during the summer; cooling would only be needed in the common kitchen area and the guest rooms which would require a minimal mechanical system. In the winter; cooling would be needed in the open space which could simply be achieved by allowing for natural ventilation in the winter time.

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

ܷ ߠ

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Acco.

Research

Parameters

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

ܷ (w/m2k) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13

Required Heating / Cooling in Summer 2071 A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

ߠ (°C ) 9 8 -1 9 7 -1

(Watts) T3 T2 T1

H mech. -3816 0 -9277

T3 T2 T1

0 0 -11116

H int. 11000 6000 8596 6795 5487 10462

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 5540 5174 -616 5603 4428 -616

ܷAߠ ߠ 1644 825 -65 1192 1059 -38

123 Key Plan

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange Nesting Strategies - Accommodations - Flow Divided

124

Heat gain through conduction

27 °C Setpoint temperature

Required air conditioning

35 °C Setpoint temperature 37°C Setpoint temperature

Insulating material

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

ܷ ߠ

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Acco.

Research

Parameters

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

ܷ (w/m2k) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13

Required Heating / Cooling in Summer 2071 A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

ߠ (°C ) 9 8 -1 9 7 -1

(Watts) T3 T2 T1

H mech. -3816 0 -9277

T3 T2 T1

0 0 -11116

H int. 11000 6000 8596 6795 5487 10462

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 5540 5174 -616 5603 4428 -616

ܷAߠ ߠ 1644 825 -65 1192 1059 -38

125

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange Nesting Strategies - Accommodations - Flow Connected

126

Heat loss through conduction

15 °C Setpoint temperature

Required air conditioning

24 °C Setpoint temperature

Insulating material

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Acco.

Research

Parameters

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

ܷ (w/m2k) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 ܷ

Required Heating / Cooling in Winter 2071 A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

(Watts)

ߠ (°C ) 2 8 13

T3 T2 T1

H mech. -9403 0 0

2 7 16

T3 T2 T1

-5302 0 0

H int. 11000 6000 8596 6795 5487 10462

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 1231 5174 7770

ܷAߠ ߠ 365 825 826

1231 4428 9851

262 1059 611

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

ܷ ߠ

127

Detailed Wall Section The choice to use straw both visually expresses the agricultural roots of the project and functions as an extra layer of insulating biogenic material. Roof overhangs create large interior / exterior thresholds and are designed to control for the amount of solar gain through windows in the summer and winter. Considerations for the construction processes are closely integrated into the cooperativeʼs needs in terms of spaces. The flexibility and adaptability of the interior layout are at the core of the reflection on how to build for an unpredictable future. First, a thin external “shell” envelope encloses spaces with fewer thermal needs, like storage and workshop spaces. A grid of Glulam columns and beams support in-situ fabricated trusses, made of salvaged materials and steel tension cables. Next, infill construction allows for more thermally-controlled spaces to be created in adaptable configurations as the cooperative expands its activities. The construction strategy for walls around these “nested” spaces consists of plaster-coated straw-bales held in place by a modular wood framing system, which provide both a strong R-Value to keep interior heat levels comfortable, as well as a 2=hour fire rating.

128

Both the buildingʼs exterior wall cladding and roofing is made of exposed tied-back straw, which-like the straw bale in the interior nested walls--can be donated from the local farms. Finally, most of the floor structure consists of a wood-frame box truss filled with straw, spanning a crawl space that will be insulated from the perimeter wall by wood fibre board.

Construction systems Infrastructure

Envelopes

1. Crawl space, 1200mm clearance 2. Perimeter Foundation Wall Composition Air & waterproofing membrane 76.2mm Rigid foam insulation 300mm Reinforced concrete foundation wall 3. Gravel around drainage tile R1: Roof composition W1: Exterior wall composition W2: Interior wall composition F1: Floor composition 4. Steel gutter 5. Duratherm double glazed hardwood awning window 6. Skylight with integrated gutter

Structure

7. Glulam column, 200mm x 400mm 8. Glulam Beam, 200mm x 500mm 9. ʻʻFrankensteinʼʼ Long-span wood truss

Interior

10. Wood lintel, 38mm x 241mm 11. Short-span wood truss 12. Semi-Transparent flax fiber drop ceiling installed under tension

Exterior

13. Wood deck, 19mm x 139mm 14. Wood structure, 38mm x 241mm 15. Concrete pillar Ø150mm

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

9 11

Transition Space

Bedroom 129

13 14

2 3

Typical Construction Assemblies

Typical Exterior Shell Wall R-Value

RSI

(ft ·°F·h/BTU)

(m2·K/W)

113mm (Avg.) Tied-back straw siding 19 x 89mm Horizontal wooden battens 19 x 89mm Vertical wooden battens Air & waterproofing membrane 80mm Rigid wood fiber insulation 19mm Plywood sheathing 38 x 139mm exposed wood studs @ 400mm o.c.

