Intelligent
Transportation 1
Systems Automatic Vehicle
Location and
Monitoring Systems
Table of Contents
2
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4
AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION AND MONITORING SYSTEMS The scope of the Topic
6 6
POLICY BACKGROUND Measures to satisfy the mobility needs of the European economy and society
11 11
RESEARCH CONTEXT AND PROGRAMMES 16 Key research areas and actions at EU and National levels 16 Benefits from key projects
26
EUROPEAN POLICY IMPLICATIONS What next?
36 36
OUTLOOK ON RESEARCH What next?
39 39
REFERENCES
41
3
This publication was produced by the PRESS4TRANSPORT consortium on behalf of the European Commission’s DirectorateGeneral for Mobility and Transport. The European Union, the European Commission or any person acting on their behalf are not responsible for the accurateness, completeness, use of the information contained in this Fiche, nor shall they be liable for any loss, including consequential loss, that might derive from such use or from the findings of the Fiche themselves. Although the authors exercised all reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy and the quality of the contents of this publication, the Consortium assumes no liability for any inadvertent error or omission that may appear in this publication. Additional information on the analyzed projects is available on the PRESS4TRANSPORT website at http://www.press4transport.eu/vpo/thematic_fiches.php Created by: PRESS4TRANSPORT Consortium Coordinator: Cybion Srl Responsible Scientific Partner: POMOS – Pole for Sustainable Mobility – Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Author: Gianluca Fabbri
The
EXECUTIVE
scientific-technical
community attempts to address
SUMMARY
and solve these problems in an intelligent
Throughout
the
transportation
field
and
systems some
of
vehicle
general trends
can be universally observed.
4
way,
employment
i.e.,
and
methodologies.
INFORMATION
and
for example, is increasing for all
COMMUNICATIONS
modes
INTELLIGENT
transportation
advanced
By integrating technologies for
The demand for transportation, of
new
of
technologies
via
and
types of vehicles.
(ICT),
TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS
(ITS)
enable
authorities,
operators
and
This need for mobility of persons
individual
and goods and the corresponding
better informed and coordinated
increase in traffic causes serious
decisions.
congestion,
safety
travelers
to
make
and
environmental problems in all
The main goal of this document
modes
is an analysis of the possibility
of
transportation
as
described, e.g., in the ‘‘White
for
Paper—European
Transport
particular
Policy
(European
Automatic
for
2010’’
using
ITS
focusing
on
applications:
Location
For economical and ecological
Systems (AVL and AVM).
of space, expansion of traditional transportation
infrastructure
cannot be the only answer to this problem.
the
Vehicle
Commission, 2001).
reasons or simply due to a lack
a
and
Monitoring
This will be done first introducing the main characteristics and the policy background for ITS and then by presenting two examples of low budget research projects
developed at regional level and
under the Seventh Framework
selected
Programme
among
the
registered
projects
on
the
PRESS4TRANSPORT platform.
for
Research
Technological
and
Development
(FP7).
5
PRESS4TRANSPORT details: This fiche is produced within the
PRESS4TRANSPORT Press
Office
Sustainable
to
(Virtual
improve
Surface
EU
Transport
research media visibility on a national
and
regional
level)
project. The overall aim of the project is to assists EU, National and
Regional
communicate
funded
projects
their
surface
transport research results to the media.
PRESS4TRANSPORT
is funded
by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Research
after collecting positioning and
AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION AND
data,
these
transmitted
using
a
from a network of 24 satellites, which
scope
wireless
GPS utilizes the signals emitted
SYSTEMS
The
are
communications systems.
MONITORING 6
monitoring
of the Topic
are
picked
receiver
placed
vehicle.
The
up
by
onboard accuracy
a the
and
reasonable cost of GPS makes it
Automatic
Vehicle
Monitoring
(AVM)
Automatic
Vehicle
Location (AVL)
systems are
applications in the Public
and
and
Transportation
Advanced Private
the most appealing, though it too has some problems. Foliage, tall buildings,
and
tunnels
can
temporarily block the satellite signal,
and
at
times
satellite
signals
do
not
reach
specific
In
recent
locations.
years,
Systems
competing terrestrial positioning
(APTS) category. Those systems
technologies have emerged as
represent an electronic means of
viable alternatives to GPS. One
gathering data and performing
such
commands and control over a
Global
land vehicle fleet. While data on
System (GNSS), also known as
vehicle location are required for
GALILEO,
that
effective control, such systems
operational
by
are
upon
could eventually allow Europe to
dedicated
discontinue its dependence on
systems.
the US GPS and Russian GLONAS
Generally the vehicle’s location is
systems. Galileo will be under
Ground
civilian control and will allow
totally
dependent
reliable communications
determined
using
Positioning System (GPS);
technology
positions
is
Navigation
to
Europe's Satellite
should 2013.
be
be
Galileo
determined
accurately for most places on
internet. As a general example
Earth, even in high rise cities
Figure 1 illustrates the system
where buildings obscure signals
architecture
from
the
Automatic Vehicle Location and
horizon. This is because there
Monitoring System developed in
will be twice as many satellites
one of the two projects that will
available from which to take a
be
position. By placing satellites in
paragraphs.
satellites
low
on
of
described
the
in
general
the
next
orbits at a greater inclination to the equatorial plane than GPS,
7
Galileo
will
achieve
better
coverage at high latitudes. This
will make it particularly suitable for
operation
over
northern
Europe, an area not well covered by GPS.
