Het onderzoek naar Peter Nijkamp Aanleiding om een onderzoek te starten naar het werk van Peter Nijkamp was een uitspraak van de commissie die het proefschrift van Karima Kourtit had onderzocht. De meeste hoofdstukken in dat proefschrift zijn samen met Nijkamp geschreven. De commissie stelt in een samenvatting (op 19 december gepubliceerd op de website van de vereniging van universiteiten, VSNU) van haar bevindingen dat Nijkamp een onjuiste opvatting heeft over hergebruik van teksten, met name hergebruik van eerder met coauteurs gepubliceerde teksten. Ook stelt de commissie plagiaat vast in het proefschrift van Kourtit. Voor dit onderzoek werden (onderdelen van) vier proefschriften onderzocht waarbij Nijkamp betrokken was, waaronder dat van Kourtit. Ook 3 publicaties - 2 artikelen en 1 boekhoofdstuk – van Nijkamp werden onderzocht. Stukken tekst werden geselecteerd en gegoogled. Bij het beoordelen van de gevonden overeenkomsten werd rekening gehouden met de aard van de teksten. Researchpapers van Nijkamp en coauteurs werden niet als volwaardige publicaties beschouwd; hergebruik van die teksten in publicaties in tijdschriften/boeken/proefschriften kan acceptabel zijn, als rekening wordt gehouden met de bijdrage van diverse wetenschappers aan het onderzoek en het schrijven van de paper.
Proefschrift 1 Proefschrift Road traffic incident management and situational awareness van John Steenbruggen, die op 7 oktober 2013 promoveerde bij hoogleraar Piet Rietveld. Nijkamp is coauteur van diverse hoofdstukken van dit proefschrift, die eerder in iets andere vorm zijn gepubliceerd in wetenschappelijke tijdschriften.
Voorbeeld 1 Hoofdstuk vijf, dat Steenbruggen en Nijkamp in 2012 als artikel publiceerden in Transport Policy, bevat diverse tekstblokken uit een artikel dat Nijkamp in 2012 in zijn eentje ook publiceerde in Quaestiones Geographicae: http://geoinfo.amu.edu.pl/qg/archives/2012/QG312_007-019.pdf De artikelen bevatten geen verwijzing naar elkaar.
Tekstblok uit hoofdstuk vijf, p. 111/112: The history of quantitative data analysis in transport geography now already spans several decades. In the 1980s, the need for a more appropriate behavioural underpinning of spatial interaction models led to the emergence and popularity of discrete utility (or choice) models, in particular multinomial logit and probit models, later on followed by conjoint analysis modelling. Such individually-based models were proven to be consistent with aggregate-oriented spatial interaction models, and were widely accepted in the transport research community. They also
turned out to be eminently suitable for actor-based policy simulation experiments, for instance, in the context of micro-simulation models and agent- based models. All such models were widely used for prediction purposes, evaluation experiments and policy analyses in the planning and transportation science field: for example, to trace the system-wide effects of road pricing on the behaviour of car drivers. With the advent and introduction of ICT (Information and Communication Technology), the computing capacity in quantitative research showed a dramatic increase, so that spatial dynamics could also be captured in a statistically more satisfactory way. In recent years, complexity theory has made a remarkable contribution to a better understanding of the sensitivity of spatial systems evolution to endogenous nonlinear space-time behaviour. Space-time dynamics (e.g. in the cellular automata domain) became an important ingredient of advanced transportation research and spatial analysis, and prompted a new departure, viz. the use of data mining methods for large data sets. The current use of computational neural networks and genetic algorithms demonstrates convincingly the great potential of more sophisticated data collection techniques. The real essence of space, as highlighted in Tobler’s (1970) law (“all things in space are related to each other, but nearby things are more related than distant things”), was taken up in a new strand of the literature addressing spatial - and spatio-temporal - autocorrelation, either as testing devices or as design mechanisms for spatial (dynamic) models (see also Tobler, 2004). Cellular automata, spatial filtering techniques, and self-organized mapping procedures (‘Kohonen maps’) for spatial interaction analysis were a logical follow-up and complement to the above-mentioned trends (see, e.g., Codd, 1968; Couclelis, 1997; Kohonen, 2000; Kulkarni et al. 2002; Patuelli et al., 2010; Arribas et al., 2010). In recent years, we have witnessed the increasing popularity of Location-Based Services (LBS) and data using various kinds of electronic identification systems, so that at an individual level (a traveller, a container, a truck, or a taxi) the geographical position of a unit can be traced with great precision. Many applications are available both for purchase and for free to cell phone and other wireless device users. For example, Japanese parents are using location-based tracking devices to monitor the spatial movement of their children. This new approach will certainly generate many new applications in space-time geography. An interesting source of individually-based information on the space-time position and behaviour of persons is in principle available from mobile (or cell) phone data derived from the GSM network. The penetration rate of mobile phones is rapidly reaching a saturation point in most OECD14 countries, so that a system-wide coverage does in principle exist, almost in continuous space-time format. Such data - as very accurate representations of the individual space-time location - are in principle available from telephone operators. If such data - in anonymous form - could be made available to the research community, an unprecedented source of information on the space-time geography of individuals could be used in applied research (for an overview, see Steenbruggen et al., 2011). t is noteworth that this idea of a con nuous space- me map at an indi idual scale was alread put forward b the late wedish geographer Torsten gerstrand in 1967. He introduced the ‘space-time c linder’ and its related time-space model to provide a description of both individual space-time patterns and the resulting spatial interactions, if many individuals were ‘en route’ at the same time and place, a situation caused by the universal limited supply of daily time resources. His work was regarded as a new perspective in social- behavioural geography, as
it highlighted so clearly the essence of interaction and congestion phenomena in space (see Pred, 1977). Three constraints appear to act on the daily mobility pattern of individuals, viz. capability constraints, coupling constraints, and authority constraints. He also laid the foundation for activity-based transport geography, but, unfortunately, lack of data and the technology available to implement this framework often precluded a full operational application of his path-breaking ideas. Now with the potential availability of large-scale continuous spacetime information databases on the spatial movements of individuals, a really interesting novel approach might be developed, which could have great implications for spatial modelling. Two such approaches can be found in the literature. The first incorporates elements of cognition by considering indi iduals’ preferences ia the theory of affordances proposed by Gibson (1979). Cognitive constraints, e.g. choice behaviour, were not given explicit attention in the original time-geography framework. These constraints can help personalize LBS, providing the possibility to collect more detailed information about the choices individuals make. The second approach adjusts the space-time prism concept to support interactions and activities between physical and virtual spaces (Yu and Shaw, 2008). This approach would help to model and understand how, in the age of mobile computing where a variety of activities and services can be carried out on the go, individuals are allocating their space and time resources. Tekstblok uit Nijkamp, Questiones, p. 8/10: The history of quantitative data analysis in geography spans already several decades. The need for a more appropriate behavioural underpin- ning of spatial interaction models led in the 1980s to the emergence and popularity of discrete util- ity (or choice) models, in particular multinomial logit and probit models, later on followed by con- joint analysis modelling. Such individually-based models were proved to be consistent with aggre- gate-oriented spatial interaction models and got widely accepted in the transport research com- munity. They also turned out to be well suited to actor-based policy simulation experiments, for instance in the context of micro-simulation mod- els and agent-based models. In this vein, modern geography increasingly exhibits the methodol- ogy of the natural sciences based on advanced statistical analysis and testable models (for a re- view, see Pagliara & Timmermans 2009). All such models were widely used for pre- diction purposes, evaluation experiments and policy analyses in the field of planning and transportation science, for example to trace the systemwide effects of road pricing on the behav- iour of car drivers. With the advent and intro- duction of ICT, the computing capacity in quan- titative research showed a dramatic increase, so also spatial dynamics could be captured in a statistically more satisfactory way. Complex- ity theory has in recent years offered a remark- able contribution to a better understanding of the sensitivity of the evolution of spatial sys- tems to endogenous non-linear space-time behaviour. Space-time dynamics (e.g. in the cellu- lar automata domain) has become an important ingredient of advanced transportation research and spatial analysis, and prompted a new departure, viz. the use of data mining methods for large data sets (see also Batty 2005). The current use of computational neural networks and ge- netic algorithms demonstrates convincingly the great potential of more sophisticated data col- lection techniques. The real essence of space as highlighted in Tobler’s (1970) law (“All things in space are related to each other, but nearb things are more related than distant things”) has been taken up in a new strand of literature addressing spatial – and spatio-temporal – auto- correlation, either as
testing devices or as design mechanisms for spatial (dynamic) models (see also Tobler 2004). Cellular automata, spatial fil- tering techniques and self-organised mapping procedures (‘Kohonen maps’) for spatial inter- action analysis have been a logical follow-up and complement to the above-mentioned trends (e.g. Arribas et al. 2010, Codd 1968, Couclelis 1997, Kohonen 2000, Kulkarni et al. 2002 and Patuelli et al. 2010). In the recent years, we have witnessed an in- creasing popularity of location-based services (LBS) and data using various kinds of electronic identification systems, so that at an individual level (a traveller, a container, a truck, or a taxi) the geographic position of a unit can be traced with great precision. Many applications are avail- able for purchase and free to cell-phone and oth- er wireless-device users. For example, Japanese parents use