ARC4010 - History of Modern Architecture - Ocean Faure-Lewis by BCU

ARC4010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; History of Modern Architecture, Ocean Faure-Lewis 18126082

Contents Pg 3-4 Introduction to Modernism Pg 5-6 Introduction to Modernism Pg 7-8 Werkbund-Weimar Pg 9 -11 Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning Pg 12 Italian Modernism Pg 13 Avant Garde Pg 14 Hot Modernism Critical Regionalism Pg 15 After Modernism UK & USA 1950-1970 Pg 16 Frank Lloyd Wright Pg 17 Brazilian Modernism

Introduction to Modernism St Philips Cathedral’s stained glass windows by both painter as well as designer Edward BurneJones, he produced significant designs for stained glass windows during the Arts and Crafts movement. Most of his stained glass windows were produced with William Morris who was one of his closets friends.

The stained-glass windows at St Philips Cathedral contain imagery of which tells various stories from different accounts recorded within the Bible. Stained glass windows date back to the Gothic period during the middle ages at which windows were referred to the ‘Bible of the peoples’ this was due to a large majority of the members of the church not being able to read. Therefore the importance of the windows were significant as aspects such as colour, imagery and symbolism played a big role in teaching them stories from the scriptures. The structure was built during 1715 for the purpose that it would be a new parishchurch situated on the hill. The cathedral is a rare standing example of Baroque style

architecture. It is also one of the only style buildings of it’s kind which is initially used for it’s original purpose.. On visit to the catherdral it can be found that the structure contains various magnificent views both inside and out.

Introduction to Modernism The Pre-Raphaelite was a group of young artists who formed a society in which was kept a secret. This society was founded in London during 1848 and was opposed to the Royal Academyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s change of the ideal as exemplified in the work of Raphael. Despite the Brotherhood not lasting more than five year it greatly influenced both painting and the decorative arts which had effects on interior design.

Within the Birmingham Art gallery and Museum, the PreRaphaelite collection upon arrival tells an extraordinary story on brotherhood, referencing their associates and followers as well as the revolutionary contribution to art in Britain. Both Britain and the United States had different views towards industrialisation both of which were respectful.

Introduction to Modernism

Structural Rationalism This French movement originally flourished during the 17th century movement where to be rational simply means to be understandable. In terms or architecture, it refers to both the accuracy and construction if the building in terms of height, depth and breadth of structure. During the 18th century more emphasis was taken on form and proportion. The Neoclassicism movement can be associated with this movement as it was established is response to the rococo baroque styles. Neo classicist designs usually consisted of the following elements: symmetry, minimalistic designs consisting of simplistic geometric shapes, columns designed to function for support and a triangular gable which is overlaid, this of which is commonly referred to as a pediment.

The work of William Morris is closely accounted for his love and deep studies associated with nature. Many of his designs came about from studies of natural forms. Once he had developed a particular style he went on to design prints using woodblocks which he hand cut himself as well as natural, mineral-based dyes.

The birth of Modernism has shown great benefits including the reveal of potential beauty which can be discovered through form. Modernist buildings have seen great developments including the rejection of curves and a increased use of glass. Modernism wasn’t a formed movement it came about through a variety of movements which occurred within architecture. Various genres and movements such as expressionalism, brutalist and internationalism. The last of which can be linked the closet with the modernism movement. Brutalism, carries a lot of harsh straight lines and flat surfaces which have fortress like characteristics whereas expressionalism carries opposing ideas portraying emotion through the use of architecture using a excessive amount of curves. Internationalism could be said to be the birth of modernism with key architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright and his Darwin d. Martin House produced during 1905. Initially produced for a rich business man seeking a unique modern home. The Bauhaus located Germany by architect Walter Gropius, is another key building of the modernist movement using a lot of glass and key modernist ideas about form.

The structure should demonstrate the three key following ideas: First of all the structure should be strong and durable, or Firmitas, it should also be utilitas meaning useful, it should also should contain aesthetics which make it beautiful.

William Morris’ ‘Larkspur Wallpaper – Manufactured by Jeffrey & Co

The mid to late 19th Century movements saw great influences on the birth of the Modern Movement. Movements such as the Arts and Crafts and Structural rationalism movement saw great impacts on the modernist developments within design.

