Lau Shan Lok - Design Thesis Report - RAS604 DESIGN THESIS 2

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| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 1 | Page DESIGN THESIS REPORT BORNEO CULTURALINDIGENOUSCENTERGALLERY This report is supplementary to the graphical documentation of the final design thesis. TITLE: BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURAL CENTER GALLERY NAME: LAU SHAN LOK STUDIO: RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 FACULTY: SCHOOL OF HOUSING, BUILDING AND PLANNING UNIVERSITY: UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE, MALAYSIA SESSION: STUDIOMASTERS2021/22: Prof. Dr. Ahmad Sanusi Hassan (Coordinator) Ar. IDr. Ts. Mohd Najib Mohd Salleh Adj. Prof. Dato’ Ar. Zulkarnain Harun Ar. Vijayalaxmi Nadarajan

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 2 | Page TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Project Brief 1.3 Summary of the Chapters CHAPTER 2 DESIGN AND COMMUNICATION: SPECIAL INTEREST TECHNICAL RESEARCH STUDY 2.1 RAS 603 Design Thesis 1 & 2 Preliminary schematic design Architectural design with technical consideration Critical and analytical thinking, with creative design solving capabilities PLO7 Lifelong Learning additional design consideration if your SPECIAL INTEREST TECHNICAL RESEARCH STUDY NOT in the curriculum 2.2 RAL 671 Research Methodology & Research Project Special research area applied in the Studio Design Thesis Choose one or combination of the special interest areas/topics: Cultural ResearchLiteratureBackgroundManagement,TechnologyContextandEnvironmentPractice&LawoftheStudyReviewMethodology 2.3 CHAPTERReview3 CULTURAL CONTEXT 3.1 RAT 532 Urban Design In Architecture Site analysis of Urban Design Elements Ingress/egress with paths, nodes, landmarks, districts and edges Path Permeability & Wayfinding (Space Syntax) related to nodes, landmarks, districts and edges 3.2 RAT 641 Architectural Critics Building Typology & SOA Precedent Study -Design Philosophy & Architectural Style Space Syntax Egress, Ingress, Permeability & Wayfinding Depth Level Private to Public access Social/User movement & control 3.3 CHAPTERReview4 TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 4.1 RAT 530 Energy Efficient Building Design Technology Environmental issues, Energy in building Efficiency and energy Retrofitting for energy efficiency Renewable energy for building PassiveOTTVGBI strategy MS Building1525environmental modelling GBI 4.2 RAG 535 BIM Integration In Architecture Architecture BIM Model sharing with BIM model with engineers (C&S and M&E) Quantity Surveying & Project Management) (AEC).

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 3 | Page Understanding of BIM construction from procurement, design, construction and completion phase. BIM collaboration and varieties of BIM software Exploration of BIM software such as Revit, Glodon, and Naviswork (+ Primavera). BIM Tools like Revit, Rhino, AutoCAD, Sketch up etc 4.3 RAT 663 Building Technology Integration Building Technology Building structural system Fire BuildingSafetyenvelope systems and green materials Building services system, HVAC & related M&E Materials and envelopes Automation system and intelligent/smart buildings 4.4 CHAPTERReview5 MANAGEMENT, PRACTICE AND LAW 5.1 RAK 555 Professional Practice In Architecture 1 & RAK 655 Professional Practice In Architecture 2 Building Technology Building structural system Fire BuildingSafetyenvelope systems and green materials Building services system, HVAC & related M&E Materials and envelopes Automation system and intelligent/smart buildings 5.2 RAT 545 Housing Regulations And Practice 13 Existence, role and responsibilities of Developers Sale and Purchase Agreement, UBBL, PAM Contract and CCC Land Titles/ Strata Housing Titles Sustainable Design Goals 2030 Smart City Concept Law and Local Authority Requirements 5.3 CHAPTERReview6 CONCLUSION 6.1 Introduction 6.2Final Architecture Design 6.3The Impact from Special Interest Technical Research Study 6.4 Review

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I'm also thankful to all of the professors who gave me advice, criticism, and inspiration, all of which will help me significantly in my future architectural career.

The project is about designing a Borneo indigenous cultural center gallery which the site is located at the Damai Beach, Santubong peninsula, Kuching, Sarawak. To be specified, the task is to design a cultural center gallery which provide a platform for the Sarawakian to gather among themselves and learn from each other.

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and thanks to everyone who has helped me with the scope of this study.

Preface The work presented in the design report is prepared by Lau Shan Lok, P-RM0092/20 and to be submitted for the master of Architecture, school of housing, building and planning University of Science, Malaysia for the purpose of submission for design thesis report, Semester 2021/2022.

Not forgetting, I owe a debt of gratitude to my studio mates with whom I have spent the whole semester. Everyone has contributed effort from the beginning of the semester to its conclusion, sharing their experiences and information so that we may learn from one another and overcome our deficiencies.

In the meantime, with the aid of facilities and technologies provided in the center to develop and showcase their intangible and tangible culture, talents and skills of various aspects such as arts, sports, culture, entrepreneurship and etc. This design report will fully cover the details of the cultural center gallery from background study to site analysis, further into the design approach and building design which includes structural system and building services. Through this design report, it showcases the understanding for existing context program and design, evaluating critical design strategies, applying a broad range of disciplines concerned with the building system and laws and demonstrating skills and technical abilities to detail the design proposal with conceptual intent.

My design thesis report supervisor is sympathetic and skilled in giving me a lot of assistance and support throughout the study. As a result, I was able to come up with a fascinating design topic within a time frame, which led to the completion of my project. Thank you very much for your patience and advice.

Acknowledgements

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| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 6 | Page 1.1 Introduction Cultural › Cultural Center Educational › Gallery Health › Hall Community Center Landscape + Planning › Public Park & Green Space

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The center will accommodate the needs of the Traditional to develop themselves in various aspects both physically and mentally. The design will be considering and taking care the advantage and tackling the disadvantages of the site context located Damai Beach, Santubong peninsula, Kuching, Sarawak.

The objective is to design a Borneo indigenous cultural center gallery. This has provided the opportunity for the Sarawakian to network among themselves and offered a platform for them to exchange their knowledge and experiences to inspire each other from different ages of group.

Project Background Architecture is depicted through these notions: nature, culture, place, time, technology, local versus global, archetypes, and identity. These will lead on to a comparative assessment to develop the five elements of architecture principles of nature, place, time, architectonic and identity which are the driving factors to improve the built environment of the indigenous people in Malaysia

The Thesis Project is aimed to study the old Traditional building technology of Orang Asli with better and stronger Construction technology that feature new building techniques. These will lead on in to a comparative assessment to develop the five elements of architecture principles of nature, place, time, architectonic and identity which are the driving factors to improve the built environment of the indigenous people in Malaysia

1.1.3Target User

1.1.2 Background Study

Furthermore, government agencies and non governmental organization such as Ministry of Youth and Sports, iM4U, MaGiC and etc. have been working together to organize programmers and events to develop tradition culture in various aspects such as arts and crafts, entrepreneurship, education, sports, innovation and community well being. Youths Culture influences to help young people consider where their place, and their faith, fit in this world.

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The Thesis Project is aimed to study the old Traditional building technology of Orang Asli with better and stronger Construction technology that feature new building techniques. These will lead on in to a comparative assessment to develop the five elements of architecture principles of nature, place, time, architectonic and identity which are the driving factors to improve the built environment of the indigenous people in Malaysia

iii) To present the design principles based on the synthesis and evaluation of the theoretical basis and the comparative assessment.

i) To identify the approaches that should be taken by architects in developing a contemporary vernacular architecture for the indigenous society.

