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Stretcher bond
This is a restructured version of stretcher bond to make the tower look taller and ventilated. This structure bond can be seen in the midsection of the tower
This week’s task is to build a tower using MDF blocks. The tower must have an opening wide enough for a dinousaur toy to goes in and tall enough for it to accomodate. This tower t uses stretcher bond as foundation and throughout the structure. The use of stretcher bond is because it is stronger and more stable than stack bond. We’ve experimented a new bond in this tower, which lessesn the strength of the tower t considerably. ALso noticed that building stretcher bond takes a large amount of time..
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Tension
- pulls, moves apart and undergo tension - stretches and elongate the material - elongation depends on: 1) Stiffness 2) Cross C sectional area 3) Magnitude
Compression
- pushes, moves closer (compact) - shorten the material
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This week’s studio session requires each group to cut out 40 strips of balsa and build a skeletal structure out of the strips. We are allowed to use superglue and a small amount of masking tape on our structures. The aim is to build a structure that could reach the ceiling, but nobody in my studio built a structure that reaches the ceiling. I learnt that using more glue than neccessary will result in the delay of building because the glue will take a while to dry. It is very important for time limited tasks because we could not use all the balsa strips due to the fact that we ran out of time. Using masking tape on the balsa strip to keep them straight does not help because they became very thick and bulky and the structure will start to deteriorate.
WEEK 2 Studio Session
Comparison of the structure with an average height human.
Using superglue to stick two balsa strips together
Bird’s eye view of the entire structure.
Photo credits: Phoo Pwint Hlaing (2014)
Enclosure Systems - roof - floor - shell
Structural Systems - doors & windows - special construction - interiors
Environmentally Sustainable Design (ESD) Considerations: - LIFE CYCLE - CARBON FOOTPRINT
Common ESD Stretegies: - Local Materials - Material Efficiency - Thermal Mass - Night Air Purging - Solar Energy - Wind Energy - Cross Ventilation - Smart Sun Design - Insulation - Water Harvesting
* Performance requirements * Aesthetic qualities * Economic efficiencies * Environmental impacts
Service Systems - heating & ventilation - electrical - gas and water pipes
Solid mostly ancient structures
Membrane covers large surface area cheaply
Skeletal frames, present in most modern structures
Surface
Hybrid
most common in modern structures
Structural Joints Rigid Fixed Joint
* cannot move, always perpendicular
Pin Joint
*can rotate
Roller Joint
*can move sideways
FLOOR SYSTEMS * Floor system may consist of a series of linear beams and joists overlaid with a plane of sheathing or decking. or consist of a nearly homogeneous slab of reinforced concrete. * The depth of a floor system is directly related to the size and proportion of the structural bays it must span and the strength of the materials used.
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SLABS: used to span between structural supports ONE-足WAY slabs or TWO-足WAYS slabs: determined considering 1) Anticipated floor load 2) Cost & Efficiency 3) Purpose of usage
supported on -足 A combination of types of members and materials are used depending on their structural functions. -足 Spanning capability of the particular materials help to determine the spacing requirements of the supports.
Span determines the spacing of the piers or stamps and the spacing of the bearers equals the span of the joists.
BEAM
- A mostly horizontal structural element. - function is to carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical supports. - A beam can be: 1) Supported at both ends 2) Supported at numerous points along the length 3) Supported at points away from the ends (creating overhangs/ cantilevers beyound supports) 4) Supported at only one end (cantilevers)
CANTILEVERS
- Created when a structural element is supported at only one end (or the overhanging portions of a member are significant). - Function is to carry loads along the length of the member and transfer loads to the support. - A cantilever can be: 1) horizontal 2) vertical 3) angled
SPAN
- Distance between two structural supports. - Measured between vertical supports for horizontal members, vice versa. vi - Not necessarily same as the length of a member.
SPACING
- Repeating distance between a series of same or similar elements. - Often associated with supporting elements and can be measured me horizontally or vertically. - Generally measured centreline to centre-line.
SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements
* External columns can be used to support a long-spanning beam or girder. Especially suitable for long, narrow buildings that desire column-free space. * Lateral forces tend to be more critical in the short direction even though the mechanism is required in both directions of the span. * Spacing of joist in a structural system is related to the magnitude of floor load, the spanning capiability of the decking material, the load-carrying capacity of the joists, and the floor construction depth desired. * Joist span should not exceed 24 x joist depth. * Joist span is related to the: 1) magnitude of applied loads 2) joist size and spacing 3) species and grade of lumber used 4) deflection allowable for the inteded use
NON-STRUCTURAL WALLS Masonry Veneer Wall This type of wall is brickwork on the outside but the brick wall does not act as a structural frame, It only acts as an evelope system to improve the exterior design of the buiding as well as to protect the building from the weather. Most frequently the structural frame is timber.
