39 minute read
Shivangi Singh
Article
Nutritional Importance of KADAKNATH CHICKEN
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Shivangi Singh Mohit Bharadwaj
1 2 3 4Shivangi Singh , Mohit Bharadwaj , Sankhanath Koley and B.C Mondal
1M.Vsc Scholar Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Husbandry Rewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur M.P, India 2Ph.D Scholar, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India 3Associate professor Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Husbandry Rewa, NDVSU, Jabalpur M.P, India 4Professor, Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary science and Animal Sciences, GBPUAT, pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Corresponding Author mail id- bharadwajmohit1@gmail.com
Introduction
Kadaknath is one of the rarest poultry breeds of India which is native to Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh (MP), India. Basically, Kadaknath breed is popular for its black meat and known as BMC (black meat chicken). Kadaknath chicken breed is famous for its meat quality, texture and taste. The demand for Kadaknath chicken is growing day by day and spread across most of the Indian states due to their excellent medicinal values. Especially these birds bear great medicinal value in homeopathy and useful in treating a particular nervous disorder. Basically, Kadaknath chickens are mainly reared by tribal communities in Bhil and Bhilala in the districts Jhabua and Dhar in the state of Madhya Pradesh(MP). The commercial scale of Kadaknath chicken raising especially in the states Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Tamil Nadu. Kadaknath chicken meat is in black colour and eggs are in brown colour.The new Kadaknath production technology has reduced the mortality rate from greater than 50% . Now you can expect to 10 to 12% of mortality, this enhanced the survival percentage and overall profits in Kadaknath chicken farming. Because of high feed conversion ratio , these birds can gain body weight of 1.10 to 1.25 kg in 100 to 125 days.
Nutritional composition of meat
Protein content in kadaknath is higher than 25% in an ordinary bird it varies between 1820%.Research has shown that this species has lower cholesterol(0.73-1.05%) than white chicken(13-25%) High levels of 18 amino acids out of which 8 are essential for the human and rich in hormone.Vitamins B1,B2,B6, B12, C and E, niacin, protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, nicotinic acids, etc.
Medicinal Properties
Kadaknath has special medicinal value in homeopathy and a particular nervous disorder. The tribal uses kadaknath blood in the treatment of chronic disease in human beings and its meat as aphrodisiac (Believed to infuse vigor in Make).Experts says that Viagra or Sildenafil Citrate is basically a vasodilator designed for increasing blood flow to the heart and the melanin pigmant in kadaknath does the same.kadaknath chicken has a peculiar effectiveness in treating women's discuss, sterility, Menoxenic(abnormal menstruation), habitual abortion.
Eggs:
The eggs are also an ideal nutrilive, especially for old people and high blood pressure victims, since the cholesterol content is lower Rich in amino acids and higher than that of other kinds of birds.The eggs of kadaknath chickens can be used effectively to treat severe headaches, headaches after giving birth, faintness, asthma and nephritis (acute or chronic inflammation of the kidney).
Merits of Kadaknath Chicken Meat:
High nutrition, the protein content higher than other native chicken. Ÿ High Protein more than 25% (highest of all chicken breeds). Ÿ Low fat 0.73-1.05% only (lowest of all chicken breeds). Ÿ Vitamins B1,B2,B6,B12, C and E, niacin, protein , fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, nicotinic acid etc. Ÿ High levels of 18 essential amino acids as well as hormones that are required by the human body. Ÿ The Central Food and Research Institute,
Mysore , studied its medicinal qualities and found it suitable for cardiac patients as it increases blood supply to the heart.
The bird is very popular among the adiwasis mainly due to its adaptability to the local environment, disease resistance, tasty meat quality, texture and flavour. though the flesh of this breed is black, it is considered not only a delicacy of distinctive taste, but also of medicinal value.
ResearchhasshownthattheKadaknathspecies has lower cholesterol than normally available white chicken and also contain high levels of essential amino acids as well as hormones that are required by the human body. Kadaknath chickenhasmanykindsofaminoacids(18kinds of amino acids including the 8 essential amino acidsforhumanbody),VitaminsB1,B2,B6,B12, CandE,niacin,protein,fat,calcium,phosphorus, iron,nicotinicacid,etc.
Conclusion
Kadaknath is a rare breed of chicken originally from Madhya Pradesh, India with lot of health benefits be it low fat, low cholesterol, high protein, high Iron content and other medicinal properties good for heart and good for diabetic people. This breed provides good resistance to many diseases and is already used in Homeopathy for treating particular diseases. Because of increasing awareness of health and diet this chicken has become a much sought after rather than chicken with high fat and cholesterol content.