10.5 12.3 0.8

1.85 2.17 0.14

Totals

23.7

4.18

R-Value

RSI

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

(m2·K/W)

Cement plaster finish Metal mesh 460mm Straw bale, exposed on one side Metal mesh Cement plaster finish

0.2 43.1 0.2

0.04 7.59 0.04

Totals

43.5

7.67

Eﬀective Nested Total (W2 + W1)

67.2

11.85

R-Value

RSI

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

(m2·K/W)

16mm gypsum wall board 2x4 wood stud wall 16” o.c. 16mm gypsum wall board

0.6 1.0 0.6

0.11 0.18 0.11

Totals

2.2

0.40

Eﬀective Nested Total (W3 + W1) Eﬀective Nested Total (W3 + W1 + W2)

25.9

4.56

69.4

12.25

130

Typical Interior Straw Bale Wall Fire Rating: 2hr

Typical Interior Stud Partition Fire Rating: 1hr

Chapter 4: Climate Adaptation

Typical Roof Assembly R-Value

RSI

(ft 2·°F·h/BTU)

(m2·K/W)

150mm (Avg.) Tied-back Thatched Straw 19 x 89mm Horizontal wooden battens 19 x 89mm Vertical wooden battens Air & waterproofing membrane 80mm Rigid wood fiber insulation 19 x 89mm Horizontal wooden battens Reclaimed wood trusses *sized

14.0 12.3 -

2.47 2.17 -

Totals

26.3

4.64

R-Value

RSI

(ft ·°F·h/BTU)

(m2·K/W)

Soil Vapour Barrier Membrane 100mm sand 1200mm crawl space Air & Waterproofing Membrane 19mm Plywood sheathing Reclaimed wood I joist floor structure 460mm Straw- filled cavity between trusses 19mm Plywood sheathing 19mm wood flooring

0.8 43.1 0.8 0.8

0.14 7.59 0.14 0.14

Totals

45.5

8.01

R-Value

RSI

(ft ·°F·h/BTU)

(m2·K/W)

Soil 152mm gravel bed 100mm wood fibre rigid insulation Waterproofing membrane 152mm concrete slab-on-grade

15.4 1.2

2.72 0.21

Totals

16.6

2.38

Typical Wood Floor Assembly

Slab-on-grade Floor Assembly

131

132

Another Winter

133

Conclusion

134

Chapter 3: The Facility

135

136

137

Appendix

Inventory of Human Resources Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Change on Housing By the year 2036, 32 houses will be flooded and 64 people* will need to find emergency housing while they get their new house constructed. By the year 2071, those numbers will have risen to 78 houses and 156 people*. Most of these events will occur gradually over time, but we do have to consider the possibility of a storm knocking out several houses at once.

Footnote:

Gagnon Mic Brooke Da Guimond Lorr

*Based on a 2.1 average household size https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/

Côté A

Ross Raym Pelletier Lo

Vacant lots

138

Non-Residential lots Beaulieu André

Coastline in 15 years

Drolet Louise

Coastline in 50 years

Charest Annette Desbiens Serge Fortin Jean-François Giguère Gascon Chloé Alain Mario

Jean

Gagné Denis

Bou Lar

Beaulieu Mario

Beaulieu Annie-Clau Duguay Janic Beaulieu Mario

Chenard Bertrand Jones Donald Lavoie Léa

Duguay Odette

Rondeau Patrice Lavoie Michel

Fontaine Gilles Lepage Huguette Malouin François Pelletier Isabelle Coulombe Jacques Lucas Marie-Andrée Fournier Mathieu Proulx Bernier Annie Beaulieu André

Fournier Bernard

Larouche Daniel Duguay Odette

Thibault Yves-Francis

chael rlène raine

Dumas Germaine

Appendix

Dubé Doris Collin Monique Parent Eric Quimper Julie

Dubé Michael Deschènes Pascal Bélanger Caroline

Lapierre Real Tourangeau Nicole Lambert Michel Larouche Jasmine

Banville Dianne Mcinnis Marie-Claude

Louis Junior Fortin Geneviève

Delisle Monique

Gendron André Boudreau Nicolas

Fortin Dianne

Dufour Roger Chénard Livina

Dionne Steve Deschènes Carmen Thériault Alain Rioux Lorrain Bilodeau Eric Desrosiers Daniel

mond ouise

uillon Mélanie

ivée Nathalie

St-Germain Carole Smith Richard St-Amande Mélanie Demers Gilbert Smith Louis Fournier Julie Smith Richard St-Amande Mélanie Smith Louis Fournier Julie