The aim of this dissertation is to seek an understanding of the architecture design principles that contributes towards a contemporary vernacular architecture for the indigenous society.

ii) To identify the challenges of the indigenous architectures in Malaysia with the Borneo community as reference to local context in representing the indigenous society in Malaysia.

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ii. Re imagined as active public spaces, galleries are cable of serving multiple functions and harboring an environment of learning and exploration. Instead of one way learning from our digital devices, libraries help provide opportunities for cross-learning and dialogues.

Nowadays, with easy access to the internet to the masses, knowledge, art, history, culture is no longer limited to books and thus museum isn't the only source of learning. In the digital age, what is the need for a physical Gallery?

i. Although many of the resources are available at the touch of a button, Gallery can provide an essential element missing from our daily urban setting - a change of space. The space can help create an experience, which helps in our understanding and absorption of knowledge. The space can provide a conducive learning environment which is lacking from many of the spaces that we live and spend most of our days in.

iii. From co-working spaces to gathering venues, a revamped understanding of the gallery can help provide an essentially civic space that can encourage interaction and exchange of ideas. In the urban setting where loneliness and isolation are on the rise, these spaces can help create a sense of community amongst people.

A study has been done to see what kind of event has been organized and happening in Kuching, Sarawak. Some of the events will be done weekly and some will be annually Day

The framework is intended to engage several stakeholders, including government and non government groups, in the project. The flow of the framework began with the government of Sarawak, which will provide permission for any events to be held. In addition to government support and approval, the programmed required support and assets from a number of organizations, including the Ministry of Youth and Sports, the Malaysian Council, the Malaysian Global Innovation and Creativity Centre, and a number of local organizations, including Tedx Kenyalang, iM Sarawak, and TEGAS. In addition to focusing on the community's well being, these parties will give tools and skills, advertising and entrepreneurship, the organization of programmers and events, and advertising. All of these will be executed and useful to the building's ultimate users, the kids and general public. Programmers

National Culture

International Borneo Festival Festival Borneo

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Target Framework & Collaborators

1.2.3 Potential

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The study focuses on indigenous house spatial layout design that can be found in Sabah and Sarawak. Sabah and Sarawak are famous of their longhouse architecture. Longhouse architecture have been long existed for rural settlement in old days. According to architectural John Ting (2013), he stated that longhouses are usually situated parallel to rivers and streams (“History and Architecture of the Longhouse,” 2013). Longhouse can be defined as a series of independent raised pile houses which built and constructed together in a row.

Study on existing layout plan design of Sabah and Sarawak indigenous traditional dwelling. To carry out this research, the content research in this paper is collected through online case studies and literature review. Through selection of an appropriate research method, all the data will be gathered, tabulated, and evaluated to propose a guideline with reference to the link that will enhance social interactions among the residents in modern vernacular house design.

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After

this

Indigenous Groups Melanau Iban Kadazandusun Type of Longhouse

will

Image shows Melanau Tall House. (Source: Google Image) Image shows Iban Longhouse. (Source: Google Image) Image shows Rungus Longhouse. (Source: Google Image)

Table 1:

Location Mukah, Matu Daro, Balingian, Bruit, Seduan, Dalat, Oya, Igan, Belawai-Rajang, Miri, Bintulu, Segan, Sarawak Lundu, Samarahan, Serian, Sri Aman, Betong, Saratok, Rajang River, Sibu, Kapit, Belaga, Kanowit, Song, Sarikei, Bintagor, Bintulu, Miri, Sarawak Kudat, Sabah Exterior of Longhouse

all

Comparison of the Melanau, Iban and Rungus Traditional Longhouse Architecture Case Studies collecting the related data about the indigenous group longhouse, section demonstrate the comparison between three case studies which are Melanau, Iban and Rungus traditional longhouse. Comparison of the Melanau, Iban and Rungus Traditional Longhouse Architecture Case Studies

Huge piles made of ironwood supported the roof at a height of some 30 feet from the ground

The function of verandah is served as lounge or rest area

Height of Longhouse

Walls are designed as outward sloped.

Uniqueness of the building is its height which is 40 feet high from the ground

Three to five feet above the ground Interior of Longhouse

Spatial Layout Floor plan square in shape, regular form Rectangular shape, regular form, straight line house Rectangular shape, regular form, straight line house Corridor Long and wide corridor Long and wide corridor Long and wide corridor Common Area Centre Space acts as family area Ruai or common verandah Apad or common gallery

The building is lift off the ground by stilts

The wooden stairs are without handrail

Notched log serves as a staircase

Verandah or known as tanju was found at the front part of the longhouse

There are about 7 to 15 or more family apartments joined together

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 16 | Page Characteristic from Exterior Built near the sea. Due to this, Melanau people need to protect themselves from pirates during early Consiststimesofthree levels • First level • Main level • Upper level Consists of 20 30 living spaces for each family Built high above the ground

Based on main floor plan, the shaded area indicates that centre space of longhouse is functioned as family area. It is also called “ruang tamu”.

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Based on plan, besides living area, “tanju” and “ruai” also a communal space which located outside the “bilek”. It is a space for gathering, funeral and festivities. “Tanju” area will be full of people chitchatting especially in the early morning.

Based on plan, apad or common gallery is an important space in Rungus Longhouse. The function of Apad is an open area for leisure activities such as celebration and rice pounding.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 18 | Page Melanau Tall Longhouse Iban RungusLonghouseLonghouse

The longhouse created the feeling of harmony and connection. Based on the Table 1, the similarity of Melanau, Iban and Rungus longhouse is consisting of gathering spot and balcony. Melanau longhouse consists of center space which acts as family area. Iban Longhouse consists of ruai. While Rungus Longhouse consists of Apad or common gallery for communities gathering purpose. This means that the design of traditional longhouse emphasizes on community life. The way of life in the longhouse reflects a strong sense of togetherness among the big families who live together under same roof. Indigenous groups who live in longhouse practice the principle of “berat sama dipikul, ringan sama dijinjing” among communities (Chandra, 2021). Early indigenous groups are united and cooperated as we can see from early incident. For example, during 18th and mid 19th century, Melanau people were targeted by pirates and became the victims of attacks in Rejang (Chandra, 2021). They unite and defend each other. This shows that there is a strong sense of unity and team spirit among the community. Tall Longhouse, Longhouse, Longhouse

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Similarity of Melanau, Iban and Rungus Traditional Longhouse

Iban

Comparison of Result of Analysis Table 2 Comparison of Result of Analysis between Melanau

and Rungus

Case Studies Indigenous Groups Melanau Iban Kadazandusun DescriptionPercentage 62% Level of accesibility and connectivity 20% - Level of lighting in the space 18% Level of privacy 64% Level of accesibility and connectivity 25% - Level of lighting in the space 11% Level of privacy. 67% Level of accesibility and connectivity 13% - Level of lighting in the space 20% Level of privacy. 62 % 18 % 20 % 1164% % 25% 13% 67% 20%

Several proposed guideline for enhancing social interaction are identified which are creating bigger gathering area, increasing kitchen size and implementing design of verandah to the modern vernacular housing. In conclusion, the three case studies had established the concept of social interaction within the overall layout design of their longhouses.