Introduction to Modernism Art Nouveau This was a ornamental style which was commonly applied to architecture, interior design, glass, posters, illustration and jewelry design. It was a style identified by it’s use of long, sinuous, organics lining. The style demonstrated a choice of craftsmanship over industrialization during the time period. After 1910 the style was abandoned before being reestablished in the 1960s. Examples of architecture using this style can be found worldwide such as Barcelona’s Casa Batllo and The Glasgow School of Art designed by Charles Rennie Macintosh, situated in Scotland. Antoni Gaudi’s Casa Batllo consists of a polychrome façade which contains décor of ceramic and glass. There are two theorist who are mainly associated with this movement Auguste Choisy and Eugene Viollet-le-Duc who went against the concept of having an ideal architecture and took a new approach by looking at architecture in view of a rational constructional approach, this of which is defined by the materials and purpose of the structure. During the 20th century Rationalism still followed the same key factors of retaining simplistic form and ornamentation. In terms of change functionality was now referred to as theme. As a result of theme between the 18th and 19th centuries the Industrial Revolution was brought about as a result of the enlightenment. The results of this were continued int the 20th entury where advancements in economics were no longer associated with wood and brick but rather with elements which were newly introduced such as iron, glass and steel. This can be viewed in the works of Eugene Train and their Lyce Voltaire. This building was built in the focus of having a mainly symmetrical structure, as well as a good function and accurate measurements of classical shapes. The buildings are situated surrounding a central ourtyard as well as ones to the east and west and the one in the north for students taking physical education and sports. The buildings consisted on a total of 47 classrooms and 17 study areas, for lectures as follows, chemistry, history, physics and

geography. There are other rooms for different vocations other than the historic and sciences, these are for art or design related subjects and a library for resources. However the building was meant to cater for classical humanities providing scientific and practical knowledge suitable for the neighborhood needs. Within the building there is also four large apartments used for senior staff as well as 20 of both domestic workers and teaching staff. Within the building decorations were made up of metal and ceramics. A key attraction to this is a monument which is location within the courtyard of the Lycee made of marble. Another key building is produced by Turin, the Palazo Gualino of which is one of the first buildings to be produced during the being of the Italian rationalism this was built in two years starting in 1928 in conjunction between two architects Giuseppe Pagano and Gino LeviMontaicni. The Chicago school of architecture During the period of 1879 to 1910 America saw major changes in terms of skyscraper architecture. These developments of American Art was led by William Le Baron Jenney, a designer-engineer along with William Holabird, Daniel Hudson Burnham, Dankmar, Louis Sullivan, John Wellborn, and Martin Roche.

Wassily Kandinsky’s ‘Yellow-Red-Blue’ produced in 1925.

Werkbund-Weimar

Themes of ideas expressed from the Bauhaus ethos can be clearly linked echoing in both Kandinsky’s artwork and Gerrit Rietvel’d Red, Blue chair.

Gerrit Rietveld Red Blue Chair, produced during 1918-1923

Mies Van der Rohe The Barcelona Chair

This chair met the required aims of the disciplined architect’s nature, these being both aspects of line, proportion and materials. The chair was originally plated with two steel bars of which were chrome plated, however the finalized design still retained a singular curve, forming an sort of ‘s shape’ functioning to support the back of the chair as well as an intersection of which forms the legs of the chair also.

This design brings about the ideas brought about by the Bauhaus as it utilizes the concepts of the Bauhaus before introducing the chair to America. It goes against the main aims of the Bauhaus to an extent as rather than designing for the common man the designer produces this chair for Spanish Royalty taking inspiration from Curule Chair’s which are Roman folding chairs.

I choose this image of this piece of furniture because the designer changed the straight edged shapes and materials of which the object consists of and explored the functions of both horizontal and vertical surfaces. The designer chooses the colours blue, yellow, and red. As well as these primary colours the designer uses black which gives an idea of the chair being associated alongside the de Stijl movement. This chair manifests the Bauhaus ethos as the use of colour was initially changed due to the designer becoming inspired by the de Stijil group, which he later joined during 1919. He was invited to the Bauhaus by Walter Gropius with intention that he would exhibit. Just like

the ideas brought about by the Bauahus the designer demonstrates that even though the product is a piece of furniture it doesn’t necessarily have to be comfortable, where students at the Bauahus were taught on the emphasis of having interdisciplinary lessons where after moving to the Dessau where considerations were to be taken in terms of functionality and aesthetic with a basis of form which would follow function. Both of these artworks contain similar elements but explore them in different ways one through 2 dimensional form and the other through threedimensional form. Using three visual areas dominated by a specific colour.