139

n Danielle

Emond Ghislaine Roy Ghislain Turcotte Hélène Pouliot Donald

Lemay Serge

André

ude

Dumas Jocelyne Beaulieu Nicole

Inventory of Human Resources Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Change on Tourism By the year 2036, 32 houses will be flooded and 64 people* will need to find emergency housing while they get their new house constructed. By the year 2071, those numbers will have risen to 78 houses and 156 people*. Most of these events will occur gradually over time, but we do have to consider the possibility of a storm knocking out several houses at once. The numbered lots identify all the public lands that promote seasonal tourism. As time will move forward, most of these lands will be facing the imminent threats of sea level rise and ultimately, have a negative impact on tourism. Footnote:

*Based on a 2.1 average household size https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/

140

Vacant lots 26

Non-Residential lots Coastline in 15 years 16 Coastline in 50 years

28 14

10 3 18 25 13

19 30

17 11

1. Au Goût du Large 2. Camping du Capitaine Homard 3. Camping Impérial 4. Sainte-Flavie Canteen

5. Cantine des Navigateurs 6. Capitaine Homard 7. Centre dʼart M.Gagnon 8. Domaine Repos du Pirate 9. Flavie-Drapeau Halt 10. La Gaspésiana

11. Gîte à la Roseraie 12. Gîte du Vieux Quai 13. Le Havre du Pêcheur 14. Jean Pierre Gagnon Gallery Inc. 15. Le Ketch 32

16. La suggestion sur Mer 17. Sea Pavillon 18. Maison Hél ios soins & détente 19. Lodging du Maraîcher Artisan 20. Motel Appartements le Saint-Patrick 21. Motel la Mer Veille

22. Motel Sainte-Flavie 23. Poissonnerie Chouinʼart 24. Presbytère de Sainte-Flavie 25. Ptit Bistro 26. Restaurant la Rose des Vents 27. Sainte-Flavie Catholic Church 28. Serge Desbiens Galerie 29. Vieux Moulin-Vin de miel 30. Villa Vents et Marées 31. Mont-Joli Motel 32. Municipali Center 33. Privately owned Barns

141

Appendix

142

Illustrated Glossary

Adaptive Comfort Model (ACM)

Buoyancy Ventilation

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

A method of assessing the level of comfort people feel at different temperatures by considering how their perceptions are influenced by variable factors like their level of control over the environment, their expectations from past experiences, etc. This consideration allows us to design for a wider range of acceptable internal temperatures given changing exterior conditions.

A technique of passively ventilating a building by using the difference in density between interior air and exterior air. As hot (low-density) interior air rises and escapes from openings at the top of the building, it draws in exterior air from openings below to create an updraft.

A prefabricated building product made by gluing layers of lumber together into panels. CLT construction has many sustainable advantages; it is a renewable resource, it has the potential to store a lot of carbon, and it can provide a high degree of thermal insulation.

Conduction

Coupling

Damping Coeﬃcient

The transfer of heat through a material. The rate of conductance through a material is represented by its ʻU-Valueʼ, measured in Watts per m2 per second. A higher U-Value number indicates a higher rate of conductance.

A design strategy which uses both buoyancy ventilation and thermal massing together to create a feedback loop of passive cooling and heating. At night, the thermal mass releases heat it absorbed during the day, warming the interior air, which then rises and vents out from above as exterior cool air draws in from below. During the day, the process is inverted: the warmer exterior air is drawn in from above, heating the interior air which heats the thermal mass; simultaneously, cool air falls from above and vents out from below.

A numeric value between 0.0 and 1.0 which refers to the amount of interior temperature reduction achieved relative to the peak exterior temperature among the range of exterior temperatures over the course of a day. (e.g., a damping coeﬃcient of 0.7 means that the interior temperature achieved a 70% reduction from the peak exterior temperature)

Footnote: 1. Citations for Salʼs references

Appendix

Mixed-Mode

Operational Carbon

The carbon dioxide emissions produced in the extraction, manufacturing and transport of building materials, as well as the construction of the building itself, before the building is occupied.

A building ventilation strategy that incorporates both passive and mechanical ventilation systems for occasions when passive strategies are insufficient. This hybrid approach allows for significant savings in energy consumption by reducing over-reliance on air conditioning, while also allowing for flexible adaptation to extreme heat conditions.

The carbon dioxide emissions that are produced while the building is occupied, e.g. from the energy consumption.

Passive

Thermal Mass

Thermal Nesting

In the context of building design, ʻpassiveʼ strategies are any method of ventilating, heating, cooling or lighting a space without using electricity or mechanical systems.

A mass of material that can eﬀectively absorb heat (e.g. stone, concrete). Thermal mass can be used strategically to oﬀset heating and cooling loads.

A building organization strategy in which internal heat is allowed to transfer between diﬀerent rooms and partitions.

