10. What Jesus taught

12 Matthew 21:12–13; Mark 11:15–17; Luke 19:45–46. 13 Malachi 3:1. 14 Isaiah 56:7–8; Jeremiah 7:1–15. 15 Mark 11:27. 16 Matthew 21:28–32, 33–46; 22:1–14; Mark 12:1–12; Luke 20:9–19. 17 Matthew 24:1–51; Mark 13:1–37; Luke 21:5–36. 18 Matthew 24:2. 19 Matthew 24:3. 20 Matthew 24:36. 21 Matthew 26:3–5; Mark 14:1; Luke 22:1–2. 22 John 18:31. 23 Acts 7:57–60. 24 Deuteronomy 21:22–23. 25 Matthew 26:14–16; Mark 14:10–11; Luke 22:3–6. 26 Luke 22:24. 27 John 13:2–17. 28 Jeremiah 31:31–34. 29 Luke 22:19. 30 Matthew 26:28. 31 Exodus 24:8. 32 Exodus 24:9–11. 33 Luke 22:19. 34 John 13:18–30. 35 John 14 – 16. 36 John 17. 37 Matthew 26:36–46; Mark 14:32–42; Luke 22:39–46; John 18:1–9. 38 Matthew 26:37–38; Mark 14:33–34; Luke 22:44. 39 Mark 14:35–36. 40 Galatians 3:13. 41 Luke 22:42. 42 1 Corinthians 15:45–47.

13 The trial and the cross

1 Matthew 26:47–56; Mark 14:43–52; Luke 22:47–53; John 18:1–11. 2 Matthew 26:57 – 27:31; Mark 14:53 – 15:20; Luke 22:54

– 23:25; John 19:12 – 19:16. 3 On Joseph: Matthew 27:57; Mark 15:43; Luke 23:50–51; John 19:38. On Nicodemus: John 3:1–21; 7:50–51; 19:39–42. 4 John 19:5, King James (Authorised) Version. 5 Matthew 27:6; John 18:28. 6 Luke 11:42. 7 Josephus, Antiquities 20.198; John 18:19–24. 8 Matthew 26:57–68; Mark 14:53–65; Luke 22:66–71. 9 Isaiah 53:7. 10 Matthew 26:63. 11 Matthew 26:64. 12 Daniel 7:13; there is also an incorporation here of Psalm 110:1–2, widely recognised then and now as referring to the Messiah. 13 Matthew 26:65. 14 Matthew 26:58, 60–75; Mark 14:54, 66–71; Luke 22:54–62;

John 18:15–18, 25–27. 15 Matthew 27:3–10. 16 See H. K. Bond, ‘Pontius Pilate’, in Joel B. Green, Jeannine K.

Brown and Nicholas Perrin (eds.), Dictionary of Jesus and the

Gospels (IVP, 2nd edition, 2013). 17 Matthew 8:5–13; Luke 7:1–10. 18 Luke 23:6–12. 19 Matthew 27:15–21; Mark 15:6–11; Luke 23:18–19; John 18:38–40. 20 John 19:6. 21 John 19:7. 22 John 19:12. 23 John 19:15. 24 Josephus, Jewish War, 2:21, 5. 25 Matthew 27:27–31; Mark 15:16–20; John 19:1–3. 26 Matthew 27:32–56; Mark 15:21–41; Luke 23:26–49; John 19:17–37. 27 Quintilian, Declamations, 274.13. 28 Matthew 27:32; Mark 15:21; Luke 23:26. 29 Matthew 27:34, 38; Mark 15:24; Luke 23:32–33; John 19:18, 23–24. 30 Matthew 27:39–41; Mark 15:29–32; Luke 23:35–37. 31 Matthew 27:37; Luke 23:38; John 19:19–22.

32 Acts 7:60. 33 John 19:27. 34 Joel 2:2; Amos 8:9. 35 2 Corinthians 5:21. 36 John 1:29. 37 See John 17:4. 38 John 19:34. 39 Matthew 27:51; Mark 15:38; Luke 23:45. 40 On Joseph, see note 3 above. Matthew 27:57–61; Mark 15:42–47; Luke 23:50–56; John 19:38–42. 41 Matthew 27:62–66. 42 Hebrews 2:11. 43 Galatians 4:5; Romans 8:14,23; 9:4; Ephesians 1:5. 44 Matthew 27:42. 45 Matthew 27:45; Mark 15:33; Luke 23:44. 46 John 1:4.