The Bauhuas building was designed by initially a school of art, architecture and design, characterized mainly by economic and geometric design as a result of its respect for materials. Walter Gropius was made head of two art schools situated within Weimar, making one. Gropius took the word Bauhaus from the term ‘Hausbau’ meaning house of construction. Teaching focused mainly on functional craftsmanship, encouraging students to design having an idea in mind of goods which could be mass produced. The school later moved to Dessau in 1925 before moving again to Berlin in 1932, a year later the school was closed by the Nazi’s 1933. Other directors well known for being a part of the Bauhaus were Hannes Meyer, directing from 1928-1930 and Ludwig Miew van der Rohe 1930-1933. Other tutorsassociated with the Bauhaus are Joseph Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, Johannes Itten, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Herbet Bayer, Marianne Brandt, Oscar Schlemmer, Lyonel Feininger, Marcel Breuer and Paul Klee. German, Lyonel Feininger suggested that ‘’Art is not a profession but the highest expression, the Greatest Necessity.’’ He was born and bred in New York before leaving to go to Europe during 1887 to study music before studying art at Hamburg, Berlin and Paris. Soon after he gained a well secure position as a political cartoonist in Germany, then later he was offered a contract to produce caricatures for the Chicago Sunday Tribune, for this he created one of his most famous pieces during 1906 known as ‘The Kin-der-Kids’. A year later Feininger dedicated himself to painting before going a trip and being introduced to cubism where he was supported by Robert Delaunay contributing to his unique style of painting. The building itself demonstrates the ideas of the Bauhaus it demonstrates the introduction of new design reconciling both art and craft. As well as standing for conceptual and theoretical pursuits.

Werkbund-Weimar

Miniforms Mula Dining Chairs

This is a contemporary piece influenced by the Bauhaus the design uses ideas relating to the Bauhaus simple comfort designs. This follows the Bauhaus etos as it uses practical comfort, consisting of comfortable curved back rests along with metal legs of which were lacquered. This Italian produced design has opportunity to explore forms and continually explores opportunities set initially the Bauahsus. The designer uses two wings in which are positioned for comfort these of which are positioned in such a way that the profile becomes significantly dynamic.

Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning Three key buildings designed by Le Corbusier; -

Unite D’Habitation 1952 This was one of the first commissions from the French State which Le Corbusier received. This building was built after the second world war in 1951. The building was constructed the opposite to chalets, designed like a garden-city which was vertical.

. The building was originally planned to be placed on four different sites before finally being based in Boulevard Michelet, situated in the Marseilles neighbourhood in France. The building was built containing 337 apartments which over-cross one another using the concrete framework. The building was also designed to cater for function rooms, a hotel, a laundry, a restaurant as well as other supply. The roof has communal areas including a social space, a nursery, a club a gymnasium which is covered a health centre and a 300m long athletics . track. This commission gave the architect the . opportunity to explore theories of . scale. The project was …. ……. designed in order to . . . rehouse those who were .. . affected by the . . .. destruction of …. . …… neighbourhoods ……… … within the city. . Therefore, ordering .. . .. a development …… ………. process beginning …….. with the ‘housing … villa’ then the …………. ‘jagged blocks’ ……. during 1922. … … …….. …. …

The materials used within the building are reinforced concrete and glass.

Chapelle Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp. 1955 Chapelle Notre-Dame du Hant is located on Bourlemont hill not far from Belfort. Giving advantageous benefits being situated where in the heights, looking down on the town of Ronchamp. Historic to this there has always been places of worship within this location including the Pagan temples and then the introduction of churches and chapels. The Chapel was built initially for the Catholic Church and was completed in 1954. The foundations of the site was built on a preexisting pilgrimage site which faced large amounts of destruction during world war two. The Ronchamp chapel is considered to be one of the most iconic buildings constructed during the 20th century as it represents a shift which took place from functional form of Modernism which was displayed by the architect in earlier works. The structure is mainly made up of masonry walls, these walls of which curve so that stability is improved in order to provide structural support. The interior of the building is said to be almost like being situated within a mountain cave whereas the exterior is a complete contrast to this as the space has more modernist connotations of a sculptural temple appearance, which the Church accepted. The aims of the production of the original building was to construct a enclosure demonstrating materials in there true form, therefore retaining there purity. A enclosure where space was designed for freedom of space, allowing sound, thought and meditation were free of restriction.