Vetline, A division of SIMFA Labs Pvt. Ltd. has promoted its Zonal Manager Mr. Prafulla Shukla as the new National Sales Manager who will be responsible for the entire domestic business and look forward to growing at an accelerated pace in the upcoming years. Mr Shukla will be based out of Indore, Madhya Pradesh. Mr. Shukla has been associated with Vetline from last two decades and has worked under various capacities. He has thanked the management for showing their trust and has said that he will give his best towards achieving the vision of the organization. Mr. Shukla will be leading the entire domestic business of the organization by building a strong team that nourishes the organizations core values. Mr. Shukla will be leading the organization by building a strong culture that embodies the vision and values that Vetline stand for. Vetline's Executive Director Mr. S.S. Bhatia has congratulated Mr. Shukla and wished him all the best. Director Mr. Dilraj Bhatia has also congratulated him said that the company will reach newer heights in the years to come and gave best wishes to Mr. Shukla and his energetic team. VETLINE is a young and innovative Animal Health Company from India, with a vision to become a strong player in the Global Veterinary Industry. VETLINE, a Division of Simfa Labs Pvt. Ltd. is an accredited provider of innovative and high-quality animal health care products and feed supplements.
Press Release
Managing the Modern Broiler Breeders: Challenges and Opportunities
Dr. Raina Raj Marketing Head, Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd
Natural is future 2.0 is a webinar series powered by Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Where we invite eminent speakers across the globe to share their thoughts on the most relevant topics of the animal health industry. In June, we invited Mr. Peter Chrystal, a world-renowned expert in poultry nutrition. He has about forty years of experience in the field of both broiler and broiler breeder nutrition. His discussion was aimed at providing hands-on practical perspectives in the management of modern broiler breeders, how to overcome challenges, and to take up opportunities to help the poultry farming community.
Mr. Peter Chrystal started his talk by pointing to the fact, how the physiology of the broiler birds has changed over the past 60 years. The modern broilers are a product of genetic selection for the desired traits of rapid growth with a l o w - f a t d e p o s i t i o n . Unfortunately, this is the opposite of what is desired in a broiler breeder and hence the challenges going forward. To tackle the faster growth rate broiler breeders need to be on increased feed restriction, and second, body fat deposition, which is essential for breeder birds, has gone down drastically over the years; this creates problems when birds are at peak production. He emphasized the two critical stages during the rearing of broiler breeders. First, at nine weeks, which is important for skeletal development, and the second at post-light-up, where it is important to ensure that the females have enough fat pad. Since approximately 20% of the peak, egg laid number is mobilized from the body fat whereas 80% comes from the lipids in the feed. If the bird goes to full peak and doesn't have enough reserves, it will be unable to perform well at peak.BIRDS DO NOT SEE LIGHT IN LUX, BUT CLUX OR GALLILUX.Bringing the focus to lighting he mentioned that breeders are photorefractory, that is to say, they don't respond to light until such time that they are mature enough to respond. Hence, during rearing, one either should decline the light or keep the day length constant before light stimulation. This presents challenges, particularly if birds are reared in open-sided houses.
BIRDS DO NOT SEE LIGHT IN LUX, BUT CLUX OR GALLI-LUX.
The Mechanism of light stimulation- in the birds there is mostly hypothalamic stimulation rather than retinal stimulation. The birds do not see light in Lux but Clux or Galli-Lux. The hypothalamus is stimulated, which secretes the luteinizing hormone-releasing (LHR) hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH), which helps the growth of the follicles. The feedback mechanism of progesterone goes back to the hypothalamus. These rapid changes in the hormone levels are a stressful event, we should keep in mind that the birds are already on feed restriction too. He suggests that farm management must consider boosting vitamins such as α-tocopherol, herbal extract with antioxidant properties, carotenoids; phytogenic compounds that are anti-bacterial and improve gut health, so that they may stimulate feed intake, and also promote follicular development.
Managing ovarian function
Talking aboutmanaging ovarian functionhe mentioned the importance of critical balance between too many follicles or not enough follicles. Ideally, in a breeder bird autopsy, 5–7 large follicles must be seen while the small follicles should be numerous. With too many large follicles, birds will be at excellent peak production but with poor persistence, the causes could be that layers are over-feeding at the onset of lay or possibly improper light stimulation. With insufficient follicles, birds would get to normal peak production but with poor persistence. This is caused due to inadequate light stimulation, a higher incidence of atresia, or a normal decline in follicle number with age.
Photo-stimulation
He emphasized the importance of light-proof housing in other words light controlled housing in broiler breeders and the importance of sudden transition in light duration at 21st week. He explained in detail the effect of light stimulation and the drawbacks of some housing systems.
Practical feeding of breeders
According to him, birds with very little energy will go into negative energy balance; they will lose weight, production, and fertility. Whereas too much energy would lead to a high-fat deposition, causing oviduct problems, and can impact fertility (poor mating success). He explained the relative energy demand of the birds with reference to age and development of the oviduct and growth of the birds. He showed the importance of maintaining a proper protein-to-energy ratio at different stages of growth and production by comparing results from different scientific publications. He addressed several participant queries as below.
