KEY TO THE GENUS ARGYNNIS
1 -
HWun with silver stripes; large size butterflies 2 HWun with or without silver spots but not stripes, sometime with postdiscal ocelli 3
2 -
FWun red-pink; HWun pale green with yellows or silver stripes FWun orange-yellow; HWun greenish with silver stripes
3 -
HWun deep-green without postdiscal ocelli but with several large silver spots HWun with black or brown postdiscal ocelli
4 -
HWun with large silver spots HWun without large silver spots
A. pandora A. paphia A. aglaja 4 5 6
5
HWun with a small yellow spot near the cell base, often black pupilled; black vein conspicuous A. niobe - HWun without small yellow spot near the cell base; vein black inconspicuous A. adippe 6 -
HWun brown-yellow; reddish postdiscal spots silver pupilled A. adippe f. cleodoxa HWun pale yellow with pale orange spots and black veins conspicuous A. niobe f. eris
aglaja pandora
adippe
paphia
adippe f. cleodoxa
niobe
niobe f. eris 197
KEY TO THE GENUS MELITAEA AND EUPHYDRYAS
13 -
HW submarginal band with black dots HW submarginal band without black dots
14 - -
Ups bright orange Ups dull brown orange Ups dull reddish brown
aurinia
15 -
14 15 aurinia / aurinia provincialis aurinia glaciegenita cynthia ♀
a. provincialis
a. glaciegenita
Bold black line enclosed in the postdiscal yellow band Thin black line enclosed in the yellow postdiscal band, often vestigial
LC maturna
232
intermedia
cynthia ♀
maturna intermedia
Nymphalidae
Euphydryas intermedia (Ménétriés, 1859)
Eufidriade intermedia; le Damier du chévrefeuille; Alpen-Maivogel, Geißblatt-Scheckenfalter; Ruševni postavnež; Asian Fritillary
2
1
1
♂
♀
1
orange bands
2
thin black line enclosed in the yellow postdiscal band A local and uncommon butterfly restricted mainly to S Alps; it occurs on subalpine sprucewood edges, subalpine scrubland and tall herb fringes.
LC
M
Lonicera caerulea 19-22 mm
3000 - nival
2500
- alpine
2000
- subalpine
1500
- montane
1000
- lowland
500
E. cynthia, E. maturna
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D uni bi tri pol
233
Nymphalidae
Erebia pluto (de Prunner, 1798) Plutone; le Moiré velouté, le Moiré des glaciers; Eis-Mohrenfalter; Triglavski rjavček; Sooty Ringlet
1
f. pluto
f. berninae
France and NW Italy
2
Ortler Alps
3
1
f. alecto=dolomitana Austria and NE Italy
2
1
f. oreas
France, Switzerland and N italy
318
Nymphalidae
Erebia pluto (de Prunner, 1798) 3
f. velocissima
f. burmanni Monte Baldo
Ortler Alps
3
f.nicholli
Brenta Alps
1 very dark and without markings 2 golden shadow and/or reddish band 3
black spots white pupilled
Festuca alpina, F. halleri, F. quadriflora, Poa minor
O
Widespread with a large number of geographical, local forms; it is typical of alpine and nival screes, moraines and rocky slopes with a sparse covering of short turf.
20-25 mm
LC
3000 - nival
2500
- alpine
2000
- subalpine
1500
- montane
1000
- lowland
500
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D uni bi tri pol
319
Nymphalidae
Lopinga achine (Scopoli, 1763) Mera dei boschi; la Bacchante; Gelbringfalter, Bacchantin; Scopolijev zlatook; Woodland Brown
1 2
1
large yellow-ringed black spots
2
white band
Brachypodium sylvaticum, B. pinnatum, Molinia arundinacea
O
Local and sporadic; it frequents deciduous woodlands edges and clearings, light, open pinewoods and scrubby grasslands.
25-27 mm
VU
3000 - nival
2500
- alpine
2000
- subalpine
1500
- montane
1000
- lowland
500
C. oedippus; A. hyperanthus
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D uni bi tri
272
pol
1
-
KEY TO THE GENUS COENONYMPHA Uns yellowish brown with white postdiscal band enclosing a complete series of large postdiscal black ocelli white pupilled and pale yellow and black ringed; Uns with a silver-grey submarginal line; Ups dark brown; ♀ with large black ocelli on HWup oedippus Different from above 2
yellow ringed
white band
oedippus 2 -
HWun ocelli in Sp4 and Sp5 displaced HWun ocelli in a regular row
dorus 3
ocelli displaced
dorus 3 -
HWun with creamy-white or white postdiscal band and large black ocelli HWun with creamy-white markings
4
Ups dark brown with submarginal orange ringed ocelli distinctive on HW; Uns orange marginal band prominent hero Ups brown with an orange area; HWup without submarginal ocelli; HWun postdiscal orange and black ringed ocelli 5
-
orange band
4 7
hero orange ringed ocelli
273
Zygaenidae
Zygaena osterodensis Reiss, 1921 le Zygène de la jarosse; Platterbsen-Widderchen
3 1
2
1 ground colour antracite 2
St 2 with concave edged
3 border narrow, prominent at apex and incospicuous at tornus
O
In the Alps it occurs in a few localities; it frequents damp meadows, shadow woodland glades and edges and scrublands.
Lathyrus vernus, Vicia cracca 14 -15,5 mm
3000 - nival
2500
- alpine
2000
- subalpine
1500
- montane
1000
- lowland
500
Z. romeo
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D uni bi tri
370
pol
Zygaenidae
Zygaena exulans (Reiner & Hohenwarth, 1792) la Zygène des Sommets; Alpen-Widderchen; Mountain Burnet
1
2
♂
♂ 3
♀
4
♂ 1
♂
thorax and abdomen strongly haired
2
coloration translucent
3
♀ ground colour dusted wiyh golden scales, especially along veins
4
patagia sometimes whitish Rather widespread, but generally uncommon or rare; sometime with very local abundant colonies; occurs on alpine tundra, stony pastures, rocky slopes with a sparse covering of short turf.