The design and implementation of AVL and AVM systems includes acquisition and transmission of a vehicle’s
location
information
Figure 1: Automatic Vehicle Location and Monitoring system architecture.
along with on board apparatus status
information
to
the
monitoring server. Additionally, the system can also provides a web based interface to display all transmitted information to the end user along with the location of the vehicle on a map.
The
main
generally
components
included
in
these
systems are the following:
Remote devices. In order to track
the
location
of
remote
be
vehicles or people, some kind of
available to authorized users of
device is needed in the remote
the system via a website on the
location. It typically consists of a
All
the
information
can
 GPS
receptor
communication
and
equipment,
such as a mobile telephone or a radio device. These two devices may be connected directly, and may even be integrated into a single component. If not, they can work together by connecting both of them to a laptop or palmtop computer.
8
component.
It
obtains
the
locations of the remote devices and processes them as needed. For example, it can be connected to
Geographic
Information
Systems (GIS) visualization or route storage components.
GIS
visualization
component,
which
shows
locations and routes on digital
Communication
maps. It also offers the typical
component, which allows the
map-management
system
functions
to
remote
communicate
GPS
devices
with using
wireless media.
feature
selection,
layer
management, etc.).
acquisition
Data
pan,
(zoom in, zoom out,
Route
storage
component, which builds and
component, which stores the
decodes
locations
messages
for
the
from
a
particular
remote GPS devices, including
remote vehicle in the database
location
using
queries,
responses
location
and
GPS
configuration.
It
communication
component
send
and
uses
receive
the to
component, route,
persistence
thus
which
building
can
then
a be
visualized or analyzed.
these
Route
messages.
Real-time
the
analysis
component, which offers some tracking
basic tracking queries, which can
component, which acts as a
be performed on a route, and a
client for the data acquisition
graphical user interface
Â
 (GUI)
for
building
more
complex tracking queries.
Persistence component. All
these
components
applications
and
need
some
persistence for their data, as they need to store the locations they
receive
further
9
analysis.
persistence data
or
base
is
generate
for
Usually,
this
provided
by
manager.
a
These
components can be combined in order to build different systems. They should be able to solve different kinds of problems and act
as
distributed
collectors,
local
GPS
area
data
control
centers or headquarters control, or
provide
distributed
management of the same GPS data.
Â
Intelligent Transport Systems in
Europe
As
seen
location
10
communication, computer
Automatic systems
Automatic
vehicle
(AVL)
Vehicle
Systems
deal with several combinations of
(AVM)
control
and
technology
and
developed and applied in the
Monitoring
domain of transport to improve
enable
the
system performance, transport
transit of vehicles, to report their
safety,
current location, making it pos-
level of service, environmental
sible
impacts,
for
traffic
operations
efficiency, energy
productivity, consumption,
manages to construct a real-time
and
view of the status of all assets in
come from expanding economic
the public transportation system
and
or in a freight distribution fleet.
potential of ITS has encouraged
AVL and AVM are two specific
the EU to make them an integral
applications
part of the Common Transport
of
Intelligent
Transportation
Systems
(ITS).
mobility.
employment
Policy,
with
establishing
Transportation
Other
benefits
growth.
the a
aim
The
of
coordinated
infrastructure for ITS in Europe
Systems
in
and
to
contribute
to
the
development,
assessment
and
demonstration
of
ITS
Europe are in the early stages of being radically transformed by Information and Communications
applications,
Technology ICT. Adding ICT to
groundwork
transport infrastructure, vehicles
deployment of ITS in the future,
and
supported by the EU.
transport
slowly
leading
development Transport which growing
management to
of
suite
for
the
a
large
the
Intelligent
Systems
include
is
laying
a of
wide
(ITS) and
technologies
and applications. These systems
(42 953 fatalities in 2006) is
POLICY
still
BACKGROUND
6
000
above
the
intended target of a 50 % reduction in fatalities in the period 2001-2010.
Measures to satisfy the
11
mobility needs of the
The main
European economy and
arising from these challenges are
society
for
transport
cleaner,
•
more efficient, including energy efficient,
needs of the European economy society
challenges
three have
to become:
• In order to satisfy the mobility and
policy objectives
•
safer and more secure.
major to
be These
overcome:
challenges
require
innovative solutions to achieve
1.
2.
3.
is
rapid progress and ITS can play
estimated to affect 10 % of
an important role in enabling
the road network, and yearly
tangible results to emerge. In
costs amount to 0.9-1.5 %
2001, the Commission presented
of the EU GDP.
a
Road transport accounts for
various measures to overhaul the
72 % of all transport-related
EU’s transport policy in order to
CO2
which
make it more sustainable and
increased by 32 % (1990-
avoid huge economic losses due
2005).
to
Whilst road fatalities are in
accidents.
