NAME:
NUNTHORPE SCHOOL R.E. DEPARTMENT
R.E. GC SE REVI SIO N GU ID E
Written by Ms. H. Jackson
Nunthorpe School Department of Religious Studies
CONTENTS PAGE Introductory Pages 1. Summary of Christian Beliefs
Pg 2
2. Summary of Hindu Beliefs
Pg 3
Paper 1: Religion and Life 1. Believing in God
Pg 4
2. Matters of Life and Death
Pg 7
3. Marriage and the Family
Pg 11
4. Social Harmony
Pg 16
5. Revision Activities for Paper 1
Pg 22
Paper 2: Religion and Society 1. Social Responsibility
Pg 26
2. The Environment
Pg 29
3. Peace and Conflict
Pg 33
4. Crime and Punishment
Pg 36
5. Revision Activities for Paper 2
Pg 42
Appendix 1. Common Mistakes
Pg 45
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SUMMARY OF CHRISTIAN BELIEFS There is ONE God who Christians call Father. He created the Universe (Genesis – first book in the Bible). God sent his son Jesus down to earth to save the world from sin. Jesus was crucified, buried and rose from the dead, proving there is life after death. Christians believe in the Bible (their holy Book) which is the Word of God (though they vary in how they interpret the Bible). Most Christians attend Church on Sundays where they pray and worship God. The main Christian teachings are “Love” and “Forgiveness.” There are many stories in the Bible demonstrating these beliefs.
Key Bible Passages you should know
10 Commandments (called the Decalogue). Particularly useful are “Thou shalt not kill” (use for Abortion, Euthanasia, War, Capital Punishment, Poverty, Environment). “Thou shalt not commit adultery” (use for Marriage). Jesus taught “Love your neighbour” in the Parable of the Good Samaritan (use for Social harmony and most of the other issues). Jesus taught “Love your enemies” and “Turn the other cheek” (use for Peace and Conflict, Crime and Punishment, Social Harmony). The Creation story tells how God created the world, put humans in charge and was pleased with his creation (use for the Environment, Religion and Science);and how he made man and woman in his image, (use for Marriage and Family, any issue involving death). The Golden Rule from Jesus is to treat others as you would like to be treated yourself (use in most issues). The Parable of the Sheep and Goats tells what will happen to the good and bad at the end of the world (use for Life after Death, Wealth and Poverty, Crime and Punishment). Jesus said there are many rooms in his father’s house (use in Life after Death, Social Harmony). The sanctity of life (abortion, euthanasia, capital punishment, war, environment) is a good argument to use and can be backed up from the Bible by humans being made in the image of God (Genesis Creation Story) or Jesus saying “Even the hairs on your head have been counted, you are worth more than many sparrows.”
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SUMMARY OF HINDU BELIEFS There is ONE supreme being (God) called Brahman who is without shape or form. Brahman is worshipped by being represented by many images (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, etc.). This is why some people think Hindus worship lots of Gods. There is a part of Brahman inside every living thing called the atman (the soul). The atman moves from body to body in the cycle of samsara (reincarnation) which means birth, death and rebirth. The next life of a Hindu depends on their karma (law of action based on good deeds affecting their rebirth). If you have good karma you will get a better life; bad karma results in a lower life, even an animal or plant. The aim of Hindu life is to achieve moksha (escape from rebirth). To achieve moksha you must get good karma. You can do this by following your dharma (duty). Your dharma depends on the stage of life you are at. There are 4 stages, though most Hindus just go through the first two: student, householder, forest dweller and wandering holy man (sannyasin). Your dharma also depends on the caste (social level in society) you are born into. There are 4 castes: the priestly caste, the warrior caste, the trader caste and the labourer caste. If you are born outside the caste system you are labelled an untouchable. Hindus have many pieces of scripture (holy books). The oldest books are called the Vedas. Many Hindus refer mostly to the Bhagavad Gita. This is a book where Krishna gives many teachings on how to behave and live. Hindus worship mainly at home, though some go regularly to the temple. Family life is very important in Hinduism. One important Hindu teaching is ahimsa (non-violence). This means not harming any living thing. Gandhi spoke regularly about the importance of ahimsa.
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BELIEVING IN GOD Key Words numinous conversion miracle prayer design causation agnosticism atheism moral evil natural evil omnipotent benevolent omniscient
the feeling of the presence of something greater than you e.g. in a church or looking up at the stars. when your life is changed by giving yourself to God. something which seems to break a law of science and makes you think only God could have done that. an attempt to contact God usually though words. when things are connected and seem to have a purpose e.g. the eye is designed for seeing. the idea that everything has been caused (started off) by something else. not being sure whether God exists. believing that God does not exist. actions done by humans which cause suffering. things which cause suffering but have nothing to do with humans e.g. earthquakes. the belief that God is all-powerful. the belief that God is good/kind. the belief that God knows everything that has happened and everything that is going to happen.
Religious Upbringing Main Features of a Christian Upbringing Baptism Taught about God from parents and being taught to say prayers Go to Church and maybe Sunday School Maybe go to a religious school Celebrate Christmas and Easter in a religious way Maybe get confirmed when a teenager These can lead to and support belief in God through: advice and support of parents/priests; own experience; being exposed to religious life and forming an open mind. Of course, it could work the opposite way and put some people off Christianity too. 5
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Types of Religious Experience There are 4 types of religious experience which may lead a person to believe in God: 1) Numinous e.g. looking at a beautiful sunset and feeling the presence of something greater and more powerful than you (God). 2) Conversion e.g. changing to a different religion such as moving to be a Christian from Hinduism. e.g. the children seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary in Fatima, Portugal. 3) Miracles 4) Prayer e.g. Jonathan Edwards seeking guidance through prayer of whether to jump on a Sunday Arguments these are REAL experiences • Similar experiences have happened to many people over the centuries • They are life-changing, such that people are never the same again
Arguments these are not REAL experiences • They could be explained by psychological reasons, e.g. depression • They rarely happen to more than one person at a time
Some people search for meaning and purpose in life which help them believe in God. E.g. finding a reason for living through helping others in need; experiencing the love of a child or parent; believing in life after death as a reason for living. Some people feel the presence of religion in the world helps them believe in God. E.g. why would so many people have a faith if it wasn’t true; looking at the good deeds religious people do; the power of prayer or miracles
Appearance of the World Design Many people believe the world has been designed because it is so complicated and appears to have a purpose. This leads them to believe in God. William Paley used the analogy of finding a watch which is complicated and must have a Designer. The watch is like the Universe which is equally complicated so must have a Designer (God). Similarly Isaac Newton believed the human thumb showed evidence of design which could only be created by God. Criticisms • Evolution means creatures have adapted, not been designed • Evil and Suffering in world mean can’t be a loving God • Too much chaos and many imperfections in the world 6
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Causation • St Thomas Aquinas taught that everything has a Cause. • Therefore the Universe must also have a Cause. • However, the cause of the Universe is something uncaused (infinite and eternal). • The First Cause is God. Criticisms • The Big Bang started the Universe. • Maybe the Universe is infinite and had no cause. • There’s no evidence that the First Cause was the Christian God.