M
Empetrum nigrum 13,5 - 14 mm
3000 - nival
2500
- alpine
2000
- subalpine
1500
- montane
1000
- lowland
500
Z. loti
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D uni bi tri pol
371
CARATTERI DIAGNOSTICI PER LARVE E PUPE Le illustrazioni rappresentano le larve all’ultimo stadio di sviluppo; nella breve introduzione alle famiglie e alle sottofamiglie sono indicati i caratteri più tipici e le dimensioni minime e massime raggiunte dalle larve di ultima età; per le singole specie queste misure non sono state indicate poiché sono molto variabili e dipendenti dalle condizioni climatiche, dall’abbondanza e dallo stato delle piante ospiti nonché dalla generazione; pertanto le illustrazioni non sono in scala tra loro. Per le singole specie vengono evidenziati i caratteri più significativi e importanti sia delle larve sia delle pupe o dei bozzoli pupali (nel caso delle Zigene).
dorsal area
subdorsal area
supraspiracular area
subspiracular area
Colorational areas (Erebia sp.) spine
Some common forms of setae and spines found on caterpillar
seta
chalaza
scolus
Argynnis paphia 390
verruca
FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAE
Hesperidae
Hesperidae
Larvae are small sized, 15 to 20 mm; head nearly always distinctly larger than prothorax in profile. Carcharodus alceae
grey; head capsule black with yellow spots
Carharodus flocciferus pale-grey; head capsule black
Carcharodus boeticus
grey greenish with black dorsal line
Carcharodus lavaterae grey with yellowish stripe on supraspiracular area and black dorsal line interrupted
Muschampia proto
Spialia sertorius
dark - grey with numerous white dots
black with yellow supraspiracular stripes
Spialia orbifer brown with orange-yellow subspiracular stripe
391
FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAE
Nymphalidae
Nymphalis polychloros black with dorsal and subspiracular areas yellowish; scoli orange-yellow, prolegs orange and head capsule black
brown with conic
knobs and dorsal keel
Euphydryas intermedia
Euphydryas maturna
resembles E. intermedia closely but yellow patch is more bright
Euphydryas aurinia
white with several orange and black patch, without knobs
black with dorsal and subspiracular areas yellow and black scoli; prolegs reddish
black with white flecks, in particular in the subspiracular area; scoli black or grey and prolegs reddish
Euphydryas aurinia glaciegenita
white with yellow and black patch, without knobs
greyish with orange point on the body; the wing cases are marked with black and orange
Euphydryas cinthia black with yellow lateral stripes
resembles E.aurinia but white patch is conspicuous
414
prolegs reddish
resembles E. aurinia
Nymphalidae
FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAE
Melitaea phoebe black with white fleck and black scoli; head capsule, lateral stripe and prolegs reddish
Melitaea cinxia
pale-brown with very short orange knobs
black with white fleck; head and prolegs reddis
Melitaea didyma
Melitaea trivia
Melitaea deione
white with black marks, resembles Euphydryas; black knobs with yellow tips
pale-brown; dorsal scoli orange, lateral scoli orange-pink; black line around the scoli and head capsule
resembles M.didyma but ground colours is more dark and black pattern is very bold; scoli orange-brown and white
The larvae of following species are similar each other
black with white flecks conspicuous;
Melitaea diamina
pale-grey with numerous black conic knobs with red tips
scoli orange with white tips
chocolate-brown with numerous white flecks; scoli orange with white tips
pinkish with very small black marks and knobs
reddish brown with ochre and black knobs
white with black and orange knobs
415
FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND PUPAE Hypparchia statilinus
Hypparchia fidia
Nymphalidae - Satyrinae
pale-brown, with darker green stripes on the back and sides
reddish yellow, without markings
ochreous brown, with darker stripe on the back, broadest along the middle segments
reddish yellow, without markings
darker stripes on the sides
Arethusana arethusa
Chazara briseis
ochreous and white stripes on sides and dark-brown stripes on the head
whitish, with dark-brown dorsal stripe, edged in either sides with white and brown
pale-brown, with darker stripes on the back, broadest along the middle segments
darker lines on sides, above spiracles
Brintesia circe
pale-brown, delicately mottled with darker, thiny stripe on the back
whitish and dark-brown stripes above and below spiracles
Oeneis glacialis
dark ochreous, mottled on the back, with darker dorsal stripe
darker stripes on sides, above spiracles
428
Zygaenidae - Zygaena
Zygaenidae
FINAL INSTAR LARVAE AND COCOON
Zygaena
Larvae are small sized, 13 to 20 mm; resemble the larvae of some lycaenid Butterflies; often intensely coloured with a row of black anterior, dorsal, subdorsal and lateral spots. Zygaena carniolica
cocoon ovoid; concealed amongst vegetation or exposed on stem of herbage
Zygaena occitanica
black dorsal spots weakly connected to form a narrow broken line
bright yellow spots conspicuous
Zygaena hilaris
cocoon ovoid; concealed amongst vegetation or exposed on stem of herbage
black spots small
cocoon fusiform, wrinkled; concealed amongst vegetation
Zygaena fausta black dorsal spots weakly connected to form a narrow broken line
yellow spots and white marks forming a band
prothoracic segment and anal prolegs reddish
cocoon ovoid, porcelain-like sheen; near the ground
429