location-based tracking devices to monitor the spatial movement of their kids. This new approach will certainly prompt many new applications in space-time geography. An interesting source of individually-based information on the space-time position and behaviour of persons is in principle available from mobile (or cell) phone data, derived from the GSM network. The penetration rate of mobile phones is rapidly reaching a full saturation level in most OECD countries, so a system-wide cover- age does in principle exist, almost in continuous space-time format. Such data – as very accurate representations of an individual space-time loca- tion – are in principle available with telephone operators. If such data – in an anonymous form – could be made available to the research commu- nity, an unprecedented source of information on the space-time geography of individuals could be used in applied research (for an overview, see Steenbruggen et al. 2010). t is noteworth that this idea of a con nu- ous space- me map at an indi idual scale was alread put forward b the late wedish geogra- pher Torsten gerstrand in 1967. He introduced the ‘space-time c linder’ and its related time- space model (Fig. 1) to offer a description of both individual space-time patterns and the resulting spatial interactions if many indi iduals were ‘en route’ at the same time and place, a situation caused b the uni ersal limited supply of daily time resources. His work was regarded as a new perspective in socialbehavioural geography, as it highlighted so clearly the essence of interaction and congestion phenomena in space (see Pred 1977). Three constraints appear to act on the dai- ly mobility pattern of individuals, viz. capability constraints, coupling constraints, and authority constraints. It also laid the foundations for activity-based transport geography, but, unfortunately, lack of data and of an appropriate technology to implement the framework often precluded a full operational application of his path-breaking ide- as. Now with the potential availability of largescale continuous space-time information bases on spatial movements of individuals, a really interesting novel approach might be developed, which may have great implications for spatial modelling. Two such approaches can be found in the literature. The first incorporates elements of cognition b considering indi iduals’ prefer- ences via the theory of affordances proposed by Gibson (1979) (Raubal et al. 2004). Cognitive con- straints, e.g., choice behaviour, were not given explicit attention in the original time-geography framework. These constraints can help personal- ise location-based services (LBS), making it possi- ble to collect more detailed information about the choices individuals make, their likes and dislikes. The other adjusts the space-time prism concept to support interactions and activities between the physical and virtual spaces (Yu & Shaw 2008). This approach would help model and under- stand how individuals
allocate their space and time resources in the age of mobile computing, when a variety of activities and services can be carried out on the go.
Voorbeeld 2 In datzelfde hoofdstuk vijf staat op p. 111 een tekstblok dat letterlijk, zonder aanhalingstekens, is overgenomen uit een artikel dat de econoom Anderson in 2006 publiceerde in Journal of Maps. Er wordt wel naar Anderson verwezen, maar niet afdoende. Proefschrift: However, these models have had a tendency to neglect the spatial patterns of road accidents (Anderson, 2006). Historically, it has been argued by Whitelegg (1987) that geographers have not paid enough attention to the geography of road traffic incidents. For many years, it was considered by police, local authorities and road engineers, that road engineering, road layout, and vehicle manufacturing faults were the main causes for road incidents. However, it has become evident through increasing police awareness and related research that road incidents need to be seen in a broader geographical perspective (both spatial and temporal). Whitelegg (1987), in his paper ‘The Geograph of Road Accidents’, seeks to understand road traffic incidents with reference to the scale of analysis and the importance of focusing on the neighbourhood and community scale for an answer to the reduction of incidents (see below). Whitelegg then outlines the strong links between road traffic incident analysis and other geographical dimensions such as population density distribution and spatial design of neighbourhoods. In het artikel van Anderson, T. (2006). Comparison of spatial methods for measuring road accident ‘hotspots’: a case study of London, Journal of Maps, pp. 55-63 staat : It has been argued by Whitelegg (1987) that geographers have not paid enough attention to the geography of road traffic incidents. For many years it was considered by police and local authority road engineers alike that road engineering, road layout and vehicle manufacturing faults that were the main causes for road incidents. However it has become evident through increasing police awareness and that road incidents need to be dealt with in a geographical capacit (both spatial and temporal). (…) Whitelegg, in his paper ‘The Geograph of road accidents’ seeks to understand road traffic incidents with reference to scale of analysis and the importance of focusing on neighbourhood and community scale for an answer to the reduction of incidents (see below). Whitelegg outlines the strong links of road traffic incident analysis and other geographical fields, which include population density, and distribution movement and spatial designs of neighbourhoods.
