Maritime Transports

Strengthening

potential

the

of the

Maritime Transport

1

Table of

2

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

4

PROMOTING MARITIME TRANSPORT

6

The scope of the Topic

6

Measures to utilise the Maritime potential

12

Key research areas and actions at EU and National levels

18

Benefits from Interreg projects

25

The StratMos project to strengthen the role of ports and hinterland facilities in door-to-door transport chains

29

The Northern Maritime University Project

32

What next?

39

EU documents

40

Websites

41

3

This publication was produced by the PRESS4TRANSPORT consortium on behalf of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport. The European Union, the European Commission or any person acting on their behalf are not responsible for the accurateness, completeness, use of the information contained in this Fiche, nor shall they be liable for any loss, including consequential loss, that might derive from such use or from the findings of the Fiche themselves.

Although the authors exercised all reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy and the quality of the contents of this publication, the Consortium assumes no liability for any inadvertent error or omission that may appear in this publication. Additional information on the analyzed projects is available on the PRESS4TRANSPORT website at http://www.press4transport.eu/vpo/thematic_fiches.php Created by: PRESS4TRANSPORT Consortium Coordinator: Cybion Srl Responsible Scientific Partner: Maritime Development Centre of Europe Author: Jacob Kronbak, Associate professor, Lisa Loloma Froholdt, Research fellow, Elin Kragesand Hansen, Assistant professor

incentivising

EXECUTIVE

the

maritime

SUMMARY

transport

technologies and the adoption of

This thematic fiche focuses on

the

European

maritime

Motorways of the Seas.

transport

which is a great

potential

for

supporting

development

Europe

and

is

sustainable

maritime

Shifting

to

a

concept:

local

level

the

European Commission has been supporting

currently under-exploited.

of

the

the

maritime

transport sector also through the The

fiche

highlights

importance

of

following

the

fostering

key

the

factors:

intermodality, trans-national and

international

collaboration, sustainable the

seas

and

management

from

a

of

Northern

European perspective.

use of the maritime transport mainly through the adoption of intermodal

schemes, emphasis

and

co-modal

a

greater

with on

individual

integrating

elements

this

fiche,

European

three

projects

Northern within

of

the a

sustainable EU in a maritime policy.

this

programme have been analysed.

Although

having

objectives

and

development

different

schemes –

security, accessibility

and

business

management maritime

for

respectively

maritime

EU Policy aims to promote the

the

INTERREG programme. In

– they see the

sector

as

a

highly

dynamic sector and the projects are

instruments

that

can

contribute to the realisation of a sustainable development of the maritime

transport

sector

through the focus that they have on trans-national collaboration,

Research programmes issued at

adaptation to pending changes

a

within the EU. These projects are

European

level

have

been

part and parcel of research and

Programme

development activities that seek

Technological

to

take

up

future

the

challenges

that are involved in

ensuring

the

sustainable

management

and

competitiveness maritime

(FP7).

of

global European

transport.

The

dissemination of the knowledge generated

5

by

projects

is

an

important part of these activities.

PRESS4TRANSPORT details: This fiche is produced within the

PRESS4TRANSPORT Press

Office

Sustainable

to

(Virtual

improve

Surface

EU

Transport

research media visibility on a national

and

regional

level)

project. The overall aim of the project is to assists EU, National and

Regional

communicate

funded

projects

their

surface

transport research results to the media.

PRESS4TRANSPORT

is funded

by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Research under the Seventh Framework

for

Research

and

Development

The

PROMOTING

MARITIME TRANSPORT

shift of freight

from

road to rail and water is one of many EU strategies to reduce the negative impact of the increasing transport volume

The

scope

on the environment. In an EU

of the Topic

context, Shipping

the very heart of the EU agenda.

6

entails

the

challenge

and

Inland

environmental

the

inland

development

where approximately 200 million Ts.

through

Ts.

many

This includes knowledge of the

transported

are

carried

forms

extraordinary

good

structures.

these

Yet

infra figures

of goods transported on inland

know-how and an ability to seize

waterways

new challenges, combined with a to

are

amount to only “seven per cent

experience,

commitment

goods

Europe where around 70 million

years of history and tradition.

extensive

of

every year and South-Eastern

knowledge that already exists in

strong

and

km. Especially Western Europe

of

pegged down by utilising the

sea,

is

a

implementation

industry,

transport

waterways cover around 28 000

in maritime transport can be

the

water

transport

EU competitiveness.

sustainable

Inland

considered a sustainable mode of

protection in order to enhance

The

and

waterway transport.

to

ensure economic growth, social welfare

transport

means a focus on Short Sea

Sustainable development is at This

maritime

in

the

European

Union (road carries 79% while

the

rail carries 15%)” (UNECE Feb.

protection of the resource base.

2010).

Maritime Transport

Some countries, especially along the Rhine corridor, have very

high shares of freight transport

with

by inland waterways, e. g. the

congestion problems in EU.

Netherlands

Studies show vital parameters

(44%),

Belgium

(14%) and Germany (13%).

and

pending

regarding competition between SSS

and

land

transport

that

Short Sea Shipping (SSS) is a

must be attended to in order for

variation of maritime transport

SSS to increase.

and

is

viewed

alternative

7

existing

to

as

a

road

viable Motorways of the Sea is a

transport.