Road
traffic
congestion
emissions,
regression
(-24
%
White
Paper
congestion,
proposing
pollution
since
2000 in EU27) their number
and
In
2001,
the
EU's
transport
•
preventing
congestions
policy was facing a number of
promoting intermodality,
challenges
through
like:
the
Marco
Polo
and II,
and
adoption
of
programmes I •
the
continued
freight
and
rise
in
with
passenger
the
by
new TEN-T
Guidelines
transport;
establishing
•
road congestion;
framework
•
environmental
of motorways of the sea.
a
legal
for the funding
pressures; •
12
safety and quality of life With the aim to rebalance the
problems.
policy towards economic and stressing The
White Paper
has led to
various policy initiatives like:
the
improving road through
safety
the European
road
safety action programme and the Communications
on
eSafety, laying down a set of measures for supporting the development
of
more
intelligent
were
adopted,
safer
and
vehicles, with
the
overall objective of improving
role
innovation
in
sustainable,
efficient
competitive •
key
Europe,
in
ensuring
mobility June
of
2006
Commission presented a
and in the
review
of the White Paper, which states that the 2001 objectives are still relevant but that, over the last five years, the context defining Europe’s
transport
policy
has
changed: •
Globalisation is accelerating,
road safety and halving the
further challenging Europe’s
number of road deaths by
competitiveness
2010;
economic growth; •
Oil
prices
have
and increased
dramatically;
•
The Kyoto Protocol came
use of all modes of transport –
into
rather than ‘inter-modality’. Co-
force,
generating
emission •
reduction
by
facilitating the passage from one
Transport
transport mode to another via
networks particularly
order
to
changes,
the
proposes
tools
adapt
a
to
these
Commission
number
of
new
to achieve its objective of
sustainable transport:
Decoupling growth from
the
harmonisation
of
standards and the integration of
deadly terrorist attacks.
13
can be achieved
commitments for Europe; experienced
In
modality
the various transport modes into efficient logistics chains. This has been the aim of a Commission logistics
action
plan
later
adopted in 2007.
Energy
Efficiency
transport its negative
effects
In
accordance
with
the
EU’s
energy much more attention is
In stark contrast with the 2001
paid
to
increasing energy
White Paper, no reference to
efficiency
curbing
is
sector. A strategic technology
made in the revised paper, which
plan for energy use in transport
instead
to
has been presented in 2007 and
its
a programme on ‘green-powered
transport stresses
disconnect
demand the
mobility
need from
negative consequences. The ‘modal Although the
Commission
focus
transport
2009.
maintains that this remains a priority,
the
vehicles’ has been launched in
shift’
the
in
has
been ‘co-
shifted
towards
modality’
- or the optimized
Intelligent
Transport
Systems. The use of new technologies in all
transport
costs,
boost
modes energy
will
cut
efficiency
 and
improve
providing
security
new
citizens,
services
such
as
by
the
to
Deployment
real-time
Action
Transport
Plan
for
of
Intelligent
Systems
in
Europe.
management of traffic flows and
According to the Plan, ITS can
tracking possibilities.
create clear benefits in terms of transport
Urban
transport
everyday problem for Europe’s citizens. In order to encourage local authorities to better tackle congestion,
pollution
accidents,
the
launched a
and
Commission
Green Paper
on
Urban Transport in 2007.
Commission
safety
the
EU
Internal
Action
Plan
approach
proposes
for
a
Europe,
building
six
presented
a
1. 2.
Continuity
of traffic
and
management
ITS
services transport
for all modes of transport.
conurbations;
Intelligent
of
2008,
Commission
deployment
priority
and travel data;
internalization of external costs
analysis
step
policy
Optimal use of road, traffic
freight
major
on
objectives and suggesting the
the
European
and
faster deployment of ITS across
an
December
an
coherent
external costs accompanied by
16
and
action areas:
based on the assessment of all
On
Market
competitiveness objectives. This
model for infrastructure charging
impact
and
security, whilst contributing to
following
Smart charging The
efficiency,
sustainability,
Mobility in urban areas is an
14
the
took
towards and
Transport
use
the a the of
on corridors
European and
in
3.
Road safety and security;
4.
Integration of the vehicle into
the
transport
infrastructure;
Systems
(ITS) in road transport adopting
Â
5.
Data
security
protection,
and
and
liability
outlined in the draft directive include:
issues;
6.
European ITS cooperation
•
and
and coordination. Moreover
a
(ITS)
proposal
15
Transport
in
the
field
transport
has
been
approved on
for
and
as
of
road
•
including
interfaces with other transport modes,
by
necessary
creating
the
conditions
•
directive
of
reduces
ITS,
the
four
the
to
actions
within
those
areas. The Commission will have the
task
specifications
of for
adopting the
actions
planned in the priority areas. The
priority corresponding
areas
and
main actions
of
traffic
and
management
ITS
services
(actions:
e.g.
ensuring
information
flow;
tracking
and
tracing
of
ITS road safety and security EU-wide eCall services as well as
reservation
and
information systems services for safe and secure parking places
priority areas and defines the priority
traffic
applications priority actions:
and
EU-wide framework. To foster deployment
universal
freight);
mechanisms through a coherent the
related
continuity freight
coordinate
transport,
safety
information services;
recently The
road
minimum
road
deployment of interoperable ITS in
priority
information services as well
Systems
May 2010.
accelerate
data
travel and real-time traffic
a
objective of the draft directive is to
travel
actions: EU-wide multimodal
directive on the deployment of Intelligent
optimal use of road, traffic
for
trucks
and
commercial vehicles;
•
linking the vehicle with the transport (actions: exchange
infrastructure e.g. of
systems data
for or
information between vehicles, infrastructures and between vehicle and infrastructure).
3.
RESEARCH
CONTEXT
Transportation
Pricing Systems;
AND
4.
PROGRAMMES 16
ITS-Enabled
Key research areas and actions at EU and
Advanced Public and Private Transportation
Systems
(APTS);
5.