Het proefschrift van Steenbruggen is verder niet systematisch gecheckt.
Proefschrift 2 Proefschrift van Mediha Sahin, die in 2012 promoveerde bij Nijkamp op: Studies on Migrant Entrepreneurship in Dutch Cities. Nijkamp is coauteur van vele hoofdstukken. Voorbeeld 1 Hoofdstuk 2 van het proefschrift is in 2007 met coauteurs Nijkamp en Baycan-Levent gepubliceerd in Handbook of Research on Ethnic Minority Entrepreneurship. Dit hoofdstuk/artikel heeft overlap met een artikel dat Nijkamp in 2003 publiceerde in Regional Studies (en als paper in 2000). Verwijzing ontbreekt weer. Het artikel van Nijkamp staat hier: http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/handle/1871/1596/20000042.pdf?sequence=1 Proefschrift, p. 38/39: These four attributes of an entrepreneur show up with varying intensities in the literature on the essence of entrepreneurship. There are scientific contributions on entrepreneurship offered by Cantillon, Say, Marshall, Schumpeter, Knight and Kirzner, respectively. The pioneering study of Cantillon (1931) on the role of entrepreneurship made a main distinction between the following economic agents: i) land owners who were financiall independent: ii) ‘arbitrageurs (entrepreneurs) who were involved in risk taking activities with a view to profit-making, and; iii) ‘ser ants’ who were ensured of a fairl stable income b means of a labour contract. n Cantillon’s iew, the market econom was a ‘self-regulating network of reciprocal exchange arrangements’ which were able to produce equilibrium prices through free entr and exit of business firms. n Cantillon’s perception of entrepreneurship, the mediating role of the economic actor, who needs to anticipate uncertain future events and to see uncertainty as an economic opportunit , is more important than his inno ati e attitude. The ‘sur i al of the fittest’ would be best guaranteed b those entrepreneurs who know how to handle risk situations properly. Nijkamp 2000, p. 5: These four attributes of an entrepreneur show up with varying intensities in the literature on the essence of entrepreneurship. We will address concisely here the scientific contributions on entrepreneurship offered by Cantillon, Say, Marshall, Schumpeter, Knight and Kirzner, respectively. The pioneering study of Cantillon (1931) on the role of entrepreneurship made a main distinction between the following economic agents: (i) land owners who were financially independent, (ii) ‘arbitrageurs (entrepreneurs) who were involved in risk- taking activities with a view to profit-making, and (iii) ‘ser ants’ who were ensured of a fairly stable income by means
of a labour contract. In Cantillon’s view, the market economy was a ‘self-regulating network of reciprocal exchange arrangements’ which were able to produce equilibrium prices through free entry and exit of business firms. In Cantillon’s perception of entrepreneurship, the mediating role of the economic actor, who needs to anticipate uncertain future events and to see uncertainty as an economic opportunity, is more important than his innovative attitude. The ‘survival of the fittest’ would be best guaranteed by those entrepreneurs who know how to handle risk situations properly. Dit hoofdstuk is verder niet systematisch gecheckt. Voorbeeld 2 In hfst 9 komen passages voor uit een artikel dat Enno Masurel and Peter Nijkamp in 2002 publiceerden in Growth and Change, onder de titel 'Motivations and Performance Conditions for Ethnic Entrepreneurship'. Dit is eerder gepubliceerd als working paper op de site van de VU, toen nog met de namen van twee extra auteurs erbij (Enno Masurel, Peter Nijkamp, Murat Tastan, Gabriella Vindigni). Aan het eind van hfst 9 staat dit artikel wel bij de bronnen, maar in de tekst zelf is niet aangegeven dat die bron op die plek is gebruikt. Bovendien staan er geen aanhalingstekens om aan te geven dat deze tekst letterlijk is overgenomen.