How does debeaking affect production in breeders?
He spoke from his experience and mentioned that if debeaking is performed properly without damaging the tongue, it does not affect the production at all. They routinely use infra-red treatment and they don't see any impact on the production, but if the birds are stressed during the debeaking process or the debeaking itself is not performed well, it may have an impact on feeding and in turn the performance. He also pointed out that the age when debeaking is performed is important if debeaking is performed on day-old birds with the infrared method, rarely much impact is seen, while a hot blade cut might create problems when not performed well.
What is the role of body weight and feed intake after photo stimulation on ovarian function, at the first egg in broiler breeder females?
According to him, every flock is different. If the flock is underweight and not ready for sexual maturity and photo-stimulation, there would be a problem if we tried to peak feed it. If the flock is mature and ready to be photo-stimulated, one can go to peak feed and wouldn't face any problems since she'll respond amicably. Overfeeding when the flock is not ready for it then one would see prolapse, double yolks even in pullets. It all depends on whether the bird is ready for stimulation of feed and it is a hard question to answer since each flock is very different.
Do you recommend the usage of non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzymes or protease enzymes in the broiler breeder diet? If so, is it a growing trend?
He mentioned that he would use an NSP enzyme, the reason being if one is using rice bran or wheat bran in their diet, it evens out the energy of the grain. But it probably has less effect on maize and wheat-based diets. He also suggested the use of a phytase as a single dose, but not a protease.
What is the solution to control multiple ovulations in broiler breeders, apart from feed restriction?
He opined that there isn't another solution, apart from feed restriction. But he says that there are 2 problems with open-sided houses, during long day length birds would have been over-stimulated, so the only choice one has got is to hold back on the feed. The only other answer would be to go for light-tight housing. If one can't control the light the only other thing that can be controlled is feed.
How can we prevent oviduct prolapse and egg yolk peritonitis? Are there any predisposing factors to be kept in mind?
He had a clear answer that forced light stimulation before sexual maturity is the reason for prolapse.
Rectal prolapse is seen as early as 4 weeks of age; the role of light might not have a reason in this situation.
He suggested that the dietary fibre is probably high in these cases, hence restricting a maximum of 2.5%-3% crude fibre, especially in the first 5 weeks, would help avoid rectal prolapse.
How do we manage low bodyweight birds to increase their weight to become good layers?
He suggested that a three-way grading must be performed. In the first grading at 4th week the chicks with low body weight should be separated and fed extra, to bring the body weight in line. By the 9th week when the second grading happens, the small birds must be able to get back to the average weight. He opines that in practice reducing weight in heavier birds poses a bigger problem rather than weight gain for lighter birds.
How much should be the maximum bodyweight that we can be permitted above the standard in laying birds that don't affect production? Is there an upper cap?
According to his experience and a recent scientific article about 150-200 g above the standard has not shown any problems with egg production, except one could expect largersized eggs early on.
In the breeders on the onset of lay, we notice calcium tetany cases, what is your opinion?
He points out that he doesn't believe in feeding a pre-layer diet. But sometimes the farms start feeding a layer diet weeks before the birds are due to lay their first egg. If high levels of calcium are being fed even 1.5% in a typical pre-layer is far too much. He recommends keeping the calcium low, and when the birds go on to lay (about a week before) only then should the birds be shifted on to a layer ration. It is unlikely to notice calcium tetany if this is followed.
How to reduce leg weakness and cage layer fatigue in broiler breeder females? Can we limit the lighting duration to 14 h a day in open-sided sheds as a remedy for this?
According to Mr. Peter Chrystal, leg weakness is not directly related to the length of light. Two-phase layer diet; bring the available phosphorus down as bird's age and calcium levels must go up. Excess calcium may create more problems than it solves. One shouldn't see any issues even with a 16 h day length provided that the dietary calcium and available phosphorus are provided correctly. Calcium levels must be going from 3.8-3.9% up to 4.3% at finishing whereas the available phosphorus should be going down from 0.45% to as low as 0.35% at the tail-end and these issues may not occur from a calciumphosphorus point ofview.
Mycoplasma infection is there any chemical or salt that can be used in breeders to control this.
He suggests that Macrolide drugs at low doses could be used. But there is resistance to using these drugs in Australia and hence they have been using phytogenic compounds, to boost the bird's immunity to fight the disease.
Could you shed some light on the usage of potassium carbonate in the breeder layer diet?
Mr. Peter Chrystal suggested that he has used potassium carbonate on and off when they have encountered sudden death syndrome associated with low potassium levels. He recommends that in a hot humid climate there is a need to ensure enough potassium, especially if the diet has low Soya, which is rich in potassium. About 0.6-0.8% potassium s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d , n o h a r m supplementing it.