Why people don’t believe in God An atheist does not believe in God at all.
An agnostic is not sure if there is a God.
Reasons not to believe in God No scientific proof there is a God. Science seems able to prove how the Universe and humans got here (Big Bang, Evolution). Don’t need a God as an explanation. Too much evil and suffering for a God to let it happen. Unanswered prayers.
Problem of Evil If God was Omnipotent he’d have the power to stop all evil If God was Omniscient he’d know in time to stop all evil If God was Benevolent he’d want to stop all evil, because he loves us But evil exists, so maybe there is no God!! Christian Responses to this Problem Humans have been given Free Will, otherwise we would be like robots. Suffering can make us emotionally stronger. We need pain and evil in order to appreciate pleasure and good. What Christians can do to help alleviate evil and suffering Pray: ask God to help those who are suffering. Service: actively help the suffering through charity work, donations, etc. 7
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MATTERS OF LIFE AND DEATH Key Words
resurrection immortality of the soul paranormal abortion sanctity of life euthanasia assisted suicide voluntary euthanasia non-voluntary euthanasia
the belief that, after death, the body stays in the grave until the end of the world when it is raised. the idea that the soul lives on after the death of the body. unexplained things which are thought to have spiritual causes e.g. ghosts, mediums. the removal of a foetus from the womb before it can survive. the belief that life is holy and belongs to God. an easy and gently death. providing a seriously ill person with the means to commit suicide. the situation where someone dying in pain asks a doctor to end her/his life painlessly. ending someone’s life painlessly when they are unable to ask, but you have good reason for thinking they would want to do so e.g. switching
Life after Death Christian Teachings: Every human has a soul which will live on after death (immortality). St Paul (1 Corinthians) teaches that we will get a new “spiritual” body which will be beautiful and strong. We will all be transformed. The dead will be judged by God and all their deeds recorded in a book. The good will go to heaven, the bad to hell. Jesus mentions his Father in heaven, and said he is preparing a place for everyone. Some Christians believe the body will be resurrected (raised from the grave) at the end of the world (Judgement Day). Reasons they believe this: It’s in the Bible mentioned by St. Paul. Jesus referred to heaven and his Father. It’s taught and prayed about in Churches, e.g. Lord’s Prayer. It brings security, hope and comfort to Christians.
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Hindu Teachings: Every living creature has a soul (atman) which is part of God (Brahman). The atman is reincarnated each life-time into a new body (cycle of samsara). If the atman has good karma, it gets a better life; if bad karma it gets a lower life. When the atman is perfect, it escapes from the cycle and is reunited with Brahman (achieving moksha). Reasons they believe this: It’s in the Bhagavad Gita (as a man throws away worn-out clothes for new ones, the atman leaves a worn-out body for a new one). It fits in with the Hindu belief in the Cycle of life, shown by the 3 Gods (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva). Many people claim to have remembered past lives. Reassures and comforts people that the bad will get punished and the good rewarded. Paranormal experiences Examples: Ghosts, contact with spirits, poltergeists, Near Death Experiences (NDEs) Stages of a standard NDE Body is clinically dead – Soul leaves body – looks at self from ceiling – goes down a tunnel with a light at the end – goes into a beautiful garden – meets relatives/friends who have died – returns to body when doctors have resuscitated person. Is an NDE real?
Yes: No:
Experience is vivid and never fades (unlike a dream). Can often report conversations of doctors, yet supposedly dead. Could be a surge of endorphins (happy hormones) released at death. Could be like a waking dream on moment of resuscitation.
Why do some people not believe in Life after Death? No-one has ever come back from the dead to prove it. Scientists can’t give any real evidence. Body has been proved to decompose after death.
Abortion The Law Two doctors must agree. Foetus must not be more than 24 weeks old. Mental or physical health of mother or existing children is at risk.
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Christian Teachings: Christians believe in the Sanctity of Life (life is a gift from God and is precious/sacred). Roman Catholics believe abortion is always wrong as life begins at conception (not contraception!). Church of England Christians believe abortion is acceptable if it is the lesser of two evils (rape, disability, mother’s life at risk). Reasons they believe this: Bible makes it clear God created humans in his image (Genesis Creation story). If life is sacred, it belongs to God so only he can make life/death decisions. Jesus died to save all humans, including the unborn who need protecting. However, Jesus showed compassion and care for people with difficulties. Jesus taught “love your neighbour” and an abortion may be the most loving thing to do. Hindu Teachings Abortion is wrong unless mother’s life is at risk. Believe in non-violence (ahimsa) towards any living being. The foetus has a soul (atman) which is part of Brahman. If you cause harm to another creature you will get bad karma which could affect your next life. Reasons they believe this: Hindu Scriptures teach about atman and Brahman. However, ahimsa can be interpreted that violence should only be used as a last resort, so abortion may be acceptable in certain cases. Some Hindus believe abortion can be acceptable because the Bhagavad Gita makes it clear that only the body can be harmed, not the atman. ArgumentsForAbortion Not up to anyone but the mother to choose, it’s her body Keep it legal - keep it safe It stops unwanted children being born who may get abused The mother may have been raped or be too young.