In hoofdstuk 11 (in 2011 ook gepubliceerd in een boek met als coauteur onder meer Nijkamp; Sahin, M., Todiras, A., and Nijkamp, P., Neuts, B., and Behrens, C. (2011), A Structural Equations Model for Assessing the Economic Performance of High-Tech Ethnic Entrepreneurs. In: Tomaz Dentinho and Roberta Capello (eds), Globalization Trends and Regional Development: New Directions in FDI and Human Capital Flows, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham UK) wordt de econome Dafna Kariv aan het begin van een alinea wel genoemd, maar daarna volgt een letterlijke overname van haar tekst, zonder aanhalingstekens, uit: The Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy (JEC), 2(4), 300-331, 2009, Managerial Performance and Business Success: Gender Differences in Canadian and Israeli Entrepreneurs
P. 330 proefschrift: In the last decade, a number of empirical studies have suggested that differences between the genders in managerial performance can be explained by cultural factors, such as nationality. Managerial performance has been found to differ across nationalities, both in terms of perceptions of what determines managerial performance, and in terms of management practices (Atuahene-Gima and Ko, 2001; Neelankavil et al., 2000; Steensma et al., 2000). The existing literature has revealed positive relationships between managerial functions related to innovation, business longevity (Gagnon et al., 2000) and turnover from sales (Chakrabarti,
1990; Deeds and Rothaermel, 2003); and that a greater focus on leading change (Chakrabarti, 1990; Deeds and Rothaermel, 2003) has also stimulated business turnover from sales.
Karif, p. 11: In the last decade, a number of empirical studies have suggested that differences among the genders in managerial performance can be explained by cultural factors, such as nationality. Managerial performance has been found to differ across nationalities, both in terms of perceptions of what determines managerial performance and in terms of management practices (Atuahene-Gima & Ko, 2001; Neelankavil, Mathur & Zhang, 2000; Steensma, Marino, Weaver & Dickson, 2000). The extant literature revealed positive relationships between managerial functions related to innovation, business longevity (Gagnon, et al., 2006; Sinetar, 1985) and turnover from sales (Chakrabarti, 1990; Deeds & Rothaermel, 2003); and that a greater focus on leading change (Chakrabarti, 1990; Deeds & Rothaermel, 2003) also stimulated business turnover from sales. Hoofdstuk 9 is verder niet systematisch gecheckt, evenmin als de andere hoofstukken.
Proefschrift 3 Het proefschrift The New Urban World van Karima Kourtit, in het bijzonder hoofdstuk 7. Dit hoofdstuk is eerder onder de titel ‘ trategic choice anal sis b expert panels for migration imnpact assessment’ erschenen in International Journal of Business and Globalization (IJBG), p. 166-194. Auteurs: Kourtit en Nijkamp. Voorbeeld 1 Kourtit en Nijkamp in International Journal of Business and Globalization (IJBG) 2011, (hoofdstuk 7 in het proefschrift, p. 161-191), p. 173-174: The wealth of literature shows that the impact of migration – in particular, labour migration – on welfare in the receiving and sending countries depends heavily on the flexibility of labour markets. As shown above, the labour market impact of migration has been examined in a large number of qualitative – often econometric – studies in urope and elsewhere ( oeri and r cker, 2005). These studies rely on a cross-section of either regions or branches, and use variations in migrant density in order to identify the impact of migration on wages and
employment. The results of these studies show that, on average, migration has only a marginal impact on wages and employment of natives in the receiving countries (see Longhi et al., 2010). It is noteworthy that many studies also show that migration provides many benefits and contributes to economic growth and the creation of new jobs. Economic growth and the creation of new jobs are strongly associated with the willingness to take-up chances across regions, while the supply of jobs regulates the flow of people seeking work Zimmermann, 00 ). Regional labour mobilit in the -1 is low: onl about one out of 00 workers changes residence e er ear compared with e in the A, in spite of large income di eren als within and across these countries ( oeri and r cker, 2005). Hence, immigration from outside the European Union potentially has very crucial role for the creation of a higher level of labour mobility in Europe. If there is labour mobility, it is largely due to international migration (Zimmermann, 2005). Europe is a place where migra on is especiall useful from an economic perspec e. n the context of an ageing popula on and a need for higher skills, migrants ma make an important economic contribu on. A stud b oeri and r cker (2005) shows that international migration can significantly increase income per capita in Europe. They have estimated that, given the wage and productivity gap between Western and Eastern Europe, a migration flow of 3% of the Eastern European population to the West could increase total EU GDP by up to 0.5%. The contributions of migrants to economic growth, and to a wide array of socio-economic benefits, will be examined further in the present section. IJBG, p. 176: In the context of an ageing population and a need for certain skills, migrants may make an important economic contribution. Bovenstaande tekstblokken zijn zonder bronvermelding ontleend aan het door Tüzin Baycan en Nijkamp geschreven hoofdstuk ‘Migration Entrepreneurship in a Diverse Europe: In Search of Sustainable