Is there a particular recommended feeding time for broiler breeders?
Ideally, farms could feed the birds twice a day, one in the early morning and another in the afternoon with high calcium. He says he hasn't seen any difference in the performance of the birds if they were fed before or after lights-on, it is a pattern that the birds get used to. But what is more important is for the manager to be present when the birds are feeding. But he recommends that feeders be charged before lights, in the dark so that the noise doesn't get the birds excited.
In a particular case, about 80% of birds showed typical T-2 Mycotoxin lesions such as oral ulcers, tongue necrosis, but feed samples tested negative for T-2 toxin. Is there any other reason that this may be happening?
He suggests that the T-2 toxins are powerful; they may occur in pockets in the feed. Sometimes sampling out of a big batch may not be easy and T-2 mycotoxins might not show up in the test analysis. However, the birds are the best indicators of the existence of these mycotoxins. Mycotoxins also conjugate, and hence may show negative results when feed is analysed. But if the birds are showing lesions on the tongue and mouth it is possible that the T-2 toxin is present, and one must treat it with a targeted toxin binder in such cases.
Is excess fat in the grower and pre-layer diet good for peak production?
Birds deposit one-third of the fat that it ingests as body lipid. This is a rule of metabolism. It helps have some fat in the diet, but not so much that we are overfeeding energy. He suggests around 7.5-10L per ton, about 1% added fat, not any more than that.
For supplementing dietary electrolyte balance is it better to use sodium formate instead of Sodium bicarbonate?
He recommends sodium bicarbonate is better, bicarbonate ions are needed in the diet. Sodium formate is a salt of an organic acid so it dissociates easily.
Breeders are fed phase-wise; will delay in the transition from one phase to another affect the production?
Mr. Peter Chrystal answers from his experience that breeder birds don't like to change, any big changes can lead to performance losses. He prefers to keep an early lay to a late lay diet excluding a mid-lay diet. Keeping the diets similar is important. What he recommends is to keep the energy identical, minor acid profile identical, reducing crude protein in the second phase, changing the calcium and available phosphorus. The diets must fit very closely together, birds don't realize that they have been moved from one diet to another, and there will be no upsets. It is generally a good practice to bring in the new diet while you still have old feed below, and if the phasing happens over ten days it is ideal since it is the amount of time it takes for the follicles to develop fully, by which time she is used to the phase over.
Press Release
CLFMA OF INDIA, the apex organization and the voice of the Country's dynamic livestock industry in association with AGCON (a subsidiary of NCML) organized Webinar on Maize & Soybean Market Driving Factors & Price Outlook 2021 on July 9,2021
The main objective of the webinar is to discuss the Maize Production Estimate Rabi'2021 & Soybean & Maize Outlook Kharif'21, Market Driving factors and Price outlook for Maize and Soybean was discussed in detail. The webinar was started by the moderator Dr. Vijay Makhijha, Managing Committee Member, CLFMA OF INDIA. Mr.NeerajKumarSrivastava, Chairman, CLFMA OF INDIA delivered the welcome address and initiated the proceedings of the webinar. He Introduced the agenda by giving the preface of the webinar, Spotlighted the topics along with statistics which bound the participants to the webinar. Highlighted the existent Government policies, Challenges, limitations, export potentials, Facts, and Overview of the industry, he also accentuated the CLFMA of India initiatives which helped to mitigate the risk and solve thechallenges. Mr. Nalin Rawal, CEO, NCML AGCON discussed about Maize Production Estimate Rabi'2021, Soybean & Maize Outlook Kharif'21. The highlights of the session are:
Maize:
Ÿ Maize acreages are lower by current Rabi season by 4.2%. & Production of Maize during the current Rabi season is lower by 9.5% in comparison to Rabi 19-20. Ÿ Rainfall activity is subdued during second fortnight of
June resulting in lower sown acreages Ÿ Soybean acreages are 42% lower in comparison to last year during same time period, however under normal rains, total acreages are expected to be higher by 1015% in comparison to last year Ÿ Maize sowing ahead by 16% vis-à-vis last year as on date however planting to be expected lower by 5-10% during Kharif. Ÿ Using remote Sensing technology and satellite, based indices acreage and crop production forecast can be done more accurately
Soyabean:
Ÿ Poultry industry is adversely affected by the rates of soybean, higher the soybean rates higher will be the cost of production Ÿ Crop may be improved if Monsoon conditions goes in favourable. Ÿ Movement of people to alternate proteins are due to high soyabean prices and is generally towards cotton
DOC. Mr. Suresh Akkineni, Assistant AVP, Commodity Research, NCML AGCON presented the Soybean- Market driving factors and Price outlook. The major highlights of the session are Ÿ Global soybean end stock2021-22 season 4.45 MMT (as per USA front, Brazilian front, Argentina front and
Chinese front).
