Urban Design Portfolio by Pinhan Song

PINHAN SONG THINKING IN DIFFERENCE

Selected Academic Work, 2017-2019 Bachelor of Engineering, Major: Urban and Rural Planning Suzhou University of Science and Technology

PROLOGUE

We look down from an airplane, viewing the movement of small automobiles and infinite streetlights and feel how petite are human being. From an aerial perspective, most cities are very similar, as an infinitely running system maintains its own metabolism and reflects the progress of human industrial civilization. We need to continuously debug this system, in order to make the city function properly and develop prosperously. But again, we are also members of this city. We feel the city in our own hands and feel the difference in life that the city brings us. For me, the "Urban" is constructed as a concept that means a container of differences and characters. City develops as change of production modes, as behavior, as time goes by, as as turning into different stages of development, as change of land use policy, as social development. All these reasons will lead to differences in city. The task of urban planner is to deal with the issues relating to differences.

CONTENTS

DESIGN WORK 01

NEW AGRICULTURE FRAMEWORK

···············································································

········································································································

Explore New Production Mode For Future Agriculture Development

REVIVAL THE SIN CITY

CONNECTION OF PAST AND FUTURE

Trying to Solve the Issue of Crime

··········································································

Weaving Different Area of The City Facing Conflict

RURAL RENAISENSE

·············································································································

Comprehensive Design of Rural in Response to Rural Decline

RESEARCH WORK 01 02

LAND USE OF HUANGDAI DISTRICT

·············································································

Research of Current Situation and Improve Current Landuse Planning

INVESTIGATION OF REASONS OF CITY SHRINKING

Literature Review of Concept of City Shrinking

··················································

42 58

01 NEW AGRICULTURE FRAMEWORK DIFFERENCE IN PRODUCTION MODE Year: 2019 Location: Shanghai, China Type: Urban Design Instructor: Lin Lifeng Role: Collaborative Work of 3 Memebers

INTRODUCTION Agriculture Production

Recently, the rapid development of Shanghai has brought potential problems such as arable land area and grain output. Even if the traditional farmland layout and its corresponding production model can sustain the current demand, its size will be further reduced under the premise of further urban development and expansion in the future. It is doubtful whether it can bear the greater demand for agricultural production. Therefore, we need to develop a new agricultural production mode to bring higher production efficiency to make up for the lack of supply of agricultural products that may occur in the future due to the decline in cultivated land area. Hengsha Island is a small island on the east side of Shanghai, which is responsible for delivering agricultural products to Shanghai. The entire island is spread over farmland and its fabric is highly homogenized. This kind of land with low population density and development is still in its infancy, which is very suitable for us to use it as an experimental land trying to solve future agricultural problems. We will select a site on the island, change its layout, develop new agricultural production models, and make new attempts.

MAPPING

SITE ANALYSIS

FACING THE DECREASING AREA OF SHANGHAI ARABLE LAND

Water routes from Shanghai to surrounding areas

SUMMARY OF HENGSHA ISLAND

tze ang e of Y he sid of t east has d n e e h . It ost and, t Area m rs. l n ter ing Is g New ing, mete s a e m o he ngm don ng kil at t f Cho of Pu f Cho quare d ate o de s o 2 s loc h side rth si island a of 5 s i nd out no ee are Isla the s d the e thr g an a h , n th in ngs ary d a g er He r Estu Islan amon a, cov g a h e Riv ngxin st are engs H a e l Ch smal and g e n th ngxi a Ch

gsha n e to H n o i t uc

d Islan

clim su at aver e charac btropica age annu teristics. l monsoo aver al n cli ag mate The e annua tempera with high t l u s r u e n est t obvi ： The s h 1 i 5.4 d ous lowe idal le ne ： mari eg a s v Aqu ne acul t tidal le el ： 5.9 bout 220 rees Ce ture l vel ： s 0 ho mete i u s area u r r s s 0 . .2 :700 0 Mu 7 meter s.

SITE

Intro

Chongming District Population:704000 Area:1411km² Proportion of arable land:>40%

Baoshan District Population:1905000

40KM

Area:294km² Proportion of arable land:>30% Wusong Wharf

Mai

Wat er n

The etw is ork kilom land ha s e stor tres in four ma ag in le met e capac ngth, w rivers, 25 res. it ity o f 3.2 h a tota .3 5 mi l llion water cubi c

tries s u d n in

e Ric table e Veg it re n Fru acultu ductio o Aqu try Pr l Pou

Arch Hen itectu g villa sha islan ral te g x d

Mos es with has 24 ture a t a road building total po dminist r p s in the s are arr ulation ative villa a o n g ge. ed a f 3300 0. long the

Hengsha Island

Chan

Population:33000 20 Area:52km² Proportion of arable land:>50%

Pudong District

gxing

Island

Roa

Population:5044000 Area:1210km²

Hen

Proportion of arable land:>20%

gsha

netw The n thro orth-sou ork u t are t ghout t h and e he a h widt e main island st-west roa road an h of s 6m. on t d the rin ds he is land g road , wit ha

Islan

Typical Pattern Minhang District

House

Population:2429000

200m

Area:372km²

Arable land

Proportion of arable land:>40% 1978

1988

1998

200m

Shanghai District 2008

2018

Arable land area in Shanghai

Grain consumption in Shanghai

Factory Market

Export Habour

Agriculture

Production mode

Pattern in Site

7020000(t) 180000(ha)

Agriculture

One household is responsible for a piece of farmland, and the longest distance from the farmer to his own farmland is more appropriate. However, agricultural content is relatively simple. Besides, there is no connection between internal communities, and the overall agricultural process incomplete.

Habour

House

800m

Export

Agriculture

Factory Market

The communities are relatively concentrated and do not interfere with agriculture. However, The farthest distance from the communities to the agricultural land is too large, and the labor activities are not convenient. What's more, the agricultural content is relatively simple.

FRAMEWORK

Improve Unit Layout

HOW TO SOLVE THE ISSUES IN THE SITE Method

Analysis Typical Pattern

Single Agricultural Model

New Agricultural Production Mode

Centralized Communities

Incomplete Production Process Weak Connection Low Output of Decentralization Inefficient Delivery

Advantage

Common Weakness

Suitable Distance

Pattern in Site Comparision

Result

New Layout Improve Unit Layout Centralized Production Special Material Delivery System Integration

Sollution

i. Abstract original building texture.

ii. Adjust according to suitable distance.

iii. Cut into units.

iv. Move to create connections among farmlands.

STRATEGY BASED ON THE FRAMEWORK New Agriculture Production Mode BREED SEED

GREEN HOUSE

seeding

plow

irrigation harvest

weeding

FODDER Spinage Asparagus

hatch

education v. Permeate open space to enhance integrality.

FODDER

Vegetable

plow

irrigation

Pig

AGRICULTURE

PRODUCTION

Cotton

PRODUCTION

like vegetable in greenhouse

irrigation

weeding harvest

fertilization

CONMMUNITY

Orange

POND

Air cable car

Delivery cycle

Export from factory

commodity

Silver Cap raw productution

rich water Rice Crab

Stawberry

Fruit

Watermelon

Fertilizer

drop fry PRODUCTION

production

feeding

Water living

Turbot

Grape

Rich Water

INDOOR CULTURE

PRODUCTION

social

Grouper

WATER TREATMENT Visit

ASSEMBLY

Rice

WAREHOUSE

Live

TOURISM

PROCESSING

Basic Farm

FACTORY

Residence

entertainment

Water

Transportation

Commercial

meat product aquatic products frozen vegetable

energy energy

EQUIPMENT

HABOUR

Export energy

PRODUCTION

Transfer station

FODDER

Water

Participate

Insert

Transportation order

Grass Cap

plow

viii. Build transport network to unite individual farmlands.

Transportation

DITCH

breed seedling

Water

library

Local r esiden t BREED SEED

vii. Insert diffrerent types of farmland.

Material Delivery System

fatten (only pig) Local resident

Aquaculture GREEN HOUSE

vi. Use paths to connect buildings.