Fully Integrated ITS Systems (VII and V2V Systems).
National levels
This classification is not inclusive of all possible ITS applications
In order to classify and define the key research areas where it could be vital to invest in, we can
identify
five primary
categories : 1.
but includes the most prominent ones arranged by their primary functional intent and considering that many ITS applications can serve
multiple
Traveler
in
Table
I
shortly described below.
Information Systems (ATIS);
2.
Advanced Management
Transportation Systems
(ATMS);
or
purposes. The five categories are summarized
Advanced
functions
and
ITS CATEGORY
ITS APPLICATIONS Real-time Traffic Information Provision
AdAdvanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)
17
1
Route Guidance/Navigation Systems
Parking
Information
Weather Information Systems Roadside
Traffic Operations Adaptive 2
AdAdvanced Transportation Management Systems (ATMS)
Centers
Traffic Signal Control
Dynamic Message Ramp Electronic
Signs
Metering
Toll Collection (ETC)
3 IITS-Enabled Transportation Pricing Systems
Congestion Charging
Fee-Based
Express (HOT) Lanes
Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT) Usage Fees
Variable
Parking Fees
Real-time Status Information for Public 4
Advanced Public and Private Transportation Systems (APTS)
Transit System Automatic Vehicle Location and Monitoring (AVL - AVM)
Electronic Fare Payment (for example, Smart Cards)
18
5
Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Integration (VII) and Vehicle-toVehicle Integration (V2V)
Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System (CICAS)
Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA)
Table I : General Classification of Intelligent Transport Systems
Advanced
message signs on highways that
Transportation Systems
provide
ATS
highway
help
transport
19
to a
make
more
public
attractive
drivers
messaging
real-time
about
traffic
status.
or
Centralized
traffic management centers rely
option for commuters by giving
on
information
them enhanced visibility into the
technologies
to
arrival and departure status (and overall timeliness) of buses. This category
also
includes
electronic
fare
payment
systems
for
public
transportation
systems,
which
enable transit users to pay fares contactlessly from their smart cards or mobile phones using near
field
technology.
communications Advanced
transportation
public systems,
particularly providing “next bus” or “next train” information, are increasingly common worldwide. Advanced
Transportation
Management Systems
connect
sensors and roadside equipment, vehicle
probes,
message
signs,
cameras, and
other
devices together to create an integrated view of traffic flow and
to
detect
accidents,
dangerous weather events, or other roadway hazards. Adaptive traffic signal control refers to dynamically managed, intelligent traffic
signal
timing.
traffic signals
Giving
the ability to
detect the presence of waiting vehicles, or giving vehicles the ability
to
communicate
that
information to a traffic signal, could enable improved timing of traffic signals, thereby enhancing
Advanced
Transportation
Management
Systems
include
applications
ITS
(ATMS) that
traffic
flow
congestion.
and
reducing
Another
advanced
transportation
management
focus on traffic control devices,
system that can yield significant
such
traffic management benefits is
as
metering,
traffic and
signals, the
ramp
dynamic
ramp
metering.
Ramp
meters
20
are traffic signals on freeway
fund
entrance ramps that break up
transportation and to reduce the
clusters of vehicles entering the
environmental
freeway,
the
vehicles. The Thematic Analysis
disruptions to freeway flow that
Fiche describes and compares
vehicle clusters cause and makes
tested methodologies and results
merging safer.
from
which
reduces
ITS-Enabled Transportation Pricing Systems
investments
two
London
in
public
impact
of
European and
cities:
Stockholm.
Those are just 2 of the cities in the
world
congestion
that pricing
have
put
systems
in
ITS have a central role to play in
place
to
reduce
traffic
funding countries’ transportation
congestion,
smog,
and
systems.
common
greenhouse gases. By charging
electronic toll
more at congested times, traffic
The
application is
most
collection (ETC),
also com-
monly known internationally as “road user charging,” through which
drivers
automatically device.
can via
pay a
tolls
on-board
As described in the
Thematic Analysis Fiche about
Congestion Charging, increasing throughout
number the
an
flows
can
reduced.
be As
evened half
the
out
or
world’s
population now lives in urban areas, some economists believe that
urban
congestion
emissions
will
impossible
to
and
be
virtually
reduce
without
some form of congestion pricing. For example, in Europe, urban
of
cities
areas account for 40 percent of
world
have
passenger
transport
but
53
implemented congestion pricing
percent of all transport-related
schemes, charging for entry into
emissions.
urban centers, usually at certain
congestion
peak hours, as a means to not
yielded
only reduce congestion but also
reducing traffic by 20 percent in
to generate needed resources to
the first month alone as many
Stockholm’s pricing
scheme
immediate
results,
commuters
opted
for
transportation. gathered
Statistics
since
implementation congestion
21
public
the
of
systems
is
a
Vehicle
Miles
Traveled (VMT) fee system that
full
charges motorists for each mile
Stockholm’s
driven. VMT fee systems rep-
scheme
resent
pricing
in
an
alternative
to
the
2007 show that the initiative has
current fuel taxes and other fees
reduced both traffic congestion
that many countries and states
and
use
carbon
emissions
by
15
to
finance
their
percent on a sustained basis.
transportation systems. The first
Stockholm’s
world
congestion
pricing
nationwide
VMT
system
scheme has also generated 110
implemented for both passenger
€ million in net revenue. Another
vehicles and heavy vehicles is
ITS-enabled
to
the Holland’s “Kilometerprijs”
are
(price per kilometer) program.