The research will be beneficial for future reference. The findings from this study can help to enhance and encourage social interactions among the communities in modern vernacular house design. Every indigenous longhouse design has its own uniqueness and style which influenced by its own culture. Longhouse is traditional home in Sabah and Sarawak. The design concept of longhouse is aimed to encourage social interaction and communal life among indigenous. Hence, it is significant to investigate the architecture of longhouse in terms of building form, spatial layout plan and space planning. This research will be valuable for next generation to have better understanding about indigenous longhouses.

Along with the study’s objective, the research aims to investigate the efficiency of social interaction to the existing layout plan design of Sabah and Sarawak indigenous traditional dwelling. The study from the findings will propose a guideline that will enhance social interactions among the residents in modern vernacular house design.

(a) Create Bigger Gathering Area

Based on data collected, indigenous longhouse consists of bigger space for gathering purpose. To enhance social interaction, this is an important design concept to be implemented to the modern vernacular house design. In this globalization, modern house only consists of basic space such as living area, dining area, kitchen and some bedrooms. Bigger gathering area can increase good interaction between communities.

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Proposed Guideline for Enhancing Social Interaction

(b) Increase Kitchen Size

As compared to traditional dwelling, the size of kitchen of modern housing is quite small. During early times, indigenous people will prepare food together as the bigger kitchen can allow more people to accommodate in a space. They will gather together and chitchat to each other in the kitchen. Therefore, bigger size of kitchen can be considered as the significant criteria for modern vernacular house design.

2.1.3 Critical and analytical thinking, with creative design solving capabilities

Architectural design with technical consideration

2.1.2

There are three case studies are selected in this study which are Melanau Tall Longhouse, Iban Longhouse and Rungus Longhouse. Based on the findings of these three case studies, they are different in terms of their location situated, exterior building design, building height, and spatial layout. The similarity of the three indigenous longhouses is consisting of gathering area and long and wide Basedcorridor.onresult

analysis of Melanau Tall Longhouse using depth map, the percentage of every colour is calculated through depthmap software. There is about 62% contributed to level of accessibility and connectivity. 12% of the level of lighting in the space. And about 18% contributed to level of privacy. For Iban Longhouse, there is about 64% contributed to level of accessibility and connectivity. 25% of the level of lighting in the space. And about 11% contributed to level of privacy. While for the Rungus Longhouse, there is about 67% contributed to level of accessibility and connectivity. 13% of the level of lighting in the space. And about 20% contributed to level of privacy. From the perspective of social interaction, these three indigenous longhouses had contributed high level of accessibility and connectivity. This means that these longhouses had provided big space which acts as family area and gathering space.

(c) Verandah or Balcony Verandah is an open space with covered roof. It can also consider as additional components of the house. During early times, verandah of traditional house will be added when the family members are increase. Nowadays, verandah cannot be seen from the modern housing. Only a small portion of space designed as the balcony. But not all the modern house has balcony. The design of verandah encourages the occupants to interact with their neighbor. A strong sense of community will be created. Hence, the design of verandah should be considered as the guideline for modern vernacular housing.

Only have basic function spaces such as dining area, living area, kitchen, toilet, andBesidesbedroom.living area, modern house does not have other space for gathering purpose.

Besides the basic spaces mentioned in modern house, traditional house consists of spaces such as open galleries with overhanging rafters and shafts, verandah, and bigger family area.

Bigger gathering area can be considered the main space in traditional house. Some traditional house consists of foyer or entryway.

3

Source: Google Image Source: Google Image Floor Plan

Comparison between Modern House and Traditional Dwelling

For future research study, study about the modern house and traditional dwelling can be carried out for future reference. The building form, space design and planning, construction materials of modern house and traditional house is different from each other.Table

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Space The plan consists of multi purpose rooms and many open concept spaces.

The spaces are usually break down into several small and single purpose rooms. As compared to modern house plan, traditional house has more types of spaces.

Type of Dwelling Modern House Traditional Dwelling

Comparison between Modern House and Traditional Dwelling

The modern house plan is in regular form and rectangular shape. The traditional house plan is in regular form and rectangular shape.

Decorative Elements Do not have decorative elements. Minimalist style. Decorative elements or motifs on the walls and column

Construction Materials

Exterior Do not have stilts Do not have stairs outside the house Have car porch Individual unit -Glass is used as the window Built on stilts Have wooden stairs Do not have car porch

Individual units are combined together as one and covered by one roof -Opening are designed for good ventilation

Concrete, brick and reinforced steel. Wood is also used as the construction material for modern housing. But the wood is different from the wood for traditional dwellings. The construction techniques also different.

Timber, solid belian, sago tree trunks, hardwood (different materials will be selected depends on different types of traditional house)

Roof Flat or low sloped roof Vernacular roof

Maintenance Require less maintenance Require significant maintenance

Construction Materials

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Sloping thatched roofs made from atap leaves

Roof Roof can be made of stainless steel, copper, aluminum or zinc. Metal roofs are the common roof applied for modern housing.

Flooring and Wall Tiles are used as the covering materials on the floor Walls are usually made of brick Flooring and walls usually made of nibong tree trunk

2.2.1 Special research area applied in the Studio Design Thesis

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The structural behaviour of bamboo reinforced concrete slabs used for footplate foundations under focused load was examined in this study. The load deflection properties, the ultimate load, the stiffness, the ductility, the cracking pattern, and the energy absorption capacity of concrete slabs were all measured to see how substituting steel with bamboo affected their structural behaviour. As a result, bamboo may be recommended as a suitable potential reinforcement for sustainable building and can easily replace steel, preserving natural resources to a large extent. According to them, the structural behaviour of bamboo reinforced concrete slabs is quite similar to that of steel reinforced concrete slabs. As a result, bamboo might be a potential steel alternative in concrete reinforcement.

Reinforced concrete is the most commonly used construction material on the construction field. However, the materials used for concrete reinforcement, such as steel, are relatively expensive and limited in underdeveloped countries. Many of the affected locations are in or near tropical and subtropical zones, where bamboo is very inexpensive and abundant. As a result, bamboo is regarded as an efficient, high tensile strength alternative.

Concrete is a commonly applied building material because of its many benefits, including low cost, availability, and fire resistance. However, because of its low tensile strength, it cannot be utilized alone in all situations. As a result, steel is commonly utilized to strengthen concrete. Steel has a high tensile strength to complement concrete's low tensile strength, but its usage should be limited because of its expensive cost and significant energy consumption in the production process. As a result, finding a low cost, ecologically friendly, and the energy efficient alternative is a global priority, particularly for poor nations. Bamboo is a good alternative for reinforcing bars in concrete for low-cost buildings, addressing all of these issues. Bamboo is an excellent tension and compression material since it is natural, inexpensive, and readily available. Bamboo is an appropriate and appealing alternative to traditional steel in reinforced concrete construction for a number of reasons. Bamboo, for example, has tensile strength that is similar to mild steel (Agarwal et al., 2014).

Furthermore, research has revealed that the energy required to manufacture engineered bamboo is almost 50 times lower than that necessary to manufacture traditional steel (Ghavami, 1995; Janssen, 1981). Others (Ghavami, 1995; Ghavami & Hombeeck, 1981) have demonstrated that bamboo has a six-fold lower self-weight than steel at the same tensile strength level, minimizing the internal forces that must be countered by member design. If adequate chemical treatments are used, the enhanced load bearing capability of bamboo reinforced beams can be five times that of normal concrete beams. Bamboo has recently been considered for use as reinforcement in soil cement pavement slabs that exhibit inelastic behavior even when subjected to mild loads. In this example, ultimate load analysis was shown to be more cost-effective and practical. The conclusions and suggestions offered in this report are based on the findings of these investigations. More research is needed before entire trust in theoretical designs based on the information offered here can be placed.