Chandigarh, Capitol Buildings. India 1955-7 The five points of a new architecture

The city of Chandigarh began with Albert Mayer and Matthew Nowicki this was then redesigned by Le Corbusier before being finalised by Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry. The construction of the building was both the political and symbolic center of power. The architect also designed an additional element known as the Open Hand which was a monument which was designed for a symbol of harmony as an open hand cannot posses a weapon.

The original proposal for the city was to cater for 500, 000 residents. The basic unit within the building was known as the Sector this was separated into units of roughly 150 neighbourhoods. The Sectors within the Capitol buildings operate independently as a city using its own framework. The buildings functionality It uses materials such as The construction is based The location of the building is within sector 1 Chandigarh India, the location of the building comes under the Capitol Complex Tourist Centre. The complex is surrounded by 16 kilometres of greenery avoiding urban establishments nearby the complex. In terms of spatial layout, the capitol acts as the head of Chandigarh it is situated in the far end of the north within the mountain range of the Himalayas. The capitol is made up of a number of features such as it’s accompanying monuments. This building relates back to ideas raised within the lecture being

Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning

‘Lift the buildings over pilotis’ The use of either a grid of concrete or steel columns put in place to replace the use of load bearing walls. Initially becoming a starting point for a new aesthetic used within architecture. ‘Free designing of the ground plan’ The free ground plan is another factor formed as a result of the rejection of load-bearing walls. Results obtained from this include flexible living space which can be altered or divided using new screening elements. ‘The free façade’ This is simply a section of the façade which is both open and closed enabling both the separation as well as connection of the design of the exterior from the building structure. ‘The horizontal window’ Having horizontal windows was greatly beneficial as the window positioning cuts through the none load-bearing walls along that façade, this initially provides the structure with even amounts of light. Providing the interior with a lightness as well as offering geat views of the buildings surroundings. ‘The roof garden’ This was put into place with intention to act as both a sun terrace or a kitchen garden. Providing a layer covered with vegetation, providing benefits such as continual moisture and heating as well as behaving as a cold insulator.

(central) view of Chandigarh Capitol Complex, (left) Open Hand monument

Le Corbusier: French Modernism & Urban Planning

Chandigarh, Capitol Buildings. India 1955-7 The layout of the building can be demonstrated as the architect following a grid like system for the master plan of the entire city. A plan of which coincided with the form of the human body. For the design of the capitol buildings he based it on his five

The Modular System This system was mainly brought into play for The Unite d’habitation of Marseille, the Chapelle Notre-Dame du Haut in Ronchamp and the Chandigarh Capitol Buildings in India.

principle of new architecture as well as the Golden Ratio. In relation to the human body he noted that the head would be the Capitol Complex, the lungs would be the leisure and green allocated spaces, the Intellect of the body would be any educational institute’s, the heart as the city centre, nervous system would be all roads running throughout and the Viscera the Industrial Area. The Golden Ratio

The function of Chandigarh was to produce a new capital city for Punjab led by architect Le Corbusier. This New city consisted of both residential and shopping areas, wide streets, both roads and cycle lanes as well as trees planted and spread all around. Materials used for the building consist of rough . casting concrete, however the Open Hand sculpture is produced from metal sheets. Using concrete meant that the building had the ability to withstand a lot of strength therefore the construction would need few columns or support within the buildings interior. The material is also good for all different weather conditions, climate change also temperature levels varying in India, the material does not rot nor rust and is not flammable so will not burn making it long lasting in comparison to other materialist functions to retain and absorb heat, making it energy efficient. It can also be moulded into various shapes and patterns.