Toll
This program will replace fixed
combat
mechanism
traffic
congestion
High-Occupancy (HOT)
lanes, which are lanes
vehicle
(ownership)
taxes
to
reserved for buses and other
charge Dutch citizens by their
high occupancy vehicles but that
annual
can be made available to single
differentiated by time, place, and
occupant vehicles upon payment
environmental
of a toll. The number of vehicles
The policy, which will begin with
using the reserved lanes can be
distance-based
controlled
freight
pricing
through (via
collection)
to
variable
electronic
toll
maintain
free-
distances
driven,
characteristics. charging
transport
in
for 2012,
followed by passenger vehicles by
2016,
will
use
advanced
flowing traffic at all times, even
satellite technology coupled with
during
which
an on-board vehicle telematics
increases overall traffic flow on a
system to charge travelers based
given segment of road. Some
on mileage driven. Germany is
countries
are
already
financing
their
rush
hours,
evaluating
for
transportation
charging
for
freight
transport on this basis.
Vehicle-toinfrastructure Integration (VII) and Vehicle-tovehicle (V2V) Integration
integration is the archetype for a integrated
intelligent transportation system able to deploy and enable a communications
22
infrastructure
supports
that
vehicle-to-
infrastructure, as well as vehicleto-vehicle communications for a variety
of
vehicle
safety
applications and transportation operations. DSRC-enabled tags or sensors, if widely deployed in vehicles,
highways,
roadside
or
equipment, core
and
enable
the
of
the
elements
transportation intelligently
in
intersection
would
continuous communication either with each other or with roadside devices
that
system
communicate
to with
one another, delivering a wide range of benefits. For example, it
vehicles
appeared
recognize imminent
(based on the vehicles’ speeds and trajectories) and would warn the
drivers
of
an
impending
collision or even communicate directly
with
brake
them.
the
vehicles
Combining
to
both
vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-toinfrastructure integration into a consolidated
platform,
would
enable a number of additional ITS
applications,
including
adaptive signal timing, dynamic re-routing variable
of
traffic
message
through
signs,
lane
departure warnings, curve speed warnings,
and
automatic
detection of roadway hazards, such as potholes, or weatherrelated conditions, such as icing. Another application enabled by
enable
Cooperative
Intersection
Collision
integration
Avoidance
Systems
Speed
could
could
when a collision between the
Vehicle-to-infrastructure comprehensively
at an intersection would be in
vehicle-to-infrastructure is
Intelligent
Adaptation (ISA),
(or
which aims to assist drivers in
more) DSRC-equipped vehicles
keeping within the speed limit by
(CICAS)
in
which
two
correlating information about the
vehicle’s position (for example, through
GPS)
with
a
digital
speed limit map, thus enabling the vehicle to recognize if it is exceeding
the
posted
speed
limit. The system could either warn the driver to slow down or be slow
designed the
to
automatically
vehicle
through
automatic intervention.
23
The need of integrations of EU and national and local programmes Intelligent Transport Systems is one of the main thematic in the EU Transport research theme aiming at promoting technological advances, developing integrated, “greener”, “smarter” and safer transport systems for the benefit of all citizens and society, respecting the environment and natural resources. Over recent years an extensive range of research, applied research and demonstration activities have been financed in the field of ITS in Europe thanks to various programmes and initiative (CIVITAS Initiative, Seventh RTD Framework Programme, Marco Polo, Intelligent Energy Europe programme, Galileo, etc). Also single European countries have an important role to play in stimulating and co-developing platforms that enable industry, academic and government entities at European and local levels to collaborate on the development of intelligent transportation systems and technology and they should provide funding for both ITS R&D and deployment. This funding should support ITS
technology development test beds and proof of concept demonstrations, and then extend to ITS deployment.
In
National and local program in Italy
particular
An example of local program
LAZIO Region.
The
program
“Projects
and
Frontiers” is one of the tools used by the Lazio Region to promote
regional
development
and innovation processes and for financing
and
and
medium
enterprises, based in Lazio, that
present
requests
research
plans for the Technological
24
program
finances:
1. Small
in
the
promoting
SME
together
for
projects with
universities
and research centres and, in general,
all
private
public
and
organizations
conducting
research
activities;
2. Universities
and
innovation, technology transfer
research centres,
and
in Lazio, and, in general, all
social
entrepreneurship.
These measures are included in
public
the
organizations
Single
Document
Programming (SPD)
of
the
and
research
based
private conducting
activities
for
Regione Lazio to promote the
scholarships or other forms
development
of
of
research,
financing
technological innovation and, in
personnel
particular,
medium
easy
access
to
research results in order to allow enterprises
to
increase
new
small
and
enterprises
operating in Lazio.
their
degree of competitiveness in the period 2007-2013. The program has a total budget of
in
for
36 M€.
16 M€
of
the
budget
are
dedicated to Sustainable Energy and Mobility projects and 6M€ to ICT projects.