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According to some research, Clemson Agricultural College had studied widely about the use of bamboo as reinforcement in Portland cement concrete. In 1964, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station had conducted a study about the feasibility of bamboo when used as reinforcing material in precast concrete elements (Mark Adom Asamaoh, Jack Osei, 2018).

Traditionally, steel is a common material used in reinforcement concrete. Due to its high tensile strength, it can be considered as important part in building concrete structure. However, steel is an expensive material, and it is not eco friendly. Combination of cement and steel brings heavy environmental impacts. In this era of globalization, bamboo has been applied as material for reinforcement in construction, especially in some developing countries (M. M. Rahman, M. H. Rashid, M. A. Hossain*, 2018). Bamboo can be used as potential eco friendly alternative reinforced concrete material in future construction world as it can promote sustainable construction.

Choose one or combination of the special interest areas/topics:

Traditional bahareque’s are normally made of a timber and/or bamboo frame, which is then covered in a matrix of split or opened bamboo (known as esterilla), cane, twigs, or timber strips, and ultimately plastered in manure or soil, with straw added for extra strength (López et al., 2004). To lessen the risk of moisture, it is usually placed on top of a stone or brick upstand, has a strong roof overhang, and is made of naturally durable wood or treated wood and bamboo.

Cultural Context CASE STUDY - Traditional bahareque housing as a case study

Bahareque is a vernacular/traditional construction technique that has been used for thousands of years in numerous nations throughout the world (Gutiérrez, 2004). In the United Kingdom, it is known as wattle and daub; in El Salvador and Colombia, it is known as bahareque; in Peru, it is known as quincha; in Cuba,in Brazil, it is known as pao pique; and in other areas of Latin America, it is known as taqueria (Carazas Aedo & Rivero Olmos, 2013). Similar types of wattle and daub dwellings may also be found in other parts of the world. All of these variants will be referred to as conventional bahareque for the purposes of this paper.

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Figure 2: Interior view of PNB house in Milano, Costa Rica In 1988 the Costa Rican National Bamboo Project (Gutiérrez, 2000) developed and implemented engineered bahareque as a cheaper and more sustainable form of housing. Because there was no significant tradition of building with bamboo, the project involved a technology transfer of growing and designing with cane and bamboo from Colombia, and in total, up until 1995 around 4000 of these single-story low-cost houses were built for poor communities who had been living in sub-standard or cramped housing across the country. The designs varied and used either a naturally durable hardwood, or treated bamboo for the frame, with a matrix of bamboo for the wall matrix, covered in cement mortar render, with a lightweight corrugated iron sheeting roof.

National Bamboo Project, Costa Rica

An independent review of 26 of these houses in 2012, i.e., 12-24 years since construction, concluded that they were sufficiently well-liked by the beneficiaries to have changed many of their preconceptions regarding building with bamboo. The majority of the houses appeared to be in excellent condition and the treatment methods were successful (Kaminski, 2013).

• Easy to construct by semi skilled labour. • Easy to maintain by un skilled labour.

• Constructed with community sourced materials. • Required minimal maintenance. • Had appropriate room layouts and uses.

• Safe to construct. • Culturally acceptable. • Flexible in layout.

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• Low-cost. • Disaster-resilient. • Durable and termite-resistant.

Figure 3: Post earthquake engineered bahareque housing in Barcelona, (Kaminski, 2016) Since 2012, Arup, have been exploring the possibility of building low cost homes using more sustainable and local materials, in order to reduce their environmental impact and support the local community (Kaminski et al., 2016a). The aims were to produce a viable housing technology and design that was:

• Thermally comfortable.

The design was intended to be available for use in both long-term development and post-disaster contexts to replace existing sub-standard or damaged housing in rural and peri-urban areas across El Salvador.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 29 | Page 2.2.4 Technology and Environment

2.2.5 Management, Practice & Law

Although many of the reference and case study are available at the research, Bamboo Reinforced Concrete still no compline to Practice & Law because highlighted the relatively poor behaviour of bamboo reinforced concrete, identifying issues including: a) high deflection, low ductility, brittle failure, and reduced ultimate load capacity when compared to steel reinforced elements; b) bonding issues associated with excessive cracking and swelling of bamboo; and, c) the need for using asphalt emulsions. Glenn prescribed 3 to 4% bamboo reinforcement ratio and an allowable bamboo stress of 20 to 28 MPa calibrated to control deflections.

For a permanent one, the upkeep schedule and techniques should be planned ahead of time to ensure a consistent level of service. Bamboo reinforced concrete can be used for both temporary and permanent embankment stability. The most serious issue with the embankment is excessive strain during construction. Consolidation enhances the strength of the soil over time. The soil mobilised soil strength changes as the bamboo serviceability decreases. When the culm is in good shape, bamboo performs at its best. Bamboo's strength is greatly reduced by slicing and chopping. Bamboo strips will give less strength than a bamboo grid or mattress.

Bamboo's most critical problem is its weakness of durability. Bamboo has a lifespan of fewer than two years if not treated. Preservation may extend the life of a product by 4 7 years. Bamboo may be made more durable by soaking it in running water. It might endure more than ten years, according to Indonesian folklore. Another country has reported on this notion. Because of its short lifespan, bamboo is only suitable for temporary buildings. If bamboo is kept immersed all of the time, it will last longer.

The production of bamboo reinforced concrete is same mix proportions, design, and construction techniques as used in production of steel reinforced concrete. Bamboo usually used for mediumlarge projects. According to the research, bamboo as reinforcement material is an innovation which conducted in the Clemson Agricultural College based on Clemson’s study (Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Properties, Mix Proportion, Design and Construction, 2021). Bamboo can be easily found in nature. Different species of bamboo are differing in their thickness, texture, characteristics, and strength. Therefore, it is important to identify that which species of bamboo is suitable for reinforcing with concrete. Based on research, bamboo can attain 370 Mpa. Its tensile strength is moderately high. Due to this reason, bamboo can be an suitable substitute to steel (M. M. Rahman, M. H. Rashid, M. A. Hossain*, 2018).

Existing of green concrete can reduce the burden on natural resources. At the same time, it can achieve sustainability. Bamboo can be used for temporary and permanent constructions. Reasons why bamboo can be green alternative used as reinforcement concrete are as follows:

• Natural Bamboo can be considered as nature’s material and mainly as a strength bearing material. Bamboo can be found widely all over the world. It is a material which is renewable and biodegradable in nature.

• Environmental Friendly Bamboo is a fast growing plant. For some developing countries, they start to use bamboo for reinforcement concrete instead of steel to reduce environmental impacts since bamboo is a renewable natural resource. Hector Archila had stated that there are two tonnes of carbon dioxide will be produced when one tone of steel being manufactured (Use of Bamboo as Reinforcement in Building Construction, 2021). According to Hector Archila, steel has greater carbon footprint as compared to bamboo.

• BambooSpecies has 1500 species. Among theses species, all types of bamboo should be tested in order to identify the suitability of bamboo as reinforcing material.

APPLICATION OF ULTRA-HIGH-PERFORMANCE BAMBOO REINFORCED CONCRETE

• Colour and Age Evident brown colour should be used for reinforcement of concrete. This shows that the age of bamboo is at least three years.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 30 | Page 2.2.6

• Low WhenCostcomparing bamboo with steel for reinforcement concrete, bamboo is a low cost material. Manufacturing of steel needs to consume high use of fossil fuels. Therefore, bamboo can be considered as low cost alternative.