Construction:

•

The Jawan Haryana High Court (height is 8 metres) – This Building has 3 entrance columns and portico walls which are painted in 3 different colours (red, yellow and blue) making them easily distinguished. The High court also have sun breakers which help to stop the direct sunlight and protect the building. The high court has a double roof which shades the rest of the building.

The Open Hand Monument (height 26 metres) – The sculpture is approximately 56 tons in weight. It rotates in the wind and it is constructed in the shape if a ‘dove’. The open space created underneath the sculpture is meant for the Governor to carry out meetings and speeches, it is constructed in a way that does not require a microphone for speeches as the four walls reverb sound.

•

The Governor’s Palace (height Is 15 metres) – The Governor’s Palace is split into 2 parts, which hold the Punjab’s on the left side and the Haryana on the right side. The building has a gate placed in front named the Governor’s gate it can only be accessed every 2 years. This building also has sun breakers.

The tower of Shadows Monument (height 12 metres) – the purpose of this building is to test out the sun breakers before they were constructed on the buildings. It was supposed to experiment with the sun shading. It is built so that the building is facing the north side and constructed with exposed concrete.

•

The Geometric Hills (height 5 metres) – The building is constructed using exposed concrete tiles and was constructed suing the buildings waste materials that was left over, the angle and degree of the slop is 30 degrees

•

The building is made up of 3 buildings and 4 monument buildings it is overall approximately 250 metres long.

•

The Assembly Hall – The hall consists of a desk which is for reporters to use, a balcony which includes seats, the Governor’s chair, the council members seats and also abstracted designs in the interior celling’s, which are placed there for a purpose of being acoustic absorbers.

Italian Modernism Aldo Rossi produced ‘L’architettura della citta’ in 1966. This key text produced by Aldo Rossi was one of which was most influential in term’s of the cities architecture during 1966. The text goes on to refer to architecture becoming as one, combining factors such as two human emergencies as intentional aesthetics as well as the desire to form an environment in relation to life. Rossi has produced a text which accounts for the planning of the architectural planning of the city, with some reference to the Renaissance as well as an iconic Italian architect also those possessing huge intellect. This can be related back to the work of Giorgio de Chirico from the text forming questions on new interpretations as well as questioning purpose whilst unfolding events and remaining an open work. The text also is initially arguing the fact that the development of architecture over the years has seen new ideas and forms of which have reached a point at which are standard types in memory, moving beyond a collective of style as well as trends. Rossi saw the modern city simply as an ‘artifact’ which was part of it. His view’s made

The Soothsayer’s Recompense is one of many apart of the Piazze d’Italia series which evoked a new visual language breaking down modernism with classicism. The perspective used is actually one of which is contradictory, this is due to its use of vanishing points. Light fills the archway in a way that leaves the majority of the painting filled with shadow. Within Giorgio’s de Chirico’s paintings he depicts space in a particular way in his paintings of cityscapes in 1910’s as conventional cityscapes. His painting conveys a sort of dreamlike setting and with perspective full of movement. He composes his paintings taking a theatrical set designer approach. Some of his works draws inspirations from his travels portraying a metaphysical appearance especially demonstrated through the Piazza’s as well as archways. In his Gare Montparnasse painting of ‘The Melancholy of Departure’ during 1914 the artists

uses composition successfully by as the architecture is positioned in a way that it is the central power of the painting the architecture is painted in a way that it is so original and not meant to be a representation of a particular area or environment. It takes a path in which the ideas presented are unrealistic by using this tactical method of using an almost theatrical stage setting using the themes presented as a backdrop. The artist follows the typical style of the 1910s combining of the use of multiple vanishing points, lengthened shadows of nightfall and deep colours.

him seen to the public as both sometimes a neonationalist and postmodernist due to his rejection of certain aspects of the modernist movement. General influence demonstrated within the artists paintings in theory could be derived from his childhood upbringing. Europe in 1913 saw developments in modern art such as events which were held to showcase these works giving Americans the opportunity to see new upcoming artworks from various movements. It was a celebration year where modern arts made a historical mark become diverse with popular culture today. Modernist art was no longer a secret, it was the final year before the marking of the first world war in 1914.