Public service

management

hatch

EQUIPMENT

Peach

BREED SEED

FLOCK breeding young

Stock

Oilseed Rape

fertilization PRODUCTION

entertainment

White Goat

Tomato

seeding

harvest

PRODUCTION

Chicken

Transportation

Fertilizer

weeding

hospital breeding young

Poultry

fertilization PRODUCTION

BREED SEED

FLOCK

Duck

PACKING

fruit can

edible oil

cotton products

Factory-Shop Material flow

Cable car route

Tourists' route

Unit

Factory

Aquaculture

Vegetable

Shop

Livestock

Fruit

Public

Poultry

Oilseed Rape

Cotton

MASTER PLAN

OVERALL LAYOUT

13 20

3 7 12

10 9 3

100m

200m

500m

1 Habour 2 Community Center 3 Factory 4 Activity Center 5 Oilseed Rape Plantation

6 Cotton Plantation 7 Shopping Mall 8 Vegetable Greenhouse 9 Orange Tree 10 Busniess Street

11 Indoor Culture 12 Observation Platform 13 Rice 14 Public Service 15 Planting Greenhouse

16 Chicken Farm 17 Livestock Farm 18 Office 19 Trade center 20 Governmental Agencies

DETAIL MASTER PLAN COMMERCE AND AQUACULTURE

DETAIL MASTER PLAN PUBLIC SERVICE, LIVESTOCK AND VEGETABLE PLANTING

TYPOLOGY CENTRALIZED PRODUCTION TYPE1 Aquaculture

TYPE5 Poultry Farming

The main industry of this plot is aquaculture, which is divided into outdoor aquaculture, cage aquaculture and factory aquaculture. There are fish, shrimp, crab and so on. The paddy fields and aquatic products around the plot can form a good ecological industrial chain. Tourist

Farmer Breeding fish fry Feeding Regular salvaging Cleaning pond Viewing water quality

Feeding Fishing Sightseeing

Feeding Fishing

Selling Working

Shopping Visiting product production Experiencing

Resident Feeding Fishing

TYPE3 Community Centre

Reading Taking exercise Chatting

Resident Gaming Having a meeting Seeing the doctor

(Tourist) Working Taking a rest

TYPE4 Stock Farming The main industry of this site is stock farming. The breeding species are pigs and white goats, which are native species.

Farmer Feeding the animals Disinfection Cleaning up excrement Stocking

Tourist Feeding Playing Visting

Selection of chicken seedlings Building henhouse Feeding Cleaning up excrement Vaccination

Feeding

Feeding Visiting Purchasing

The main industry of this site is greenhouse planting. It mainly grows fruits and vegetables. The fruits include grapes, strawberries, watermelons and golden melons, and the vegetables include vegetables, spinach, asparagus, cauliflower and tomatoes. Farmer Greenhouse construction Growing vegetables Picking vegetables Spray insecticide

Resident

Tourist Picking vegetables Visiting Purchasing

Purchasing Picking vegetables Visiting Purchasing

TYPE7 Planting (Oilseed Rape)

The community center mainly serves the local residents. The main functions are reading room, office, projection hall, meeting room, sports room, small clinic, etc. Farmer

Resident

Tourist

TYPE6 Planting (Greenhouse Cultivation）

The business streets mainly serve for the development of tourism. Tourists can buy agricultural and sideline products produced in Hengsha Island in the commercial area. They can also visit workshops near the river to experience some simple agricultural production. Tourist

Farmer

Resident

TYPE2 Business Streets

Farmer

This site is mainly for poultry breeding. The breed includes chicken and duck. Chicken house is divided into breeding house, egg room, incubation room, breeding house, incubation house and egg laying house.

Resident Feeding Purchasing

The main industry of this site is planting. This site is mainly planted with oilseed rape, which is planted outdoors. The total oilseed rape planting area is about 4 hectares, and the rest is rice planting. Farmer Turning up the soil Sowing seeds Irrigation Weeding Spreading manure Harvesting

Tourist Sightseeing Visiting Taking photos

Resident Irrigation Harvesting

TYPE8 Factory The plant is distributed around the whole site. It is directly connected with the carriageway to facilitate the transportation of goods. There are four factories in the whole site. All products are transported to the factory by cable car for processing and then transported out. Farmer Transporting Picking Classification Operating machine

Tourist Visting Experiencing Buying souvenirs

Resident Transporting Purchasing

PERSPECTIVE

Skywalk

Transportation System

Residence

1098.86

Chicago

Dallas

774.64

Los Angeles

761.31

New York

REVIVAL THE SIN CITY

947.58

Philadelphia

San Francisco

2056.67

Detroit

DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR

715

Year: 2019 Context of the work: Academic Location: Chicago, USA Role: Individual Work Duration of the project: 1.5 months

538.9

Crime rates per 100,000 people per year

Dangerous

INTRODUCTION

Safe

Crime rates in Chicago's different areas

Crime in Chicago

The decline of Chicago's traditional industry has brought about an increase in unemployment, and naturally has brought about a rise in crime. Compared with other metropolises of the same level, Chicago has serious crime problems. This severe challenge has greatly affected the lives of local residents and the reputation of the city, and some have raised concerns about whether Chicago will become the next Detroit. While such worries may be superfluous, it cannot be ignored that crime is a prominent urban issue in Chicago. The design site is an industrial site located on the industrial corridors along the Chicago River. There is a high crime rate in this area and in residential areas on the same side of the river bank, and we hope to improve this situation. Therefore, we investigated the psychology and needs of the criminals to understand the issues of the city and the lost elements. This effort ’s purpose is to prevent Chicago from falling into the post-industrial crisis while lowering its crime rate.

SITE ANALYSIS IFORMATION ABOUT THE SITE Vacant land, dying industry, huge difference and conflict between cross-strait areas warrant a rethinking of the role of industrial corridors along the Chicago River. We are trying to put crime at the heart of the entire design.

LAKE MICHIGAN

INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS

LOOP Grant Park

Northerly Island Park Gold Star Families Park Ping Tom Memorial Park

INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS Art Studio Delivery

PILSEN HISTORIC BLOCK

ElectricityGenerating Station Museum

AROUND THE SITE

Delivery Garbage Disposal

Safer than 9% of U.S. neighborhoods, robbery index and theft are most serious.

quality of education is better 18 District than 31.4% of U.S. school districts.

Vehicle Repairing

+SITE Henry C. Palmisano Nature Park

Building Material

Warehouse

HALSTED BLOCK Safer than 51% of U.S. neighborhoods, much better than the data of most area in Chicago (average 9).

quality of education is better 50 District than 49.4% of U.S. school districts.

INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS

HIGH CRIME RATE LOW EDUCATION LEVEL LESS PUBLIC GREENLAND TRANDITIONAL INDUSTRY

FRAMEWORK

STRATEGY

HOW TO SOLVE THE ISSUES OF CRIME?

REASONS OF CRIME

PROBLEM FRAMING Industry Issues Declining traditional industry High unemployment rate

Bad economic situation Excessive free time Repressed psychology Lack of morality Lack of ability of communication Not supervised Congregational psychology Class and racial hatred

Educational Issues Poor school quality Lack of cultural industry Space Issues The site lacks vitality and popularity High closure results in isolation in different areas

SOLLUTION

HOW TO SOLVE THE ISSUE OF CRIME?

Update industries

New Industry Remaining Demolish Fast Delivery

Garbage Disposal Delivery Center

Delivery Center

Update industries

Current Framework Pitch Beton

Architecture Material Industry

Garbage Disposal

Lab

Delivery

Truck repair

Increase educational facilties

CITY

The industries are isolated from each other and the production efficiency is low.

Proposed Framework

Acticate Public Space

EXPORT

Architecture Material

ISSUE IN SITE HOW TO SOLVE THE ISSUES OF CRIME?

Industry

Art

MATERIAL ORIGIN High Efficiency

Recycling

Railway

Highway

Railway

Industry concentration District

Demolish low quality building

New buildings to perfect industry

Renovation Remaining Demolish Fast Delivery

Truck repair High-efficiency and environment friendly industry ,recycling architecture material.