SSS is now promoted through

special

the 2003 programme and there

Shipping and consists of a range

are

of

currently

Promotion

22

Short

Centres

operating

in

Europe

Sea

(SPCs) and

feature

sea-based

services

the

of

Short

Sea

transport

that

are

integrated in door-to-door

European Short Sea Network promote

logistic chains.

The

EU

The initiative is introduced by the

supports

EU Commission to make better

these centres, their work and

use of the enormous capacity of

their networking and expects this

Europe’s seas and large river

support

systems.

(ESN)

working

intermodal

to

transport.

Commission

to

strongly

be

matched

at

national level. Research in SSS has focused on the economic consequences (REALISE 2005),

The following is an adaptation

the development of new ship

of text from EU (2001), EU

technologies (EROCAV 2003) and

(2006A), EU (2006B) EU (2007)

IT

and EU 2009.

and

network

(EMBARRC

2004). Although SSS has grown over

the

last

decade

(CEC

The situation in

2009a), there is still an even greater potential that should

Europe

Europe basically consists of a

be utilised in order to battle

peninsula and a large number of

islands. It is surrounded by four

EU account for over 40% of the

seas:

GDP.

the

Mediterranean,

the

Baltic, the North Sea and the The EU is in some areas the

Black Sea; and by two oceans:

leading

the Atlantic and the Arctic. EU therefore

has

thousands

power

in

the world, in particular with

of

shipping,

kilometres of coast – longer than

regard

that of other large land masses

shipbuilding technology,

such as the United States or the Russian

8

maritime

Federation.

to

coastal

This

tourism,

geographical reality means that

offshore energy,

including

over two thirds of the Union’s

renewables,

ancillary

borders

the

services. Other maritime sectors

the

with

are

maritime

coastal

spaces

and

under

high

and growth

potential

jurisdiction of its Member States

appear to be cruise shipping,

are larger than their terrestrial

ports,

territory.

renewable energy, submarine

Europe’s

geography,

aquaculture,

therefore, has given a special

telecommunications

relationship to the oceans and

marine biotechnology.

and

the oceans have played a leading role

in

the

development

Shipping and ports are essential

of

European culture, identity and

for

international

trade

and

history.

commerce. 90% of the EU’s external trade and over 40%

Today between 3% and 5% of

of

Europe’s Gross Domestic Product

transported by sea. Currently

(GDP)

approximately 40% of the world

is

generated

estimated by

to

marine

be

based

fleet

its

internal

are

trade

controlled

is

within

industries and services, without

Europe. At the same time some

including

3.5 billion tonnes of cargo per

the

value

of

raw

materials, such as oil, gas or

year

and

350

million

fish. The maritime regions within

passengers

pass

through

European

seaports.

oceanographic

Approximately 350 000 people work

in

ports

services

and

underwater

related

which

coastal engineering.

about € 20 billion. transport

catalyst

for

notably

9

and

These

technologies will be increasingly is

also

other

marine

vehicles

robots, maritime works and

together

generate an added value of

Maritime

research,

used

a

and

will

enhance

the

growth of the European marine

sectors,

technology sector, particularly in

equipment.

worldwide

Maritime ancillary services such

export

markets.

as insurance, banking, brokering, classification and consultancy are other areas where Europe has a strong position.

Offshore

wind

currents,

energy,

waves

movements

ocean

and

represent

tidal a

vast

source of renewable energy and aquaculture,

are

just

some

examples of income generating activities linked to the sea.

European

companies

have

developed know-how in marine

The North Sea is the fourth

technology,

not

the

largest source of oil and gas

offshore

exploitation

of

in the world after Russia, the

in

US and Saudi Arabia. The seas

hydrocarbons,

only but

in also

around Europe also play a major

renewable marine resources, deep‐sea

role in the energy sector as a

operation,

means for the transportation by

an increasing number of tankers,

multimodality

of a great proportion of the oil

existing structures.

based on the

and gas consumed in Europe.

Intermodality

International

collaboration

to

a

promote

global

industry

For an effective integration of the different transport modes there seems

10

to

be

a

need

The EU Commission has of late

for

harmonized standards of loading

been

units.

harmonisation

In

2004

the

EU

working

regulation

within

for intermodal loading units as

administration between Member

the coordination of the different

States. The objective in this work

entities

transport

is to secure a maritime transport

chains which is seen as a serious

industry without barriers within

challenge.

EU. The 2004 initiative by the EU

Co-modality as a door-to-door

commission:

solution is considered a viable

Regular Shipping Service” was

concept to avoid congestion on

introduced to ease the transfer

the

of

roads,

but

in

order

to

trade

in

order

the

simplify

EU,

Commission proposed a directive

within

to

on

and

“Authorised

community

goods

between

facilitate the transfer of goods

two Member States and reduce

different modes of

the number of formalities. With

between

transportation

there is a need

for

and

developing

the

concept

of

European

maritime transport space

exploiting

without

new interfaces in transport.

barriers,

the

EU

Commission proposes to extend The EU Commission is currently

this

examining ways to promote a

involved

wider

trade

concept

of

facilitation in and

all

vessels

intra-Community sailing

European ports.

to

between

 Another

initiative

in

the

communication and action plan aiming at minimizing barriers is the deployment of e-maritime services in year 2013.