Ÿ Global Soymeal end stock 2021-22 shall increase marginally by 0.11 MMT. Ÿ Soybean prices are likely to be subdued around INR 8000 levels and ease lower towards INR 6500-6000 levels. Mr. Sreedhar Nandam, Head Research & Consulting, NCML AGCON discussed about Global maize market driving factors, and said the following Ÿ 63 MMT downward revision in production estimates in last one year. Ÿ Ending stocks for global corn 281 MMT, high probability of LA-NINA to resurface. Ÿ 40% of the US corn crop exposed to drought. Ÿ Game changers in corn trade may include push of green fuel mandates, Export tax increase, COVID impact, Asian
Swine Flu. Ÿ Global demand to grow by 4%, Opening stocks to decline by 17%. Ÿ Maize acreages lower by 4.2 %, Production in current
Rabi lower by 9.5 %. Ÿ Taking look at ethanol policy in 2020-21, it is estimated that India would blend 332 Cr litre of Ethanol which is 8.5 % of blending %. Ÿ ENA production from molasses will be lower
Highlights of Panellists-
Mr. A. Jankiramana, GM, Soya Business, Suguna Foods Pvt. Ltd. Ÿ Due to Export- supply tightness observed Ÿ Poultry industry adversely affected by the rates of soybean, higher the soybean rates higher will be the cost of production Ÿ Crop may be improved if Monsoon conditions goes in favourable phase. Ÿ Movement of people to alternate proteins, due to prices generally to cotton DOC, Groundnut DOC etc Ÿ Demand will remain subdued for next 3 months for soy
DOC. Mr. Gaurav Mittal, Head, Central Buying Organization, GAVL Ÿ Feed sector- input prices went up by approx. 30% in maize and 70% in soybean. Ÿ Weather can affect most on prices, supply side is most critical element in balance sheet Ÿ Chinese demand is key driver in prices in global markets. Ÿ Brace for volatility, buyers have to be cautiously bold for prices, and focused on supply side. Mr. Sandip Guha, Chief Procurement Officer, Noveltech Group Ÿ Impact due to covid- distraction in supply and demand situations. Ÿ Weather related events- rains are erratic in various areas, farmer may shift to soybean from Maize Ÿ Demand drivers- Poultry, egg, Starch is in spotlight. Ÿ Export programme for maize and soybean are optimistic and attractive Ÿ We should be able to mitigate risk, especially from market view, develop solid market linkages and be ready with multiple formulation for challenging times, proper capital allocation, need for scientific forecasting for better procurement. Mr. Amit Sachdev, Regional Consultant – South Asia (Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka), U S Grains Council Ÿ India may not be able to export much due to Dollar value. Ÿ Indian Maize prices may move up, it may depend on the alternate grain option available, and how much industry can replace. Ÿ Pressure on Indian corn may be high. Mr. Jason John, Team Lead -India at U.S. Soybean Export Council (USSEC) Ÿ Last year we were not able to fetch grain from any
South Africa, Myanmar due to political situations Ÿ Spotlighted GM/Non-GM crops, Digestible proteins. Ÿ There will be some supply pressure from South
Africa in coming years. Mr. Suresh Deora, Hon. Secretary, CLFMA OF INDIA extended his warm regards and vote of thanks to all panellists, Speakers and participants and concluded the webinar.
Press Release
EW Nutrition Holds 1st Essay Writing Competition on Antimicrobial Resistance Risks
I n t h e p a s t f e w d e c a d e s , Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has developed into a major global challenge for human and animal health, accounting for over 700,000 deaths annually. With the current trend, over 10 million lives would be threatened by AMR by 2050, with a majority of the cases confined to the Asian & African continents. The increased & indiscriminate usage of antimicrobials as growth promoters in the livestock sector can have serious implications on human health. In line with its mission of “mitigate the impact of antimicrobial r e s i s t a n c e b y p r o v i d i n g comprehensive animal nutrition solutions”, came up with a unique idea of holding an Essay Writing Competition on one of the biggest challenges to mankind. The competition was open to students of Veterinary Colleges from all over the nation, with the topic:
The response was overwhelming, as 219 students enrolled and participated in the contest. Out of these, 39 entries were shortlisted for the next round. These participants were re-evaluated for ruling out plagiarism & complying with other criteria. Eight entries were selected for the final assessment and referred to a panel consisting of the most eminent and renowned personalities of the livestock industry.