Art Studio Unemployment

Freight

Young People Museum of Contemporary Art

Residents Martial arts school

Workers

Neighborhood Students Preserving the industrial landscape

Highway

Renovation of industrial buildings

Acticate Public Space Botanical garden

LACKING VITALITY

ISOLATION

UNEMPLOYMENT

Preservation of existing cultural industries

Lakeside park

Outdoor culture exhibition

Tourists

Job opportunity

Public Square

Vocational Training

Amphitheatre

Help From Others

Outdoor Art Show

Communication

Art Gallery

Moral Education

Technical Training

Scientific Education

Botanical garden

History Education

Riverfront Park

Popularity

Youth Center

Funny Activities

Industrial museum

Good View

Core Axis Greenland Remaining Square Connection

Attraction Avenue

Enclosed

Accesibility Direct activity field Forming space

Open half

Traffic Attraction

Large event Attraction

REPEL

CONNECTION

Air corridors based on the current industrial structure

Closed plant causes isolation in different areas

Abandoned power station which few people come needs urgent treatment

Chair Catalystic

View Attraction Waterfront lacks public space and connectivity

Plenty of public space around Improvement of the central axis waterfront greening

Transport links on Connection of greenery both sides of the river along the street

Open

Connected traffic

Living need Attraction

JOB? ENTER

Lack of public space due to large amount of industrial land

Sports place

Educational and cultural facilities for different groups

Core Axis

HIGH CLOSURE

Delivery

Proposed Culture and Educational Industry

Abandoned Power Generation Station

Neighborhood

Research Lab

Garbage Disposal

Delivery gangway to improve efficiency

Increase educational facilties

Neighborhood

MATERIAL ORIGIN

Fountain Stage

Dinning Facility

Shopping Habour

Aim to attract more people of different socail startum to this area, create different space for them to have the equal opportunity to use specific space equally.

MASTER PLAN

LAYER

CONNECTION OF PAST AND FUTURE

ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT

[Function]

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

Area 4

Production and distribution

Public Activity

Commerce

Education and Training

Factory Culture Commerce Teaching Park

[Transportation] 19

7 8

13 6

18 Main road Secondary road Sidewalk Parking Entry

9 16

[Building]

10 20

2 4

Remaining Renovation New

[Connection]

100m

200m

500m

1 Garage 2 Warehouse 3 Office 4 Asphalt Processing 5 Service Center

6 Garbage Disposal 7 Distribution Center 8 Museum of Contemporary Art 9 Indoor football field 10 Botanical garden

11 Kids' ground 12 Community Square 13 Youth Mutual Aid 14 Coffee 15 Aquarium

16 Industrial museum 17 Shopping Mall 18 Art Studio 19 Martial Arts School 20 Helicopter Experience

Factory delivery Greenland Core axis Skywalk

PERSPECTIVE

CREATE PUBLIC SPACE

Industrial Museum Outdoor Stage Art Stage Children's playground

Museum of Contemporary Art

Market

Art Festival Riverside Park

Botanical garden

PERSPECTIVE

FACTORY, PUBLIC SPACE AND RIVERFRONT PARK

Provide Rich Cultural and Art Related Activities for Different Groups

Fast Delivery Between Different Factories

Improve Waterfront Public Space and Establish Cross-strait Connections

03 CONNECTION OF PAST AND FUTURE DIFFERENCE IN TIME Year: 2018 Location: Shanghai, China Type: Urban Regeneration Instructor: Ma Dandi Role: Individual Work

Huanghuazhen Village, Beijing

INTRODUCTION Booming of the Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Technology

In the past 30 years, Shanghai has entered the peak of urban construction, and a large number of old cities buildings have been demolished to build a new urban CBD. The demolition of buildings in the old city with great historical value is obviously not a reasonable choice. The site is located in Jingan District of Shanghai, the direction of the spread of the new CBD on the north side of Suzhou Creek in Shanghai, which is the conflict point between the new and old cities. In order to preserve the old valuable Shikumen Architectures and mitigate the difference between old and modern city, we propose to build up a close connection of the site and nearby city. The project Intervened historical buildings and vacancy area in the western side of the site making use of the technology of virtual reality. With limited money and space, up-to-date technology allow us to retain the trace of life in the past, which builds up a close connection of past time and future development.

BACKGROUND

lOCATION AND CONFLICTION OF THE SITE

EXISTING CONDITION

Baoshan Road

The site is located in the downtown of shanghai. Confliction of traditional Linong and new CBD is the main characteristics of this area. Different forms in different directions make this area filled with unbalanced development, contributing to the isolation of the site. Huge gaps between each two cities' pattern are waiting to be filled up with the language of design ......

LOCATION

SITE New area continues to grow

Shanghai

Jing‘an district

Shikumen Building Modern Building

CONFILCTION Tranditional Linong

500m New CBD

The historic Shikumen buildings are mainly concentrated in the northeast of the site, contrasting with the modern buildings in the south and west.

Tiantong Road

500m Qufu Road The site is in the direction of expanding CBD, locating in place representing conflict of traditional and modern architechure, landscape and life style.

Subway

Huangpu River

New area develops along Suzhou River

New CBD

SITE PERSPECTIVE

FACING HIGH-DENTITY URBAN EXPANDING

Tranditional Linong

HISTORY

Old North Railway Station Museum

Resident

Commercial

Education

Demolish

The eastern part of the site is mainly a residential area, and the most of the buildings in the west have been demolished.

Suzhou River

RICH STORY RELATING TO RAILWAY, lINONG AND SHIKUMEN BUILDING

DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN CITY

TRANDITIONAL SHIKUMEN BUILDING DEMOLISH

EDGE OF CONFLICTION

RESERVED

To the south of the site is a row of taller buildings, and to the north is low-rise historic buildings, which makes the conflict edge with the north and the south.

1865

1869

Existing of earliest Linong culture.

Based on development of Linong culture, Shikumen architecture existed.

1907 Shanghai North Station officially launched in March 1908

1987 Shanghai North Railway Station retired and became railway museum.

2018 A large number of Shikumen buildings was demolished

2025 The technology of visual reality and augment reality is developing.

CONCEPT

CONNECTION OF PAST AND FUTURE

STEP 3 CONNECTION

LAYOUT

More possibilities

Less money

Real

Virtual

Space

Reality

Invariant Space

Future

Traces of History

Potential of future

FRAMEWORK

HOW TO ORGANIZE THE SITE? 1. Reorganization

Historic Buildings

Building Landscape

New layout

Functions Intervention

Vacancy area

STRATEGY

Tourists can feel they have pass through a time machine from past to future.

2. Refunctionize

3. Connection

Requirement

People's streamline

Restore Past Life Scenes VR/AR Technology Future vision of Life People's demands

DWELLING

New space (Building functions)

Past

COMMERIAL

VR streamline

DWELLING

TOURISM SPOT

SUTURE AND FORM SPACE

STEP 1 REORGANIZATION COMMERIAL Place people's demands in the interior of the site, and use the air corridor to connect these requirements together to form a streamline.

PROGRAM 1.ZONE The site is divided into “past” and “future” according to the existing main roads inside the site; the land with historical buildings is “past” and the vacancy land is “future”.

STEP 2 REFUNCTIONIZE USERS

Olders

2.FUNCTIONS According to the new roadways and main sidewalks inside the site, the functions of the site are divided into commercial land, residential land and public facilities land according to government planning.

3.SPATIAL LAYOUT Planning the sidewalk inside the site according to the layout of the building: Set green spaces, 3 entrance plazas and open gardens in the site.

DEMANDS commerce

ACTIVITIES

Past

commerce

restaurant Families

restaurant

exhibition

entertainment

public space

exhibition entertainment

Students public space Workers

Tourist

Future office

resident & hotel

commerce

restaurant

exhibition

entertainment

public space

MASTER PLAN

CONNECTION OF PAST AND FUTURE

9 14

10 3

4 2 1

13 12

10m

20m

50m

Railway Culture Museum

Office

Tranditional Commercial Street

Hanging Garden

Celebrity House

Hotel

Future Commercial Hall

Residence Service Center

Shikumen Museum

Restaurant

Future Office+Commerial

Future Residence

Wuchangshuo Old Home

Community park

Center Park

Visitors' center

Educational Center

Future Life Exhibition Hall

PERSPECTIVE

UTILIZATION OF VR/AR TECHNOLOGY

Future life exhibition hall: The future life experience hall shows the future use of VR/AR technology, where people can experience the future social way.