The national “Industria 2015”
projects to create new cross-
program.
sector industries (which integrate manufacturing,
One
of
the
most
important
research program in Italy is the
advanced
services and new technologies) to encourage the development of
so called “Industria 2015”
specific types of products and
Italian Ministry
services with a high content of
of Economic Development.
innovation in strategic areas for
proposed by the
the country: energy efficiency (200M€), sustainable mobility
25
(180M€) and new technologies The program has established the strategic
lines
for
development competitiveness
of
the
for the made in Italy (190M€).
the
The actors involved, in addition
and
to the production sectors, are
future
national
and
local
production systems in Italy. The
administrations, universities and
aim
research institutions.
of
stimulate
the
program
industrial
is
to
innovation
The
RESEARCH
RESULTS Benefits from
development
of
new
technologies can contribute to the
key projects
development
services,
helping
of to
new
improve
mobility, transport management,
Research in ITS: the
quality
example of two pilot projects
transport
Research in ITS in Europe has two main concerns:
26
•
Investigating
the
of
different
communication technologies and protocols. AVL and AVM systems an
example
of
introducing new technologies and two projects have been selected among the ones registered in the
new technologies;
PRESS4TRANSPORT
identifying and piloting
to illustrate different applications
developments
of those systems. The selected
that
are necessary for ITS implementation
and
•
1:
Automatic
Monitoring
and
Location System for the
and
Island of Ventotene;
promoting successfully research
Project Vehicle
identifying
platform
projects are the following:
regulation; •
efficiency using
represent
merits of introducing •
and
pilot projects
•
Project
2:
Monitoring
system for freight truck fleet.
and best practices that
can
be
‘transferred’
and
reproduced
at
European level.
The
two
projects
characterized from having a
budget
and
for
are
low
involving
public-private partnerships. Project 1 aims to improve the
 mobility on a small Italian island
two projects are an example of a
testing AVM and AVL on the
local
Municipal fleet; Project 2 has the
potentially
goal of testing the functionality
European level.
of
a
fleet
monitoring
application
having
transferability
a at
tool
developed for a freight truck distribution fleet. Moreover the
27
Â
Automatic Vehicle Monitoring and Location System for the Island of
Ventotene
28
The project aims to develop and test
an
Automatic
Vehicle
Monitoring and Location System on
the
small
island
of
Ventotene in Italy, in order to determine geographic positioning and provide information about a Municipal fleet of electric and hybrid vehicles circulating on the island
and
transmitting
the
information to a remotely located server. The project has been financed by the
Lazio regional
government
with
the
participation
of
the
periods
of
3
months
corresponding to the 2009 and 2010
summer
seasons.
The
monitored fleet was initially composed by 7 electric vans. These are commercial Piaggio
Porters using a pure electric drive train which only consumes electric energy. The Van uses a 10.5 kW electric motor and uses 14 heavy-duty lead-acid battery packs (6V-180A) as sources of energy. Moreover a selection of other
commercial
electric
and
hybrid vehicles and prototypes developed by POMOS has been also tested on the island as well as the use of different kind of batteries.
Municipality of Ventotene and it has been developed by
Pole
the
Sustainable (POMOS) private
for
Mobility and
various
partners.
The
project has a duration of six months split up in two
Figure 2: Main mask of the multimedia software.
 The fleet was equipped with on
has
been
tested
during
the
board telemetric device to locate
summer period when mobility
the vehicles, and send that data
needs
over a wireless network (see
presence of many tourists on the
Figure 1). Direct connection of
island.
increase
due
to
the
the device diagnostic bus can allows the automatic collection of vehicle
performance
data
to
support preventive maintenance. The
29
on
board
system
also
includes a PC with a touch screen that is used to show data and information.
software provide
A was
the
multimedia developed
drivers
and
to the
Â
travelers with a series of audio and video messages according to
Figure 3: Location of a vehicle
the position of the vehicle. The
moving on the island.
system calculates the real time location of any vehicle, then data are
transmitted
central
Results of the first experimental
server situated in the City Hall
period in summer 2009 have
building
used
shown that the fleet of electric
immediately for daily operations
vehicles is very appropriate for
and archived for further analysis
use on the island, both for daily
too. Figure 2 shows the main
transport from the port to the
mask of the multimedia software
centre and small trips around the
and Figure 3 illustrates the real
island.
time
and
graphical
vehicle
moving
to can
a be
The
system
has been
location
of
a
effectively used to monitor on-
on
main
time performance and for service
the
roads of the island. The system
planning,
safety
and
security,
Â
 traveler
information
and
entertainment,
vehicle
component monitoring, and data collection. All the experimental results and data coming from the first research period
have been
also used to learn more about what
is
needed
to
support
electric vehicles as they become more common on the island and
30
helping
the
understanding
of
things such as how the system works, how consumers want to use
it,
driving
patterns, with
the
and
and
charging
interconnection
electricity
Experimentation
continued
grid. in
summer 2010 also introducing other
prototypal
electric
and
hybrid vehicles in the fleet.
For further information, contact: fabiana.calenne@pomos.it
Â
Monitoring system for freight
Remote real time reading of fuelling, to identify time and place
of
the
fuelling
and
truck fleet
quantity of added fuel to be
The main objective of this project
data coming from the pumps;
was to test the functionality
of a fleet monitoring tool developed for a freight truck distribution fleet. The project has
31
•
Centre
been developed by the
for Transport and Logistics (CTL) and mainly funding by a private
company.
The
two
brands
vehicles (one
of
MAN
different and
•
On
board
storage
one
IVECO) but of equal gross weight and used for the same service. It
automatic wireless download (when back at the depot) of the
vehicle
working
data:
cost-control, driver behavior monitoring, maintenance
dynamic and
emission
measurements.