Background of the Study

• WhenDiameterselecting the bamboo, diameter of bamboo culms should be observed. Longest large diameter culms should be selected which is suitable for construction of reinforced concrete.

• DueHarvestingtoincreasing of fibre moisture content of bamboo, the important action should be considered is avoid cutting bamboo during spring or early summer. It will make bamboo become weaker. REASONS WHY BAMBOO CAN BE GREEN ALTERNATIVE USED AS REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE

What is Bamboo Reinforced Concrete?

There are several factors should be considered when selecting the bamboo for construction of reinforced concrete. The factors are as follows:

The tensile strength of several species of bamboo can be comparable to mild steel. According to Ghavami, 1995 and Janssen, 1981, their research had shown that the amount of energy required to produce engineered bamboo is about 50 times lesser than conventional steel (Mark Adom-Asamaoh, Jack Osei, 2018). Prof. Satish Pawar mentioned that bamboo reinforced concrete can be used effectively for key structural components. For example, walls, slabs, beams, and columns of a structure (Use of Bamboo as Reinforcement in Building Construction, 2021).

When Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Compare to Steel Reinforced Concrete Exposure to concentrated load, performance of bamboo reinforced concrete slab is same like steel reinforced concrete slab. About 82% of strength can be gained by the bamboo reinforced 2.2.7 Literature Review

Concrete is one of the most important parts in construction. Concrete commonly used for construction purposes such as construction of buildings, sidewalks, pavements, and other related structures. During construction of a structure, advantages of concrete are to provide strength, stability, versatility, and durability. Since concrete is a mixture with combination of cement, water, fine aggregate, and crushed stones, concrete is not an independent construction material. Therefore, steel is generally used to reinforce the concrete as the drawback of concrete is low tensile strength material. The ready mix concrete has become long lasting choice for construction companies as it is more reliable and can speed up the construction process. Due to global concern, bamboo has been found as a substitute used in reinforcement of concrete. In some developing countries, they found that bamboo is suitable substitute due to some reasons such as low cost, natural, less energy consuming material, and environmental friendly (M. M. Rahman, M. H. Rashid, M. A. Hossain*, 2018). Bamboo is widely available, and it is an environmental friendly plant. It can lessen the burden on natural resources. Bamboo helps to absorb carbon dioxide and nitrogen in the air.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 31 | Page Table 4: Bamboo can be used internally and externally in construction. Internal Application External Application Interior Wall Exterior Wall Eco friendly products used for bath and kitchen Structural frame Flooring Roofing Electrical wire coverings Tie Beams Columns SheathingKingGirdersRafterPosts

Bamboo Steel Availability Widely available, natural Artificial Cost Low cost Higher cost Energy consuming Required less amount of energy to engineeredproducebamboo Required much energy in manufacturing process Sustainable Environmental friendly Not environmental friendly Table 5: Comparison of Bamboo and Steel for Reinforcement Concrete

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 32 | Page 2.2.8 Research Methodology

Research methodology is an important procedure for the researchers to collect data, samples, and find out solutions to a problem. Through selection of an appropriate research method, it allows us attempt to minimize the complexity of the study. The research method used in this paper is systematic literature review (SLR). Systematic literature review (SLR) is one of the methodologies for conducting research and collecting data from different sources. It is a highly structured method and following a standard process. The aim of this paper is to write a review of literature summarized by different authors regarding the topic of bamboo reinforced concrete. There are seven key principles stated by Pittway (2008) that behind systematic reviews which are clarity, focus, equality, transparency, accessibility, integration, and coverage. Systematic literature review in this paper contains discover and analyses the various ways on earthwork construction using bamboo was conducted. sections, which includes evaluate the use of bamboo for permanent earth structures requires more factors

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 33 | Page CHAPTER 3 CULTURAL CONTEXT 3.1 Urban Design in Architecture 3.1.1 Site analysis of Urban Design Elements Ingress/egress with paths, nodes, landmarks, districts and edges Path Permeability & Wayfinding (Space Syntax) related to nodes, landmarks, districts and edges 3.2 Architectural Critics 3.2.1 Building Typology & SOA 3.2.2 Precedent Study -Design Philosophy & Architectural Style 3.2.3 Space Syntax Egress, Ingress, Permeability & Wayfinding 3.2.4 Depth Level Private to Public access 3.2.5 Social/User movement & control 3.3 Review 3.1 Urban Design in Architecture Site Location

Today the Santubong Peninsula, especially Damai Beach, is Sarawak’s main beach resort destination. However, the area’s best attractions are away from the beach. Damai Beach offers a range of nature-based tours and activities centred on the coastline and the protected forest at Mount Santubong National Park. There are a number of trekking trails in the park, including the trek to the summit.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 34 | Page Located in the northern peninsular of Kuching city, State of Sarawak

Damai Beach has situated on the Santubong Peninsula around 35 km from Kuching. Damai is dominated by the rainforest clad slopes of Mount Santubong. The Santubong area has long been settled by small fishing communities and was once a trading centre.

The mangrove forests of the nearby Kuching Wetlands National Park are a short boat ride from Damai beach. The mangroves are best explored on a Santubong Wildlife Cruise. The Santubong and Salak estuaries are home to the rare Irrawaddy dolphin and finless porpoise. Dolphin watching tours depart daily from Damai Beach and the Santubong boat club.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 35 | Page Site Understanding Regional Connectivity

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 36 | Page Site Understanding Regional Connectivity

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 37 | Page Site understanding - Culture

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 38 | Page Site Analysis Topography

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 39 | Page Site Analysis Road Connection

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 40 | Page Site Analysis Existing Land Use and Developments

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 41 | Page Site Analysis Existing Tourism Products & Activities

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 42 | Page S.W.O.C Analysis

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 43 | Page 3.1 Site Synthesis Preserve existing historical building improve hardscape & landscape the existing historical house will be transformed into part of the center artifacts and collection will be exhibiting at outdoor area Architecture we should able to see one row of wooden shop house. This row of wooden shop house is built at very early. majority of the existing commercial building still obey traditional architecture style. which has more on Malay house Scale Kampung Santubong does not own any high rise building. the building in pantai Puteri are uniform in term of height. The building only ranges from single story to double story. Majority of the existing building are double stores. Only you can find the building three story is secondary school. Population

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 44 | Page Site View

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 45 | Page Site View

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 46 | Page Site Analysis & Synthesis

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 47 | Page Bubble diagram SOA Private/public building and work flow/study

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 48 | Page 3.1.1 Site analysis of Urban Design Elements – Ingress/egress with paths, nodes, landmarks, districts and edges Path Permeability & Wayfinding (Space Syntax) related to nodes, landmarks, districts and edges

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 49 | Page 3.2 Architectural Critics

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 50 | Page Building Principles of Design

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 51 | Page 3.2.1 Building Typology & SOA

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 52 | Page 3.2.2 Precedent Study -Design Philosophy & Architectural Style Case Study 1

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 53 | Page Case Study 2

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 54 | Page Case Study 3

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 55 | Page Case Study 4

The Strait Culture and Arts Centre, which is located Damai Beach, Santubong peninsula, Kuching, Sarawak, serves as a connecting device. It links the Sarawak River and the natural environment to the local traditional housing and its canals. Finally, it establishes a link between people and culture.

The culture centre building style is traditional style and under the Culture Centre Category. It is designed for the public as most of the spaces are art gallery, concert hall, multi-functional theatre, art exhibition hall and cinema centre.