14 The resurrection

1 1 Corinthians 15:14, 17. 2 John 21:9. 3 Acts 17:31. 4 1 Corinthians 15:3–8. 5 Galatians 1:18. 6 Acts 7:58; 8:1–3; 9:1–2; 9:13; 22:4; 1 Corinthians 15:9;

Galatians 1:13; Philippians 3:6. 7 Matthew 28:1–10; Mark 16:1–8; Luke 24:1–12; John 20:1–10. 8 John 20:5–7. 9 Compare Mark 3:21 and John 7:5 with Acts 12:17, Galatians 1:19; 2:9. 10 Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 20:9, 1. 11 John 20:5. 12 On the significance of names in the Gospels see Richard

Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as

Eyewitness Testimony (Eerdmans, 2nd edition, 2017). 13 John 20:17. 14 It’s widely available on the Internet in a variety of translations.

We’ve accessed: http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/ gospelpeter-brown.html 15 See the discussion in T. P. Henderson, ‘Gospels: Apocryphal’, in Joel B. Green, Jeannine K. Brown and Nicholas Perrin (eds.),

Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels (IVP, 2nd edition, 2013). 16 Acts 1:21–22; 2:22, 32; 3:13–15. 17 Babylonian Talmud, Baba Kamma 88a. 18 Josephus, Antiquities, 4:219. 19 1 Corinthians 11:20–30. 20 Romans 6:4. 21 See for example Michael R. Licona, The Resurrection of Jesus (Apollos, 2010) and at a more popular level Josh McDowell and

Sean McDowell, Evidence That Demands a Verdict (Authentic, 2nd edition, 2017). 22 Matthew 3:17; see also Matthew 17:5. 23 Revelation 1:7. 24 2 Peter 1:19; Revelation 2:28; 22:16. 25 1 Peter 1:20; 2 Peter 3:3. 26 1 Corinthians 15:20–23. 27 Luke 24:32.

15 not the last word

1 Acts 10:37–43. 2 Acts 1:1–2. 3 Matthew 16:15. 4 Matthew 6:9–13.

issue 1: can we trust the Gospels?

1 The indefatigable Craig S. Keener discusses ancient novels at length in his commentary on Acts. Acts: An Exegetical

Commentary, 4 vols (Baker Academic, 2012), vol. 1, pp. 62–83.

See also R. F. Hock, ‘Romances/Novels, Ancient’ in Craig A.

Evans and Stanley E. Porter, Dictionary of New Testament

Background (IVP, 2000). 2 On this question of the accuracy of the Gospel accounts in respect of culture and geography, the treatment of Peter

Williams in Can We Trust the Gospels? (Crossway, 2018) is very helpful. 3 Mark 13:32. See also Matthew 10:5–6; Mark 9:1. 4 For example, Matthew 24:15–22; Mark 13:14–20; Luke 21:20–24. 5 Richard Bauckham, Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels

as Eyewitness Testimony (Eerdmans, 2nd edition, 2017).

Aspects of this work are summarised in Peter Williams Can We

Trust the Gospels? (Crossway, 2018).

issue 2: how did the Gospels come to us?

1 Matthew 10:24–25; 23:8; John 13:13–15. 2 For example Mark 5:41; 15:34. 3 A very helpful writer on this is Ken Bailey who was able to write from years of missionary activity within the Middle East. See K.

E. Bailey, ‘Informal Controlled Oral Tradition and the Synoptic

Gospels’, at https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/article_tradition_ bailey.html 4 James R. Edwards, in The Hebrew Gospel and the

Development of the Synoptic Tradition (Eerdmans, 2009). 5 Acts 2:9–12, 41. 6 You can verify the accuracy for yourself by comparing a modern

Bible translation with a high-resolution photographic reproduction of the entire Dead Sea Scroll of Isaiah at http:// dss.collections.imj.org.il/isaiah. Mercifully for those of us not fluent in Hebrew, it includes a translation. 7 If we compare modern versions such as the nLt (New Living

Translation) and the niv (New International Version) with the much revered Authorised Version of 1611 we find that only two substantial blocks of text in the Gospels have been rejected in over 400 years. The first includes various verses added to

Mark’s Gospel to smooth out its abrupt ending. These have been considered questionable summaries for centuries and their omission causes no problem. The second is the passage in John’s Gospel (John 7:53 – 8:11) about the woman caught in adultery. It certainly doesn’t fit in John but nevertheless there is a widespread acknowledgement that this is an authentic account of an incident in the life of Jesus. It’s not hard to imagine why someone found it convenient to omit a story in which a sexually immoral woman is shown leniency and the religious leadership is humiliated! Actually some manuscripts include it after Luke 21:38 and both its language and sympathy with women fit very much with Luke’s interests. 8 A detailed refutation of the idea that the New Testament is corrupted can be found in Daniel B. Wallace, Revisiting the

Corruption of the New Testament – Manuscripts, Patristic and

Apocryphal Evidence (Kregel, 2011).