Avant Garde https://youtu.be/7lg0TE7BXIA

Regional Modernism attempts to achieve a one-to-one similarity in conjunction with vernacular architecture, taking a conscious approach avoiding responsive partaking within the universal. Critical Regionalism is initially an approach to architecture which strives to tackle both placelessness as well as the lack of meaning within Modern Architecture. This of which is achieved by using contextual sources to create a sense of meaning and place. Geoffrey Bawa produced a new style of architecture which he began working on he produced the Kandalama hotel, Dambulla, Sri Lanka built 1991-94. Bawa brought about this tropical modernist style through his work using aspects of what he had favoured being white abstract forms, as well as horizontal roof lining. Bawa’s initial inspiration was derived from the tropical modernistic style of Fry and Drew as well as Le Corbusier. His style consisted of various office buildings,

Kandalama hotel, Dambulla, Sri Lanka built 199194.

educational facilities as well as industrial areas of work. Bawa tackles the issues of critical regionalism which he demonstrates through his architecture portraying his influences of both traditional and colonial forms of Ceylonese architecture. Bawa wanted to initially produced a structure which was at one with it’s surrounding natural elements. He wanted the land to blend in with the building thoroughly on both the interior and exterior. Bawa’s works set out to reject the ideas of regionalism and became exposed to new materials and crafts. The architects main ideas were modern but tended to be associated with topics of location, climate, people, history as well as tradition. Bawa attempts to face placelessness through his designs through his use of design language, maximizing the use of energy in order for buildings which are naturally cooling to be protected from the monsoon rain and the sun. This of which was done through the use of verandas, overhanging eaves, courtyards or pergolas.

Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye was built over a ten year period from the 1920s to 30s. this specific piece of architecture was the basis to Corbusier’s five key points of architecture. Including key ideas of open planning and use of free space. Materials such as reinforced concrete allowed him the flexibility to produce curves without issues and other complex shapes, forming ushaped ground floor.

Influences which can be argued that have been derived from the alhabram structure in spain are the way in which the structure approaches conventional demands through open planning which similarities can be seen through the work of Le Corbusier where he approaches such demands through ‘renewal codes for living’. Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoyve tackles the issues of critical regionalism within the piece of architecture by creating changes in the way in which the structure is viewed through the use of his five points of architecture. This break away from conventional ways of architecture starts off with the way in which he designs the garage for the house, he incorporates the influence of the break through of new technology and shows this understanding by adding it to the entrance of the house. The Alhambra, Granada, Spain

. . . . . . . . . . . .

This building is located amongst trees and rock on a hill where access is . limited within Granada Spain, it’s initially purpose was to be a military base positioned alongside the river Darro.

. . .

The structure of the building is fortress like and produced from red clay. The

fort area is extremely complex and was constructed by a Southern ruler in Spain. The buildings function has now changed from what it used to be which was a place of residence for Muslim rulers to take refuge. The building initially consists of a home for the Sultan as well as his governing body. A citadel which was added into the city so those from a royal background could use these being the Moorish king along with the government and the knights associated with them. Amongst them there were people who were working who ensured smooth operations all round.

Hot Modernism Critical Regionalism

After Modernism UK & USA 1950-1970 later on by the growing modernist period. A design well considered to respect it’s context being surrounded by other well visited structures such as the town hall and council house which deemed to be cleverly crafted in it’s spatial design. In 1999 the council sold the Paradise complex, being sold to this property developer had a great impact on the building and the public experience.

As a result of this many campaigns were brought about to save the building. Despite many organization’s from elsewhere and friends of the central library coming together for the rejection of the demolition of the library, they lost the battle.

The Old Birmingham Central Library designed by architect John Madin opened during 1974 and closure 2014.

The building was initially taken down as part of a redevelopment of Paradise square situated within Birmingham. The Birmingham Library initially opened in 1974, designed by John Madin from Birmingham. The library was situated within Chamberlain square and was campaigned for that it should still remain despite the desire for a new library because it was described as being a iconic piece of architecture for its time, which divided opinion. The building was only 40 before being knocked down. The building was demolished on the basis of views relating to the building not living up to it’s expectations such as lifts becoming slow and failing frequently. Spaces within the building lacked natural light due to low ceilings. The aesthetics of the building was also criticized suggesting that its appearance wasn’t inviting to look at. However some argued to keep the building stating that I has not reached it’s era of sufficient historical significance in order to be listed which was a desire people campaigned for, for the building to be both preserved and listed with status. Although this was stated various groups argued that the building brought a significant change to the urban landscape within the British culture during the time of which the building was being constructed and was an iconic

symbol which would be being taken away from the city. Books were published and TV programmes educated using the campaign to save the library from demolition were formed. Arguing mainly about the building being an real life representation of Brutalist architecture which was becoming more appreciated in the modernist society. It was also stated that by demolishing the libaray it would initially go against it’s principles of being a sustainable structure which could be retained and used for other alternatives.