Curtain Walls Curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-structural. - Light weight material lowers the construction costs. - Curtain wall facade does not carry any loads other than its own dead load. - Mostly seem as window systems as an exterior wall. - Example is Wilson Hall in the University of Melbourne. The load of the building is supported by the columms behind the glass wall.
OPENINGS: Doors and Windows * Joints are doweled or dovetailed with mortises and tenons. * Typical door heights: 6’8”, 7’0”, 8’0”. Widths: 1’0”, 1’4”, 1’6”, 2’0”, 2’6”, 2’8”, 3’0” Thicknesses: 1-3/8”, 1-3/4” * The stile from which the door is hung is called the hinge stile; the other stile that receives the lockset is called the lock stile. * Feature panels can be of flat plywood, glass lights or louvres. * Lock rail meets the shutting stile at the level of lockset.
Sash: the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set. Rails: Horiontal members framing a window sash. Stiles: upright members framing a window sash. Mullions: a vertical member seperating a series of windows or doorways. Pane: one of the divisions of a window consisting of a single unit of glass set in a frame. Thermal insulation and weathertightness are important therefore the joints between the widow frame and the surrounding wall should be sealed and have a windbreak built into the detail.
Week 5: MODELLING CASE STUDY
WEEK 5: Modelling case study structural details. For this modelling assessment, each group were assigned a particular part of the Oval Pavillion building. My group was assigned the two storey northern part of the building, with shower stalls and kitchen. In preparation for this week’s studio project, first we have to calculate the dimensions for the model. The details from the Oval Pavillion construcion drawings handbook are given in 1 : 200 scale for the drawings underneath. We are supposed to model the structural details of the part between 3-4 and A-B in 1 : 20 scale. After calculating and enlarging the drawing into the scale of 1:20, the floor plan parts r being printed out and used as the base of the model for easier fixings. Each of the groups is expected to decide the type of material they will use for the modelling and calculate the estimate amount of materials needed for the model. Because our structure is brick frame for the basement and stud frames for the ground floor, we decided to use cardboards, sandwich boards and balsa woods, along with superglue and masking tape.
After calculating the plan view in a new scale, we calculates the cross sectional parts. The following picture illustrates the cross-sectional view from A to B, which is in 1:40 scale. So to get the right scale for the model, all the measurements of the lengths must be doubled.
Adapted from Oval Pavillion Construction Drawings.
This 3D sketch of the ground floor structure shows the unusual details of a beam hanging from the perpendicular beam. The sketch also includes the overlaps and details of the joists hanging from the beams. There is a beam mid-足way across the span, which cannot be seen from either the floor plan nor the cross-足sectional drawings from the book.
The structure model adapted from the 3D sketch. The model is inaccurate to the sketch because it lacks the details of the overhang. This was due to the sophisticated detail design with limited time frame and also unskilled modelling team. Tried to get the closest model with the resources available at hand.
Because there are two types of structural systems involved in this part of the building, we can see two different loadbearing profiles in one structure. The basement is mainly masonry load bearing system and on top of that, the ground floor is made of stud systems.
Making small scale models help me understand more about constructing environment. Because when we build, we have to decide where to start building from and what the most difficult task during the building were.
By building a smaller scale model of the structural systems, we can see firsthand what the frame works look like. Modelling also aids in a clearer understanding of how structural frames works.
CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP
Construction Workshop (5th May 2014) The purpose of the workshop is to develop basic workshop skills to create a structure using full size materials and construction tools. And to evaluate performance of different materials and designs. To analyse structural elements and failure mechanisms.
Groups of 3-4 are given a different selection of commonly used construction materials to make a structure that spans 1000mm with the maximum height of 450mm. After the given time period, the structures go through destructive testing phase where each of the structures are placed in the testing cradle. Before the testing commence, the structures are measured to make sure they meet the span and height requirements.
The load applied on the structure is increased until the structure fails. Progressive performance of the structure is recorded as the load increases. Determine the reasons for the failure. Determine maximum load and deflection the structure can withstand before it experiences catastrophic failure. Determine how and why the structure failed.