143

Embodied Carbon

Section 2 - People Power: Seasonal activities, Internal Heat Generation, and Ventilation Modes People, light fi xtures and mechanical appliances all radiate heat into the air, increasing the overall temperature. The amount of heat generated by people also increases with the number of individuals and the physical intensity of activities being performed. This must be taken into consideration when designing for target interior temperatures.

TIME OF DAY (h)

Jun 21st

10 0 0W/m 2

8:38pm

10 0W/m 2

Jun 21st 4:30am

10W/m 2

PE A

PE A K HOUR S

People (W/m2)

SEDENTARY

Appliances (W/m2)

SEDENTARY

Lights (W/m2)

7:22am

FOF

Sitting 100W

Deskwork 120W

Standing 125W

Cooking 190W

Light Shopwork 220W

Walking 270W

Heavy Work 465W

Intense Sport 655W

MODERATE

Sleeping 70W

INTENSE

Cleaning 160W

INTENSE

144

HEAT GAINS PER PERSON

Dec 21st

PE A

FOF

3:39pm

Dec 21st

Dancing 355W

Light Exercise 415W

Appendix

BEDROOM

OFFICE

CHURCH SERVICE

Occupancy: 0.1/m2

Occupancy: 0.05/m2

Occupancy: 0.1/m2

People: 7W/m2 (72%)

People: 6W/m2 (15%)

People: 150W/m2 (90%)

Light: 2.7W/m (28%)

Light: 8.1W/m (21%)

Light: 16.5W/m2 (18%)

Appliances: 0W/m2 (0%)

Appliances: 25.3W/m2 (64%)

Appliances: 0W/m2 (0%)

HOME KITCHEN

WEIGHT ROOM

LIVING ROOM

Occupancy: 0.1/m2

People: 38W/m (72%)

People: 46.5W/m (86%)

People: 10W/m2 (41%)

Light: 10.7W/m2 (28%)

Light: 7.8W/m2 (14%)

Light: 7.9W/m2 (32%)

Appliances: 684W/m (0%)

Appliances: 0W/m (0%)

Appliances: 6.6W/m2 (27%)

RESTAURANT (DINING)

SUPERMARKET

Occupancy: 0.1/m2

People: 42W/m2 (65%)

People: 70W/m2 (88%)

People: 10W/m2 (28%)

Light: 13.8W/m (21%)

Light: 9.6W/m (12%)

Light: 18.1W/m2 (52%)

Appliances: 8.75W/m2 (14%)

Appliances: 0W/m2 (0%)

Appliances: 7W/m2 (20%)

145

CLASSROOM

Section 3 - A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange The following scenario evaluates the heat exchanges and the influence of the U-value of different building materials on the required envelope surface area in order to acheive proper thermal nesting in winter for a tripple space, flow-connected, building.

0.01 m3/s/person 350 w/person 136 w/person 7 °C *

Q: Hint : H1 : Text :

T1 : T2 : T3 :

21 °C 16 °C 13 °C

θ1 : θ2 : θ3 :

14 °C 9 °C 6 °C

QpCpθ1

QpCpθ2

QpCpθ3

UA1θ1

UAp(θ1-θ2)

UAp(θ2-θ3)

UA3θ3

172.34

110.79

73.86

14.00

47.50

28.50

30.00

146

= 216.34 w/person x 50 = 10 820 w

ED LAT INSU TE CR E CON EL PAN : 140mm

s k ne s 2 T h ic /m k .25w 0 : e lu 2 U -v a 0m : 400 A rea

TED UL A S N I UN TE CR E CON EL PAN m T h ic

m s : 47 2 /m k 4. 0 w 3 : e u

k ne s

l 2 U -v a : 30m A rea

Footnote: * Long term mean temperature in January

ED LAT U S N I EL PAN CLT mm : 14 0 2k 2 w/m : 0. 2 e u l 2 U -v a 0m : 45 4 A rea k T h ic

ne s s

T SULA UNIN EL PAN CLT T h ic

k ne s

s : 87

/ 1.72 w lu e : 2 U -v a m : 580 A rea

2 mk

Rates of Heat Exchange

Appendix

87MM UNINSULATED CLT PANEL 580m2

UA : 20 Occupant load : 50 UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

145m2 290m2 145m2 275.5m2

140MM INSULATED CLT PANEL UA : 20 Occupant load : 50 UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

4540m2

1135m2 2270m2 1135m2 2156.5m2 147

47MM UNINSULATED CONCRETE UA : 20 Occupant load : 50 UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

30m2

7.5m2 15m2 7.5m2 14.26m2

140MM INSULATED CONCRETE PANEL UA : 20 Occupant load : 50

4000m2

UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

1000m2 2000m2 1000m2 1900m2

0.01 m3/s/person 350 w/person 136 w/person 7 °C *

Q: Hint : H1 : Text :

