Legislation According to ICAO's 'Chicago' Convention • Every state has Sovereignty over airspace above its Territory. • Territory – Land of country and territorial waters. • Entrance can require routing via a customs airport. • A/C must obey the territories Rules of the Air. • International flights must have a Certificate of Airworthiness from a/c state of registry. Recommended regulations and procedures are in 'annexes' • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Annex 1 – Personnel licensing Annex 2 – Rules of the air Annex 3 – Met services of international Nav Annex 6 – A/C operation Annex 7 – A/C Nationality + Markings Annex 8 – Airworthiness Annex 9 – Facilitation Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services Annex 12 – Search and Rescue Annex 13 – Accident investigation Annex 14 – Aerodromes Annex 15 -Aeronautical Information Services Annex 17 -Security Annex 18 – Transport of dangerous goods
Rules of the air In the air Converging Aircraft A/C on the right has right of way. “On the right in the right” A/C with right of way will maintain heading and track. A/C giving way will pass behind the other.
Overtake to the left
For simulated instrument flight a/c must be fitted with Duel controls, have a safety pilot on board, if the safety pilot doesn’t have full field of view a competent observer must be on board. Low Flying
A/C shall always be in a position to glide clear of any obstacles in the event on an engine failure unless standard procedures are in place The 1000ft rule does not apply to SVFR flights Lighting
Head on A/C will both turn right.
Lights 5m + 10m
Distress and Emergency Overtake on the right
Distress – A/C threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance (Mayday) Urgency – An Urgent situation regarding the A/C itself or An Overtaking situation exists when the something/somebody in sight of the A/C A/C behind is within 70° of the extended Transponder Codes centre line 7700 Distress 7600 Radio Coms Failure 7500 Unlawful interference If Landing no restricted to a runway •
A/C will land to the right.
•
Once landed A/C will vacate to the left
When Following a line feature must keep right of that feature. On the Ground
Runway Distances
Landing and take-off may not coincide Landing direction towards the cross arm parallel to the long section. Take-off and landing direction not
Traffic only moves with ATC permission Glider flying in progress
necessarily the same Section of runway or taxiway unavailable
Movement of A/C confined to paver hard surfaces Landing on a runway but other movement not confined to hard surfaces.
Runway entrance/exit do not cross without permission. Can cross broken line to exit runway without permission
Circuit direction (right) Must have ATC permission to cross. Manoeuvring area poor take precautions
Aerodrome unsafe, landing prohibited
Edge of usable area, no movement beyond this area Aerodrome boundary
Helicopters must only land within specified area
Movement area – The part of the aerodrome used for all a/c movement including the apron Manoeuvring area- Part of aerodrome provided to T/O, Landing and movement, excluding the apron and maintenance area
Light aircraft may land on the runway or on another (specified) Landing area – Part of movement area for take-off and area landing of aircraft Apron – Part of the aerodrome where aircraft can load and unload, refuel and park.
Gliding in progress
Runway Marking + Lighting Taxiway markings are White runway markings are in Yellow
The person in charge of aerodrome and or ATC can be found. Where you book in/out of an airfield and pay landing fees
Runway Discriptions
Airspace
Dry – The surface not affected by water slush, snow or ice. Damp – The surface shows a change of colour due to moisture Wet- the surface is soaked but no significant patches of standing water are visible Water Patches – Significant patches of standing water are visible Flooded – Extensive standing water is visible Runways that have water patches or is flooded is considered to be contaminated Flight Rules All VFR flights must take place in VMC
Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ)
2000ft AGL 2NM wide unless runway above 1850ft then 2.5NM wide Military Aerodrome Traffic Zone (MATZ) 5nm 3000ft
2000ft 4nm
If weather conditions are not VMC then they are IMC and you are in IFR which cannot be fulfilled with a standard PPL. 5nm
If IFR you must fly in accordance with the Quadrantal and Semicircular rules Flight plans •
Must be filed at least 60mins before start-up time.