Jury Panellists:
Ÿ Dr Nitin Kurkure (Director
Research; Professor & Head of
Department, Pathology)
Veterinary College, Nagpur Ÿ Dr Natarajan –Veterinary
College, Nammakal
Ÿ Dr Shirish Nigam – Managing
Director, EW Nutrition, South
Asia
Since the entries were of such high standards, it was a herculean task for the Jury to decide on the best three. The prize winners declared were ranked as follows:
1st position: Shalvi Srivastav (2nd Year BVSc Student from DUVASU, Mathura) 2nd position: Dr Darshitha Latur (MVSc student from Sri Venkateshwara University, Hyderabad) 3rd position: Aditya Maheshwari (2nd Year BVSc Student from DUVASU, Mathura)
I n a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e i r communication skills, creativity, critical thinking and articulate presentations, these young & budding veterinarians were rewarded by EW Nutrition with Amazon Gift Vouchers of ₹ 21000, ₹ 11000 and ₹ 5000 denominations as first, second and third prize respectively. Each of them was also awarded a Certificate of Excellence. In recognition of their endeavour and hard work, the remaining 36 participants were also awarded Certificates of Participation. By conducting this first essay writing competition, EW Nutrition has been able to achieve its objective of identifying the best talent amongst the budding veterinarians who are to take over the reins of the Animal Health Sector in the near future.
Was Gurugram boy infected at poultry shop? Contact tracing finds no other case
Gurugram: Sushil Kumar, the 11-yearold boy from Gurugram who had contracted the H5N1 avian influenza and died at Delhi’s AIIMS on July 11, was also suffering from leukaemia and pneumonia and had been undergoing treatment at the hospital for more than a month. According to the health department, the boy used to live with his grandmother in Chakkarpur. His parents, who are originally from Bihar, have been staying in Gurugram for the p a s t t w o m o n t h s . S u s h i l ’s grandmother ’s partner works at a meat shop, which is right next to a poultry shop. The livestock for this shop came from Rajasthan. The health department suspects the boy might have caught the infection from the shop. A report from Pune’s National Institute of Virology (NIV) has already confirmed H5N1 influenza virus. The institute is now conducting whole genome sequencing of samples collected from the child. The Union health ministry on Wednesday said that the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) is conducting epidemiological investigation involving the animal husbandry department and the Haryana government’s surveillance unit. Gurugram health officials said contract tracing within a 10km radius has been initiated. Five rapid response teams have so far screened more than 7,500 people in the area. The animal husbandry department’s deputy director, Dr Punita Gahlawat, said it has not detected any suspected cases of bird flu till now. “We conduct regular and random inspections at poultry farms and send samples for testing every month,” she added. Meanwhile, the boy’s family members said they are still waiting for a death certificate from AIIMS. Sushil’s father Jitender Saha told TOI that his son had been running a temperature on and off in May, became very pale and developed rashes that were ‘bluish’ in colour on his legs. On June 10, he took the boy to Uma Sanjeevani Hospital in Sector 55. Sushil was referred to AIIMS, where he had already been undergoing chemotherapy. He was taken to its OPD on June 12. Doctors observed an enlarged liver and suspected fungal pneumonia. Saha said Sushil came back home but his condition did not improve. He was readmitted to AIIMS on July 8. “My boy passed away on July 11 at 11am. We are still waiting for the death certificate and the cause of death. We visited AIIMS on Tuesday too but did not get any details,” said Saha, who works as a daily wage labourer in Bihar’s Samastipur. He added that he and others in the family had received m e d i c i n e s f ro m t h e h e a l t h department, though they don’t have any symptoms or health issues. Gurugram chief medical official Virender Yadav said the health of 15 high-risk people, including the boy’s family members and neighbours, was being monitored. “Although the incubation period of 10 days has passed, we have given them Oseltamivir, an antiviral medication, as a precautionary measure. We have not yet received the cause of death from AIIMS and cannot confirm that the boy died because of bird flu,” Dr Yadav said, adding that the department plans to create a bird flu centre at Civil Hospital in case there’s a suspected case. An additional 10 rapid response teams will be deployed on Thursday to carry out surveillance and screening, the CMO said. The plan is to screen 15,500 people in Chakkarpur ’s Saraswati Vihar, where the family is staying.
Fish back in demand as poultry, meat prices s o a r i n A n d h r a Pradesh
Vijayawada: A sudden rise in the demand for fish and other aquaculture products following the rise in price of poultry and meat is helping farmers in Krishna district earn profits. The export of shrimp has also seen a rise with the relaxation of curfew. Aquaculture occupies a major part of farming in Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Mudinepalli and other parts of the district near Kolleru lake. Fish and shrimp ponds are spread over an extent of 30,000 acres and two lakh families depend on aquaculture. The district’s aquaculture industry recorded large losses on account of the sudden fall of exports with Covid19. Farmers, who export to Kolkata, Delhi and northeastern states, dealt with the blow of a 60% reduction in exports. Many discontinued cultivation of shrimp anticipating further losses. “We have a fish pond on seven acres at Kalidhindi. Our export business collapsed after the lockdown and we are getting poor prices in local markets. We have discontinued farming fish for a while,” M Raghava Raju, a farmer, told TOI. But as the price of chicken touched Rs 280 per kilogram in local markets and mutton soared to Rs 750 per kilogram, there was a sudden demand for fish and prawns. “Consumers who earlier purchased chicken and mutton are now asking for fish. This sudden demand again boosted aquaculture,
Chiranjeevi, a meat trader from Mahanti market.