CONSTRUCTION Â PHASE: After briefings and safety instructions, we were divided into groups. My group receive 2 clear pines and two plywood sheets.
The structure spans for 1 metres and the height is 435mm. Therefore, both requirements were met.
DESTRUCTIVE Â TESTING Â PHASE For the destructive testing phase, the structures are placed in the testing cradle (see below). First before putting the structure under the load, the span and height of the structure is measured. Even though our structure meet the requirement height, it was still abit too tall to fit with the top fitter. So the instructure took off our two footings before inserting the structure into the testing cradle.
At 20cm deflection, the load imposed on the structure is 159kg. The structure is quite flexible as the structure went through compression and tension at different beams. Take a look at how the bottom plate has a slight curvature downwards due to tension. The tension and compression of the structure is illustrated with a diagram below.
The structure is fitted into the testing cradle. The top fitting is added to distribute load evenly onto the structure. Because the cradle produce force at one point only and the tip point of the structure is not suitable for this kind of load distribution, so the tip fitting is added. The initial reading of the ruler at 0.00kg load is 19cm. First we will try to deflect the structure by 10mm (1cm). The load imposed on the structure at that point is then recorded as 100kg. LOAD
COMPRESSION
COMPRESSION
TENSION
It was observed, from other groups’ structures too that, the fault happens where the joints are. Most of the structure failures start from where the nails are planted. Which also indicates that nails causes weakness in the structure too. So inserting many nails trying to make the structure sturdy can have a backfiring effect. Inserting the nail disturb the pattern of the wood causing a fault in the beam. As the load gets bigger, the stress on the beam increases. Because there is a fault in the beam the failure will start from there. Meaning the beam will break from where the nail has been inserted. Or the failure will occur at the joints where the material is not monolithic.
Original structures of the other teams
WEEK 9: OFF CAMPUS SITE VISIT
OFF CAMPUS SITE VISIT I was assigned to Mark Irving’s studio class for the off campus site visit. The sites that Mark took us were on Rathdowne Street and Faraday Street respectively. The building on the Rathdowne Street is a medium-density housing by the Hacer company. The second building is a victorian building under renovation to use as a primary school after it is finished. It was interesting to see how differently the buildings were built. It is a nice contrast to think about.
Site 1
Site 2
Precast concret used at the site
Information board about the schedules and what is going on with the site. The site manager, Rod, is in charge for updating the board.
Pipe lines running along the ceiling from the walls. Ventilation systems, water pipes, electrical wires, grey-�‑water pipe, internet and phone line, etc.
WIRING SYSTEM is going to be covered with the ceiling board along with ventilation system. So, they will not be exposed. Because they will be hidden above the board, they have to be implanted before putting up the ceiling. In this picture, there are 7 types of wirings and pipes connected into the apartment. There is grey water pipe line, intercom, electrical wiring, phone line, internet , hot water, and gas lines shown in this photo.
More details from the SITE 1. Main Sewage pipe at the basement
Ceiling Sprinkler
Drains in the basements Reinforced concrete
Steel Frame Structure
SITE 2: Renovation of Victorian Building Front facade
Masonry brick detail
Extension to the building. Implanted behind the building. Which is designed economically and more sustainably designed. The site have a geothermal heating for water. This building is renovated to be more energy efficient while maintaining the detail architecture of the Colonial Period. This building fascinates me because it is going to be sustainable while keeping the cool of the history. A nice hybrid design.
This detail shows how the new parts of the building is implanted without making major damage and changes to the original building. They make sure not to take out even a single extra brick if they can help it.
New part of the building; steel beams implanted to keep the originality of the building as much as they can with minimum damage.
The floor system of the new part of the building.
The unscathed ceilings of the first floor of the building. The woods are most likely to have been imported from Britain.
The windows were found to be leaking, so they are going to fix it.
There was no heating system initially and they tend to get really cold in the building during winter because the ventilation is good. It is cool in the summer but cannot retain heat during the winter. So they are implanting heating systems.
The building have this lightning rod implanted on the top of the building. This also serves as a decoration item. It is pretty big, which is not noticeable when it is up on the roof. It is very heavy too. There were one in the storage room for fixing so we were able to look at it and try to lift it.