Development’ op p. 318-339 van het boek The sustainability of Cultural Diversity (2010), edited by Maddy Janssen e.a. Op p. 322-323 van dit boek staat: The literature shows that the impact of migration on welfare in the receiving and sending countries depends heavily on the flexibility of labour markets. The labour market impact of migration has been examined in a large number of econometric studies in Europe. These studies rely on a cross-section of either regions or branches, and use variations in the migrant density in order to identify the impact of migration on wages and employment. The results of these studies show that migration is neutral for wages and employment of natives in the receiving countries (see for details Longhi et al., 2005, 2007). On the other hand, as many studies show, migration provides many benefits and contributes to economic growth and the creation of new jobs. Economic growth and the creation of new jobs are strongly associated with the willingness to take up chances across regions and the supply of jobs regulates the flow of people seeking work. Regional labour mobility in the EU-15 is low – only about one out of 200 workers changes residence every year compared with five in the United States in spite of large income differentials within and across countries ( oeri and
r cker, 2005). Hence, immigration from outside the European Union has become a potentially very crucial role for the creation of a higher level of labour mobility in Europe. If there is labour mobility, it is largely due to international migration (Zimmermann, 2005). Europe is a place where migration is especially useful from an economic perspective. In the context of an ageing population and a need for certain skills, migrants make an important economic contribution. The recent stud b oeri and r cker (2005) shows that international migration can significantly increase income per capita in Europe. They have estimated that at the given wage and productivity gap between Western and Eastern Europe, migration of 3% of the Eastern population to the West could increase total EU GDP by up to 0.5 per cent. The contributions of migrants to the economic growth as well as to the creation of new jobs have increased remarkably in recent decades.
Voorbeeld 2 Kourtit/Nijkamp, IJBG, p. 176: They foster international trade through their demand for home country outputs, and through their ability to facilitate trade between the host and home countries (e.g., cost differences, product differentiation, and migrants’ tastes). Migrant networks are important in this context. Migrants often have a social or business network in their home country which may be used in the host country (e.g., to reduce transaction costs, which may increase both exports and imports). In addition, greater labour mobility helps to facilitate trade and increases the crossborder demand for domestic output. The nurturing of cultural diversity may further enhance trade. Bovenstaande tekst is zonder bronvermelding ontleend aan: Strutt, A., Poot J. en Dubbeldam J. (2008), International Trade Negotiations and the Trans-Border Movement of People: A Review of the Literature.
Strutt, p. v, 29 en vi Immigrants foster international trade through their demand for home country outputs and through their ability to facilitate trade between the host and home countries. Migrant networks are important in this context. [‌] Migrants often have a social or business network in their home countr which ma be used in the host countr . [‌] n addition, greater labour mobilit helps to facilitate trade and increases the cross-border demand for domestic output. The nurturing of cultural diversity may further enhance trade. Voorbeeld 3 Kourtit/Nijkamp, IJBG, p. 188: Host countries could improve their competitiveness relative to
the migrant-sending countries through the devaluation effect on the exchange rate and through the additional spending capacity generated in the migrant-sending countries. Bovenstaande zin is zonder bronvermelding overgenomen uit The costs and benefits of European Immigration, Rainer M端nz, 2006 The EU countries could improve their competitiveness relative to the migrant sending countries through the devaluation effect on the exchange rate and through the additional spending capacity generated in the migrant sending countries.
Voorbeeld 4 Kourtit/Nijkamp, IJBG, p. 178: This is because they have a higher labour force participation rate, pay proportionately more in indirect taxes and social security contributions, and make much less use of benefits and public services. Deze zin is zonder bronvermelding overgenomen uit Assessing the fiscal costs and benefits of A8 migration to the UK, Christian Dustmann 2008: Dustman, p. 1: This is because they have a higher labour force participation rate, pay proportionately more in indirect taxes and make much less use of benefits and public services.
Proefschrift 4 Het proefschrift van Eveline van Leeuwen (2008) leverde na een kwartier zoeken geen aanwijzingen op dat er iets mankeert aan de bronvermeldingen.
Artikel 1, Nijkamp Googlen van tekstblokken in het proefschrift van Kourtit voert naar een tekst van Nijkamp buiten het proefschrift. Op p. 191 van het IJBG-artikel schrijven Kourtit/Nijkamp: Immigration could remedy shortages of labour and skills that are unrelated to demographic processes. However, immigration is not a solution for tackling the consequences of
demographic ageing in Europe. The level of net migration required to keep the old-age dependency ratio constant would entail increases of inflows well beyond socially desirable and politically sustainable levels.