The
main
results
obtained were:
a. main differences exist
started in January 2008 and was
between
concluded in July 2009. The tool
consumption
has been tested with respect to
two vehicles;
the following services: •
and
pilot
project was initially implemented on
checked against the real time
the of
the
b. fuel is not dispersed by
Remote real time reading of
the two vehicles as the
the tachograph on specific
data from the pump
events (e.g. when the legal driving limits are exceeded …)
or
whenever
the
managers requires it;
fleet
coincide consumed
with by
those the
vehicles;
Â
c. trips
are
correctly
planned as 70% of the mileage is done with a full vehicle and only
calculation and an easier cost control;
complementing
the
system with trip planning tools significant money savings can be achieved (up to 10%).
30% with an empty vehicle;
d. however 32
drivers
do
have
long
waiting
times
which
extend
their working shift up
For further information, contact: adriano.alessandrini@uniroma1.it
to 12 hours per day;
e. trip itineraries are left to the drivers to be decided but more than 10%
cost
exist
difference
between
one
itinerary and another and
a
better
trip
planning tool can help the company to save money. The
main
benefits
of
implementing such a system on all
vehicles
would
be
of
the
company
a
clearer
cost
Â
CONCLUSIONS: key outcomes
from the
two projects In this Thematic Analysis Fiche a general idea of the 33
possibilities for using ITS has been presented focusing on a particular application: the Automatic Vehicle Location and Monitoring Systems. This has been done first introducing the main characteristics of ITS and then by presenting two examples of projects developed at regional level.
Â
RESULTS
software
development
integration
of
and
technical
components). For this reason, public
private
subjects
Results from the two projects
procuring an AVL system may
shown
ITS
want to use an existing design,
the
with
that
introducing
technologies
34
or
for
customization
capabilities
monitoring and location of a
instead of developing a dedicated
fleet of vehicles can be an
one because such an approach
optimal solution to improve
would
system
potential risks and problems and
performance,
transport
safety,
efficiency,
substantially
limit
the development of new software
productivity, level of service,
or
energy
and
existing software can result in
costs for a Municipality as
many possible problems. It is
well
also important to consider that
consumption as
company.
for
a
private
Considering
the
extensive
often
customization
institutional
of
relationship
possibility of the reproducibility
may be difficult and could slow
of the projects to a national and
down
European level, the developed
projects.
systems
emerged
should
be
consistent
the
progress
Another from
of
the
aspect
that
the
analysis
with the National and European
concerns the operations of the
ITS architecture (when existing).
systems: in order to correctly use the innovative components
Both
the
experienced
analyzed various
projects technical
and institutional problems. It can be observed that the biggest challenge in implementing AVL and AVM today is the potentially lengthy installation
procurement period
and
(particularly
new technical expertise usually
required
and
is
some
existing staff maybe reluctant to learn
the
new
technology.
A
training program for the staff need to be considered in the programs and it is essential to
Â
 exploit all the potential of the
public
systems.
indispensable. Although the good
Cost
as always is the major
concern:
35
the
cost
of
results
financing of
Project
continuing
is
1,
the
of
the
the
experimentation at the end of
development
and
of
the
the 6 months period it is strictly
installation
AVL
and
other
dependent on the decision of the
advanced transportation system
regional Municipality. In Project
components is dependent on the
2 the company is asking for a
size of the system, its level of
state funding to apply such a
sophistication,
system on the fleet; the initial
of
components
and
included.
investment
Systems can range from those
discourage
from
with fairly basic features (GPS,
investment,
but
computer-assisted
funding should be granted the
mobile
to
data
be
the
dispatching,
terminals,
silent
cost
required a
if
direct
start
up
company is willing to proceed.
alarms, and limited automated passenger information) to very comprehensive systems. There is a
significant
equipment
cost
and
for
the
software
that
reside at the operations/dispatch center. The per-vehicle cost of large
fleets
is
less
than
for
smaller fleets, assuming similar features, because the cost of this major
infrastructure
is
distributed over a larger number of vehicles. Comparing the two projects has emerged that to accelerate
and
stimulate
the
diffusion of ITS in Europe a
Â
improving energy efficiency,
EUROPEAN
attaining
2.
in
next?
applications
shall
be
and
based
3.
–
relation
to
output
with
upon
the
Be
proportionate
–
provide, where appropriate,
services
for
an
different
levels
of
achievable service quality and deployment,
relevant stakeholders, and shall with
Cost-efficient
regard to meeting objectives;
evaluation of needs involving all comply
Be
optimize the ratio of costs
The selection and deployment of ITS
of
vulnerable road users);
IMPLICATIONS What
levels
safety and security including
POLICY 36
higher
taking
into
account the local, regional,
following
national
principles.
and
European
specificities; 4.
Support continuity of services
–
ensure
seamless services across the Union, in particular on
the trans-European network, and
These measures shall:
where
possible
at
its
external borders, when ITS 1.
Be Effective
– make a
services
are
deployed.
tangible contribution towards
Continuity of services should
solving the key challenges
be ensured at a level adapted
affecting
to the characteristics of the
road
transportation in (e.g.
reducing
lowering
of
Europe
congestion, emissions,
transport
networks
linking
countries with countries, and where
appropriate,
regions
5.
with regions and cities with
volumes and in road weather
rural areas;
conditions;
Deliver Interoperability
8.
– ensure that systems and the
underlying
processes
access
business
have
or
the
to
enable
effective ITS service delivery;
37
6.