Past museum hall: In the past museums, the origin of Shikumen and the history of development from ancient times to the present are displayed. People can better understand the construction of Shikumen.

Future street navigation: VR/AR technology can navigate people's routes, and people can plan their routes while shopping.

Past scene restoration: In the corridor, you can see the scenes of the past in the VR/AR restoration, and there is a sense of immersion.

Information introduction application: Using VR/AR technology, you can use the application to view the information of each building on the mobile phone (for example: building year, building function, etc.)

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Shikumen architechture museum

Choose mode of room today？

Home page

+Future commerce + Center Park

The Observe ?

What is Shikumen？

+ Leisuire + Party + Work + Cinema

Which food you want today？ + Pork + Beef + Chicken

+Railway museum + Art gallery

Gift shop Contact us

+Wuchangshuo Old house

Shikumen architecture museum

Tiantong Road

03 RURAL RENAISENSE

DIFFERENCE IN DEVELOPMENT PHASE Year: 2017 Location: Beijing, China Type: Urban Design Instructor: Li Haoran Role: Individual Work

Huanghuazhen Village, Beijing

INTRODUCTION Since the reform and opening up, a large number of people have flocked from the countryside to the cities because the cities have more resources. However, with the diversification of the economy, the government began to pay more attention to the development of rural. Beijing Huanghua Town, as a pilot agricultural product base of the government, is surrounded by agricultural resources, mountainous areas and other tourism resources. How to combine local economy with tourism and agricultural products has become the biggest problem. At the same time, because the developers have insufficient funds in the early stage, they need a long-term plan. How to use a systematic development process to guide the spontaneous development of the village has become the main research issue for the village to be revived.

MAPPING

LOCATION OF SITE AND BEIJING DOWNTOWN

All life, including plants, animals, and people, comes from the land in the final analysis, is born in the land, and finally belongs to the land. ——Zhou Guopin, 2015

Sihai Town

Mountainous area

Huanghuacheng Village

55KM

To Zhangjiakou

70min

Yanqin

Huanghuazhen Village Miyun District

Dayangshan Forest Park 60min

Huairou District

Aviation Museum To Tangshan

PEK To Datong Beijing Downtown

10KM

25KM

Olympic Park

Beijing Second Ring Road West Station Beijing Station South Station

NAY

To Baoding

To Dianjin To Cangzhou

BACKGROUND

Convenient traffic conditions and rich tourism resources along the the high way from Bejing and Huanghuazhen Village.

DILEMMA OF RURAL：MORE CITY AREA, LESS AGRICULTURE

URBANIZATION CAUSES DECREASING CULTIVATED FIELD AREA PER CAPITA Population Growth and Decreasing Ariable Field Area of Farmland Land for agricultural production

Population 1600M 1400M

Statistical caliber changed

1200M

Sum of people living in China

Growth of Chinese Demand of Creals

[Percentage of agricultural research spending to GDP]

2015 A.D. 2010 A.D. 1989

Declining period

China 2005 A.D.

Cultivated area is decreasing 11 ㎡ /years per person

2005

2015

Expansion of the city in Beijing

(t)

600M

Artificial

Low output

Poor quality

Lack of sales channels

USA

489580000t 3.4%

100M

3.2%

587900000t

105M

95M

0.5%

1998

110M

Continued growth

603910000t

125M

115M

600M

200M

130M

120M

800M

400M

LOW-EFFICIENCY AGRICULTURE

Area of arable field（㎡）

1000M

Population

City Growth in Beijing

GROWING DEMAND OF CEREALS

1995 A.D.

393910000t

500M

300M

400M

200M

100M

As the population grows and the economy rises, the demand for food continues to grow.

Canada

4.1%

Netherland

Outdated technology makes Chinese agriculture industry in primary phase, the output rate of agricultural labor in China is 80 times less than USA.

SITE ANALYSIS

ASSUMPTION IN RURAL

PRIMARY PHASE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT Yanqing National Geopark 85min

Chuifengtuo 20min 60min Lianhuashan Forest Park 15min Zhuangdaokou Village Huanghuacheng Village 1200m 300m 2000m Donggong Village

1000m

30min Xiangshuihu Lake Great Wall Parkland 35min Mutianyu Great Wall Parkland

STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

ATTRACTION

TECHNOLOGY

HIGH DENSITY

Relying on local agricultural resources to develop agricultural tourism to attract more tourists

The economic base provides the possibility of deeper agricultural research and related supporting functions

Rapid development requires higher density in the countryside

STEP1

Huanghuacheng Great Wall

ACHIEVING RURAL RENAISSANCE IN STAGES

agriculture base

pond view

farm The Great Wall Parkland

Xiatai Village

potential tourists mountain view

Huanghuazhencun(site)

1200m

Quadrangle Countryard 1500m

Huanghuazhen Village 1100m

Blueberry mountain villa

SITE

30%

Other industry

scientific achievement

36013¥

70%

1500m

1800m

PCDI 21620¥

pick

garden

popularity

exhibition

cruise

hotel

cash flow

potential

STEP2

situation Primary Primary industry industry 82%

farm

result

function

research

residence

technology research

commerce

exhibition

relevant service

function

result

researcher

fund support

backflow population

potential

situation

Huanghuachengcun(comparision)

650m

45min

35min Yanshousi Panlongsong Landpark

45min

Main road Secondary road Footway Local tourism Near tourism Farm land Modern agriculture Village

40min The Ming Tombs Landpark

larger population

mix-used

vertical farm+resident

high profit

+ technology support

efficient agriculture

vertical farm+work

high density

situation

potential

function

result

STRATEGY ON SITE

Dayangshan National Forest Park

rural renaissance

DIFFERENT PHASES AND DEALING WITH WATER

STATEGY 1 65min Beijing Downown

90min farm

Capital International Airport

EXISTING PROBLEM

STEP3

Hongchang Village

village

WHAT WE SHOULD SOLVE?

PHASE 0

PHASE 1 The initial phase

STATEGY 2

STEP 0 The farmland area is large but the Agricultural production does not make Under the tide of urbanization, the income-generating model is single and full use of existing water sources population of young adults is lost the output is low.

Development fund limit

First place sightseeing in the waterscape and original agricultural location

STEP 1 The initial phase

Through the three stages of river communication, forming a whole

PHASE 2 Renovate the original greenhouse as experimental farmland

STEP 2 River introduction to form irrigation for agriculture

PHASE 3 High-density development, adding vertical agriculture

STEP 3 River introduction to form irrigation for agriculture

MASTER PLAN

VISION AFTER 3 PHASES

LAYER

ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT

[Phase]

phase 1 phase 2 phase 3

sightseeing irrigation fishery

[Water function] 5 3

4 1

7 21 9

16 10

sightseeing irrigation fishery

[Transportation] 11

1 Agriculture sightseeing 2 Green house 3 Huge green house 4 Flower sightseeing 5 Market 6 Homestay hotel 7 Picking garden 8 Children activity yard 9 Parents&children picking 10 Fishpond 11 Planting research 12 Test farmland 13 Research center 14 Library 15 Art center 16 Shopping mall 17 Exibition center 18 Office 19 Trade center 20 Service center 21 Wharf 22 Mountain Club

13 12 14

20 sightseeing irrigation 19 fishery

main road secondary Road walk way landscape Way

[Cultivation]

Green house Agriculture sightseeing Fruit picking

100m

200m

500m

farmland landscape vertical farm

Garden Test farmland

PHASE 1

ATTRACTION DEVELEOPMNT

Garden Sightseeing Route

Aging Issues

Tourists Economy Productivity Population Technology

Green House Route

GET CASH FLOW Original House Agriculture Resource Lake Resource

2017

Mountain View Natural Sightseeing Route

WATER SYSTEM

Sightseeing boat Mountain Club Fishing Family Activities Restaurant Mountain View Tea Bar Warm House Picking Homestay Hotel Agricultural product sales

Irrigation Lake

Water

Farm

Road

Water Sightsseing

Farm

Tourism

DETAIL DESIGN

ATTRACTION

2020

Focus on the development of the tourism industry.