ArgumentsAgainstAbortion. It’s murder, life starts at conception It’s not up to us to play God Many childless couples are desperate to adopt Every child has the right to live, even if disabled
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Euthanasia The Law No official legislation, instead the law for murder applies (life sentence). Voluntary Euthanasia is illegal. Assisted suicide is a crime. Christian Teachings: Euthanasia is wrong, though a dying person should not be kept alive with drugs unnecessarily. Christians believe in the Sanctity of Life (life is a gift from God and is precious/sacred). Hospice movement can help care for dying and give them dignity, love and support. 10 Commandments include “Thou shalt not kill.” Only God has the right to decide when a person dies. Jesus suffered and a dying person can share in this suffering and gain strength. Reasons they believe this: As for abortion reasons. Hindu Teachings Euthanasia is wrong (though some Hindus may accept it). Everyone has a time to die according to the law of samsara and their own karma. It gives a person good karma to offer love and help to the terminally ill. Reasons they believe this: As for abortion reasons. Do not want to interfere with cycle of reincarnation. ArgumentsForEuthanasia ArgumentsAgainstEuthanasia Stops unnecessary suffering There are good pain killing drugs available A patient may recover despite being Death with dignity Provides an end to a families “written off” suffering, allowing them to grieve A Hospice is a better environment for the terminally ill Everyone should be able to choose when and how they die It devalues life and makes it seem unimportant
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MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY Key Words
cohabitation marriage faithfulness pre-marital sex promiscuity adultery re-marriage nuclear family extended family re-constructed family
living together without being married. the condition of a man and woman legally united for the purpose of living together and, usually, having children. staying with your marriage partner and having sex only with them. sex before marriage. having sex with a number of partners without commitment. an act of sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than their marriage partner. marrying again after being divorced from a previous marriage. mother, father and children living as a unit. children, parents and grandparents/aunts/uncles living as a unit or in close proximity. where two sets of children (step-brothers and sisters) become one family when their divorced parents marry each other.
Purposes of Marriage Purposes of Christian Marriage Marriage is a gift from God for a couple to share love and companionship. For a man and woman to enjoy sex with each other in the way God wants. To bring children into the world. To bring children into a Christian family and become members of Christ’s Church. How this is shown in the Marriage Ceremony Bible readings and priest talks about the purpose of marriage. Exchange of rings symbolises marriage lasts forever (circle of ring). Prayers asking for God’s blessing. Emphasis that God is a part of marriage and this makes it for life (faithfulness). Marriage vows expressing commitment in all circumstances, to remain faithful, in the eyes of God (see vows on next page). 12
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Christian Marriage Vows
Mnemonic
Mark 10:6-9 (Words of Jesus)
To Have and to hold
Happy Day Brings Rich Sons Lovely Daughters
But at the beginning of creation God made them male and female. ‘For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh.’ So they are no longer two but one. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate.
From this Day forward
Better for worse For Richer for poorer In Sickness and in Health To Love and to cherish Til Death do us part For
Purposes of Hindu Marriage Marriage is a gift from God to allow a person to fulfil their dharma (duty) as a householder. For a couple to share love and companionship. To enjoy sex in the way of Hinduism. To have the joy of children. To bring the union of two families. How this is shown in the Marriage Ceremony Prayers and hymns about the joys of marriage. Offerings to the gods. Bride stands on a stone to represent stability of marriage. Throwing rice into the sacred fire to encourage fertility. Necklace given to bride (not a ring) to represent union of two families. Seven steps around fire as vows are said (see below). Hindu Marriage Vows (7 Steps)
Mnemonic
Food The second for Power The third for Prosperity The fourth for Wisdom The fifth for Children The sixth for Health The seventh for Friendship
Flying Pigs Poohed Whilst Children Hid Frantically
The first for
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Sex outside Marriage Christian Attitudes Promiscuity is wrong. Many Christians disagree with pre-marital sex and cohabitation. Some Christians accept cohabitation providing the couple marry before having children. Adultery is a great sin. Reasons for these beliefs Bible speaks out against sexual immorality on over 30 occasions (E.g. “But among you there must not be even a hint of sexual immorality” St. Paul to the Ephesians 5:3). Sex should be saved for marriage because it is intimate and it needs to be in an emotionally secure relationship. Children need the secure environment of a family to be brought up in. 10 Commandments say “Do not commit adultery.” In marriage ceremony you promise to remain faithful “til death do us part.” Hindu Attitudes Sex should be within marriage when a Hindu becomes a householder. Hindus should marry, not cohabitate. Adultery is wrong. Reasons for these beliefs Hindu dharma is to move from a student to a householder. Sex is only part of householder stage of life. Adultery is not only betraying your partner but your dharma, which will bring bad karma. Adultery will also break the union between the two families.
Divorce and Remarriage Divorce can occur due to a number of reasons: Money pressures; lack of communication; pressure from children; outside interests; falling out of love; work pressures. Divorce is much easier to gain in the UK today, and at present 2 in 5 marriages end in divorce. Christian Attitudes Most Christians disagree with divorce. But most Christians (apart from Roman Catholics) allow divorce and remarriage, if they believe it is the lesser of two evils. 14
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Some Churches won’t allow remarriage in church, but will give a blessing. Roman Catholics do not accept divorce and will not allow remarriage in church. Reasons for these beliefs Divorce breaks the marriage vows to remain together “til death do us part.” However, Christianity is about forgiveness if people are sorry for their mistakes. If Churches allow remarriage in the church building, they require a couple to have special preparation so they don’t make the same mistakes again. Hindu Attitudes Divorce and remarriage are rare as Hindus believe marriage is for life. Some Hindus accept divorce in cases of cruelty. Reasons for these beliefs The extended family adds to the forces keeping couples together and can help smooth out problems. As women gain more rights, they are less likely to put up with bad behaviour from their husbands.