Onderstaande tekst staat ook in Peter Nijkamp, Review of Economic Analysis 4 (2012), p. 179208. Migration Impact Assessment: A Review of Evidence-Based Findings, zonder verwijzing, op p. 187: Immigration could also be a remedy to shortages of labour and skills that are unrelated to demographic processes. However, immigration is not a solution for tackling the consequences of demographic ageing in Europe. The level of net migration required to keep the old-age dependency ratio constant would entail increases of inflows well beyond socially desirable and politically sustainable levels. Verdere analyse van deze review levert meer vondsten op: Een groot deel van paragraaf 2 is zonder bronvermelding ontleend aan het door Tüzin Baycan en Nijkamp geschreven hoofdstuk ‘Migration Entrepreneurship in a Diverse Europe: In Search of Sustainable Development’ op p. 318-339 van het boek The sustainability of Cultural Diversity (2010), edited by Maddy Janssen e.a. In minstens vijf subparagrafen van paragraaf 3 hanteert Nijkamp de volgende werkwijze. Hij noemt in de eerste alinea een auteur die over een onderwerp heeft geschreven, en verwijst ook naar diens artikel. Daarna volgt een samenvatting van de inhoud die niet afkomstig is van Nijkamp (die indruk krijgt de lezer echter wel door het ontbreken van aanhalingstekens), maar van de auteur van het desbetreffende artikel. Deze wijze van samenvatten is niet toegestaan. Studenten leren op de universiteit dat zij moeten samenvatten in hun eigen woorden. Het grootste deel van paragraaf 3.1 is knippen/plakken zonder aanhalingstekens uit de executive summary uit Strutt (2008), International Trade Negotiations and the Trans-Border Movement of People: A Review of the Literature. Het grootste deel van paragraaf 3.2 is knippen/plakken zonder aanhalingstekens uit de executive summary uit Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs (2006) The Economic Impacts of Migration: A Comparison of Two Approaches. Het grootste deel van paragraaf 3.3 is knippen/plakken zonder aanhalingstekens uit nz, R., T. Straubhaar, F. Vadean and N. Vadean (2006) The Costs and Benefits of European Immigration, WWI Policy Report 3 Het grootste deel van paragraaf 3.4 is knippen/plakken zonder aanhalingstekens uit de abstract en inleiding van Barrell, R., J. FitzGerald, and R. Riley (2007) EU Enlargement and Migration: Assessing the Macro-economic Impacts, NIESR Discussion Paper no. 292. Paragraaf 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 zijn niet onderzocht.
Het grootste deel van paragraaf 3.8 is knippen/plakken zonder aanhalingstekens uit Suedekum, J., K. Wolf, and U. Blien (2008) The Effects of Cultural Diversity on Regional Labour Markets in Germany.
Paragraaf 4.1 t/m 4.5 zijn niet onderzocht. Paragraaf 4.6 bevat voorbeelden van tekstrecycling zonder ordentelijke verwijzing naar het proefschrift van Ozgen. Paragraaf 4.7 is niet onderzocht. Paragraaf 5 (conclusie) bevat een tekstblok zonder verwijzing dat Nijkamp en Kourtit eerder hebben gepubliceerd in International Journal of Business and Globalisation, Volume 7, Number 2, August 2011 , pp. 166-194(29), op p. 170. Dit is hoofdstuk 7 van het proefschrift van Kourtit.
Artikel 2, Nijkamp In 2006 publiceerde Nijkamp een hoofdstuk in het boek Infrastructure: the glue of megacities. Dit hoofdstuk heeft grote overlap met een artikel dat Nijkamp in 2008 publiceerde in Romanian Journal of Regional Science. Opnieuw ontbreekt enige verwijzing naar het eerdere werk. In 2009 baatte Nijkamp zijn aanvankelijke publicatie nog verder uit door een hoofdstuk met veel overlap te publiceren in het boek Innovation for development. Weer ontbreken verwijzingen naar de eerdere publicaties.
Tekstblok uit Glue of Megacities: When arbara Ward (1976) held a passionate plea for modern cities as ‘the home of man’, she meant to say that cities are the natural habitat for the human species in the post-industrial period, provided cities would offer favourable living and working conditions as a result of density externalities. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of modern large cities has sometimes prompted contrasting viewpoints and arguments. A clear illustration can be found in the following two quotations which convincingly exemplify diverging perspectives on the urban way of life (see o’ ulli an, 000): ‘’Cities have always been the fireplace of civilisation, where light and heat radiated out into the dark’’ (Theodore Parker). ‘’I’d rather wake up in the middle of nowhere than in any city on earth’’ (Steve McQueen). The simple fact that the majority of the world population is living in cities (with an urbanization degree world-wide moving towards 70 percent) does not prove that cities are the human settlements par excellence. There are simply too many negative voices on the functioning and the future of our cities.