T1 : T2 : T3 :

21 °C 16 °C 13 °C

θ1 : θ2 : θ3 :

14 °C 9 °C 6 °C

QpCpθ1

QpCpθ2

QpCpθ3

UA1θ1

UAp(θ1-θ2)

UAp(θ2-θ3)

UA3θ3

172.34

110.79

73.86

14.00

47.50

28.50

30.00

148

= 216.34 w/person x 50 = 10 820 w

LE SING ANE SS P GLA mm s : __ k ne s 2 T h ic /m k .0 0 w 5 : e lu 2 U -v a m : 170 A rea

BLE DOU NE SS PA A L G k T h ic

m : __m 2k w/m : 1. 2 0

ne s s

lu e 2 U -v a m : 83 0 a e Ar

Footnote: * Long term mean temperature in January

LE W BA A R ST L WAL

K BRIC L WAL T h ic

k ne s

s : 92

kn T h ic

2 mk 41w/ e : 6. 2 u l a U -v m : 160 A rea

ess :

4 60m

2 /m k 0.13 w : e u l 2 U - v a 69 0 m :7 A rea

Rates of Heat Exchange

Appendix

92MM BRICK WALL UA : 20 Occupant load : 50 UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

160m2

40m2 80m2 40m2 76m2

DOUBLE GLASS PANE UA : 20 Occupant load : 50 UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

830m2

207.5m2 415m2 207.5m2 394.25m2 149

SINGLE GLASS PANE UA : 20 Occupant load : 50 UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

170m2

42.5m2 85m2 42.5m2 80.75m2

STRAW BALE UA : 20 Occupant load : 50

7 690m2

UA1 : 5 UA2 : 10 UA3 : 5 UAp : 9.5

1990m2 3980m2 1990m2 3780m2

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange Calculation Table

Phase 2

150

Phase 3

Phase 1

Room name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

Nesting Degree

Storage Workshop Storage Mechanical Toilet Vestibule Changing room Entrance Garbage room Laboratory Sunroom Open office Storage Toilet Toilet Janitor closet ߠ ܷ Open space Toilet Toilet Toilet Laundry Mechanical Entrance Office Multipurpose space ܷ Shared kitchen and dinning ߠ Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom Bedroom

ܳ ߩ ‫݌ܥ‬

m3/s/p kg/m3 kj/kg/c

0.01 1.225 1.005

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

p (m) 67 36 24 72 48 54 14 97

h (m) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

T0 T3 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T1 T2 T1 T1 T2 T2 T2 T3 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T2 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1 T1

Area Ceiling Area Perimeter (m2) (m) 588 98 458 86 25 20 24 20 3 6 3 6 3 6 18 18 27 21 70 34 212 65 74 35 38 25 2 6 2 6 2 6 471 86 ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 8 11 4 4 4 4 5 9 5 9 11 14 5 9 180 112 89 43 12 14 ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14 12 14

Floor Area (m2) 565 440 25 24 3 3 3 18 27 70 212 74 38 2 2 2 453 8 4 4 5 5 11 5 180 89 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Parameters

Wall Area (m2) 441 387 90 90 27 27 27 81 95 153 293 158 113 27 27 27 387 ܷ ߠ 50 18 18 41 41 63 41 504 194 ܷ ߠ63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63

Total Area (m2) 1594 1285 140 138 33 33 33 117 149 293 717 306 189 31 31 31 1311 66 26 26 51 51 85 51 864 372 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87

Room (w

Required Heating / Cooling in Winter 20

Research Acco.

Acco.

Research

(watts) A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

ܷ (w/m2k) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 ܷ

A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

ߠ (°C ) 2 8 13

T3 T2 T1

H mech. -9403 0 0

2 7 16

T3 T2 T1

-5302 0 0

H int. 11000 6000 8596 6795 5487 10462

ܳߩ‫ܥ‬ ‫ܥ‬ 123 517 777

123 442 985

ܳߩ‫ܥ‬

Appendix

071

Appliance Heat Gain Overall Heat Gain App. Power Density App. Power (w/m2) (w) (w) 0 0 9040 5 2200 11000 0 0 400 25 600 1260 0 0 150 0 0 81 0 0 81 0 0 486 0 0 432 45 3150 5250 6.5 1378 2650 25 1850 2738 0 0 608 0 0 150 0 0 150 0 0 160 0 0 6795 0 0 150 0 0 150 0 0 150 0 0 160 25 125 345 0 0 297 25 125 365 6.5 1170 3870 80 7120 9790 0 0 84 0 0 84 0 0 84 0 0 84 0 0 84 0 0 ܳߩ‫ ߠ݌ܥ‬84 ܷ ߠ 0 0 84 0 0 84

Required Heating / Cooling in Summer 2071

ܷAߠ ߠ 365 825 826

31 28 51

262 1059 611

‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

ܷ ߠ

Research

(Watts)

Acco.

‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 31 74 70

Parameters

People Power (w) 9040 8800 400 660 150 81 81 486 432 2100 1272 888 608 150 150 160 6795 150 150 150 160 220 297 240 2700 2670 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

ܷ (w/m2k) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13

A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

ߠ (°C ) 9 8 -1

T3 T2 T1

H mech. -3816 0 -9277

9 7 -1

T3 T2 T1

0 0 -11116

H int. 11000 6000 8596 6795 5487 10462

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 5540 5174 -616 5603 4428 -616

ܷAߠ ߠ 1644 825 -65 1192 1059 -38

151

People Heat Gain Max Occupancy Density Power Density (max people/m2) (w/m2) 0.10 16 0.10 20 0.10 16 0.13 28 0.33 50 0.10 27 0.10 27 0.10 27 0.10 16 0.25 30 0.05 6 0.10 12 0.10 16 0.50 75 0.50 75 0.50 80 0.10 15 0.13 19 0.25 38 0.25 38 0.20 32 0.20 44 0.10 27 0.40 48 0.10 15 0.20 30 0.10 7 0.10 7 0.10 7 0.10 7 0.10 7 ܷ ߠ 0.10 7 0.10 7 0.10 7

m Ppl. Activity w/person) 160 200 160 220 150 270 270 270 160 120 120 120 160 150 150 160 150 150 150 150 160 220 270 120 150 150 70 70 70 70 70 70 70 70

A Thermal Hierarchy: Topological Organization and Rates of Heat Exchange Temperature Cascade

WINTER 2071

7 °C

10 °C

Ext.

36 °C

ܷ SUMMER 2071 ߠ ܷ ߠ

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

ܷ ߠ

152

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

ܳ ߩ ‫݌ܥ‬

m3/s/p kg/m3 kj/kg/c

0.01 1.225 1.005

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

p (m) 67 36 24 72 48 54 14 97

h (m) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

Parameters

Required Heating / Cooling in Winter 20

Research Acco.

Acco.

Research

(Watts) A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

ܷ (w/m2k) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 ܷ

A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

ߠ (°C ) 2 8 13

T3 T2 T1

H mech. -9403 0 0

2 7 16

T3 T2 T1

-5302 0 0

H int. 11000 6000 8596 6795 5487 10462

ܳߩ‫ܥ‬ ‫ܥ‬ 123 517 777

123 442 985

ܳߩ‫ܥ‬

Appendix

15 °C

153

071

ߠ ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

Parameters

ܷ ߠ

Required Heating / Cooling in Summer 2071

ܷAߠ ߠ 365 825 826

31 28 51

262 1059 611

‫ߠ݌ܥ‬

ܷ ߠ

Research

(Watts)

Acco.

‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 31 74 70

35 °C

T3 T2 T1 P T3 T2 T1 P

ܷ (w/m2k) 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.13

A (m2) 302 162 108 324 216 243 63 437

ߠ (°C ) 9 8 -1

T3 T2 T1

H mech. -3816 0 -9277

9 7 -1

T3 T2 T1

0 0 -11116

H int. 11000 6000 8596 6795 5487 10462

ܳߩ‫ߠ݌ܥ‬ 5540 5174 -616 5603 4428 -616

ܷAߠ ߠ 1644 825 -65 1192 1059 -38

Relative Stubble Yield Response (Standardized) Relative yield response (% of 2010 - 2015 average) of Manitoba crops sown on large fields (> 120 acres) of various previous crops (stubble) in rotation - standardized to Red Spring Wheat

154

PREVIOUS CROP

RED SPRING WHEAT

WINTER WHEAT

OATS

BARLEY

CANOLA

RED SPRING WHEAT

100

WINTER WHEAT

109

OATS

109

102

BARLEY

106

108

CANOLA

118

124

103

107

FLAX

113

124

110

101

PEAS

119

114

107

102

SOY BEANS

127

111

112

102

NAVY BEANS

139

NSD

118

119

117

SUN FLOWERS

120

NSD

105

108

CORN

115

114

100

110

POTATOES

104

111

115

NSD - Not suficient date Crop on crop Selected data for complex rotation

References “MMPP - Crop Rotations And Yield Information”. 2021. Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation. https://www.masc.mb.ca/masc.nsf/mmpp_crop_rotations.html.