In summation the Old Birmingham Library was situated in the heart of the city saw many developments during it’s time from various architects. The aims of the structure was to provide open access to each of it’s volumes being designed to last for many year at low cost for maintenance. The building was originally designed as a cultural center consisting of facilities for exhibitions to be held, theatres for the arts and lecture halls. It also caterd for a bus depo and sporting institute for athletics. Many developmental ideas for the library were never completed due to cut backs taken by the council due to financial reasons. The architect’s classical approach saw the building to obtain this strong Brutalist form which became a key feature of the city

New Birmingham Library Design Proposal, demolishment of the Old Birmingham Central Library and Campaign to save the library

Examples of Brutalist Style buildings Examples of Brutalist Style buildings

Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright’s Architecture is a style which was widely developed contributing to the style which we refer to today as modernism, this international style which he adopts consists of organic elements of which is pure. This he referred to as an earl ‘organic architecture’, a style of which he progressively used for the duration of his professional life. Lloyd Wright’s architecture was strongly associated with the landscape as his genre of architecture moved away from the restrictions of innovative design and restrictive Victorian architecture. Lloyd Wright’s Architecture was seen to be associated with organic elements considering the pure form of architectural elements. He takes inspiration from Prairie style housing. During the 1900’s Lloyd Wright had ideas for a architecture which was newer than any other, which wasn’t a form of shield from the surroundings but rather incoprated the surroundings an almost a ‘bridge to nature’. Examples of some Frank Lloyd Wright buildings that were designed mainly in association with the landscape are those like Lloyd wrights Falling Water house, and Taliesin and/or Taliesin West. The Taliesin building located in Wisconcin situated in Spring Green and Taliesin West positioned in Scottdale within Arizona are both strong examples of demonstrating who the architect truly was, also as this is one of the architects early works it demonstrates links to why he his works had such a strong relationship with the nature.

It was initially an home which catered for studio and educational practises also. The name of the building it’s self comes from links to his Welsh ancestry. This was almost a beginning to a new style of architecture as he broke away from the traditional way of designing houses known as the Prairie style. The Taliesin, ‘Shining Brow’ is considered to be a natural house as it connects with the landscape and uses it’s materials well. Materials for the home came from the local area to portray the buildings Wisconsin surroundings. Like many of Lloyd Wright’s buildings this structure consists of an open floor plan, cantilever roofs and wide windows. The building was simply an experimental organic architecture consisting of elements of design from his lifetime. Lloyd Wright’s Falling Water was one of the greatest architectural and pieces of art of all time. Driven by an opportunity which was seen by the architect to unite man and nature a true belief of his own which can be seen in his early works. Clear links to the architect’s attempts to merge the building into it’s landscape can be seen through the depiction of natural patterning techniques used by rocky ledges surrounding the architecture. The architect uses this common feature of cantilevering however in a sort of tray like form hanging over the waterfall as though an anchor. Lloyd Wright attempted to achieve his ideas of bringing natural elements into the house, for example the architect gives the illusion that the stream flows into the home shown on the south-southeast orientation of the home. An element of the design which closely

links with the structural pattern which is taken by the rocky stream banks. The architect produces further links through his decisions to include glass because the home has no walls which face the waterfall as it only consists of a core made from stone. Allowing direct views into the woods giving an impression of the landscape being closer than it is. The Guggenheim Museum another famous works produced by the architect was seen in some ways as a study of nature as llyod wright demonstrates his love for nature from the specific aesthetics that he applies within the design.

Wright’s love for nature came from experience working on his uncle’s farm during the summer. He incorporates these experiences in different ways such as natural lighting, water and plants within the structure.

Brazilian Modernism Transcultural Space is viewed as extending through each human culture or known for linking various elements from multiple cultures. Simple refers to space in a surrounding area of an individual or specific cultural groups who tend to keep there distance from other where others are more sociable.