The

initiatives

barriers

within

to

minimise

EU

maritime

transport cannot however stand alone, due to the fact that the

11

maritime industry is global and must be understood as such in order to ensure competitiveness.

There are already many good relations and

research

between

industry,

together

which

have

established

EU

supported projects within vehicle emissions, transport safety and fuel dependency. These activities must

be

maintained

and

enhanced where possible, and research in alternative energies must

continue

aggressive

pace

at

a

more

in

order

to

battle the increasing congestion problems, pollution

environmental and

the

eminent

shortage of fossil fuels if we are to ensure a sustainable Europe of tomorrow.

Â

POLICY

In September 2001 the European Commission published the White

BACKGROUND Measures

to

utilise the

12

affects

transport

policy

for

time

In

This section focuses on EU level that

“European

2010:

to

decide”.

Maritime potential

policy

Paper

this

White

Paper

the

Commission proposes some

maritime

60

transport. In most cases national

measures

level policy is in accordance with

a

the

capable of shifting the balance

EU

level

policy

and

can

aimed at developing

European

transport

system

therefore relate to the overall

between

objectives of the EU policy. The

revitalising

major policy documents are:

promoting transport by sea

•

The

2001

and

Transport

•

The 2006 Maritime Policy Green Paper

•

An Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) for the European Union are

The 2001 Transport

transport, railways,

waterways

the

growth

and

in

air

transport. A large part of the white

The 2006 mid‐term review of the 2001 transport white paper

The publications described below.

of

the

inland

controlling

White Paper •

modes

paper

was

naturally

devoted to passenger transport and

road

transport

as

the

dominant mode but the white paper

also

outlined

interesting

directions

developments

within

some for

maritime

transport.

briefly

One policy that was enhanced was “linking up the modes of transport”. The attention was

White

raised to the fact that even

Paper

though

maritime

transport

carried up to 70% of the trade

between EU and the rest of the

–

world the intra-European use of

“Marco Polo” programme in

maritime

order

transport

was

quite

To

introduce to

a

new

promote

low. This pointed to a need for a

intermodality

policy

be operationalized by 2003;

that

could

support

that

must

intermodality as an alternative –

to road transport. The proposal

13

Polo)

support

to

initiatives

and

(containers

intermodal

As

“Inter-modality will also require

two

on containers, loading units and

recommendations

from the

Commission maritime initiate

with

regards

to

were

to

transport the

following

work

programme: – of

To include the concept “Motorways

of

the

sea” in the future revision of

the

following

policy

were followed.

freight final

swap

CONTEXT

section AND

PROGRAMME” will show, the first

technical measures, particularly

The

the

“RESEARCH

rapid introduction of a series of

integrator”.

and

2003.

viable. It was also stated that

of

and

end must be submitted in

until they become commercially

profession

freight

bodies). Proposals to this

to

road transport in the early stages

the

the

standardise loading units

(Marco

alternatives

of

integrators

implemented) was to launch a programme

encourage

emergence

that was put forward (and later large-scale

To

trans-European

networks;

recommendations

The

mid-term

2006

review

of

the

2001

transport white paper

stock

of

the

European

transport strategy set out in the 2001 White Paper. In this midterm

review,

reaffirms

the

the

Commission

strategy’s

main

guiding principles. It also draws attention to the changes in the context

since

2001

–

EU

enlargement, the acceleration of globalisation,

meant that mobility should be disconnected from its negative side effects using a broad range

This Commission communication takes

in particular on longer routes. It

international

commitments to fighting global

of

policy

future

tools.

policy

optimise

Due

should

each

to

this,

have

mode’s

to own

potential to meet the objectives of clean and efficient transport systems.

With

regards

transport

to

it

waterborne was

noted

that,”...especially Short Sea

Shipping

has

over

the

years grown as strongly

warming and rising energy prices

as road freight transport

– and the need to take these into

and clearly has an even

account.

stronger potential. It can

The

most

innovation

interesting in

the

policy

mid-term

help

to

alleviate

congestion

and

review was the introduction of

environmental

pressure

co-modality, i.e. the global and

on other modes, provided

efficient use of different modes

pollutant emissions from

on their own and in combination.

shipping are reduced”.

Based on experiences from the road and aviation sector it was

This

put forward that efficiency gains

challenges

supported by EU policies should make notably waterborne (and rail) transport more competitive,

pointed

transport:

to

two for

key coastal

1.

There

is

as

seamless

yet

no

internal

shipping market: sea journeys

from

Member

State

one to

another are considered external

due

to

international regulations.

2.

15

The

expected

growth

of sea transport will need

to

be

absorbed

through the EU’s ports infrastructure.

As

goes

for

the

first

key

challenge it was concluded that the Commission will build on the debate set in motion by the Green Paper on a future EU maritime policy to develop an integrated strategy

maritime around

a

transport “common

European maritime space”.

