TOPIC: ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA AS BIO-INDICATOR OF POLLUTION. Presented By , Miss Pooja R. Agrawal. M.Sc - 2nd year. Department of Biotechnology. Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati.
CONTENTS Antibiotic. Multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria. Breeding ground. How they reaches environment. Bio-indicator. MARBs as bio-indicator of marine pollution. Example. Conclusion. Reference.
ANTIBIOTIC Definition:
“Organic compounds produced by, microorganisms that
inhibit the growth or kills other microorganisms (bacteria, fungi).”
Example:
Penicillin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, etc.
MULTIPLE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA (MARB). ď‚ž
They are bacteria that have become resistant to certain antibiotics, and these antibiotics can no longer be used to control or kill the bacteria.
Figure 1: Multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria.(Google image)
HOW ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE HAPPENS
Figure 2: How antibiotic resistance happens.(Google image)
BREEDING GROUND FOR ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Arise in humans, animals, or the environment ,due to excessive, and inappropriate usage of antibiotics.
Occurs when the population density of bacteria is very high, and antibiotics are present.
When antibiotic is taken by human or animal ,it kills some micro-organisms but, some does not gets killed.
Intestine of human and animal are breeding ground for antibiotic resistance bacteria .
Figure 3: Spread of antibiotic resistance bacteria.(Google image)
HOW DO THEY REACH ENVIRONMENT
Antibiotics and resistant bacteria enter the environment in both treated and untreated sewage.
Wastewater streams from hospitals and pharmaceutical plants.
Contamination of groundwater, lakes, rivers and coastal sea water.
Figure 4: Sewage water in river. (Google image)
Figure 5: Pharmaceutical waste.(Google image)
BIO-INDICATOR
They are living organism that gives an idea of the health of an ecosystem.
Some organisms are very sensitive to pollution in their environment, if pollutants are present, they change their morphology or behavior.
They can be plants, animals or microorganisms.
MARB AS BIO-INDICATOR OF POLLUTION
MARB are common in aquatic environments and groundwater due to waste streams resulting from human activity.
Untreated as well as treated sewage and run-off from agricultural land are the most important sources.
Antibiotic and/or multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria in environment are symptoms of contamination.
MARB AS BIO-INDICATOR IN MARINE POLLUTION
Marine habitat have experienced increase in multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria.
Because coastal environment is used as dumping ground for sewage and other waste product.
So, antibiotics and multiple antibiotic resistance bacteria have exposed to it.
Figure 6:Marine pollution(Google image)
EXAMPLE: MARB AS BIO-INDICATOR IN GREEN TURTLE
MARB present in oviductal fluid sample of green turtles were used to detect the marine pollution.
Sample was obtained by using sterile swab inserting into cloacal vent. Forty turtle were sampled.
Sample was inoculated on selective and differential media.
Then, incubated at 37°C for 24-48 hour.
Figure 7:Green turtle.(Google image)
Identification of isolates was done.
Many species of bacteria were isolated.
Isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity by using disc diffusion method.
The cultures were incubated for 18-24 hours at 37°C and the inhibition zones were measured.
Among the isolates 60.6% were multiple resistant to 15 tested antibiotics.
CONCLUSION
Proper regulations is required to manage the usage of antibiotics and dissemination of MARB.
The highest resistance to antibiotic from all sample was to ampicillin and streptomycin.
Most of the microbes were multiple resistant to antibiotic.
The data suggest that MARBs can be used as bio-indicator of pollution.
REFERENCE
Al-Bahry S, Mahmoud I, Elshafie A, et al. Bacterial flora and antibiotic resistance from eggs of green turtles Chelonia mydas: an indication of polluted effluents. Mar Pollut Bull 2009; 58(5): 720-5.
Ventola CL. The Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: Part 1: Causes and Threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2015;40(4):277-283.
Al-Bahry SN, Mahmoud IY, Al-Musharafi SK. Antibiotic resistant bacteria used as bioindicators of environmental pollution produced by tertiary treated sewage effluent. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 2012; 164: 313-21.
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