Appendix

CROP PLANTED PEAS

SOY BEANS

NAVY BEANS

SUN FLOWERS

CORN

POTATOES

100

108

103

101

100

105

101

106

NSD

101

NSD

138

NSD

100

NSD

100

105

NSD

105

NSD

113

NSD

100

117

104

NSD

100

NSD

155

FLAX

Agricultural Machinery Required machinery for planting and harvesting various crops

Tractor

The combine, short for combine harvester, is an essential and complex machine designed for eﬃcient harvesting of mass quantities of grain. Modern combines can cut a swath through a field more than 40 feet wide. The name comes from combining three essential harvest functions – reaping, threshing and winnowing Moore built a full-scale version with a length of 5.2 m (17 ft) and a cut width of 4.57 m

There are a bit more variety in the wi can vary anywhere from 5.8 feet in w 6.2 feet (74.4 inches) is the average w is a list of 18 diﬀerent tractor makes a point.

Straw Harvester

Strawbale

This machine makes bales and transports them to the bund as shown in the photos below. Although it has a higher capacity than the roller baler, its collection capacity is lower because it moves on rubber chain wheels that allows it to be used on wet fields. Moore built a full-scale version with a length of 5.2 m (17 ft) and a cut width of 4.57 m

A standard size bale should be 14 inc and between 36 to 40 inches long. T construction that we design for our h to accommodate this size of bales. De bale should be 7 lbs

156

Combine

idths of a utility tractor. They width to 6.9 feet and more. But width of a utility tractor. Below and models that illustrate this

Grain Drill The grain drill (or drill) is used to plant (or we call it seed) wheat and soybeans. The planter is used to plant corn and sunflowers. 15 ft x 17ft

157

ches high, 18 inches wide he modified post and beam houses and buildings are design ensity. The weight of an average

Appendix

Planter A planter is a farm implement that is usually towed behind a tractor. It is found on farms that grow grain and forage-type crops. Its function is to sow seeds of proper row width into soil for creating evenly spaced crop rows and metered seed gaps. 13320 mm 524.4 in.

158

159

References

References Thermal Nesting A Temperature Cascade: Adaptive Tresholds and Future Projections ʻʼ2013 ASHRAE Handbook - Fundamentals (SI Edition)ʼʼ, Chapter 18, N.E., Atlanta. Accessed September 24, 2021. https://app-knovel-com.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/web/view/pdf/show.v/rcid:kpASHRAEC1/cid:kt00TYE1V2/viewerType:pdf//root_slug:1-psychrometrics/url_slug:psychrometrics?cid=kt00TYE1V2&kpromoter=marc&b-toc-cid=kpASHRAEC1&b-toc-root-slug=&b-toc-url-sl ug=psychrometrics&b-toc-title=m R. de Dear and G. Brager (2012). ʻʼAdaptive comfort and Mixed-Mode Conditioning.ʼʼ In: Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://doi-org.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/10.1007/978-1-4939-2493-6_1049-1 F. Tartarini, S. Schiavon, T. Cheung, T. Hoyt (2020). CBE Thermal Comfort Tool. Accessed September 22, 2021. https://comfort.cbe.berkeley. edu/ Climate projection – IPCC WGI Interactive Atlas: Regional information. Accessed September 23, 2021. https://interactive-atlas.ipcc. ch/?fbclid=IwAR2jOTMuAC06NrmzD8D39IzUSvVSxcMRzaBkFSSSaBN-Y9CywJ7oKyBmQj8 Atlas Climatique du Canada, Municipalité : Mont-Joli. Accessed September 26, 2021. https://atlasclimatique.ca/data/city/280/ plus30_2030_85/line

People Power

160

American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, Standard 55-2020. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2020. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://ashrae.iwrapper.com/ ASHRAE_PREVIEW_ONLY_STANDARDS/STD_55_2020 American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Standard 62.1-2016. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2016. Accessed September 29, 2021. https://www.ashrae.org/File%20Library/Technical%20 Resources/Standards%20and%20Guidelines/Standards%20Addenda/62.1-2016/62_1_2016_s_20190726.pdf Used to determine occupancy densities for use in calculating heat gains for typical program conditions in a per-metre squared. Values in our Appendix adapted from Table 6.2.2.1 R.H. Crawford and A. Stephan (eds.), Living and Learning: Research for a Better Built Environment: 49th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association 2015, pp.153–162. 2015, The Architectural Science Association and The University of Melbourne. Accessed October 1, 2021. https://anzasca.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/015_Khajehzadeh_Vale_ASA2015.pdf Used to approximate percentage of time spent per room in a standard residential home. “Heat Gain from People, Lights and Appliances”, Engineer Educators, accessed September 29, 2021. https://engineer-educators. com/topic/5-heat-gain-from-people-lights-and-appliances/ “Residential internal loads diﬀerentiated by space type”, Unmet Hours, Accessed October 2, 2021. https://unmethours.com/ question/44121/residential-internal-loads-diﬀerentiated-by-space-type/ “Retail Stores as Passive Houses” Passipedia. Accessed October 3, 2021. https://passipedia.org/planning/ non-residential_passive_house_buildings/passive_house_retail “2021 Sun Graph for Mont-Joli”, Time and Date.com, Accessed October 3, 2021. https://www.timeanddate.com/sun/@6944113 Francis, Gemma. “Average Person Spends ʻHalf as Much Timeʼ Cooking As Parentsʼ Generation, Poll Claims.” Independent, February 26, 2020, Accessed October 2, 2021. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/home-cooking-meal-time-kitchen-microwaveparents-a9361236.html