Support
backward
compatibility where
–
ensure,
appropriate,
the
– do not impede
discriminate
against
road users; 9.
Support
maturity
demonstrate,
– after
appropriate risk assessment, the
robustness
innovative
ITS
of
systems,
capability for ITS systems
through a sufficient level of
to
technical
work
systems
with
existing
that
share
a
common purpose, without hindering the development of new technologies; 7.
of
and services by vulnerable
and to share information knowledge
equality
access to ITS applications
capacity to exchange data and
Promote
Respect
existing
national infrastructure and
network
characteristics
–
into
inherent
account
differences transport
the in
take
the network
characteristics, in particular in the sizes of the traffic
development
and
operational exploitation; 10.
Deliver Quality of
timing and positioning –
use
of
satellite-based
infrastructures,
or
technology
any
providing
equivalent levels of precision for
the
purposes
of
ITS
applications and services that require accurate timing
global, and and
continuous, guaranteed positioning
services;
11.
Facilitate
modality
–
Intertake
into
account the coordination of various
modes
of
transport,
where
appropriate, when deploying ITS; 12.
Respect
Coherence
38
account
– take into
existing
Union
rules, policies and activities which are relevant in the field of ITS, in particular in the field of standardization.
civil
OUTLOOK
society
organizations,
etc. according to their specific role and on a case by case basis.
ON RESEARCH
Activities could also address the transport system as a whole,
39
What
discarding
next?
in the ITS field is to generate the and
develop
methodologies required for safe and
efficient
Intelligent into
the
integration
Transport driving
distinctions
between the different modes, to
The general objective of research knowledge
the
of
Systems
environment.
Particular attention needs to be
develop an effectively integrated system
that
translates
into
seamless transport.
Future Research focus
on
the
needs to
adoption
specifications
to
of
ensure
compatibility, interoperability
and
to
transport
innovations
addressing major
and use of ITS, which in turn will
societal challenges and European
improve the efficiency of the
transport
objectives,
transport system as a whole.
building on the EU leadership in
Examples of actions that would
key
the
be welcome here are a further
potential these markets offer for
look at the impacts of intelligent
innovative
systems
given
policy
technologies
and
businesses
and
continuity
for the deployment
on
vulnerable
road
development
and
enhancing EU competitiveness.
users,
These activities must involve the
testing of interoperable smart
full chain of stakeholders in the
ticketing for cross-border public
RTDI
major
transport passengers as well as
SMEs,
demonstration
cycle:
companies,
not but
research universities, administration,
only also
centres, public
the
projects platform,
and
(open
validation in-vehicle
intelligent
truck
regulators,
 parking,
continuity
in
traffic
management, etc.)
construction of roads (including life
cycle
analysis),
development Also research topics related to the electrification of vehicles and the
integration
of
electric
vehicles in the transport system
of
the
automated
driving systems, based on active safety systems and car-to-car communication
or
to
energy
harvesting systems on roads.
needs to be investigated giving
vehicle
Research
integration
focus on
particular attention to
to
40
grid
(V2G)
and
infrastructure
to
charging
(charging
which
actions
should
also
advanced vehicle
concepts
and
technologies
(including
adapts to the needs of the user
innovative
and to the restrictions of the
improving
grid,
enhanced
performance of vehicles, rolling
speed, and smart charging with
resistance, the efficiency of its
bi-directional
and
constituent sub-systems also in
information transfer capabilities).
terms of the potential for energy
charging
at
energy
solutions the
for
aerodynamic
recovery, flexible and modular Moreover, research actions will be
needed
roads.
intelligent
on
They
will
development
of
infrastructure
allow new
and
the road
related
communication
tools,
truck-carrier concepts). At the same time, GHG emissions from freight transport will be further reduced optimizing
through vehicle
implementing
measures flows
efficient
and and
encouraging the use of electric
innovative logistics schemes and
vehicles and also the integration
concepts.
of electric vehicles with other modes
of
transport.
Research
could also include low-cost and low-emission
maintenance
and
Â
6. The Common Transport Policy.
REFERENCES
Sustainable
mobility:
perspectives for the future. 1. Review of the White Paper—
COM898)716. Brussels.
European Transport Policy for 2010’
(European
Commission,
2006). 2.
Car
initiative:
Action
of
raising
the
awareness of ICT for smarter,
Intelligent
safer and cleaner vehicles.
Plan
Deployment
for
Transport Systems in Europe
41
Intelligent
7.
(European Commission, 2008).
COM(2006)59, Brussels. 8. Towards a new culture
3. The future development of the
for
Common
COM(2007)551. Brussels.
White
Transport
Paper.
Policy.
action
1995-2000.
mobility.
COM(92)994.
Brussels. Common Transport Policy
urban
programme COM(95)302.
9. Final Report, Co-ordination and stimulation of innovative
ITS activities in Central and
Brussels.
Eastern European countries
4. The Citizen’s network.
10.
Green
Paper.
COM(95)601.
Brussels.
in
transport.
Commission,
‘European transport policy for 2010: time to decide’, White Paper;
5. Towards fair and effcient pricing
European
COM(2001)370,
CEC,
2001, Brussels
Policy
Congestion Charging
options for internalizing the
11.
external costs of transport in
- Tested Methodologies and
the
results
European
Union.
Green
Paper. COM(95)691. Brussels.
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PRESS4TRASNPORT
Europe, Thematic
Fiches , (2010)
42
www.press4transport.eu www.press4transport.eu