MATERIALS
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1) Sheet Glass - sliced from blown glass. 2) Float Glass (most common) - molten glass poured over a bath of molten tin. 3) Tempered Glass (Toughened) - reheated and rapidly cool the anneal glass. 3 - 5x tougher 4) Laminated Glass - tough plastic interlayer between two layers of glass. When broken, glass stick to plastic.
FERROUS METALS: -‐‑Magnetic -‐‑V. Reactive (corrodes) -‐‑Good Compressive strength -‐‑Strong -‐‑Tensile resistance
FERROUS: Iron related NON-‐‑FERROUS: Non Iron ALLOYS: Mixture of metals
WATER RELATED DAMAGE: Oxidation and Corrosion DUCTILITY: very ductile
DENSITY: High
POROSITY/ PERMEABILITY: Impermeable
SUSTAINABILITY & CARBON FOOTPRINT: Very high embodied energy, recyclable and renewable
CONDUCTIVITY: Very good conductors
REUSABILITY/ RECYCLABILITY: High
COST: Cost effective
DURABILITY/ LIFE SPAN: Can be very durable, depends on type, treatment, finishing and fixing
HARDNESS: Igneous > Metamorphic > Sedimentary
IGNEOUS: Molten Rock (lava/magma)
FRAGILITY: Geometry dependent (Thickness / S. Area)
SEDIMENTARY: Accumulated particles subjected to moderate pressure.
METAMORPHIC: Structure of igneous or sedimentary stone changes when subject to pressure, heat or chemical process.
STONE
POROSITY/ PERMEABILITY: Large Range
DUCTILITY: Very Low
FLEXIBILITY/ PLASTICITY: Most are Rigid
DENSITY: Most stones used in constructions are very dense 3 x times water
CONDUCTIVITY: Poor Conductor
DURABILITY / LIFE SPAN: Extremely Durable
REUSABILITY / RECYCLABILITY: Very High
SUSTAINABILITY & CARBON FOOTPRINT: Transportation increases the carbon footprint, Stone sourcing has a high environmental cost. cost
COST: Dependent on labor and scarcety of the rocks
ENGINEERED TIMBER: LVL: Laminated Veneer Lumber GLUGAM: Glue Laminated Timber CLT: Cross Laminated Timber PLYWOOD MDF: Medium Density Fibreboard Chipboard and Strand Board
FLEXIBILITY/ PLASTICITY: High Flexibility, Low Plasticity
HARDNESS: Medium to Low
COST: Cost effective
FRAGILITY: Medium to Low
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POROSITY: Highly Permeable
CONDUCTIVITY: Poor
DENSITY: Varies, depending on the type SUSTAINABILITY & CARBON FOOTPRINT Low Embodied Energy
DUCTILITY: low DURABILITY: Very Durable but damage can occur: 1) Water-related damages 2) Fungal Attack 3) Swelling, shrinkage (causes cracks)
REUSABILITY/ RECYCLABILITYVery high. Secondhand timber is very desirable
IN DETAIL 1:1 DRAWING
WEEK 10: In Detail 1:1 Drawing
This is not the exact part of my drawing, but the roof tops are similar and the external finish are the same throughout.
This section was given to me to draw in 1:1 scale. This dawing consist of detailed cross-�‑sectional structure of the function room roof. The scale written on the book is 1:5 but the actual scale was 1:10 because our books were the halved size of the actual constructions drawings.
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GLOSSARY
Glossary
Alloy:
A mixture containing two or more metallic elements or metallic and nonmetallic elements usually fused together or dissolving into each other when molten.
Axial Load:
A structural frame system that is a combination of primarily vertical and horizontal members that are designed to transmit applied.
Beam:
A structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending. Spans horizontally and mainly support vertical loads.
Bending:
Movement that causes the formation of a curve.
Braced Frame:
A Braced Frame is a structural system which is designed primarily to resist wind and earthquake forces. Members in a braced frame are designed to work in tension and compression, similar to a truss. Braced frames are almost always composed of steel members.
Bracing:
A structural member used to stiffen a framework.
Buckling:
Fastener that fastens together two ends of a belt or strap; often has loose prong.
Cantilever:
Construct with girders and beams such that only one end is fixed.
Column:
A tall vertical cylindrical structure standing upright and used to support a structure.
Composite Beam: A steel beam, which has concrete decking above it, and which is connected to the concrete by shear connectors, which cause the steel and the concrete to act together. Compression:
The process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together.
Concrete Plank:
A hollow-core or solid, flat beam used for floor or roof decking.
Cornice:
A molding at the corner between the ceiling and the top of a wall.