Indore: Poultry prices burn a hole in pocket, eggs at record high
Indore: A steep rise in the cost of production owing to high feed cost and spurt in transportation charges have led to a spike in prices amid high retail demand burning a hole in the common man’s pocket. According to the Indore Poultry Farmers’ Association, retail price of dressed chicken has soared to Rs240250 per kilogram and egg is sold at Rs 7 per piece at retail markets in Indore.
Can you hatch an egg bought from the store?
If your answer is yes, the youth preparing for the Michigan State University Extension embryology class might agree. However, it is generally not possible to hatch a chick from an egg purchased from a grocery store. Each year, youth from across Michigan explore the embryonic development of chickens. Youth use modified versions of the embryology lessons from the Beginning of Life, Virginia 4-H School Enrichment Curriculum. They explore the parts of an egg and learn how to utilize an incubator, the stages of an egg’s development, how to candle an egg and use an otoscope to assess growth, and they observe newly hatched chicks. You can help youth explore more about the embryonic development of chickens by using the Beginning of Life 4-H embryology curriculum. During their exploration of chicken embryology, youth learn that for a chicken to develop from an egg it must be fertilized. Most eggs sold commercially in the grocery store are from poultry farms and have not been fertilized. In fact, laying hens at most commercial farms have never even seen a rooster. Given the right nutrients, hens will lay eggs with or without having been in the presence of a rooster. For an egg to become fertilized, a hen and rooster must mate prior to the formation and laying of the egg. While the MSU Extension science team encourages youth to ask questions and discover answers, this is one experiment we suggest you only read about instead. Because, unfortunately, the only thing that would emerge from an egg under your pillow would be an unpleasant smell.
Do chickens boost soil health, increase profits on organic vegetable farms?
Historically, chickens were not a rare sight on farms, where they contributed to soil fertility as they freely pecked and scratched around vegetable gardens and crop land. Now, University of California Cooperative Extension specialists have launched a research project to quantify the potential for chickens to be part of safe and sustainable commercial organic vegetable production. “It’s not a new idea. A lot of farmers are trying this kind of thing, ” said UC Davis International Agriculture and Development graduate student Faye Duan, the
Chickens perch and graze inside the tractor on a UC Davis research plot.
project coordinator.
“But there is currently little scientific information for using chickens on a bigger scale, especially in terms of food safety concerns.” The California trial is part of a national effort to diversify organic vegetable farms with chickens. Last year, the USDA-funded study was launched by Iowa State University horticulture professor Ajay Nair. The project also includes UC Cooperative ExtensionspecialistsMauricePiteskyand Jeff Mitchell, based at UC Davis, and University of Kentucky entomology professorDavidGonthier. I n t h e t r i a l s , c h i c ke n s a re introduced as part of a rotation that includes cover crops and a variety of vegetable crops. In California, chickens were placed on research plots in April following a winter cover crop of vetch, peas, fava beans and oat grass. “We don’t let the chickens run around the field, ” Duan said. “We keep them inside of chicken tractors to protect them from predators. ” Twenty-nine birds live in each 50square-foot tractor, essentially a floorless chicken coop on wheels. The tractors, built by UC Davis students Mallory Phillips and Trevor Krivens, are wood frames covered with mesh and plywood. Each day, the
tractors are moved to a different part of the plot, where the birds can graze on cover crop residue and deposit manure. Adjusting to the daily move took time, Duan said. “The first day, the chickens were confused. We had to go slowly. It’s a learning process for the chickens and us, ” she said. “But now, the chickens are excited to move to a new spot where they have fresh food to graze on.” After 24 days on pasture, the chickens will be removed, and become part of the project’s meat study. “We have broiler chickens that are raised for meat, ” Duan said. “Some people believe chickens that graze and eat grass taste better and are more nutritious. It will be part of the study to look at the chicken’s meat quality. ” Once the chickens have done their par t on the research plots, vegetables are planted amid the leftover cover crop residue and chicken manure. This summer, the experiment in California will grow processing tomatoes. Subsequently, melons, eggplant, spinach and broccoli will be part of the vegetable rotation in California or the other states involved in the project. Other replications of the trial will have the chickens immediately follow the vegetable harvest so they can graze on the crop leftovers before the cover crop is planted. Comparing the soil health, fertilizer needs, chicken quality and other factors will help the scientists optimize the rotation. “Vegetable yield will be an important indicator of success, ” Duan said. Soil samples will be tested to determine the presence or a b s e n c e o f t h e b a c t e r i a Salmonella after the chickens have been removed, said Pitesky, a poultry specialist and a project lead. Salmonella is a bacteria that can be part of poultry’s microbiome. If the bacteria contaminates human food, it can cause illness. “Since Salmonella lives in the chicken gastrointestinal system, when it gets into the soil, it will eventually be out-competed by bacteria more adapted to soil than the gut of a chicken,” Pitesky said. “There are many different types of Salmonella, and only a select few found in birds are the ones that are harmful to humans. Nevertheless, it is very important to test and use various practices to mitigate the presence of Salmonella on land that will be used for crop production following poultry. ” Early results of soil tests in Iowa and Kentucky detected Salmonella in the soil where chickens grazed, however, the bacteria disappeared very quickly.