The

2006

Maritime

Policy

Green Paper

quite

a

broad

focus

on

the

following themes:

Retaining

Europe’s

In June 2006 the Commission

•

published

Leadership in Sustainable

the

“Towards

Green

Paper

a future Maritime

Maritime Development

Policy for the Union: A European

•

vision for the oceans and seas”

Life in Coastal Regions

Maximising

Quality

of

[EU (2006B)].

•

Providing the tools to

The aim of the Green Paper was

manage our relations with the

to

oceans

launch

a

debate

about

a

future Maritime Policy for the EU. The Green Paper was built on

•

Maritime Governance

initiatives and was seeking to

•

Reclaiming

strike a balance between the

Maritime

economic,

Reaffirming Europe’s Maritime

existing

EU

policies

and

social

and

environmental dimensions of sustainable development.

Europe’s

Heritage

and

Identity The

Green

Paper

initiated

a

The Green paper argued that the

consultation process that helped

way

formulate the suggestion for “An

forward

was

to

use

principles of good governance

Integrated Maritime Policy

and suggested the need for a

the European Union”.

European maritime policy that embraces

all

aspects

of

the

oceans

and

seas.

This

policy

should

be

integrated,

inter-

sectorial

and

multidisciplinary.

The Green Paper therefore had

for

An

Integrated Maritime

Policy

(IMP)

for

the

European Union

included in the Action Plan. The actions

are

divided

into

the

following themes: •

Maritime governance (8

items), Based

on

2006

Maritime

Paper

among

others

Policy

common

maritime

space,

The

Green

European The

2006

Maritime Policy Green Paper the

commission

working

on

has

“An

developing

Union

for

the European

specific sea basins (8 items), •

•

The IMP was defined by the so-called Blue Paper and the Action

Plan,

following an extensive year-long stakeholders

and the general public.

56

completed addition, also

have

been

or launched and in

the

launched

Commission a

Maximising

number

has of

maritime activities not originally

the

Building a knowledge innovation

base

for

maritime policy (2 items), •

Delivering

quality

of

the

highest

in

coastal

life

regions (5 items), •

Promoting

leadership

Out of 65 actions in the Action Plan,

integrated

and seas (29 items),

Commission in 2007 through the

with

for

sustainable use of the oceans

and

consultation

Tools

policy-making (3 items),

•

[EU (2007)]

accompanying

Activities in relation to

been

Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP)

•

in

Europe's international

maritime affairs (3 items), •

Raising the visibility of

Maritime Europe (4 items).

EU

RESEARCH

actions

EU

at

traditionally

bundled

research related initiatives and

CONTEXT AND PROGRAMMES Key research areas

has

activities

into

Programmes.

Framework The

current

Seventh Framework Programme

and

(FP7) plays a crucial role in

and

reaching the EU goals of growth,

National levels

competitiveness

and

employment.

Based

18

upon

policy

and

recommendations mentioned in

The broad objectives of FP7 are

the

grouped into four categories:

previous

European

sections

Commission

initiated

a

has

number

programmes

the

•

of

of research activities carried

both research and more practical programmes

Some

are

of

out

the

whereas

others

by

different

bodies

specifically

in

research

trans-national

cooperation and aims to gain

oriented towards the maritime industry,

The

programme supports all types

with focus on

implementation.

Cooperation.

or consolidate leadership in

are

key scientific and technology

more generic with a maritime

areas.

dimension.

One

of

the

theme

areas under this category is transport.

The

central

objective of this theme is to develop safer, greener and smarter transport systems for Europe

that

citizens, environment,

Framework

the

Programs

will

benefit

respect and

the increase

competitiveness

of

European industries in the

(FP)

global market. This objective has lead to identification of a number of activities where the

most

maritime

relevant

transport

development

of

for

is

the

clean

and

Marco Polo is the

Union's

funding

programme for projects which

efficient engines and power

shift freight transport from the

trains, reducing the impact of

road

transport on climate change

19

European

to

sea,

rail

and

inland

fewer

and inter-modal regional and

waterways. The aim is

national transport.

trucks on the road

and

thus

less

• to

Ideas.

The objective is

reinforce

research

congestion,

pollution, and more reliable and

excellence,

efficient transport of goods.

dynamism and creativity in European

less

and

Marco Polo I was active for four

improve the attractiveness of

years (2003-2006) with a budget

Europe

of

for

researchers

the

best

from

both

aims

People. at

2007-13 and has a budget.

This category

attracting

programme

focuses

Marco

Polo

support for initiating activities and

qualified researchers.

Capacities.

The

450 M€

program is limited to operational

and

retaining highly trained and

•

The current, Marco

Polo II programme runs from

European and third countries.

•

75 M€.

the

support

has

to

be

returned if the activity proves to be financially viable within the

This

project

on

period.

concerning

Research infrastructure.

Only

freight

projects transport

services may be supported by the

Marco Polo

Marco

Polo

programme.

Infrastructure projects, research

(I & II)

Motorways

or study projects are not eligible

•

for support. However, also mixed

sea.

passenger-freight

services

and

of

the

This is aid to support

modal shift by introducing a

RoRo Ferries services may be

door-to-door service of short

proposed, but the support would

sea

then only be given to the freight

shipping

modes

part.

of

and

other

transport.