Corrosion:
A state of deterioration in metals caused by oxidation or chemical action.
Defect:
An imperfection in an object or machine.
Deflection:
The property of being bent or deflected.
Door Furniture:
Refers to any of the items that are attached to a door or a drawer to enhance its functionality or appearance.
Down Pipe:
A pipe to carry rainwater from a roof to a drain or to ground level.
Drip:
A projection from a cornice or sill designed to protect the area below from rainwater (as over a window or doorway).
Eave:
The part of a roof that meets or overhangs the walls of a building.
Fascia:
Instrument panel on an automobile or airplane containing dials and controls.
Flashing:
Sheet metal shaped and attached to a roof for strength and weatherproofing.
Frame:
The internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape.
Girder:
A beam made usually of steel; a main support in a structure.
Gutter:
A channel along the eaves or on the roof; collects and carries away rainwater.
IEQ:
Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the quality of a building’s environment in relation to the health and wellbeing of those who occupy space within it.
Insulation:
The act of protecting something by surrounding it with material that reduces or prevents the transmission of sound or heat or electricity.
Joist:
Beam used to support floors or roofs.
Life Cycle:
The course of events that brings a new product into existence and follows its growth into a mature product and into eventual critical mass and decline.
Lintel:
Horizontal beam used as a finishing piece over a door or window.
Load Path:
The load path is simply the direction in which each consecutive load will pass through connected members.
Masonry:
The building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. (e.g bricks, stone, granite, concrete blocks and tile)
Moment of Inertia: Of an object about a given axis describes how difficult it is to change its angular motion about that axis. Therefore, it encompasses not just how much mass the object has overall, but how far each bit of mass is from the axis. The farther out the object's mass is, the more rotational inertia the object has, and the more force is required to change its rotation rate. Moment:
A turning force produced by object acting at a distance (or a measure of that force).
Nogging:
Rough brick masonry used to fill in the gaps in a wooden frame.
Pad Foundation:
A thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure or a piece of equipment.
Parapet:
A low wall along the edge of a roof or balcony.
Point Load:
Is a load which is localised to a specific location on a structure.
Portal Frame:
A rigid structural frame consisting essentially of two uprights connected at the top by a third member.
Purlin:
A horizontal beam along the length of a roof, resting on a main rafter and supporting the common rafters or boards.
Rafter:
One of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof.
Reaction Force:
A force that acts in the opposite direction to an action force.
Retaining Wall:
Structures designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes.
Sandwich Panel:
Aluminium Composite Panel also Aluminium Composite Material, is a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a nonaluminium core.
Sealant:
A kind of sealing material that is used to form a hard coating on a porous surface (as a coat of paint or varnish used to size a surface).
Seasoned Timber: Timber dried to a moisture content that is stable. Shear Force:
Unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part the body in the opposite direction.
Shear Wall:
A wall made up of braced panes which are called shear panels to counter the effects of cross load.
Skirting:
Being all around the edges; enclosing.
Slab on grade:
A type of construction in which footings are needed but little or no foundation wall is poured.
Soffit:
The underside of a part of a building (such as an arch or overhang or beam etc.).
Soft Storey:
A multi-storey building in which one or more floors have windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places where a shear wall would normally be required for stability as a matter of earthquake engineering design.
Spacing:
The repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. Generally measured centre-line to centre-line.
Span:
The distance measured between two structural supports. It is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.
Stability:
The quality of being enduring and free from change or variation.
Steel Deck:
A type of cold-formed corrugated metal most commonly used to support the insulating membrane of a roof
Stress:
Force that produces strain on a physical body.
Strip Footing:
A continuous strip of concrete that serves to spread the weight of a loadbearing wall across an area of soil.
Structural Joint:
A point at which parts of an structure are joined.
Stud:
An upright in house framing.
Substructure:
Lowest support of a structure.
Tension:
A stress that produces an elongation of an elastic physical body.
Top Chord:
A structure comprising five or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.
Vapour Barrier:
A thin layer of impermeable material, typically polyethylene sheeting, included in building construction to prevent moisture from damaging the fabric of the building.
Window Sash:
Is the framed part of the window which holds the sheets of glass in place.
Reference: Homecents.com, (2014). Illustrated Building Materials Glossary. [online] Available at: http://www.homecents.com/gloss/framing/Index.html [Accessed 14 May. 2014]. CHING, F. (2008). BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED. 4th ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.