Tekstblok uit Romanian Journal of Regional Science: When Barbara Ward (1976) held a passionate plea for a positive view on modern cities as ‘the home of man’, she meant to say that cities are the natural habitat for the human species in the post-industrial period, provided cities would offer favourable living and working conditions as a result of density externalities. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of modern large cities has sometimes prompted contrasting viewpoints and arguments. A clear illustration can be found in the following two quotations which convincingly exemplify diverging perspectives on the urban way of life (see O’Sullivan, 2000): ‘’Cities have always been the fireplace of civilisation, where light and heat radiated out into the dark’’ (Theodore Parker). ‘’I’d rather wake up in the middle of nowhere than in any city on earth’’ (Steve McQueen). The empirical fact that the majority of the world population is living in cities does not prove that cities are the human settlements par excellence. There are simply too many negative voices on the functioning and the future of our cities. Tekstblok uit Innovation for development: When arbara Ward (1976) held a passionate plea for a positi e iew on modern cities as ‘the home of man’, she meant to sa that cities are the natural habitat for the human species in the post-industrial period, provided cities would offer favourable living and working conditions as a result of density externalities. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of modern large cities has sometimes prompted contrasting viewpoints and arguments. A clear illustration can be found in the following two quotations which convincingly exemplify diverging perspectives on the urban wa of life (see O’ ulli an, 000): “Cities have always been the fireplace of civilization, where light and heat radiated out into the dark” (Theodore Parker). “I’d rather wake up in the middle of nowhere than in any city on earth”(Steve McQueen). The empirical fact that the majority of the world population is living in cities does not prove that cities are the human settlements par excellence. There are simply too many negative voices on the functioning and the future of our cities.
Boekhoofdstuk, Nijkamp Tekstblokken uit een artikel dat Nijkamp als enige auteur in 2007 publiceerde in het boek Sustainable Urban Development: The environmental assessment methods zijn te herleiden tot een hoofdstuk dat Nijkamp in 2004 publiceerde met collega-hoogleraar Erik Verhoef (eerste auteur) in het boek Urban Dynamics and Growth: Advances in Urban Economics (in 2003 ook als paper gepubliceerd in iets andere vorm). Naar die publicaties verwijst Nijkamp echter niet in de publicatie uit 2007. Nijkamp publiceerde het hoofdstuk uit 2007 nogmaals in 2011, in vrijwel identieke vorm onder dezelfde titel, nu in het tijdschrift Regional Science Inquiry Journal, zonder verwijzing naar Verhoef en zonder verwijzing naar de twee eerdere boeken.
Onderstaande tekstblokken uit Regional Science Inquiry Journal zijn vrijwel identiek terug te vinden op p. 89/90 van Urban Dynamics and Growth: Shelter role The city is offering settlement facilities for numerous people, based on its scale advantages in housing many citizens. Shelter has even become a human right, and cities are able to care for the housing needs of people. From this perspective, cities offer a significant contribution to a sustainable human habitat. Religious role In the early biblical history the city was often regarded as the source of evil (Babylon, Nineveh). But in the later history we observe a more positive appreciation of the city. Jerusalem was the seat of King David and the New Jerusalem became even a metaphor for a total re-birth of mankind. Cultural role Historically, the city was the place where arts and sciences were flourishing. Venice, Bologna, Padua, Paris, Augsburg, Amsterdam and many other places offer an overwhelming evidence of the favourable seedbed conditions of an urban way of life for the advancement of culture. Political role Democracy was a new type of governance which found its seedbed in the city. And still nowadays political power is largely concentrated in cities and governments have established their premises in cities. De-concentration of physical government facilities (e.g., premises) has never become very successful. Administrative functions are usually executed in capital cities of countries, or at least in cities with a critical political mass. Economic role The city is the market place for economic activity. It is also the place where usually products are designed and often manufactured. Furthermore, it is a marketplace where capital is supplied and advisory services are offered. In addition, the city is - as a result of various types of agglomeration advantages - a very efficient way of organizing production and consumption. Social role Cities house thousands of people who are through the associative nature of city life able to communicate with a great number of others, intensively or less intensively. But they have a social contact and communication spectrum which far exceeds that of a random distribution of people.