It

is

limited to projects relating to

The Marco Polo program has

category A ports within the

divided activities into:

Trans-European

Transport

Network.

20

•

Modal shift.

This is aid

Traffic

•

to start-up services that are robust, but not innovative: -

This

is

just shift freight off the road.

transport logistics

•

Catalyst.

This is aid to

aid to

percentage transport

barriers and has to be highly

adversely

innovative:

production

a

real

Common and

know-how training:

sharing

e.g. coping

increasingly transport

production

avoid

a

of by

large freight

road

without affecting

output

or

Common for all five types of

learning.

actions is that the project has to

This is aid to improve cooperation

integrate

workforce.

breakthrough.

•

to

into

overcome structural market causing

avoidance.

include a dissemination of results

of

and

mutual with

project

an

must

importantly, not

lead

the to

distortions of competition.

complex and

more

logistics

TEN-T

market.

In order to establish a single network that integrates land, sea

and

air

transport

networks

TEN-T

gives

three

main

objectives for MoS projects:

throughout the Community, the European policymakers decided

1.

to establish the Trans-European

Freight

flow

concentration on sea-

transport network (TEN-T).

based

logistical

routes,

2.

Increasing cohesion,

3.

Reducing

21

road

congestion

through

modal shift.

Four corridors

have been

designated for the setting up of The

European

supporting

Community the

implementation

by

projects of European interest:

is

TEN-T

•

several

Motorway

of

the

Community financial instruments

Baltic

Sea

where especially “Motorways

the

Baltic

of the Sea (MoS)”

Member States with

interest

from

a

is of

maritime

Member

perspective. The “Motorways of the

Sea”

introducing

concept new

aims

at

intermodal

(linking Sea

States

in

Central

and

Western

Europe,

maritime-based logistics chains

including the route

in Europe. These chains should

through the North

be

more

sustainable,

and

Sea/Baltic

commercially more efficient, than

Sea

canal) (by 2010);

road-only transport.

•

Motorway of the Sea

linking

of western Europe

Motorway

(leading

Sea

from

•

of

the

south-east

Europe

via the Atlantic Arc

including links to the

to the North Sea

Black

and the Irish Sea)

2010).

and Sea)

(by

It is up to industry, Member States and the Community to

Motorway of the Sea

implement

of south-east Europe (connecting

financially

and

operationally sound projects to

the

use

these

better

Adriatic Sea to the

maritime

resources

new

intermodal

for

maritime-based

Ionian Sea and the

transport

systems.

Eastern Mediterranean,

To make Motorways of the Sea a

including

success,

Cyprus)

•

Motorway of the Sea of

order

to the

concentration

Mediterranean, Italy

in

necessary

(western

connecting

First,

obtain

south-west

Europe

France,

three conditions

must be present for each project.

(by 2010); •

of

the

Portugal and Spain

(by 2010);

22

with

freight

Spain,

of flows,

choices have to be

and

made

including Malta and

ports

concerning and

intermodal corridors and services.

•

For further information:

Seventh Framework Programme:

Second, all actors in the

supply

chain

to

be

have

http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_en. html

committed to these

23

•

projects.

TEN-T:

Third, Motorways of

http://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastru

the

Sea

feature

the

available throughout

cture/networks_eu/motorways_sea_en

must

.htm

best quality

Marco Polo:

the

http://ec.europa.eu/transport/marcop

chain in order to be

olo/home/home_en.htm

attractive for users.

The TEN-T program and thereby also the Motorways of the Sea concept are both coordinated at a national level, meaning that project proposal can only be put forward by the member states.

The The

Interreg

programmes:

North Programme Interreg

quality projects in

Sea

the

environment,

innovation, accessibility,

and sustainable and competitive

programmes

communities.

are

established to promote regional cooperation border,

through

cross

trans-national

and

interregional schemes.

24 The

North

Sea

Region

Programme 2007-2013 is one of the programmes included in the trans-national type fostering the

corporation

between

Member States in larger regions such

as

North

the

Sea

Region, the Baltic Sea or North-West Europe.

It works with cutting edge policy areas in regional development

Keywords of the North Sea

through trans-national projects.

A

principal

aim

Programme is to

scope

of

cooperation

of

Region Program: Innovation,

Environment, Accessibility

the

expand the

and Sustainable

territorial

Communities.

and focus on high

 adaptation and competitiveness

RESEARCH

in a changing EU.

RESULTS Benefits

Interreg

from

projects In this section the fiche presents three

projects

25

Interreg

individual that

European

focus

maritime

challenges.

One

on

transport project

is

anchored in the Interreg IVA programme

and

two

are

anchored in the Interreg IVB programme. All projects view the

maritime

More information about INTERREG:

sector as dynamic

and a sector with an under-

Interreg programme A

exploited potential, and there are

easy

gained

opportunities

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_polic y/atlas2007/eu/crossborder/index_ en.htm

that can be harvested in order to prepare

to

challenges

meet of

the

a

future

globalised

Interreg programme B

industry.

http://ec.europa.eu/regional_polic y/cooperation/transnational/index _en.htm

The projects tap into the very

central

elements

European

Maritime

of

a

transport

Interreg programme C

industry, such as intermodality, Short

sea

shipping

and

http://www.interreg4c.eu/

the

Motorways of the sea, transnational

collaboration,

and

Â

 and infrastructure, in a scenario

The STOCA project:

where the common cargo routes or

face

serious

disturbances. This includes an

To study cargo

analysis of the

flows in the Gulf of Finland in emergency situations 26

ports

capacity and

potential for alternative routing in Finland and Estonia as well as estimations on the changes in traffic

patterns

and

size

of

vessels.