Educational facilities consisting of libraries :

Cultural differences within the arts such as musums and school trips within education Various races of people

Groups made up of various abilities religions and colour

facade

Unique identities

Social areas

Transcultural Space simply means when different building types or events such as carnivals, museum collections such as paintings and sculpture, where the layout of artists and works change or simply when the building itself or cultural activity changes its surrounding space. As a result of various patterns of social and cultural activities such as the common use of churches on a Sunday for religious practice like praying and worship. A space such as this one can sometimes become something else such as shelters for the homeless or rehabilitation centers as it is a strong Christian belief that God is the best way in order to rehabilitate. Churches are also used for joyful social gatherings such as weddingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, christenings and each of the seven sacraments. Whereas Museums open usually throughout the week to display the works of famous and upcoming artists from different genres of art. Many museums tend to hold short limited time exhibitions of new contemporary works this could be the works of students currently in practice. Similar to this most educational facilities tend to consist of various cultures but rather more physical as it contains a fair mixture of people from diverse background and very unique approaches to life.

References

Pg 3- 4 Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). William Morris | British artist and author. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Morris-British-artist-and-author [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Pg 6 Visual-arts-cork.com. (2019). Chicago School of Architecture: Skyscraper Design. [online] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/chicago-school.htm [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Pg7-8 Widewalls. (2019). How to Recognize the Influence of Bauhaus Style?. [online] Available at: https://www.widewalls.ch/bauhaus-style-impact/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. The Art Story. (2019). Bauhaus Most Important Art and Artists | TheArtStory. [online] Available at: https://www.theartstory.org/movement-bauhaus-artworks.htm [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Pgs 10-11 (information taken from powerpoint presentation slides in moderate form) Hindustantimes. (2018). Capitol Complex: Here’s everything you need to know about Chandigarh’s UNESCO Heritage. [online] Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/capitol-complex-everything-youneed-to-know-about-chandigarh-s-unesco-heritage/story-WmWrhRrv7K2D0YwYPvJueK.html [Accessed 28 Oct. 2018].

Archive.indianexpress.com. (2018). Capitol Complex, as Le Corbusier wanted it, remains incomplete - Indian Express. [online] Available at: http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/capitol-complex-as-le-corbusier-wantedit/635844/ [Accessed 28 Oct. 2018]. Ashton, I. (2016) Le Corbusier’s Chandigarh government buildings captured in new images by Benjamin Hoskin. Dezeen. [online]. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2016/08/07/le-corbusier-capitol-complex-unescoworld-heritage-listing-chandigarh-india-benjamin-hosking/ [Accessed 29 Oct. 2018]. Birminghamcathedral.com. (2019). History - Birmingham Cathedral. [online] Available at: http://www.birminghamcathedral.com/history/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2019].

Pg 12 Jones, J. (2019). Celebrating 1913, a glory year for modern art. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2012/nov/19/1913-modern-art-centenaryduchamp-picasso [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Giorgio de Chirico | Italian painter. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giorgio-de-Chirico [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Pg 15 Birminghamcathedral.com. (2019). History - Birmingham Cathedral. [online] Available at: http://www.birminghamcathedral.com/history/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2019]. BBC News. (2019). What can you do with an old library?. [online] Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukengland-birmingham-30415056 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Birmingham Central Library. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. SPACE_PLAY. (2019). BIRMINGHAM CENTRAL LIBRARY — SPACE_PLAY. [online] Available at: https://www.spaceplay.co.uk/birmingham-central-library [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].

Pg15 Fallingwater. (2019). Designing Fallingwater - Fallingwater. [online] Available at: https://www.fallingwater.org/history/about-fallingwater/designing-fallingwater/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Study.com. (2019). Frank Lloyd Wright's Influences | Study.com. [online] Available at: https://study.com/academy/lesson/frank-lloyd-wrights-influences.html [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Khan Academy. (2019). Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater. [online] Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/modernity-ap/a/franklloyd-wright-fallingwater [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Questia.com. (2019). Transcultural Space and Transcultural Beings by David Tomas, 1996 | Online Research Library: Questia. [online] Available at: https://www.questia.com/library/82293799/transcultural-space-andtranscultural-beings [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].