The degree of space usefulness is characterised as permeability. The higher the permeability level, the more basic the room is. The user interface of the context is wayfinding. (Abrams and Brandom, 2010) The observation and assessment of spatial systems contained in a collective lifestyle is the subject of space syntax.

Space Syntax In inhabited space, the grammar of space is a mechanism for describing the links between human activities and space. (Asif, 2018). To avoid additional challenges in all aspects, external preparation, monitoring, and permeability must cope with the high frequency of human movements.

Space Syntax –Egress, Ingress, Permeability & Wayfinding

Building Typology

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 56 | Page 3.2.3

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 57 | Page Figure 2: Site Plan of Culture Centre. (Source: https://www.archdaily.com/904225/the fuzhou strait culture and art centre pes architects) Area Category DepthLevel Level Permeabilityof Level of Wayfinding 1B, 1A Road, Path 1 Public Very Easy 2A, 2B Landscape 2 Public Very Easy 3D,3C,3B,3A BuildingAccess 3 Public Very Easy 4C,4H,4F,4B Landscape 4 Public Easy 5H,6F BuildingAccess 5 Semi Public Easy Table 1: List of spaces for ground floor plan which correspond to the labelling in Figure 2

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 58 | Page Ground Floor Plan of Culture Centre. (Source: https://www.archdaily.com/904225/the fuzhou strait culture and art centre pes architects) Area Category DepthLevel Level Permeabilityof Level Wayfindingof 1B, 1A Corridor 1 Public Very Easy 2A, 2B Common Area 2 Public Very Easy 3D,3C,3B,3A Entry Foyer 3 Public Very Easy 4C,4H,4F,4B Common Area 4 Public Easy 5H, 5A Entry Foyer 5 Public Easy 6F Exhibition 6 Public Easy 7C, 7A Exhibition 7 Public Easy 8D,8A, 8F, 8G Administration/Control 8 Public Average 9A, 9I,9H9C,9G, Amenities 9 Semi Public Average 10H Administration/Control 10 Semi Private Average 11C Transportation 11 Semi Public Easy Table 2: List of spaces for ground floor plan which correspond to the labelling in Figure 3

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 59 | Page Figure4: 1st Floor Plan of Culture Centre. (Source: https://www.archdaily.com/904225/the fuzhou strait culture and art centre pes architects) Area Category DepthLevel Level Permeabilityof Level Wayfindingof 1A Corridor 1 Public Very Easy 12C Common Area 12 Public Very Easy 13A, 13I, 13F, 13D, 13B Entry Foyer 13 Public Very Easy 14A, 14C, 14I Common Area 14 Semi Public Easy Table 3: List of spaces for ground floor plan which correspond to the labelling in Figure 4

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 60 | Page Figure5: 2nd Floor Plan of Culture Centre. (Source: https://www.archdaily.com/904225/the fuzhou strait culture and art centre pes architects) Area Category DepthLevel Level Permeabilityof Level Wayfindingof 15C Corridor 15 Public Easy 16A, 16G, 16I, 16E, 16F Common Area 16 Private Average Table 4: List of spaces for ground floor plan which correspond to the labelling in Figure 4

The Justified Graph approach is used to identify qualitative and quantitative studies on the building's permeability and wayfinding. Because certain places have a tendency for intense usage, while others are suitably isolated, the values generated from convex space analysis are used to anticipate how people would utilise the space. This is due to the lack of opportunities for social connection in the places (Dawes et al., 2012). The theory behind space syntax is that the constructed environment contains a recognisable structure that is defined by art collection flow. It's about comprehending and assessing the geographical patterns that underpin a social way of life (Peponis, 2005). The interaction between humans and the spaces they inhabit is at the heart of space syntax. It entails determining how people utilise and create environments in a way that communicates social or cultural importance (Dursun, 2007).Note: If you have several underground floor or mezzanine floor as the ground floor level, make the justified graph with negative axis of the depth levels.

3.3 Likert Scale of Measurement

This study is based on a quantitative survey and a visual representation of the space syntax graph. The literature review begins with a review of spatial grammar and the study of building typology in order to offer background information on the case study.

The case study is next analysed by looking at the geographical networking utilising the measurable scale graph. Hassan and Mustafa employed this strategy in their study in 2010. The graph depicts the spaces of Culture centre permeability and wayfinding. The classifications of users will be used to analyse it. Primary user categories identified in this study include places for permanent and temporary exhibitions, which include an auditorium and an amphitheatre, administration, research, library, and a conference room, as well as administration, research, library, and a conference room. Music, dancing, painting, and sculpting are examples of traditional activities

Graph and Numbering System

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 61 | Page 3.2.4 Depth Level – Private to Public access

Figure 5: Example of a measurement scale graph

Methodology Level of Permeability and Wayfinding

Understanding the culture influence that are influenced by varied spatial arrangements is a part of this. Space syntax is concerned with the structure of the networking between spaces rather than the nature of the area or building (Nes, 2014). As a result, rather than determining identity via observation, the study of space syntax is strictly directed by reason, which assists the intuitive design process by providing justification (Hillier & Hanson, 1984). A graphical depiction of the spatial arrangement is frequently used while researching space syntax. Figures 1 and 2 provide instances of space syntax explanations.These diagrams help illustrate the paths and permeability of the spaces concerning other spaces. This is analytical research that uses graphs and quantitative analysis to determine the quality of spatial networking in terms of permeability and navigation. To establish a foundation for a comprehensive study of the case studies, a literature research on the academic discourse of spatial syntax and architectural typology is conducted first.

is

entice people into its many areas,

The space syntactic analysis for the top floor plan is shown in the table. It's on levels 3, 4, and 5 on the depth scale. The gallery is open to the As a result, the level of navigation is relatively simple. The degree of permeability is semi private, and the level of wayfinding is moderate for area 5b, which is storage and Finally, since 5a, 5b, and 5c navigating

a

general public.

are private spaces for services,

is designed to serve the

of permeability is relatively low

is problemati Area Category DepthLevel Level Permeabilityof Percentage of Level Permeabilityof Level Wayfindingof Percentage of Level of Wayfindin 1B, 1A, 2A, 2B Corridor 1, 2 Public Public: =20/39x100%51% Very Easy Very Easy: =19/39x100%49.6%3D,3C,3B,3A,4C,4H,4F,4B CommonArea 3, 4 Public Very Easy 5H, 6F, 7C, 7A FoyerEntry 5, 6, 7 Public Very Easy 8D,8A, 8F, 8G CommonArea 8 Public Semi Public: 13/39x100% Easy 12Easy:/39x100%

Areas

The output of the overall justified graph shows that the overall shape horizontal. This that the total degree and building's As cultural centre, the building's main purpose is to such as the

aditorium, gallery, and so on.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 62 | Page 3.2.5 Social/User movement & control

service lift.

shows

purpose.

This research project identifies The Broad Culture Center's physical layout. This cultural center's general spatial syntactic performance is semi private. This research identifies the permeability of the space inside this cultural centre as well as the principles of navigation. This research project identifies The Broad Culture Center's physical layout. This cultural center's general spatial syntactic performance is semi private. This research identifies the permeability of the space inside this cultural centre as well as the principles of navigation.

Table 5: Likert Scale for Space Syntax Analysis for 1st Floor Plans.