Family Life Christian Teaching Children should be brought up in a loving Christian environment. Children should honour their parents, and parents should treat their children with love and respect. Parents should provide children with the necessities of life, including love. Parents should teach their children Christian beliefs and morals; take them to Church; baptise them and set good Christian examples. Reasons for these beliefs 10 Commandments says “Honour your parents.” St. Paul in Ephesians 6:1-4 instructs both parents and children to treat each other with mutual respect. Christians believe family life was created by God (joined Adam and Eve as a family unit and said “go forth and multiply”). Through the family, children can be introduced to the Christian faith. How churches help family life Churches have founded societies to help orphans, and to encourage adoption and fostering amongst Christians. Most churches hold “family services” to encourage families to unite and discover religion together. Most churches run Sunday Schools to help teach children on behaviour and beliefs There are numerous church schools. 15
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Churches run youth clubs, scouts and guides, support family charities and run old people’s homes. Hindu Teaching Children should be brought up in a family unit. Parents should provide children with the necessities of life, including love. Parents should teach children how to pray, have a shrine in the home and should perform worship with their children each day. Children should obey and respect their families throughout their lives. Parents should teach their children Hindu beliefs and morals; take them to the temple; and set good Hindu examples. Reasons for these beliefs Bringing up children well is a necessary part of Hindu dharma. Every Hindu must go through the student stage (respect and honour parents) and the householder stage (bring up children). This will help them achieve moksha. It is mainly in the family where the religion of Hinduism is taught and continues to grow. How temples (mandirs) help family life Most temples run Sunday or evening classes to teach children about Hinduism. Temples run youth groups and social activities for the family. There are now some Hindu private schools in the UK. Many temples have advice centres for families with relationship or financial difficulties.
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SOCIAL HARMONY Key Words equality sexism multi-ethnic society prejudice discrimination racism racial harmony multi-faith society religious freedom religious pluralism
the state of everyone having equal rights regardless of gender/race/class. discriminating against people because of their gender (being male or female). many different race and cultures living together in one society. believing some people are inferior or superior without even knowing them. putting prejudice into practice and treating people less favourably because of their race/gender/colour/class. the belief that some races are superior to others. different races/colours living together happily. many different religions living together in one society the right to practise your religion and change your religion. accepting all religions as having an equal right to coexist.
Roles of Men and Women Women’s Rights have grown in the UK in the past century. They can now have property separate from their husband; vote and stand as MPs; gain equal pay as men for similar work; the Sex Discrimination Act was brought in during 1975. Christian Attitudes Some Christians believe in “traditional” roles for men and women. Women should run the home; bring up children; not speak in church and submit to their husbands. Men should provide for the family; lead the family in religion and love their wives. Adam was created first and told to work the land; Eve was created out of Adam and told her husband would rule over her. “Wives submit to your husbands as to the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the Head of the Church. “ (St. Paul to the Ephesians 5:22-24)
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Many Christians believe in “modern” roles for men and women. They believe women are equal to men and now have women ministers or priests in their churches. Jesus always treated women equally and with kindness, and he first appeared to a woman (Mary Magdalene) when he was resurrected. In the Creation story God created men and women equally. So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him, male and female he created them. (Genesis 1;27)
There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. (St. Paul to the Galatians 3:28)
Exception Roman Catholic Christians teach that men and women are completely equal in life; yet they do not allow women priests. Their reasons are that a priest represents Jesus (who was a man); and that Jesus only appointed male disciples. Women can still play an active role in the life of the Church. Hindu Attitudes Many Hindus hold “traditional” views and see men as the protectors of women. Women are the childbearers and should bring up the children and look after the home. The father protects the woman in childhood, the husband protects her in youth, the children protect her in old age, a woman should never be independent (Laws of Manu, Hindu Scripture). Nowadays, a number of Hindus believe in “modern” roles for men and women and that they have an equal role to play (such as the Hare Krishna movement). In India women were given equal voting rights and for many years had a female prime minister (Indira Gandhi). Hinduism is one of the few religions with many goddesses who play an important role in the faith. Brahman is represented as both male and female (e.g. Rama and Sita).
Prejudice and Discrimination Throughout history the UK has always been a mixed society. In the 1800s Britain formed an empire, which meant in exchange for being ruled by Britain, Empire citizens could also settle in the UK. This became known as the Commonwealth. In the 1950s, due to labour shortage after the war, workers were recruited from Commonwealth countries (India, Pakistan, West Africa, Caribbean). Many had fought for Britain in the war. This has all led to the UK being a multi-ethnic society. Remember the Difference Prejudice: A thought about people Discrimination: An action against people
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e.g. Thinking blondes are bimbos e.g. Refusing a blonde a job
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Racism The Race Relations Act in 1976 made it unlawful: To discriminate against anyone because of race, colour, nationality ethnic or national origins. in the sphere of jobs, training, housing, education and the provision of services. To use threatening or abusive language in public, which could stir up racial hatred. To publish anything likely to cause racial hatred.
Religious Teachings on Racial Harmony Christian Teachings Parable of Good Samaritan makes it clear Christians should “love your neighbour” Galations 3:28 says “There is neither Jew nor Greek” All Churches are working for racial harmony together.