•
If more than 30min delay a new flight plan is needed
Altimeter Settings
Below 19,500ft
Above 19,500ft
Wake Turbulence Departure Leading A/C
Departure Point
Time
Heavy or Medium
Same
2min
Heavy or Medium
Intermediate
3min
Landing Leading A/C
Distance / Time
Heavy
8nm / 4 min
Medium
6nm / 3 min
Small
4nm / 2min
The standard pressure setting and movement to FL is used above an altitude of 6000ft Transition Altitude – Altitude above which you would set the standard pressure setting Transition Level – Lowest available flight level Transition Layer – The layer between the transition altitude and transition level
ATC Definitions Aerodrome Control Service – An air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic Air Traffic – All aircraft in flight or operation on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome
Medical – You must inform the authority if, you are hospitalised for more than 12hrs, have had surgery or an invasive procedure, regular use of medication or use corrective lenses. Also if any illness is present that would stop you from being able to fly for more than 21days you must inform the authority.
Carriage of passengers – If you wish to carry passengers you Alerting Service – A service provided to notify appropriate organisations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, must hold a valid PPL and have 3 take off and landings as sole manipulator of the controls in the previous 90days and assist such organisations as required Approach Control Service – An air traffic control service for arriving and departing controlled flights
Night Time – the period from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise
Area Control Service – An air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas
Type Ratings and Multi engine class ratings – valid for 1 year
ATC Services
Alert Phase – Apprehension exists regarding the safety of an aircraft and its occupants
Single Engine class ratings – Valid for 2 years, to revalidate Radar approach – An approach where the final approach phase you must. Have a proficiency check in the 3 months preceding expiry or within the previous 12 months complete 12 hours of is conducted under the direction of a radar controller flight time including 6hrs PIC and 12 T/o and LNDings and one Radar Vectoring – The provision of navigational guidance to hour with an instructor aircraft, in the form of specific headings, based on the use of Search and Rescue radar Basic Service – Local aerodrome information, can provide information about other traffic and suggest routings but doesn't Distress – A situation where there is reasonable certainty hat an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent have to. danger or require immediate assistance Traffic Service – Provided by a radar controller, provides information about traffic within 3nm or 3000ft. PIC responsible Ditching – Forced landing of an aircraft on water for terrain and traffic separation, suggested you advise the ATU Uncertainty – A situation where uncertainty exists regarding the of any heading or height changes safety of an aircraft and its occupants Deconfliction Service – Provides deconfliciton headings for Alert Phase – When Rescue Co-ordination Centre alert the separation. 5nm and 3000ft separation. Headings can take you search and rescue unit into IMC but must not leave VMC so have to advise if you cannot comply with headings
Aircraft Certificate of registration should always be carried and should also carry and aircraft identification plate Certificate of airworthiness may be invalidated if an aircraft is modified in an unapproved way, flown outside published parameters (POH or as placarded) or maintained by the correct maintenance schedule. International Documentation Certificate of Registration Certificate of Airworthiness Crew Licences Journey Logbook Radio Licences Passenger list Cargo A Reportable accident is regarded as when Manifest • A person is killed or seriously injured while in, on or in direct contact with the aircraft Licensing
•
The aircraft incurs damage or structural failure affecting its structural strength, performance or flight characteristics and will require major repair or replacement
•
The aircraft is missing or completely inaccessible
Student License – Begin logging flights at 14, but must be 16 before flying solo if authorised by a qualified flight instructor. Must hold a Class 1 or 2 medical PPL Requirements – 7 Theoretical Exams 35hrs Duel + 10hrs Solo - 45hrs Total 150nm Solo Cross country with 2 land aways 5hrs solo cross country Pass a Skill test with and examiner Be 17 for issue
A reportable accident must be notified to the Air Accident Investigation Branch and the local police authority
Signalling