Level of Permeability Overall Percentage of Level of Permeability Public 54% Semi Public 33% Private 16% Table 6: Likert Scale for Level of Permeability for Overall Building Level of Wayfinding Overall Percentage of Level of Wayfinding Very Easy 49.6% Easy 30% Average 7.6% Difficult 12.8%

The building type is a cultural centre, which is primarily for visitors and personnel. The result has shown that this building has a semi private permeability level that offers the ideal rehab environment for visitors to the art and performance exhibition to attain a peaceful, calm, comfortable, and clean setting while optimism their best condition.The research also reveals that the general degree of wayfinding is modest.

This culture center is semi private permeability level demonstrates that it can give a tranquil and enclosed exhibition area to maximise the experience for human comfort within the structure. The difficulty level of wayfinding is really high in general. The office arrangement is represented in 9.3 percent of the instances since the offices are mainly on the top level. The private portions are only available to those who have been granted access.

Table 7: Likert Scale for Level of Wayfinding for Overall Building Conclusion By referencing the material and giving its way finding and permeability, the Art Centre in santubong is one of the ambiguities of space syntax.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 63 | Page 9A, 9I, 9C,9G, 9H FoyerEntry 9 Semi Public = 33% Easy = 30% 10H, 11C, 12C Exhibition 10, 11, 12 Semi-Public Average =3Average:/39x100%7.6%14A, 14C, 14I,12C,13 Exhibition 12, 13, 14 Semi Public Average 15C, 16A, 16G, 16I, 16E, 16F Amenities 15, 16 Private Private: =6/39x100%16% Difficult =5Difficult:/39x100%12.8%

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 64 | Page CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Energy Efficient Building Design Technology Environmental issues, Energy in building Efficiency and energy Retrofitting for energy efficiency Renewable energy for building PassiveOTTVGBI strategy MS Building1525environmental modelling GBI 4.2 BIM Integration in Architecture AutoCAD, Sketch up 4.3 Building Technology Integration Building Technology Building structural system Fire BuildingSafetyenvelope systems and green materials Building services system, HVAC & related M&E Materials and envelopes Automation system and intelligent/smart buildings

Electricity is an unseen, naturally occurring force that may be observed in natural events such as lightning and the occasional jolt felt when touching metal. The production of energy for human consumption has several benefits, but it also has the potential to damage the environment and raise the health risks for humans. Various ElectricityEffectsisgenerated by a number of techniques, and not all procedures have the same environmental impact. For instance, coal is a far more ecologically problematic energy source than solar electricity, which has low environmental impacts. In addition to natural gas, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear energy, and oil, other means of electricity production include natural gas, nuclear energy, and oil. Greenhouse Gases

According to the Environmental Protection Agency, this material may be recycled into cement and other valuable materials. Additionally, some coal firms recycle their waste.

Waste Disposal Challenges Almost every kind of power production generates trash, however only energy sources like nuclear energy generate hazardous solid wastes. Some radioactive waste sources stay radioactive for thousands of years, meaning they may cause cancer and genetic abnormalities in people and animals. Radioactive waste may affect the chemical makeup of the soil, rendering it unhealthy for local fauna and perhaps causing the extinction of plant species. Ash, a kind of solid waste produced when coal is burned, is regularly dumped in landfills, adding to landfill overcrowding.

Most methods of producing power produce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which absorb and emit radiation, into the environment. Small amounts of carbon dioxide occur naturally in the atmosphere, but the production of electricity has considerably increased the concentration of greenhouse gases. The vast majority of experts think that this adds to an abnormal level of global warming, which has the ability to alter the global climate, wipe out animal species, and alter local ecosystems. pollution and acid precipitation Almost every source of power produces trash. For example, natural gas produces carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide. These gases are trapped by the Earth's atmosphere, resulting to air pollution and smog. The occurrence of smog in a region may be influenced by weather patterns and geological changes. A valley stuck between hills with minimal breeze, for instance, might trap a pocket of pollution. When smog containing sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide is discharged into the atmosphere, it may cause acid rain.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 65 | Page CHAPTER 4 TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Energy Efficient Building Design Technology Environmental issues, Energy in building

Depending on the solar direction of a building's façade, efficient shading devices will be designed. In the summer, when the sun's angle is high, simple fixed overhangs are highly efficient in shading south facing windows. During peak heat gain times in the summer, the same horizontal device is unsuccessful in blocking low afternoon light from entering west facing windows.

External window shading is a great approach to avoid unnecessary solar heat gain from entering a conditioned area during cooling seasons. Natural landscaping or manmade components such as awnings, overhangs, and trellises may give shade. Some shading mechanisms, known as light shelves, may also serve as reflectors, bouncing natural light deep into a building's interior.

Efficiency and energy Shading Device Utilizing sun control and shading systems is a crucial component of many techniques for designing energy efficient buildings. Specifically, buildings that use passive solar heating or daylighting often rely on sun control and shading mechanisms that are well designed.

Clear glass facades are very useful when paired with outside shading systems. However, high performance glazings with very low shading coefficients are now available (SC). These innovative glass solutions decrease the requirement for outside shading devices when selected.

Thus, solar control and shade may be given by several architectural components, such as: Exterior components such as overhangs or vertical fins; Horizontal reflecting surfaces called light shelves; Low shading coefficient (SC) glass; and, Interior glare control devices such as Venetian blinds or adjustable louvres.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 66 | Page

Harnessing solar energy for illumination

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 67 | Page

While there is a lot of light outdoors throughout the day, there are some gloomy nooks and rooms inside a structure. Or, they are illuminated with electricity, which costs money, despite the abundance of free light accessible outdoors. A new kind of lighting system on the market employs an assembly with: A light collector that gathers ambient light from all directions, even from low angles, and sends it to the internal unit.

A light pipe is primarily a reflecting system that use reflection principles to distribute light to numerous areas with little light loss and colour change. As a bulb would, a light diffuser disperses the gathered light across an interior space. Such a technique may efficiently bring brightness into regions with dark nooks and artificial ceilings. It may lengthen daylight hours in several industries, factories, and commercial establishments. And they can provide consistent illumination across the region throughout the day. They may be used in conjunction with photo sensors to automatically switch to electric illumination when there is less light outdoors. Such a system may be great for basements, workshops, parking garages, and other locations where natural light is difficult to get.

Retrofitting for energy efficiency

Silicon Solar Cells

Solar Cells of the Future

IIIsystems.-VSolar

Cells A third kind of photovoltaic technology is denoted by its constituent constituents. III V solar cells are mostly composed of elements from Group III and Group V of the periodic table, such as gallium and indium. Producing these solar cells is often substantially more costly than other approaches. However, they turn sunlight into energy with far greater efficiency. As a result, these solar cells are often used in satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles, and other applications requiring a high power-to-weight ratio.

Solar cell researchers at NREL and others are also researching several novel photovoltaic technologies, such as organic solar cells, quantum dots, and organic inorganic hybrids (also known as perovskites). These technologies of the future generation may bring cheaper prices, easier manufacturing, or other advantages. Further study will determine if these promises can be achieved.

Photovoltaic research encompasses more than the production of low-cost, high efficiency solar cells. Homeowners and businesses must be assured that the solar panels they install will not deteriorate over time and will continue to provide power reliably for decades. Utilities and government authorities want to know how to integrate solar PV installations into the electric grid without upsetting the delicate equilibrium between power supply and demand. At NREL, materials scientists, economic analysts, electrical engineers, and many others are working to overcome these issues and ensuring that solar photovoltaics are a clean and dependable energy source.

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Research on Reliability and Grid Integration

SOLAR PhotovoltaicTECHNOLOGYsolarpanel is used by the office to reduce the energy consumption of all the users. Solar panel absorbs sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. The solar panel is collection of solar cells. Thus, the more light that hits the cell, the more electricity it produces.