PHASE 2

TECHNOLOGY

Shopping Mall Hotel

Big Greenhouse

Homestay

Wharf

Farmland Sightseeing

Walk Way

Greenhouse

DAILY ROUTINE

Apartment

REQUIREMENT

Exibition

8:00 Library

Children's entertainment

10:00

12:00

15:00

17:30

19:00

Investor Investors need to be shown the local advantages and provide a location to facilitate their designated injection strategy.

Delivery

Researcher Places where researchers need work research and facilities to meet their daily needs.

TECHNOLOGY

Student Students need educational facilities in multiple disciplines such as art, nature, science. Agricultural Tourism Park

Research Center Test field

2025

Focus on the development of the scientific research and culture Industry.

PHASE 3

Daily routines of different people requires different space and generate different needs of desires, which considerably influence the generation and layout of a site.The site is mainly for four groups of users, including students, researchers, investors and local back flow residents.

HIGH DENSITY

PERODUCTION EFFICIENCY Office Resident

Service Trade Center

Traditional Agriculture Farm

Crop Production Rate:100%

Production Center

Original Agriculture Efficiency Traditional Agriculture Farm

HIGH DENSITY

Crop Production Rate:100%

Back flow resident Back flow residents need more job opportunities and related services

(Data Reference: Yang Dingliang. In Search of New Paradigm of Urbanization in China) Agricultural Landscape EXO-Torism Farm Educational/Boutique Farm

Crop Production Rate:9.2% Crop Production Rate:52.1% Crop Production Rate:42.6%

AR AREA:29.3% .3

AREA:12.0 AREA:12.0%

AREA:3.5%

AREA:5.0%

Area:146137.0 m

Area:54791.3 m Water Requirement Rate:60% Education Requirement:mid

Area:17469.6 m

Area:24739.6 m

Water Requirement Rate:100% Education Requirement:low

Water Requirement Rate:120% Education Requirement:mid

Community Organic Farm

Research Test Farm

Vertical Farm

Herb Medicine Farm

AREA:100 AREA:100% Area:487490.9 m Water Requirement Rate:100% Education Requirement :low

Agricultural Tourism Park

Focus on the development of the production scale and efficiency.

AREA:1.8 AREA:1.8% Area:9031.5 m

2030 LOW

Crop Production Rate:124.1% Crop Production Rate:153% Crop Production Rate:153% Crop Production Rate:110%

HIGH

Water Requirement Rate:96% Education Requirement:mid

AREA:6.7% Area:33337.6 m Water Requirement Rate:87% Education Requirement:high

AREA:41.3% RE 3 Area:169275.1 m Water Requirement Rate:94% Education Requirement:high

AREA:1.5 AREA:1.5% Area:7312.1 m Water Requirement Rate:87% Education Requirement:high

THE EFFICIENCY OF AGRICULTURE RAISED ABOUT 60% AFTER ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY !

VISION

DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

In the initial development stage, under the premise of limited funds, relying on tourism resources to bring a lot of popularity, laying the economic foundation for subsequent development

The cash flow obtained by the tourism industry and the popularity gathered early brought the population back, and related supporting facilities provided the possibility for a large number of researchers and staff to enter.

Final development stage, highly developed agricultural production and tertiary industry close to the city.Rural renaisense process completed

RESEARCH WORK

Cao Lake

LANDUSE OF HUANGDAI DISTRICT DIFFERENCE IN PLAN OF LANDUSE

Year: 2017 Location: Huangdai , China Type: Urban Mater Planning Instructor: Jiang Lingde Role: Collaborative Work as a Team Leader of 12 Memebers Small village

INTRODUCTION Xiangcheng new high-tech development area (new Huangdai Town) is a combination of old Huangdai town and Dongqiao town, located at the westnorth corner of Suzhou city. Regarded as the suburbs of the city, local industry developed rapidly since 1990s and many factories are still in good use today. While nowadays people’s living standard has improved and the industry transition period has come. How to balance the industrial development and people’s living and social need has become the focus of the overall strategy of development of this new area.

Old Dongqiao Town

Old Huangdai Town New Ecopark

Panyang Industrial Park Villa Area

New Industrial Park Old Industrial Park

Xiangcheng District

BACKGROUD

Population and Resident Structure

HOW TO COME UP WITH CONCEPT

Industry Development 2016 Industry Structure 1st 1.7%

61569 61870 50475 49846 49135

160

Gross Industrial Output Value 2012-2016

2nd 58.3% 3rd 39.8%

1 KM

2 5

Workers

4 7

Highway Metro Line Railway Line Town Boundary Industrial Area Railway Station

1 New Huangdai Town

Economy Thousand People

Huangdai town has always been a leading area of industrial development in Xiangcheng district. Since the second industry contains the main part of its economy,thousands of employers worked in this area and the GDP grew rapidly in the past years.

2 KM

200

100

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 New Huangdai Town 2 Beiqiao Town 3 Holiday Area 4 Open up Area 5 Yangcheng Lake Town

6 Taiping Town 7 Weitang Town 8 Yuanhe Town 9 Huangqiao Town 10 Wangting Town

N e w H u a n g d a i To w n h a s t h e l a r g e s t population and the third highest GDP in Xiangcheng District. It managed to keep a balance between living and economy.

High-tech Industry Layout 34.8% Xiangcheng District

2.8%

2.4

14.6%

.3%

53.3% 29.5%

9.6%

New Huangdai Town 48

0.4%

3.3%

4.8

2.1

6.4%

19.9%

16.8%

160

Local

120

Floating

Total population

More and more floating people come to the new town to work, but not so many can stay and live for a long time.

STRATEGY

HOW TO COME UP WITH CONCEPT

Strategy 1 Industry Upgrade

Output Value ≥2000 Output Value ≥500 Output Value ≥200 Output Value ≥100

Commercial Land Public Culture Facilities Land Other Public Service Land Industrial Land

Commercial and Residential Mix Industrial Research Land Logistics Warehouse Land Transit Facilities Land

Supply Facilities Land Environmental Facilities Land Safety Facilities Land Reserved Land

Water Area Park Greenland Protective Greenland Land Unfit for Construction

Land Use 2030

1.Improve public service facilities and improve education, medical care, administrative and other infrastructure services to meet the service network of the entire township. 2. Activate public spaces, configure park green spaces, optimize waterfront space, and give residents a better life experience.

Living&Working network

Strategy 3 Resident Improvement Maintain a large number of existing houses, dismantle low-quality residences, and house new residential land for future talent introduction policy.

Current Network

Strategy 4 Land Use Adjustment Output Value ≥50 Output Value ≥20 Output Value <20

600

Maintain Renew Replace

Industrial Land

400

Residential Land

Different kinds of land use are evaluated by its quality or revenue and then divided and given different adjustment advice.

200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9KM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9KM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9KM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2 Public Service Facilities

Administration office Land Medical and healthcare Land Social Welfare Land Education and Research Land

Strategy 2 Public Activation

Housing Units in site Quadrant 2

1st Class Residential Land 2nd Class Residential Land 3rd Class Residential Land Rural Construction Land

3.Improve the relationship network and correct the relationship between residence, work, and public service units to make people’s living and working fast and convenient.

1 New Material Industry 2 Biomedical Technology 3 Software&Integrated Circuit 4 Energy-saving Industry 5 Smart Grid Industry 6 Flat Display Industry 7 Electronic Components 8 New energy Industry

The new material,flat display and electronic components fabrication industry developed fast in new Huangdai town, with most factories centralized in the old industrial parks.

Public Service Facilities Quadrant 1

Land Use 2017

3. Talent introduction. Make use of policy to attract top-quality talents.

270.72

4.3%

Floating

Land Use

2. Deepen the development of local competitive industries and cultivate new sustainable industries.

Thousand yuan/km² 300

58663

Local

1. Centralize scattered industrial land to form comprehensive industrial parks containing developing, producing, and even public exhibition or education departments.

Xiangcheng District 8

GDP per area

Suzhou North Railway Station 6 9

120

MASTER PLANNING

33.23 35.56 45.01 47.06 50.06 Billion yuan

2016 2015 2014 2013 2012

Output Value ≥2000 Output Value ≥500 Output Value ≥200 Output Value ≥100

Quadrant 3

Quadrant 4

Maintain Renew Replace

Some old and small residential land and industrial land are distributed in the edges of the whole new town, with public service facilities are not so abundant, people’s life is not so convenient.