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Leading Food and R e t a i l B r a n d s Announce Formation of US Working Group for Broiler Welfare
In recognition of the collaboration needed to improve broiler chicken welfare, seven leading food and restaurant companies—Aramark, Compass Group, Nestlé USA, Panera Bread, Shake Shack, Sodexo and Target—have come together to form the US Working Group for Broiler Welfare. The US Working Group for Broiler Welfare, facilitated by Compassion in World Farming and Blue House Sustainability Consulting, aims to support members in exploring workable strategies and creative solutions for transitioning supply chains through the lens of the welfare standards outlined in the Better Chicken Commitment. “I am thrilled to join the Working Group as we push to improve broiler chicken welfare across the industry. Shake Shack’s focus on premium ingredients, thoughtful sourcing and animal welfare has always been core to who we are,” said Jeffrey Amoscato, SVP Supply Chain & Menu Innovation at Shake Shack. “We’ re looking forward to learning from and collaborating with our peers to better understand barriers and potential s o l u t i o n s f o r a c c e l e r a t i n g improvements more broadly. ” “As this working group aligns with Sodexo’s global animal welfare position, we embrace the opportunity to work collectively to improve broiler chicken welfare and foster better engagement with the industry as a whole,” said Judy Panayos, Sr. Director Sustainability for Sodexo. “Bringing restaurant leaders together in the Working Group will help us collaborate and innovate across all p a r t s o f t h i s i m p o r t a n t transition—from impacts on farmers to measurement of animal care,” said Sara Burnett, VP of Food Values, Sustainability and Public Affairs at Panera Bread. “These discussions will help us as we continually strive to provide responsibly raised proteins.” Over 200 brands in the United States have committed to improve welfare standards in alignment with the Better Chicken Commitment, which sets a baseline welfare standard for breed selection, space allocation, environmental enrichments, slaughter method, and third-party auditing.
T r a n s f o r m i n g livestock farming for safety and efficiency with technology
Livestock farming and production in Asia ignited a spark of transformation towards automated systems in recent years as economies in the region flourishedalongsidedemandforanimal protein, writes Conny Pereira. This was accelerated as waves of consolidation emerged and disease issues stamped the call for modernization and better farmmanagement Asian Agribiz addressed technology adoption in the Asia Pacific region with Jan Hofstede, President, Asia Management of Big Dutchman, a key accelerator of farm modernization in the region. WhileMrHofstedeacknowledgesthatthere aremoremediumtolargescalefarmstoday, he says it is biosecurity concerns that are drivingmodernizationandautomation. “A farm that is too big poses too much risk as well, should a disease outbreak occur. Our customers are becoming more and more vertically integrated, while also moving extensively into retail to both stabilize earnings and achieve higherpremiums, ”saidMrHofstede. “With growing consumer awareness of foodsafetyandsources,producerstoday have a commitment to traceability, and this can only be accomplished with the righttechnologyandtools. ” When avian influenza hit Asia in 2003, Thailand, the most prominent market in Asia which was then the fourth largest exporter of raw broiler meat in the world, took a big hit. But this dark cloud was dispersed as soon as producers resolved to reshape the industry, adopt technology, and move into cooked products that brought better premiums andbottom-linestability. We now see the same thing happening with the onset of ASF in the region in 2018. Mr Hofstede sees producers leaning-in on technology to keep livestock safe. “Our recent history with on-farm disease outbreaks like the Nipah virus, avian influenza, and ASF have taught us that proper biosecurity procedures are a must. This starts with the farm location, farm design and a properlyenforcedbiosecurityprotocol. “Now with Covid-19 and traces of the virus appearing even on food packaging, the need for safety and containment measures across the entire value chain is even more pressing. Our industry is agile and embracing change is not difficult for producers, because the interest of the consumer is at the core of their operations.”
E G G D a i l y a n d M o n t h l y P r i c e s o f J u l y 2 0 2 1