Hindu Teachings Brahman is in everyone so Hindus should not discriminate Gandhi fought against racism all his life The Caste system should not be racist but simply a guide to fulfilling dharma (untouchability is now illegal)
Attitudes to other Religions Christian Views All Christians believe in religious freedom (the right to follow the religion of your choice). Many Christians believe you should not try and convert members of other faiths to Christianity. Other Christians feel that though you should respect other religions, everyone has the right to convert others. They believe only Christianity is the whole truth. Reasons for these beliefs Jesus did not try and convert the Jews and said “in my father’s house there are many rooms” meaning everyone is welcome in heaven. However, Jesus did say “no-one comes to the Father except through me” meaning the only way to heaven is through belief in Jesus. Hindu Views Hindus see all religions as different paths to God. Religious toleration is a normal part of life. Reasons for these beliefs There are so many forms of Hinduism itself with many ways of worshipping God, it is almost like different religions. Gandhi said it doesn’t matter which road you take, as long as you reach the same goal. 19
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REVISION ACTIVITIES FOR PAPER ONE Short General Activities for the topics 1) Make a list of the key words and definitions for each topic and learn them. Test yourself on your own, with a friend or member of your family. Then see if you can write out the words and their meanings. (20 min activity per topic) 2) Take a list of bullet points from the booklet in any area, and try one or more of the following ways of learning them: a) as a spider diagram/brainstorm picture b) as a mnemonic c) as a series of memorable pictures d) set the words to a song and sing them to yourself e) record the list on tape and play them over again f) make your own Power point presentation on them (15 min activity per list of bullet points) 3) Make up a controversial statement on a topic (E.g. “God does not exist” for Believing in God). Then write down 3 arguments in favour and 3 against your statement. (10 min activity per statement) 4) Take the two religions (Christianity and Hinduism) and put them in a table. Write down the similarities and differences in their beliefs on a topic. (10 min activity per set of beliefs)
Practice Exam Questions Believing in God The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1
a) b) c) d)
What is meant by religious conversion? Outline the reasons a person might give for being an atheist. Explain how religious experience might lead to or support belief in God. “Children should be allowed to make up their own minds about whether to believe in God.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
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(2) (6) (8)
(4)
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2 a) What does the word agnostic mean? (2) b) Outline the response of ONE religion to the problem of evil. (6) c) Explain how the appearance of design and order in the world may lead to or support belief in God. (8) d) “Miracles don’t happen nowadays.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. (4) Matters of Life and Death The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1
a) What is meant by the word immortality? b) Outline Christian attitudes to euthanasia. c) Explain why the followers of ONE religion other than Christianity believe in life after death. d) “Near death experiences do not show there is life after death” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
2 a) b) c) d)
(2) (6) (8) another (4)
What is meant by sanctity of life? (2) Some people do not believe in life after death. Outline their reasons. (6) Explain why there are different attitudes among Christians to abortion. (8) “People who are suffering should be allowed to take their own lives.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. (4)
Marriage and Family Life The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1
a) What is an extended family? b) State Christian teaching about sex outside marriage. c) Explain why family life is important in ONE religion other than Christianity. d) “Living together is better than getting married.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. 21
(2) (6) (8)
(4)
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2 a) What is meant by cohabitation? b) Outline attitudes to divorce in ONE religion other than Christianity. c) Explain how a Christian wedding ceremony may help a marriage to succeed. d) “Without religion family life would collapse.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
(2) (6) (8)
(4)
Social Harmony The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1
a) What does the word discrimination mean? b) Describe the advantages of living in a multi-faith society. c) Explain why there are different attitudes to the roles of men and women among Christians. d) “It is wrong to try and convert other people to your religion.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
2 a) Name TWO religions other than Christianity practiced in the UK. b) Outline Christian attitudes towards other religions. c) Explain how the teaching of ONE religion other than Christianity may d) help racial harmony. “Religion always treats men and women equally.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
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(2) (6) (8) another (4) (2) (6) (8)
(4)
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SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Key Words Bible Church Conscience Situation Ethics electoral system first-past-thepost Proportional representation national government local government Decalogue Golden Rule
the holy book of Christians with 66 books split into Old and New Testament. the community of Christians (with a small c it means a Christian place of worship). an inner feeling of the rightness or wrongness of an action. the idea that Christians should base moral decisions on what is the most loving thing to do in a situation. the way in which voting is organised. the voting system where whoever gets the most votes in a constituency wins the seat. the voting system where seats are distributed according to the proportion of votes. the government headed by the Prime Minister and Parliament which governs the whole country. the local council which looks after local issues such as education and refuse disposal. the Ten Commandments. the teaching of Jesus that you should treat others as you would like them to treat you.
Making Moral Decisions Christians may use any of the following to help when making a moral decision. Authority of the Bible Bible is important because it is inspired by God. Bible has many teachings on how to behave and make moral decisions. Some Christians feel it is the absolute word of God (fundamentalists). Others believe it needs to be interpreted by the Church or revised for modern day. Authority of the Church The Church is the body of Christians today, usually led by elected members. Christians believe God still speaks through the Church today. 23
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The Church can discuss and make decisions on moral issues to guide its followers. Conscience The feeling inside that guides you and makes you feel guilty if you do wrong. Christians should never act against their consciences, even if the Bible or Church says different. The conscience should be the final part of moral decision making. Situation Ethics Moral decisions should be based on the teaching “Love your neighbour.” This teaching is applied to every situation, before a moral decision is made. You should ask yourself, “What is the most loving thing to do?”
The Electoral System National Government runs the Civil service, Armed Forces and funds local government. It raises money through income tax, VAT, National Insurance, Excise Duties, etc. Local Government is the local council responsible for administering education, police force, fire brigade, refuse collection, etc. MPs are elected by the first-past-the-post system. The MP represents a small area and represents the people of that area in the House of Commons. Proportional representation is where seats are allocated based on the proportion of votes.
Religion and Politics Should be kept separate Religion should be concerned with personal, spiritual development, not with society. Christians will be judged on how they love God and their neighbour, not their politics.
Should be involved Christianity is a way of life and must involve action which affects society. Religion should be more important than politics in guiding society and working for the good of the human race.
Christian Reasons for separation Jesus said “Give to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s.” St. Paul said to submit to governing authorities put there by God (Romans and Titus). So leave politics to God and concentrate on your own soul. Church leaders have always let the government make decisions, and have acted as spiritual advisors, not political ones.
Christian Reasons for involvement Jesus threw the moneychangers out of the temple, showing religion is more important than politics. Jesus said you can’t serve both God and money, meaning religion must control politics. The letter of James proves faith must work through action. Today this means being involved in politics. The Churches are actively working with the 24 poor, the environment, with conflict, etc. This is involving politics.
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The Welfare State Origin: Aim: Funding: Provides today:
Began during World War II. To destroy poverty, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness. National Insurance and taxes. Free education up to 18yrs; NHS; unemployment benefit; income support; pensions; child benefit; housing benefit; job centres.
Christian Basis of the Welfare State The Decalogue (10 Commandments) makes Christians think of the needs of others (If you refuse healthcare to the poor, is this murder? If there are no pensions, can parents be honoured?). Jesus said that the Golden Rule is to treat other people as you would want them to treat you. This could mean the rich paying more taxes to help the poor. In the Parable of the Sheep and Goats, Jesus showed it is the duty of Christians to feed the hungry, clothe the naked, visit the sick, etc. This can be done in a large, organised way through the Welfare State. In James’ letter he talks about the danger of Faith without Works. Many schools, hospitals and orphanages were set up by Christians in light of his warning. The Decalogue (10 Commandments) 1. Worship one God only 2. Do not worship idols 3. Do not use God’s name in vain 4. Keep the Sabbath Day holy 5. Honour your father and mother 6. Do not murder 7. Do not steal 8. Do not commit adultery 9. Do not lie 10. Do not envy other people’s belongings
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THE ENVIRONMENT Key Words pollution greenhouse effect acid rain natural resources creation stewardship environment conservation animal rights
the contamination/degradation of the environment. the trapping of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which is thought to increase the temperature of the earth. such pollutants as coal smoke which make rain more acidic. naturally occurring materials such as oil and fertile land which can be used by humans. the act of creating the universe or the universe which has been created. looking after something so it can be passed on to the next generation. the surroundings in which plants and animals live, which they depend on. protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment. the belief that animals have rights not to be exploited by humans.