Brief description and

objectives Finland and

An additional outcome of the Estonia are

STOCA

very

project is an advanced

dependent on maritime transport

simulation

and

In

types of emergency situations in

addition to their own imports and

the Gulf of Finland. Based on the

exports,

model,

inland

connections.

Finnish

and

Estonian

model

the

for

different

project

ports handle a major share of

suggestions

the Russian transit traffic. Any

required

kind of emergency situation can

potential malfunction in cargo

dramatically alter these essential

flows.

cargo

flows,

and

the

preparedness

for

tackling

malfunctions

requires

careful

planning.

To facilitate the preparedness, the

STOCA

project generates

knowledge that will be available for strategic planning on how to maintain a functioning society

Â

in

on

the

makes strategies

preparing

for

a

results

Result/expected

involved

for

alternative

operative situations.

•

Analysis

of

extreme (stable

Impact

the

benefits/potential benefits

situations and

and

emergency

situations) that could affect the

Gulf

flows

of

cargo

This study analysis can show

business

possible risks and opportunities

Finland

and

the

that

development.

27

involved

states

should

prepare themselves for in case of •

Analysis

of

the

serious

disturbances

and

in

possibilities to change

emergency situations. The idea is

the cargo flows

to

including

maintain

the

basic

social

flows on the roads, railroads

activities and infrastructures that

and sea.

are

indispensable

for

safeguarding the population's •

Cost estimation

present routing,

and both

living conditions, maintaining

of

a

alternative in

functioning

sustaining

monetary

the

preconditions

and environmental values.

society,

and

material

for

upholding

national defence. The analysis •

Estimation

the

will include current and future

operative

cargo flows, risks, environment,

of fixed and long-

infrastructure and actors in the

maximum capacity

of

Gulf

term logistics infrastructure

of

Finland.

Furthermore,

combining the aspects of cargo

in emergency situations.

flows, risks and environmental •

effects

Suggestions to increase

readiness

of

the

to

simulation

models

produces tools for assessing how

actors

states can prepare themselves to

emergency situations that are

changes.

very close to real-life situations.

study does provide a window of

It is possible that this study can

opportunity.

generate models that can be

generated here can be harnessed

used

of

and

In

studies

in

risk

similar

assessments

situations

EU.

STOCA

used

The to

of

small,

the

knowledge

conduct

other

demarcated

areas

project

within EU. These studies could

trans-

focus on how involved actors

collaboration

adapt to a relevant change

including expanded networks and

and can be used as part and

further

and

parcel in EU’s challenges on a

development studies that can

larger scale, namely congestion

support the decisions that the

problems, and the need for more

states will make in order to

sustainable systems in maritime

secure a steady supply of goods

transport. It is vital if these

conclusion, the points

at

a

need

national

28

in

Although

for

research

in an emergency situation.

Potential

application For further information:

The study area for the

STOCA

STOCA - Study of cargo flows

project is the Gulf of Finland with special focus on

Estonia.

Finland

in the Gulf of Finland in emergency situations

and

However this way of

www.merikotka.fi/stoca

modelling extreme events could be

applied

to

all

European

seawaters with focus on both

challenges are to be addressed,

short- and deep sea shipping.

Finally, the small

STOCA

study

approximate

of area

to

collect

knowledge

where

study is a

trans-national

how

and adaptation to change go

of

an

actors

hand in hand.

within EU can adapt to sudden

collaboration

The

sea-based

StratMos

intermodal

transport, and for decoupling

project to

economic and transport growth.

strengthen the role of ports and hinterland facilities in

These concerns were addressed

door-to-door

logistical routes with a view of

by introducing the Motorways of the Sea (MoS) concept.

MoS is intended to concentrate flows of freight on sea-based reducing

transport chains

29

road

and/or

congestion

improve

access

to

peripheral and island regions.

The experience so far indicates at least four problem areas that

Brief description and objectives

should be addressed in order to make

The existing transport network forecasted increase in freight It

is

MoS

function

•

therefore

Different

transport

essential to develop alternative,

corridors

and

axes

more

treated

in

a

sustainable

and

as

envisaged:

in Europe cannot absorb the volumes.

the

cost

are

not

sufficiently

efficient transport systems in

coherent manner, overlooking

order to alleviate congestion

how the single corridor has to

and reduce emissions harming

function as part of an overall

Europe’s

and

transport network.

this

•

environment. background

economy Against the

The

sea

leg

is

not

sufficiently integrated into the

European White

overall logistics chain, lacking

Paper from 2001 called for a

proper linkages to hinterland

shift of balance between the

connections.