The great majority of solar cells manufactured today are composed of silicon and are reasonably priced and efficient (the rate at which the solar cell converts sunlight into electricity). Typically, these cells are integrated into bigger modules that may be put on the rooftops of residential or commercial structures or deployed in ground mounted racks to generate enormous utility scale

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| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 72 | Page 4.2 BIM Integration in Architecture AutoCAD A Computer Aided Design (CAD) application is used to develop the layout plans in order to complete the necessary studies and generate the required file format. These plans are used in the Sketch up 3D. In Sketch up, values for integration, participation, average depth, entropy, and controllability are derived from the maps that include and exclude the outside environment. Involvement, visual average depth, visual modulus aggregation, visual controllability, and visual entropy values are also achieved using surrounding based on transparency and visible area maps with visual integration. The values gathered regarding space are both aesthetically and quantitatively represented. Using these data, spatial arrangements and visual area structures are then evaluated. There are some steps to generate 3D of axis analysis, visibility graph analysis, segment analysis, agent based modeling. The completed CAD file needs to be saved in DWG format.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 73 | Page 4.2 BIM Integration in Architecture Sketch up SketchUp is a suite of subscription products that include SketchUp Pro Desktop, a 3D modeling computer program for a broad range of drawing and design applications including architectural, interior design, industrial and product design, landscape architecture, civil and mechanical engineering, theater, film and video game development. The program includes drawing layout functionality, surface rendering in different "styles", and enables placement of its models within Google Earth.

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In addition, the design includes integrated solutions for structures, building materials, building services, and environmental reactions. The building design adheres to planning and bylaws to guarantee that it fulfils Malaysia's firefighting standard and floor space requirements.

As a result of the above-mentioned design assignments, I have learnt how to create a building's design by referring to the existing site environment, while showing and implementing the principles and regulations to a particular degree of detail in order to gain expertise with the real world design process.

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This project has underlined the significance of cultural development and constructing places to fit the center's demands and amenities. Through its form, function, and lyrical expression, the design reacts to both location and programmed.

Rashid, M. A. Hossain*, M. T. H. and M. K. H. (2018). Performance Evaluation of Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Beam. International Journal of Engineering & Technology. Mark Adom Asamaoh, Jack Osei, R. A. (2018). Bamboo reinforced self compacting concrete one way slabs for sustainable construction in rural areas. Tandfonline. Usehttps://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311916.2018.1477464ofBambooasReinforcementinBuildingConstruction.(2021).Gharpedia.

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https://gharpedia.com/blog/use of bamboo as reinforcement in concrete/ D. L. Jayanetti, P. R. Follet, Bamboo in construction (Trada, UK, 1998) H. C. Lima, F. L. Willrich, N. P. Barbosa, M. A. Rosa, B. S. Cunha, Mater. Struct. 41, 981 (2008) P. Sharma, K. Dhanwantri, S. Mehta, IJCER 5(3), 249 (2014) Formisano, A. , Chiumiento, G. , Junior Dessì, E. , & Fabbrocino, F. (2017). Experimental shear tests on tuff triplets with hemp fibres reinforced lime mortar . Presented at the AIMETA 2017 XXIII Conference, The Italian Association of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Salerno, Italy.

Basile, A., Nicchia, R., & Tulisi, A. (2014). Architecture as a Social Process: Evidences from Design-Build Studios in Southern Mexico (pp. 586-594). ACSA Fall Conference, Working Out: Thinking while building. ACSA Press: Washington. Brand, J. L. (2014). Physical Space and Social Interaction. Haworth: Workwell Partners White Papers. Daneshpour, Abdolhadi, S., Sepehrimoghaddam, Mansour, Charkhian, Maryam (2009). Dilshan, R. O., Zul Azri, A. A., & Idid, S. Z. A., (2010). The Islamic Malay Traditional Towns, Learning through the Attributes Special Emphasis on Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Johor Bahru: Universiti Teknologi Foruzanmehr,Malaysia.A.,&Vellinga, M. (2011). Vernacular architecture: questions of comfort and practicability. Building Research and Information, 39, 3, p. 274 285. Anjang, J. (2020). Longhouse Combustibility: A Study on Architectural Design and Construction Materials. www.akademiabaru.com/arfmts.html Bahauddin, A. (2014). The Architectural and Cultural Heritage of Sabah The Rungus Longhouse. Chandra, S. H. (2021). Melanau Used to Live in Longhouses. New Sarawak Tribune. https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/melanaus used to live in longhouses/ History and Architecture of the Longhouse. (2013). Kuching in and Out. https://kuchinginandout.com/2020/04/17/history and architecture of the longhouse/ Joshua. (2022). Sea Dayak, Iban in Malaysia. Joshua Project. https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12167/MY PEOPLE, CULTURE AND CUSTOMS. (2020). Amazing Borneo. https://www.amazingborneo.com/sabah/people-culture Sabah Longhouse and the Rungus. (2014). MySabah.Com. https://www.mysabah.com/wordpress/sabah longhouse rungus/ Yin, R. K. (2003). Case Study Research design and Methods. New York: Stage Publications. Bamboo Reinforced Concrete properties, mix proportion, design and construction. (2021). The Constructor. https://theconstructor.org/structural engg/bamboo reinforced concrete mix design M.construction/15054/M.Rahman,M.H.

References Ahmad, A. M., Sujud, A., & Hasan, H. Z. (2007). Proxemics and its relationship with Malay architecture: Human communication. Journal of the Pacific and Asian Communication Association, 10(3), p. 275 Alexander,288. C. (1990). A pattern language. München: Fachhochsch., Fachbereich Architektur. Anilkumar, P. P. (2016). Inclusive dimensions of Vernacular Architecture from Architectural education perspective. In National BINUCOM Conference: Informal Settlements in Indian Cities Impulses for Innovation in Architecture and Urban Planning 1 4 September 2016, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore.

| DESIGN THESIS REPORT | BORNEO INDIGENOUS CULTURE CENTER GALLERY | RAS603 SEMESTER 1 & RAS604 SEMESTER 2 134 | Page Adom-Asamoah, M. , Tuffour, Y. A. , Afrifa, R. O. , & Kankam, C. K. (2014). Strength characteristics of hand-quarried partially-weathered quartzite aggregates in concrete. American Journal of Civil Engineering , 2(5), 134. doi:10.11648/j.ajce.20140205.12 Girish, S. , Ranganath, R. V. , & Vengala, J. (2010). Influence of powder and paste on flow properties of SCC. Construction and Building Materials , 24(12), 2481 2488. Helincks,doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.008P.,Boel,V.,DeCorte,W., De Schutter, G. , & Desnerck, P. (2013). Structural behaviour of powder type self compacting concrete: Bond performance and shear capacity. Engineering Structures , 48, 121 132. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.035

Kong, F. K. , & Evans, R. H. (1987). Reinforced and prestressed concrete | F. K. Kong | Springer (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. Retrieved from http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780412377600 Moavenzadeh, F. (1979). Choice of appropriate technologies in the housing sector for conditions prevailing in developing countries. In O. Ural , editor. Proceedings of the international conference on housing, planning, financing and construction in North, Central, South American and Caribbean Countries . (pp. 33 61). Miami Beach, USA: Pergamon Press Inc. Ryan, P. C. , & O’Connor, A. (2016). Comparing the durability of self compacting concretes and conventionally vibrated concretes in chloride rich environments. Construction and Building Materials , 120, 504 513. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.089

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