A thermal hierarchy: Topological organization and rates of heat exchange CLT By Stora Enso: Technical Brochure. 2021. Ebook. The Renewable Materials Company. Accessed October 4. https://www.storaenso.com/-/media/documents/download-center/documents/product-brochures/wood-products/clt-by-stora-enso-technical-brochure-en.pdf. M. F. Ashby, Materials and the Environment: Eco-informed Material Choice, 2nd ed., Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2013. Sandwich Panel Core: Concrete Sandwich Panels - Paroc.Com. 2021. Paroc.Com. https://www.paroc.com/applications/ building-insulation/walls/concrete-sandwich-panels.

Social Economic Factors Ladouceur, Stéphane (2021). Bulletin dʼanalyse, Indice de vitalité économique des territoires. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://statistique. quebec.ca/fr/fichier/bulletin-analyse-indice-vitalite-economique-territoires-edition-2021.pdf MRC la Mitis (2021). Matrice graphique Vision. Accessed October 17, 2021. http://matrice.mrclamitis.com/matricedev/Mrc. html?config=SainteFlaviePub Municipalité de Grand-Métis (2015). Règlement de zonage de la municipalité de Grand-Métis, Règlement no. 2011-0145. Accessed October 17, 2021. https://www.municipalite.grand-metis.qc.ca/sites/municipalite.grand-metis.qc.ca/fi les/fichiers/2011-0145_reglement_de_ zonage_9060.pdf RÉGION DU BAS-SAINT-LAURENT | PORTRAIT: Scénarios Climatiques Et Impacts Potentiels En Agriculture. 2018. Ebook. Conseil pour le développement de lʼagriculture du Quebec. https://agriclimat.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Bas-St-Laurent_Portrait.pdf

Agriculture 2021. American Meadows. https://www.americanmeadows.com/. “Building Insulation Materials 2: Natural / Organic”. 2021. Green Spec. h ttps://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/insulation-plant-fi bre/#flax. “Growing Canola For Oilseed Or Cover Crop Use”. 2021. Extension Missouri Education. https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/g4162.

“How To Grow Navy Beans”. 2021. Heirloom Organics. http://www.heirloom-organics.com/guide/va/1/guidetogrowingnavybeans.html. “MMPP - Crop Rotations And Yield Information”. 2021. Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation. https://www.masc.mb.ca/masc.nsf/mmpp_crop_rotations.html. “Potato Growing And Harvest Information”. 2021. Veggie Harvest. https://veggieharvest.com/vegetables/potato-growing-and-harvest-information/. “Soil Fertility Benefits Of Wheat In Rotation”. 2021. Farmtario. https://farmtario.com/crops/soil-fertility-benefits-of-wheat-in-rotation/. State, Fred. 2021. “Rotating Corn And Soybeans May Take A Toll On Soil”. Futurity. https://www.futurity.org/corn-and-soybeans-crops-soil-2175282-2/. “The Benefits Of Sunflowers In The Vegetable Garden”. 2021. Walkerland. https://www.walkerland.ca/the-benefits-of-sunflowers-in-the-vegetable-garden/. Us, About, News Views, Nutrition Cooking, and Industrial Uses. 2021. “Why Grow Canola?”. U.S. Canola Association. https://www.uscanola. com/crop-production/why-grow-canola/. “What Is Soil Health?”. 2021. Sustainable Agriculture Research And Education. https://www.sare.org/resources/what-is-soil-health/. Gingras, S., Lorrain-Cayer, B., (2016). Plan de développement de la zone agricole, Notre ardeur à semer lʼavenir. MRC de La Mitis. Accessed October 27, 2021. https://lamitis.ca/images/Upload/Files/outils/rapport_pdza.pdf Direction régionale du Bas-Saint-Laurent, Ministère de lʼAgriculture, des Pêcheries et de lʼAlimentation Québec (2019). Portrait Agroalimentaire de la MRC de La Mitis. Accessed October 27, 2021. https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/agriculture-pecheries-alimentation/agriculture/industrie-agricole/regions/bas-saint-laurent/ED_portrait_BSL_Mitis_MAPAQ.pdf?1595880643

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“Growing Flax”. 2021. Flax Council Of Canada. https://flaxcouncil.ca/.

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163