Commission

Transport

transport modes in favour of

•

The

effectiveness

of

intermodal transport chains are suffering

from

lack

and

The StratMos project aims to

the

promote and facilitate the shift

various actors in the hubs, as

of cargo from road to sea based

well

missing

inter-modal transport. StratMos

and

strives to improve accessibility

cooperation communication as

between

from

infrastructure

30

Result/expected results

of

administrative bottlenecks.

within the North Sea Region by

•

supporting the implementation

Intermodal transport is

of the Motorways of the Sea

conceived by the market as costly

and

time

concept and related transport

consuming,

networks in integrated logistical

often overlooking the savings

chains.

in the total transport chain.

•

The

understanding

of

what characterises a MoS (as

Impact

opposed to short sea shipping

and

benefits/potential benefits

services) and what could make up a MoS project is sometimes

From a strategic perspective,

lacking in the private sector.

the project intends to provide input for the Master Plan to be developed by the North Sea MoS Task Force as well as to EU

entities.

From

an

The project will address these

implementation

problems both at a strategic

practical

overall

work

projects will be carried out in

packages (WP) and at a more

order to demonstrate actions to

concrete

be taken by public and private

through

level

in

the

practical

level

implementation

of

perspective, demonstration

actors. These projects seek to

demonstration projects (DP).

improve the effectiveness of

 intermodal transport in general, and particularly the transport that is related to hubs and hinterland

connections.

Accessibility is an essential part of the EU plan for a sustainable future for transport (2009) and there project

is

a to

potential utilise

in

this the

advantages in the Mos concept

31

that are realized through transnational collaboration.

Â

Â

The Northern

Maritime University Project To provide maritime

business managers in the North Sea Region

However, the maritime sector in the North Sea and Baltic Sea Regions is facing a lack of well trained

maritime

business

managers. Adequate qualification offerings

must

reflect

the

underlying needs

that exist

in

and

the

industry

the

demand for education and

with knowledge from

qualifications

trans-national universities in order to cope with future challenges

the innovation capacity of the maritime industries, one of the most globalised of industries.

Expertise in specific aspects of the

maritime

exists Brief description and objectives With

markets

at

sector

several

excellence Region.

already

centres

housed

universities in becoming

must enhance

This

within

the North broad

of Sea

range

of

increasingly global, the maritime

knowledge and expertise needs

industry and its related sectors

to be connected and harnessed,

need to emphasize innovation,

in order to utilise the synergies

competency and trans-national

by

collaboration. The potential to

lasting network of universities.

creating

a

common

and

learn, collaborate and innovate faster

than

one's

competitors

becomes the sustainable source of competitive advantage in an emergent society.

The

knowledge-based Maritime

"Northern

University"

(NMU)

will meet these challenges by

building

up

a

strong

trans-

of short sea shipping (SSS),

national network of universities

port

in the North Sea Region (NSR)

maritime transport and related

which

and

industries

continuously integrates relevant

services);

intensively

operations

and

global

(e.g.

logistics

Strengthen

the

stakeholders from the maritime •

business sector. The objective

competitiveness

of the NMU is to: •

33

business

the

and to step up efforts in the

sector

areas of industrial policy and the service market;

and increase its capacity for innovation within the North Sea

•

Region (as well as in the Baltic

Contribute

the

Contribute

to

sustainable development of

Sea Region); •

the

industry and services sector

Strengthen

maritime

of

growing

transport

significantly

maritime

business

to enhance the innovation

especially

capacities

environmental protection;

of

the

beneficiaries from SME and

•

maritime industry with the development

of

the

effective,

lead and

to a

of

innovation

qualification offerings. This will ultimately

Establish

Area

NMU

in

sector

terms

a the

maritime

beyond the project period;

greater

•

product and process innovation

competitiveness

by

European

trained

and

business sector also reaching

more

absolute level of, investment in the

European

Research for

of

maritime

Strengthen

the of

the

education

business actors in the North

industry

Sea Region;

business sector in comparison

•

to

Utilise the likely future

growth potential in the fields

global

in

the

maritime

competitors

and

Professional

remove obstacles for labour,

•

academic and student mobility.

accreditation of programmes and qualifications,

•

Common curricula for

North

Sea

Region

maritime

34

with

network of universities

Impact and benefits/potential benefits

programmes

qualifications

and

stakeholders in the NSR.

oriented business

management

A trans-national (NMU)

•

Result/expected results

at

The

"Northern

Maritime

Bachelors, Masters and CPD

University" will directly address

levels,

many of the future challenges to maritime transport. In preparing

Identification

•

of

maritime business managers to

the

cope

maritime sector's educational

with

growing

traffic, port development, and

needs in the NSR,

rising environmental challenges,

•

Qualification offerings

by

in

maritime

multidisciplinary

management

business including

NMU portfolio and a development

and oriented

qualifications at Bachelor

roadmap for programme and content

developing

internationally

e-

learning modules, •

maritime

and Master level,

NMU is

thereby

towards

working

establishing an Area of Research

that

and Innovation for the maritime

meets future challenges in the

industry in the North Sea Region.

NSR,

This

also

contributes

to

the

Lisbon strategy to create a more effective

and

competitive

maritime business sector.

 Potential application

and

projects.