Threats of Pollution Issue Greenhouse Effect
Threat to the Planet If carbon dioxide increases, temperatures will continue to rise, rain will increase, flooding will increase, ice caps may melt and cause some coastal areas to disappear. Acid Rain Buildings and forests could be destroyed, lakes and rivers become polluted, wildlife effected and even human health. Water Pollution Fish and aquatic life will die and poisons can enter water supply – affects health of humans. Air Pollution Human and animal health problems – breathing difficulties and related illnesses – affect plant life. Land Pollution Buried waste (especially nuclear) could cause health problems in humans, increase in pests and disease. Destruction of natural environments affects food chain. Scarcity of Oil decline not only affects transport but plastic production (packaging), Natural chemical foodstuffs, polishes, road surfaces, etc. Reduction in metal ores resources (oil, will affect all appliances and transport. If these run out, would mean a lack coal, gas) of basic products in developed world. 26
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Solutions 1) Government Involvement: Could reduce pollution at an international level – agree to restrict greenhouse gas emissions; have policies on recycling; alternative energies, etc. Alternative 2) Energy Sources: Many types of power do not produce CO2 or nuclear waste (solar, water, wind). Car manufacturers are experimenting with water, sugar cane and electric batteries to power cars. Similarly recycling enables the lifetime of many resources to be extended. Personal Involvement: Recycling own personal waste; conserving energy through proper 3) insulation in housing; energy saving lightbulbs; making use of public transport; disposing of waste effectively; CFC free products, etc. A little bit will help if everyone contributes.
Creation and Stewardship Christian Teachings: Christians should regard creation as a gift from God, and should use it how God intended. Stewardship means looking after something for the future generations. This is a Christian duty. Christian stewardship means reducing pollution; preserving resources; sharing resources fairly (amongst the poor); respecting the environment and the creatures in it. Reasons they believe this: God created the universe and was “pleased with what he saw” (Genesis Creation Story). God made humans stewards of the earth: “I am putting you in charge of all creatures.” Hindu Teachings Hindus believe God is present in the universe and is a part of the earth. If farmers treat the earth with respect, it will produce good crops. Brahma created the universe from Vishnu’s belly button. He gave all life, creatures and plants feelings. Reasons they believe this: Creation stories are in Hindu Scripture. The god Vishnu appeared on earth as a number of animals, and the god Krishna was a cowherd, showing the importance of animals to god. Animals and plants are all apart of the cycle of samsara (reincarnation), so should be treated with respect (many Hindus are vegetarian).
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A Religious Conservation Organisation Case Study Name: Chipko Movement (Tree Huggers). Origin: Northern India. Practice: The name of the movement comes from the word 'embrace', as the villagers hugged the trees in 1973, and prevented the contractors' from felling them. The method they employed was unique – they would cling to the trees when the woodcutters tried to chop them. Thus, they dared to be killed before anyone planted their axe on the trees. The movement was led by the hardy, illiterate village women who knew the consequences of deforestation. Success: The success achieved by this protest led to similar protests in other parts of the country. Supporters of the Chipko movement, mainly village women, have successfully banned the felling of trees in a number of regions and influenced natural resource policy in India. It has been found that almost everyone in the villages is aware of the importance of forest cover in regulating soil and water regimes. Chipko has contributed to heightened awareness.
Animal Rights Animalsshouldnot haverights. Animals are not self-conscious or aware of needing to have rights No animal could defend its rights, it would have to rely on a human
Animalsshould haverights. Some animals like chimps, do show signs of being self-conscious Young children are not self-conscious or aware at first, yet they have rights
Christian Teachings Jesus taught non-violence “Turn the other cheek,� which could also be applied to animal rights. Some Christians believe animals have the same right as humans and should not be used for experimentation, hunting, food or sport. Some are vegetarian. They argue humans should be stewards of the animals. Some Christians believe animals should be used to benefit human life, e.g. experimentation to cure human diseases, since God put humans in charge of animals. 28
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Christians believe humans were made “in the image of God�, therefore human life is more important than animal life. However, humans should not be cruel to animals. Hindu Teachings The cow is a sacred animal because of its link to Krishna; because Shiva rides a bull; because the cow provides so much for Hindus (milk, butter, yoghurt; transport and plough-pulling; manure, building materials and fuel from its dung) Hindus do not approve of harming animals or experimenting on them because the atman is in all creatures, so God is in all creatures. The law of karma teaches that people who slaughter animals will be slaughtered themselves in the next life. The belief in ahimsa means that violence is wrong if used on animals. Arguments for experimenting on animals Most advances in medicine come from animal experiments Safety of household goods is expected by the public, and could not be ensured unless animals were used Animals do not have the same rights as humans
Arguments for using animals for food
Arguments against experimenting on animals Alternatives like testing on human skin cells can be used. Testing on and hurting animals is inhumane and degrades humans. Animals have the same rights as humans not to be abused
Arguments against using animals for food Humans can live a healthy life without meat Some animals are herbivores, and we have more of those sorts of teeth Killing animals always causes suffering, however it is carried out
Humans have some meat-eating teeth (canines) proving we are meant to eat meat Other animals eat meat Killing animals for food can be done humanely and is different to killing for fun.
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PEACE AND CONFLICT Key Words nuclear weapons other weapons of mass destruction pacifism just war world peace bullying forgiveness reconciliation
weapons based on atomic fission or fusion. non-nuclear weapons which can destroy large areas/numbers of people e.g. chemical weapons. refusing to fight in wars or use any violence whatsoever. a war which is fought for the right reasons and in a right way. the basic aim of the United Nations to remove the causes of war. intimidating/frightening people weaker than yourself. the act of stopping blaming someone and/or pardoning them for what they have done wrong. bringing together people who were opposed to each other.