Planned Network

Maintain Remove Renew Replace

6 4 2

Quadrant 4

Quadrant 3

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9KM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9KM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9KM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Most public service facilities are located at a centralized residence in quadrant 2 and 3 from 1km to 3km, where old towns sited. While with the new town center develops, different kinds of public service facilities need supplement in some areas.

Public service Land

Overall Land Adjustment

Different kinds of land use are evaluated by its quality or revenue and then divided and given different adjustment advice.

Residential Unit Working Unit Public Service Facilities Working Network Living Network

Industrial parks and factories gather and supporting facilities are built near the new industrial districts. Residential area expands and the new land use layout makes people’s living and working fast and convenient.

INVESTIGATION OF REASONS OF CITY SHRINKING ---Based on literature review

Individual work: Song Pinhan

NVESTIGATION OF REASONS OF CITY SHRINKING Abstract With the development of city size and economy, the long-established Growthfirst Politics is coming to an end, and the phenomenon of city shrinking has caught the attention of researchers around the world. City shrinking is a common phenomenon in the process of industrialization and urbanization in developed countries, which plays a crucial role in the economic and social development of a country. Against such a backdrop, this paper intends to explain the origin and definition of urban shrinking through the summary of a large number of literatures, and then draw the main results of domestic and foreign studies on urban shrinking. The main factors leading to the appearance of urban shrinkage were analyzed. On the basis of literature review, the influence of economy, population, politics, nature and urban space on city shrinking was identified, and the important factors were expounded.

Key Words

City shrinking growth and contraction industrialization

causes literature review

Contents Chapter 3

Introduction

Main causes of city shrinking Background

3.1 Socioeconomic factors

Research Framework

3.2 Socio-demographic factors

3.3 Urban space factors

3.4 Resources factors

3.5 Political factors

3.6 Natural factors

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking 1.1 Origin of City Shrinking

1.2 Definition of City Shrinking

Conclusion Conclusion

Chapter 2

Literature review of city shrinking 2.1 Literature review of city shrinking abroad

2.2 Literature review of shrinking cities in China

2.3 Literature conclusion statistics of city shrinkage studies

Appendix Reference

City Shrinking

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking

Background

Framework

1 Topic determing 2 Literature reading 3 Count

4 Analysis 5 Conclusion

Chapter 3 Main causes of city shrinking

Conclusion

1.1 Origin of City Shrinking

Since the industrial civilization, city, as a carrier of human progress, is a spatial entity formed by the gathering of economic activities, as well as one of the important spatial carriers of modern life, work and leisure. However, with the process of economic globalization, economic and social transformation is also gradually accelerated, and urban development has been differentiated. Some cities have seen population decline and economic decline. Such cities are called "shrinking cities". Against this background, foreign scholars have made detailed studies on shrinking cities, including those in North America, Europe and Japan, with different reasons behind. However, in China, shrinking cities is still a new thing. Recently, domestic scholars are rethinking the process of urban development and the government's corresponding strategies for urban economic recession and population decline through foreign research results [1].This article is to clear about the definition of "contracting city", clarify the meaning of the deep, and find the analysis of the power factor causing shrinkage urban phenomenon, through to the domestic and foreign about the issue of "contracting city" and the end of the literature and case analysis, hope sprang out in a new research topic this effect.

STEPS

Chapter 2 Literature review of city shrinking

CONTENTS

ANALYSIS

City shrinking phenomenon

Why this happen? What research results are available?

Literature review of city shrinking aboard

Meaning of shrinking city Research Status of shrinking city aboard

Literature review of shrinking cities in China

Research Status of shrinking city in China

Literature review of shrinking cities

Main causes of city shrinking

High frequency reason

Socioeconomic factors Socio-demographic factors Urban space factors Resources factors Political factors Natural factors

Research

Reference for the theoretical research and practical development

In early research, the concept of city shrinking was usually expressed as “Urban Decline” [2-3] or “Population Decrease” [4]. However, this statement could not cover all the key points of city shrinking. Thereof, HauBermann and others formally proposed the concept of shrinking city in 1988. It refers to the counter urbanization and the gradual decline of German and Japanese cities along with the process of deindustrialization and under the influence of suburbanization. 1.2 Definition of City Shrinking Although plenty of research has been conducted, the definition of city shrinking is still controversial in academia. Its connotation, definition, cause and effect are still inconclusive. After nearly three decades of theoretical development, the academia has recognized that population reduction is the core connotation of urban contraction. But there are some different criteria on definition of the population, mainly on the amount of population reduction and the duration of the reduction. The difference is chiefly in the views of the two people: Oswalt and others argue that the population loss in a shrinking urban should be at least 10%, or more than 1% [6] in a year; While Wiechmann defines City Shrinking as the phenomenon of losing population continuously for more than two years. Regardless what methods and indicators are adopted to define urban contraction, the population, as the subject of social economy of the city, is the most important thing [7]. In the book of "shrinking city", Oswald tried to define "shrinking city" in a specific way: 1. Shrinking city shows scarcity and dispersion of economic social activity in space; 2. Shrinking city means end of sustained economic growth and the loss of population especially of the younger generation which results in falling of employment rate and contracting of business; 3. The phenomenon of "shrinking city" is time-sensitive and will remain stable on a relatively small scale; 4. Although the central area of "shrinking city" is gradually abandoned, the surrounding area still has the potential to expand[8]. Thus, it can be seen from these arguments that urban contraction is not simply equivalent to urban decline. Urban decline directly and negatively negates the potential and power of urban development. In fact, urban shrinkage is a stage of urban development. When a city goes into recession, it falls into a vicious cycle of lost population and employment, abandoned housing, and rising rates of crime [9]. In turn, urban shrinking does not necessarily lead to urban decline. Overall, urban shrinkage is a more objective indicator of urban development [10].

City Shrinking

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking

Chapter 2 Literature summary of city shrinking

Chapter 3 Main causes of city shrinking

Conclusion

2.1 Literature review of city shrinking abroad

2.2 Literature review of city shrinking in China

The research on phenomenon of city shrinking started earlier abroad. In the 1960s, the phenomenon of urban contraction occurred after the economic recession, industry restructuring and economic system transformation in developed countries in Europe and the United States, which aroused high attention of scholars. They studied this phenomenon from multiple perspectives and obtained a lot of research results, focusing on the analysis of the concept of urban contraction, the formation environment and institutional arrangement of urban contraction, and the response strategy of urban contraction [11].

The study of urban shrinkage in China is still in its 2000 infancy. Since the 1980s, the "northeast phenomenon" began to emerge in China. The sluggish development brought by the transformation of industrial base is similar to the urban shrinkage in developed countries, which has attracted the attention of Chinese scholars. This type of contraction is the contraction under the crisis of resource- S E based city and deindustrialization.[11] Another type of Figure1:Shrinking and urban shrinkage mainly occurs in the surrounding areas expansion of the Yangtze of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze river River Delta delta and the Pearl river delta, which was caused by the 2010 siphon of resources.[14] The third type urban contraction is caused by population flow in less developed areas.[15] The research of city shrinking in China mainly focus on the analysis of the dynamic mechanism of the contraction process [16], the establishment of a new theoretical research framework [17], and the impact of urban Source: Wu Kang, Long Ying, Yang contraction on the future urban development [18-19]. Yu, 2015)

Belittling For instance, Hospers, a foreign scholar, Fighting committed himself to coping strategies for shrinking Hospers Accepting cities. He divided the attitudes of European cities Using towards contraction into four types: belittling Accepting contraction, fighting it, accepting it and using it, and the Sousa Pinho Using attitudes towards contraction determined the coping strategies. Besides, Sousa and Pinho divided coping Strategy to city shringking strategies into two categories: reaction and adaption. "Reaction strategies" are strategic measures to reverse contraction and stimulate growth; The "adaption strategies" refers to facing up to the phenomenon of urban contraction, taking urban contraction as an inevitable stage for urban development, and making reasonable plans for the contraction area. Rationalism in adaption strategies has become the most common response to shrinking cities in western countries. Government

Governmenance

government decision top-down

community

bottom-up

citizens

After this viewpoint was put forward, planners began to attach importance to the concept of "less is more". The construction and development of cities were no longer based on the goal of economic and population growth but improving the quality of life brought by investment [1213]. In addition, the transformation from "Government" to "Governmenance" in the governance concept of cities in Europe and the U.S. leads to the emergence of "top-down" and "bottom-up" in the urban contraction response. On the one hand, "top-down" approach to development, guided by government will and political decisions, still exists. On the other hand, empowering citizens and local communities, and encouraging community initiative and strengthening public participation have also become important tools for "bottomup" responses to urban shrinkage.