Even though the main focus of

national

the NMU project is the North Sea

been

applied Europe-wide. The NMU

founded a

platform

further

fruitful

trans-

collaboration

between

established

through

the

NMU is a vital contribution in

project has achieved a transcollaboration

This

and

science and industry that has

Region it has the potential to be

national

networks

securing

and

EU

as

a

maritime

standard setter.

for uniform

and highly qualified education

35

offerings that are accessible for all

EU

maritime

business

managers. This format can be developed further in its current form

or

be

copied

and

established in other areas of EU, hereby

creating

a

strong

maritime knowledge-base in EU, which will contribute to realizing EU as a strong competitor on the global maritime scene. The NMU project accommodates the EU

trans-national

objectives

and

international

collaboration sustainable

and

European

a

Maritime

Transport sector. In that the NMU

has

established

The NMU is online at:

good

relations to stakeholders, which

http://www.nsr.nm-uni.eu/

is also still in growth, this can feed potential new collaborations

Â

CONCLUSIONS: key outcomes

from the

two projects This concludes the presentation of three different projects within the Interreg programme and potential outcome analyses.

Each project invokes eminent ‘low hanging fruits’ that can contribute to EU’s general plan for a sustainable transport industry and to EU’s specific plan for utilising the potential of maritime transport. The three projects focus on the very fundamentals of European Maritime transport, intermodality,

short sea shipping, education, trans-national collaboration and adaptation to existing and pending changes within EU. Although this thematic fiche is narrow in its scope from an EU perspective, there does seem to be results that can be adopted and applied to other areas of EU which can evolve to further projects.

Â

EUROPEAN POLICY

policies in order to evaluate the

IMPLICATIONS

and the inclusion of stakeholder

What The

robustness of the policy against different types of developments knowledge

next?

different

and

scientific

research.

approaches

to

developments in the maritime sector call for a policy not only

37

focused

on

the

development policy

trends

should

also

current but be

the

robust

Innovation

towards more drastic changes.

is, of course, a

fundamental issue. If Europe is

An example could be the current

to adapt to the future challenges

focus

that lie ahead and maintain its

upon

technological reducing

position

maritime

maritime transport, there is an

transport. This policy very much

eminent need for both policy-

relies upon a continued use of

makers

heavy oil as mean of energy for

innovative.

ship propulsion. But if the ship

transport is global

development emissions

for from

propulsion technology suddenly changes

(to

LNG,

on

frontrunner

industry

to

in

be

Maritime that

EU

and it is policy

is

developed within that context in order

all developments based on a focusing

a

and

imperative

electricity,

nuclear power or something else) policy

as

to

maintain

industrial

competitiveness and address the

the

further

consumption of heavy fuel might

ahead

be useless.

globalization due

to

the

that

lies

economic

growth in developing countries.

The

This points to a need for an

process

combining

e.g. scenario based testing of

Â

involved

studies,

in

debate

 and stakeholder consultation

to some extent failed in regards

has been instantiated by the EU,

to

and such a process however

between the areas. There is a

resource

need

demanding

should

the

broader for

collaboration

a

systematic

continue in order to ensure that

investigation of how policies

transport policies are close to a

could be combined in a way

reflection of future challenges as

that they can reinforce each

possible (EU 2009).

other.

Ultimately

EU

has

a

strong focus on bringing all of To

38

enhance passenger and

freight

these

elements

together

and

transport

designing and implementing new

and

policies that will support and

accessibility competitiveness

it

utilise synergies.

is

necessary that this be solved at a

trans-national

and

an

Â

intermodal level together with an international outlook.

So

far,

EU

policies

on

maritime transport, industry, coastal

regions,

offshore

energy, fisheries, the marine environment relevant

areas

and have

other been

developed separately. Naturally EU has tried to ensure that their impact on each other was taken into account. But this effort has

Â

OUTLOOK

road transport. The Mos concept

ON RESEARCH

this

can also be further developed as

noted,

the

three

has

potential

of

absorbing many of the difficulties and

What next?

As

also

involved

intermodal with

solutions

congestion

that

exist within EU.

projects

presented in this fiche, point at Trans-national

eminent ‘low hanging fruits’ that can

39

be

utilised

in

transfer knowledge

challenges in EU, and productive

and

experience generated from the here

into

trans-national

research

development

studies could

be

support and facilitation of further

further

projects,

developments along the same

which

in

turn

will

promote an effective utilisation

vein or new areas where formats

of collaborative synergies and EU

generated in one area of EU can

funds. Finally, if EU is to ensure

be re-used in a new context

a ‘Policy-fits-reality’ approach,

within EU. Also, a continuing

it is imperative to continue to

focus on the dissemination of

incorporate

research is vital for innovation in

stakeholder

views

(EU 2009), cross-disciplinary and

EU.

trans-national

Short

Sea

Shipping

many

years

in

maritime

to map out ways in which SSS a

preferred

and

reflections of future challenges.

transport and it is still necessary be

research

development studies and realistic

has

been subject to discussion for

can

and

monitored by EU in regards to

three projects that have been described

is

vital in order to harness future

further

research projects. It is possible to

collaboration

and

competitive form of transport to

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EU documents

THE

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transport

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www.press4transport.eu