Two Areas of Conflict in the world today Area: Iraq Reasons for Conflict: Country once led by Saddam Hussein (notorious dictator) who refused to let United Nations inspectors check on the amount of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Previous conflict in 1990s led to Gulf War. USA and Britain threatened war if Saddam didn’t co-operate. War began in March 2003. Saddam eventually captured and put to death.
Pacifism
Area: Israel-Palestine Reasons for Conflict: According to United Nations the conflict is due to the dispossession of Palestinians (put out of their land by Israelis) and the illegal occupation of Palestinian land by Israel. The state of Israel was set up after WWII and gave land to the Jews, previously owned by the Palestinians.There are 5 million Palestinian refugees in neighbouring lands waiting to return.
Refusing to use violence in any situation including fighting in wars.
Christian Pacifist:
Martin Luther King (campaigned non-violently for equal rights for black people in USA in 1960s). 30
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Hindu Pacifist:
Just War
Mahatma Gandhi (campaigned non-violently for the independence of India in 1920s-40s).
A war which is fought for the right reasons and in a right way. Mnemonic
War is started and controlled by the STATE. There is a JUST CAUSE. (Those attacked deserve it). War is fought to promote GOOD and avoid evil. The war is a LAST RESORT (all other ways of solving conflict have been tried). 5. The violence used is PROPORTIONAL (only enough force to achieve victory and no innocent civilians killed). 1. 2. 3. 4.
Smoking Joints Gives Lung Pains
Attitudes to War, Forgiveness and Reconciliation Christian Teachings: Most Christians believe war is acceptable if it is a Just War (e.g. World War II). Some Christians support pacifism and say it is never acceptable to go to war. All Christians believe forgiveness and reconciliation are the best ways of dealing with conflicts. Reasons they believe these points: Jesus overturned the tables of the moneylenders in the temple, using force to demonstrate the point that unfairness is wrong and you must stand up for your beliefs. Christians believe in justice and protecting the innocent, therefore a Just War is acceptable if it is hoped to promote good. Many Bible passages teach forgiveness (see Crime and Punishment section). When Jesus was arrested, he said “put away your sword” to his disciple. “All who live by the sword will die by the sword.” The sixth commandment is very clear “Thou shalt not kill.” Jesus taught others to “turn the other cheek” and to “love your enemies.” This proves reconciliation is the best option. Hindu Teachings: Most Hindus believe war is acceptable if it is a Just War (they have strict rules on war). Some Hindus support pacifism and say it is never acceptable to go to war. Most Hindus believe holding bitter thoughts is wrong, and forgiveness is better for your soul. Reasons they believe these points: Only the body is killed, the soul can not be harmed and gains good karma if it is a just war. 31
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Krishna advises Arjuna to fight against his kinsmen in the Bhagavad Gita. “For a warrior” nothing is higher than a war against evil.” Hindu scriptures give rules for a just war including: you must not attack anyone who has surrendered, the sick, children, women or anyone from behind. Gandhi said: “Ahimsa is the way of the brave. He who perished with sword in hand is brave, but he who faces death without raising his little finger is braver.” (Ahimsa involves avoiding harming other living beings through thoughts words and deeds). To take life is to darken the soul and put it back in the cycle of samsara, so it is further away from moksha. Forgiveness and reconciliation is part of the process of freeing the soul so it can achieve moksha.
Work of a Religious Peace Organisation Case Study Name: Pax Christi (Roman Catholic group) Aim: Pax Christi rejects war, preparations for war, and every form of violence and domination. They are working towards World Peace. Work: Making public statements against war (such as condemning the bombing of Iraq); criticizing the American government over the amount of money spent on defence; organizing public debates on the morality of nuclear weapons; working for racial justice to prevent war; working for human rights; educating American Catholics about war and peace issues; trying to establish international teams to intervene and prevent war.
Bullying Non-religious attitudes to bullying Every person has the right to live free from fear (basic human right) Bullying has harmful effects on society e.g. stopping people achieving their goals A civilised society is based on laws and respect between members of that society Religious attitudes to bullying All religions see unjust violence as sinful, including verbal violence All religions see humans as important individuals created by God All religions believe protecting the innocent is God’s will
Conflict between families and friends
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Some Reasons: Jealousy over money; parents refusing to accept child’s partner; disagreements over care for aged parents; disagreement over wills; disagreements over moral issues (e.g. abortion);
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT Key Words sin crime law justice deterrence retribution reform judgement punishment capital punishment
an act against the will of God. an act against the law. rules made by Parliament and enforceable by the courts. due allocation of reward and punishment, the maintenance of what is right. the idea that punishment should be of such a nature that they will put people off (deter) committing crimes. the idea that punishments should make criminals pay for what they have done wrong. the idea that punishments should try to change criminals so that they will not commit crimes again. the act of judging people and their actions. a penalty given for any crime or offence. the death penalty for a crime or offence.
Justice Christian and HinduTeachings: Justice is needed to treat all people as equals and work for equal rights. It is important to work to help the poor and aim to share out the world’s resources. It is our duty to take care of those who are suffering or treated badly. Reasons Christians believe this: The Bible shows God is a God of justice. Jesus said the rich should share with the poor. The Bible says people should be treated fairly. 33
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The Churches have expressed the need for Christians to work for justice. Reasons Hindus believe this: The Hindu Scriptures encourage Hindus to work for justice. Great leaders like Gandhi spent their life working for justice. Hindus believe that treating people justly improves the future lives of the soul. Hindu dharma (duty) is to work for justice, to help achieve the goal of moksha.
Judgement, Forgiveness and Punishment There are three theories of punishment: Deterrence Can work for some crimes, but a serious criminal will not be put off whatever the punishment (Death Penalty does not stop murder in USA). Retribution Makes public feel justice has been done, though can just feed strong emotions of revenge. Reform Can help change criminals behaviour, though it may be argued it is too late to change some people. Christian Teachings: Forgiveness is a main Christian teaching as is the belief that everyone deserves a second chance. You can only get to heaven if your sins have been forgiven. God is the only one with the right to judge (at end of world). Punishment is important, but the aim should be to reform the criminal afterwards. Christians do not believe you should just let people off! Reasons they believe this: Jesus taught you should forgive 77 times. Jesus said “turn the other cheek” meaning don’t take revenge. There are lots of Bible examples of forgiveness (Jesus forgiving the woman who was to be stoned for committing adultery). The Lord’s Prayer states “forgive us our trespasses.” Hindu Teachings: Criminals should be punished if they upset the balance of society. It is part of the law of karma that criminals get what they deserve, in this life or the next. This is judgement. Criminals should be given the chance to reform. Reasons they believe this: Scripture (Holy Books) teaches that sin is a crime against the laws of creation and should be punished. 34
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Scripture expects a ruler of the land to punish criminals as his duty (dharma). Law of karma proves bad actions deserve a punishment. Every Hindu’s duty (dharma) should be able to be carried out in a safe, secure environment. Criminals stop this happening and need to be punished.