Figure2:Vacancy of living house Source: Lixun, Du Zhiwei, Li Xianfeng, 2015)

Figure3:Hollow village Source: http://image.baidu.com/

Analysis of the dynamic mechanism of the contraction process Mainly focus

Establishment of a new theoretical research framework Impact of urban contraction on the future urban development

2.3 Literature conclusion statistics of city shrinkage studies In this paper, 20 typical literatures on urban contraction published in important Chinese journals were selected for statistics, and the influencing factors of urban contraction were analyzed. The statistical results are shown in Table 1, economic globalization, deindustrialization, population aging and suburbanization can be regarded as the most important influencing factors of city shrinking.

City Shrinking

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking

Chapter 2 Literature summary of city shrinking

Chapter 3 Main causes of city shrinking

Conclusion

2.3 Literature conclusion statistics of city shrinkage studies

Notes: Literatures 1-20 are 1) Yang Zhenshan et al. (2015) [10]; 2) Ma Zuopeng et al. (2016) [11]; 3) Zhang Hua et al. (2018) [20]; 4) Zhang Xueliang et al. (2016) ) [21]; 5) Yang Dongfeng et al. (2013) [22]; 6) Xu Bo et al. (2018) [23]; 7) Li Jing (2018) [24]; 8) Zhang Jingxiang (2017) [25]; 9 ) Li Yan (2015) [26]; 10) Liu Chunyang (2017) [27]; 11) Qian Fangfang (2017) [28]; 12) Gao Shuqi (2015) [5]; 13) Yang Dongfeng et al. (2015) [ 29]; 14) Xu Bo et al. (2014) [30]; 15) Huang Weiting (2014) [31]; 16) Wang Xiaoling (2017) [32]; 17) Lin Xiongbin et al. (2017) [33]; 18) Zhao Jiahui et al. (2017) [34]; 19) Luo Xiaolong (2018) [35]; 20) Deng Peiyong (2018) [36];

City Shrinking

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking

Chapter 2 Literature review of city shrinking

Although urban contraction in a specific region can be attributed to a certain main cause, the city shrinking is often led by the co-occurrence of several subordinate or independent secondary causes together with the main cause. And the causes of urban shrinkage are changing over time. Socioeconomic factors

Socio-demographic factors

Urban space factors

CITY SHRINKING Resources factors

Political factors

Natural factors

3.1 Socioeconomic factors

Economic globalization

ASAHIKAWA Nowadays, economic globalization has become a trend that cannot be ignored. With the continuous advancement of globalization, a Abetsu large number of global metropolises with large Akabira population, resources and labor force were born. Such cities have occupied the commanding heights of the global urban network. At the same Mikasa time, however, population gathering has resulted Yubari in population outflow and economic recession in many other areas. This is one of the critical factors of the expansion of global city shrinking SAPPORO in developed and developing countries with weak Figure4:Shrinking cities between Asahikawa and Sapporo in Hokkaido, development conditions [11].

Deindustrialization

A large amount of capital not only drives the development of developing countries and regions, but also further drives the transformation of developed countries from manufacturing industry to service industry. However, employment

Conclusion

positions provided by service industry cannot fill the vacancy of unemployed workers in deindustrialized areas, leading to the urban contraction [12]. Take Manchester as an example, there were 220,000 manufacturing jobs in Manchester in 1961, accounting for 50% of the total. However, transformation in the city during 1961-1983 caused "depression" in industrial inner area. A large number of factories, workshops, railways, and houses were abandoned, and finance and consultancy grew rapidly in central business district (CBD) with the advantage of the "creative class"[39]. Nevertheless, the employment space of creative new industry is very limited, inducing city's overall contraction. In 2006, services provided 70% of the jobs, but the absolute number was lower than manufacturing in 1961, resulting in 18% of the population in need of social assistance, 6.2% higher than the whole metropolitan area [39]. This was regarded as a failure of transformation. Globalization and deindustrialization are both a top-down, global to local impact on cities. Driven by the process of globalization, the gathering factors promote the development of some cities. But those cities which are lack of innovation system and have no advantage in competing for factors can only endure the loss of talents and capital, resulting in the continuous shrinkage of the cities. Rapid development of manufacturing industry

Japan

Among them, the typical cases are a large number of cities in the former east Germany [37], Hokkaido in Japan [38] and Incheon in South Korea [39]. Due to lower status in the global urban network, these cities suffer from serious outflow of economic capital and human capital, and t continuous migration of their urban population, resulting in urban contraction. Overall, when multinational companies invest in business development today, they will give priority to the city size - choose the primate city or the central city. Under such a background, lower-class cities are marginalized.

Chapter 3 Main causes of city shrinking

Urban expansion

1961

Depression" in industrial inner area

Limited capacity for creative industries

Rapid shrinking

Technological innovation liberalizes enterprise

1983

Tertiary industry development stage

Slow shrinking

2006

With the development of science and technology, knowledge has become the core of economic growth, which has brought great changes in the labor market. Tools are becoming more technical, which means that a lot of manual repetitive work will be replaced by more efficient machines or moved to other countries. As a result, lots of manufacturing in western industrial cities has been shifted to third world countries with lower production costs. And a large number of manufacturing workers have migrated from developed countries to developing countries in search of more job opportunities, which doomed the sharp shrinking of early industrial cities. For example, many former industrial centers such as Youngstown, Erie, Detroit, Camden, Rochester, etc. have experienced sluggish urban development, and Detroit even experienced financial ruin [40].

City Shrinking

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking

Chapter 2 Literature review of city shrinking

The importance of transportation declined Traffic can affect the prosperity of a city, such as Venice. But with the development of technology, the means of transportation are constantly upgraded, Zhengzhou making both freight and travel more convenient. Therefore, the influence of transportation and location gradually declines, and the advantage of transportation location loses [10]. Zhengzhou, Figure5: Railway in Zhengzhou for example, which was the center of China's rail system before, has had a chance to prosper. However, with the progress of transportation, the importance of transportation is decreasing. Therefore, new district in Zhengzhou called Zhengdong was once called "the biggest ghost town in China" in the early years. Of course, with the recovery of growth momentum, Zhengdong new district is now evolving into a dynamic new area [25].

Decline in Housing Market

In recent years, there are many new urban areas in China expand rapidly. The booming property market has been underpinned by highly leveraged and high-risk land finance. Therefore, once the bottleneck of economic growth appears, the land market remains depressed, the number of vacant houses in cities increases, and the real estate market shrinks. In short, housing speculation or oversupply leads to a depressed real estate market. 3.2 Socio-demographic factors

Chapter 3 Main causes of city shrinking

The aging of population is the most important form of social structure change. The ageing of the population is often accompanied by a decline in productivity. Many western countries showed low fertility rate after becoming developed countries, so

ageing followed. With the decrease of production capacity and demand induced by aging of population, cities will also shrink due to weak population growth and economic growth. This is very common in Germany and other European countries [10]. Similarly, in Japan and Australia, the problem of low fertility is also very serious, resulting in the structural shortage of labor market, which makes urban contraction widespread in these countries [42]. The gathering of population drives the economic development significantly, but under such a growth model, the aging trend of population is bound to bring the decrease and outflow of regional labor force, resulting in regional backwardness and recession [23].

Mobility of Population

The process of globalization and industrialization has resulted in great population mobility among the younger generation. The pull of better jobs, education, services and so on in other regions and the push of the local recession have resulted in the population outflow. Attracted by more excellent employment opportunities, a large number of young people move to large cities with more job opportunities and higher living standards, which accelerates the polarization of age structure and makes urban contraction more and more significant [10]. Taking east Germany as an example, due to the combined effect of the reduction of the number of enterprises and the aging population, a large number of young labor force flowed to west Germany [43]. In Liverpool, the same phenomenon has caused the city to shrink [44]

Aging of Population The aging of population is the most important form of social structure change. The ageing of the population is often accompanied by a decline in productivity. Many western countries showed low fertility rate after becoming developed countries, so ageing followed. With the decrease of production capacity and demand induced by aging of population, cities will also shrink due to weak population growth and economic growth. This is very common in Germany and other European countries [10]. Similarly, in Japan and Australia, the problem of low fertility is also very serious, resulting in the structural shortage of labor market, which makes urban contraction widespread in these countries [42].

Conclusion

Figure6: Distribution of aging cities and shrinking cities in China Source: Liu Chunyang. A comparative study of Chinese and foreign Shrinking Cities and the Enlightenment [D] .Chongqing University, 2017.

China is also faced with aging problems, such as a large absolute population of old people, aging faster than developed countries, and the imbalance between aging and economic development. Aging population is also one of the reasons of city shrinking in some regions of China. As illustrated in Figure 1, the aging cities like Ziyang, Zigong, G u a n g ' a n a n d Ya n c h e n g showed obvious urban shrinkage [27].

City Shrinking

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking

Chapter 2 Literature review of city shrinking

3.3 Urban space factors

Apartheid

With the development of the society and economy, the existing racial differences are deepening, which will eventually lead to racial segregation and social unrest. The racial-driven shrinkage of urban centers is widespread in many U.S. cities. Lowincome and black people migrated to central cities continuously leading to an exodus of the white, middle-class people to suburban areas, a typical example is Youngstown, Figure7 Apartheid in Detroit Ohio, in the Rust Belt. Another example is Source:http://tech.163.com/photoview Detroit which has experienced a lot of "filter" type of population migration in 1995-2000. The difference of government housing policies induced social instability. The proportion of black people in city center increased by 65% and white people in suburban increased by 80%. In 19801990, 10,000 housing permits passed in suburb, but only 13 passed in downtown. Because of this, nearly 60,000 people became homeless, 1500 buildings were abandoned, and the murder rate increased to 56/100,000 per year [39]. The middle class fled the inner city due to poverty, unrest and harsh conditions, while blacks concentrated in the inner city, leading to the “inner city depression” intensifying.

Suburbanization

Similar to apartheid, the relocation of the middle class and manufacturing industry caused suburbanization. The location change and spatial reconstruction of different economic sectors affected the process of suburbanization and migration of urban population [12]. In early 1950s, the urban shrinkage caused by suburbanization has appeared in western developed countries. Some scholars observed from the perspective of human ecology that inner-city shrinkage in the United States is caused by continuous invasion of the poor and low-income people into the communities of the middle class, leading to the migration of the white middle class to the outer suburbs. The trickle-down effect is often used to explain the shrinking of America's inner cities. Low price houses in inner city attracted low-income people to live in, which in turn leads to the concentration of the poor and immigrants in the region. The owners were unwilling to maintain the space environment of their

Chapter 3 Main causes of city shrinking

Conclusion

communities due to low rents which further resulted in destruction of the inner cities[5]. Suburbanization of urban center led to Counter Urbanization, meanwhile, the suburbs of many cities are also in the downwind of regional competition, showing a contracting trend. In the inner suburbs of these cities, the outflow of population due to deindustrialization is related to urban problems such as traffic congestion and environmental pollution in the suburbs, and the population is moving to the further suburbs. Sao Paulo in Brazil is a typical example.[46]

Satellite city effect

A f t e r W o r l d Wa r I I , w i t h t h e p o s t war economic recovery and development, satellite Cities under the influence of Howard's Garden Cities emerged one after another. The development of satellite cities pulls the population away from the central urban area, resulting in the decline of urban population [28]. At present, satellite cities are becoming larger in size and father in the distance to central downtown. They are playing a more independent role, which greatly alleviates the population pressure of central cities.

Satellite City Satellite City

Satellite City Centeral City Satellite City

Satellite City

Figure8 Garden Cities by Howard

Urban Expansion Urban sprawl refers to the spread of population to the periphery of the city resulting in overall decrease of urban population density [27]. When the development of the city reaches a certain bottleneck and the economic growth slows down, the main driving force of economy is the development of suburb in land price, environment and flexible economy. This caused city sprawl which led to capital and population migration from center to the periphery, largely abandoned central cities, population loss and severe contraction in parts of the United States, Britain and other countries. [27] For example, during the second suburbanization process in United States, the proportion of suburban jobs in the central city increased from 55% to 58% in five years, 1992-1997. From 1990 to 1998, the population of the suburbs grew by 12%, while that of the central cities grew by only 5%. In 1970s, the proportion of the population in the central cities of the United States was close to 50%, but in the 1990s, the proportion had dropped to 40% [47].

City Shrinking

Introduction

Chapter 1 Meaning of city shrinking

Chapter 2 Literature review of city shrinking

3.4 Resources factors A number of cities rely on local resources to gain advantages in the global economic tide. But it is also clear that resource cities will inevitably shrink and decline when resources are exhausted. For example, a mining city usually relies on the dominant mining companies to drive its development. While the rise and fall of the international mining market determines the fate of the company and even the rise and decline of the city. Therefore, when there are big changes in the international energy and resource market, or the city itself is about to run out of resources, only by successfully seizing the opportunity for transformation can the city achieve high-quality contraction and even growth [10]. Heilongjiang province is a typical example in China. In Heilongjiang province, there are a large number of resource-based cities. After the exhaustion of resources, a large number of people flew out of the province, which directly affects the economic and social development trajectory, further severely restricted the development of Heilongjiang. In today's Heilongjiang, the single industrial structure, weak economic growth and weak employment attraction result in a vicious circle between loss of population and slowdown of economic [24]. Figure9:Natural population growth rate of resource-exhausted cities in Heilongjiang Province

Figure10:Changes in GDP of Heilongjiang Province's Resource-Exhausted Cities

Data Resource: Li Jin. Research of the impact of population shrinkage in the resource-exhausted city Heilongjiang on economic development [J]. China Economic & Trade Herald

3.5 Political factors Both cities and regions have their political backgrounds and structures, and the change of political backgrounds will also limit the development of cities. The most common political factors include changes in war, political system and administrative divisions. War has always been an important factor affecting the development of countries, regions and cities, and even the mobilization of the army will cause massive loss of urban population and resulting in urban contraction [4849]. For example, in many countries in the Middle East, the former Yugoslavia

Chapter 3 Main causes of city shrinking

Conclusion

and the Caribbean islands, many important cities were destroyed as a result of the war. Not only were urban economic activities weakened and population emigrated, but also post-war trauma was hard to recover from [50]. Similarly, the break-up of the former Soviet Union also led to the emergence of a large number of contraction cities in eastern Europe. A lot of cities in east Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia and other countries are forced to enter into the globalized economic activities and market. Due to the planned economy for a long time and backward industrial foundation, these cities hardly continue to gather the resources from original planned economy, and gradually fall behind in competition between cities [51-53]. Similarly, the planned economy in the post-socialist transition period can also act as a typical political factor to influence urban shrinkage. During the period of planned economy, people's production and living depended on the macrocontrol of the state, such as resources, investment and transportation. Under such a background, the "shock type" institutional transformation means the loss of residents' living security, resulting in population shrinkage. For instance, between 1995 and 2010, the population loss of the city Vaubrzh was nearly 13.7%, with an average annual decline of 3%, the highest since the second world war [54] 3.4 Resources factors Natural disasters have been an important cause of urban decline since ancient times. Taking New Orleans as an example, hurricane Katrina caused the rapid contraction of the city [55]. In addition, human’s demand for living environment is increasing now, which also leads to the outflow urban population and city shrinking. Take Taranto, Italy as another example, many young people left the city due to urban pollution, they set up families and raise their children in other Italian cities [20]. 4 Conclusion China's Growth-first Politics, which lasted for more than 30 years, is coming to an end. Under such a background, research on city shrinking started in China. Although the research results of western countries have been used for reference, the research on urban shrinkage in China is still in its infancy and more research is needed. Based on a large number of literatures, this paper summarized the main factors causing the phenomenon of urban shrinkage, and the research results can become an important reference for the theoretical research and practical development of shrinking cities.

City Shrinking

Appendix

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