Prisoner of Conscience A Prisoner of Conscience is a person who has been wrongfully imprisoned because of his/her beliefs. Case Study Name: Crime:
Punishment: Effects:
Dietrich Bonhoeffer (a Christian German) Feb 4th 1906 – April 9th 1945 He was eventually arrested and put to death by hanging because he spoke out against Hitler and the Nazi’s. As a Christian he believed that the Jewish people were being wrongly treated. He believed Hitler was making himself into a God like figure and this was wrong. Dietrich was involved in plots to assassinate Hitler and travelled to London to spread his beliefs that the Nazi system was wrong. He was arrested in March 1943 and hanged by the Nazi’s on April 9th 1945 just before the end of the war. His work showed that there was resistance to the Nazi’s and what they were doing. He also educated people in Britain about what was happening in Germany at the time.
Capital Punishment Capital Punishment means the Death Penalty.
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FOR * Helps the victims family get over their loss and prove justice has been done. * Taking a human life deserves the worst possible penalty which is death. * It deters potential murderers. * An executed murderer cannot kill again. * Hindu scripture allows Capital Punishment if it maintains order in society. * The Old Testament in the Bible allowed the Death Penalty for certain crimes (“an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”).
AGAINST * All life is sacred, only God has the right to take away life. * It does not allow for forgiveness or reform. * It is inhumane and barbaric. * Mistakes can be made, an innocent person may be killed. * Gandhi taught ahimsa which means nonviolence. * Jesus forgave the adulterous woman and gave her a second chance instead of the Death Penalty.
Christians and Hindus vary in their views on Capital Punishment. There are supporters and opponents in both religions, using the arguments above.
REVISION ACTIVITIES FOR PAPER TWO Practice Exam Questions Social Responsibility The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1
a) State ONE of the Ten Commandments (2) b) Give an outline of the Christian attitude that religion and politics should be kept separate. (6) c) Explain why the Bible is important to Christians in making moral decisions. (8) d) “Your conscience is your best guide for deciding what is right and what is wrong.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. (4)
2 a) What does the word conscience mean? (2) (6) b) Give an outline of ONE way a Christian would make a moral decision. c) Explain the relationship between teachings of the Parable of the Sheep and Goats and the provisions of the Welfare State. (8) d) “All Christians should be involved in politics.” Do you agree? Give 36
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reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
(4)
The Environment The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1
a) Name TWO types of pollution. b) Outline the work of ONE religious person, community or organization in support of the conservation of the planet. c) Explain how the teachings of ONE religion other than Christianity could d) help people reduce pollution. “Religion does not help animal rights.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
(2) (6) (8)
(4)
2 a) What does the word conservation mean? (2) b) Outline the teaching of ONE religion other than Christianity on (6) creation. c) Explain why some Christians are opposed to medical research being carried out on animals. (8) d) “If religious people really cared about the environment, they would stop using cars and washing machines.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. (4) Peace and Conflict The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1
a) Name ONE weapon of mass destruction. b) Outline the work of ONE religious person, community or organisation for world peace. c) Explain why some Christians think it can be right to fight in a war. d) “Religious people should have nothing to do with nuclear weapons.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
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(2) (6) (8)
(4)
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2 a) What does the word pacifism mean? b) Outline the attitude to war in ONE religion other than Christianity. c) Choose ONE area of conflict in the world and explain why the conflict is happening. d) “Religious people should never argue with their families.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. Crime and Punishment The following questions should take you 20 min each. 1 a) What does the word justice mean? b) Outline Christian teaching on forgiveness. c) Explain why there are different attitudes to capital punishment among the followers of ONE religion other than Christianity. d) “Committing a sin is as bad as committing a crime.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion. 2 a) Give the names of TWO theories of punishment. b) Name a prisoner of conscience and outline the reasons why he or she was imprisoned. c) Explain, with appropriate examples, the differences between a sin and a crime. d) “No religious person can agree with capital punishment.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have considered another point of view. In your answer you should refer to at least one religion.
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(2) (6) (8)
(4)
(2) (6) (8)
(4) (2) (6) (8)
(4)
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COMMON MISTAKES MADE BY STUDENTS Exam Technique Mistakes Doing all the questions instead of choosing one from each topic!!!! Remember at the end of the paper you should have done 4 questions. “Picking and Mixing” between the a) b) c) d) in the two questions. You either do Question 1 a) b) c) d) or Question 2 a) b) c) d). It’s not Woolworths!! “Describing” in part c) when you should be “explaining.” If it says “Explain” you must put in reasons why, which means using the word “because” a lot! Not referring to religious “teachings” when asked to. This means you should use examples from the Bible, Hindu scriptures or important things religious people have said. Confusion on Religions We have studied Christianity and Hinduism. Do not choose Buddhism, Islam or any other religion to talk about. You won’t know the facts!
Roman Catholics are Christians.
If the question says “choose ONE
religion other than Christianity” you can’t choose Roman Catholics. They are Christians!! You have to choose Hinduism as your other religion. Case Studies 39
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For some topics there is a Religious Case Study. You must use the ones we have taught you: Environment: Chipko Movement (not Greenpeace) Prisoner of Conscience: Dietrich Bonhoeffer (not Martin Luther King!) Peace and Conflict: Pax Christi Daft Mistakes Not learning definitions properly, e.g. not knowing what capital punishment or an atheist is. Making silly spelling mistakes that alter the whole meaning of a phrase, e.g. using contraception instead of conception; or using conversation instead of conservation!!!
Please don’t be one of the students this year to make one of these mistakes!
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