Sustainable Mobility

Intelligent

Transportation 1

Systems Sustainable Mobility

Pilot

Research Projects in

Touristic

Areas

Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY IN URBAN and TOURISTIC AREAS The scope of the Topic

2

4 6 6

POLICY BACKGROUND 8 Measures to ensure efficient and sustainable mobility in Europe 8 RESEARCH CONTEXT AND PROGRAMMES 15 Key research areas and actions at EU and National levels 15 Benefits from key projects

19

What next?

30

OUTLOOK ON RESEARCH What next?

35 35

REFERENCES

36

3

This publication was produced by the PRESS4TRANSPORT consortium on behalf of the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport. The European Union, the European Commission or any person acting on their behalf are not responsible for the accurateness, completeness, use of the information contained in this Fiche, nor shall they be liable for any loss, including consequential loss, that might derive from such use or from the findings of the Fiche themselves.

Although the authors exercised all reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy and the quality of the contents of this publication, the Consortium assumes no liability for any inadvertent error or omission that may appear in this publication. Additional information on the analyzed projects is available on the PRESS4TRANSPORT website at http://www.press4transport.eu/vpo/thematic_fiches.php Created by: PRESS4TRANSPORT Consortium Coordinator: Cybion Srl Responsible Scientific Partner: POMOS – Pole for Sustainable Mobility – Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Author: Gianluca Fabbri

 objectives

EXECUTIVE

European

SUMMARY

by

the

Commission

to

improve environmental quality in the

European

Union

and

sustainable

development

New transport technologies offer

become

building

at present a wide selection of

economic policy at local, national

low-impact solutions with regard

and

and

electric

vehicles

(HEV),

enriching

future

their

maximum

combination

show

an

tourist

will

reach

efficiency

with

in

advanced

Renewable

Energy

Sources (RES). Initiatives that could be completed by decisive policies of restraint on traffic and integration of the different forms of

on policy makers’ agendas for its importance in determining the quality of life in cities or in protected

and management and with the of

transport,

level.

environment are currently high

methods of transport information use

international

of

powered for

technologies

block

Sustainable mobility and urban

centres and cities.

These

a

has

Hybrid

to emissions and noises.

4

pursued

favouring

areas

like

national

parks or nature reserves and for the central role played by local governments

in

shaping

environmental policies.

In order to deal with the risks deriving from the high level of pollution European funded

in

these

areas,

Commission

several

the has

projects

aimed at studying and managing

of

the transport/environment link.

public transport and incentives

One of the main goals of these

for the inhabitants to buy electric

projects is to identify best

cars.

practices and appropriate

pedestrian

areas,

Sustainability

of

primacy

transport

activities is one of the main

policies

to

enhance

sustainable

Â

transportation. different

However,

policies

PRESS4TRANSPORT

is funded

vary

by the European Commission's

enormously in their effectiveness

Directorate-General for Research

in

under the Seventh Framework

achieving

a

reduction

of

pollution, and the time spans of

Programme

the effects differ as well.

Technological

for

Research

and

Development

(FP7).

5

PRESS4TRANSPORT details: This fiche is produced within the

PRESS4TRANSPORT Press

Office

Sustainable

to

(Virtual

improve

Surface

EU

Transport

research media visibility on a national

and

regional

level)

project. The overall aim of the project is to assists EU, National and

Regional

communicate

funded

projects

their

surface

transport research results to the media.

SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY IN

competition. urban

scope

towns

walking transit

and

healthy

and

lifestyles

problems, such as: •

poor air quality,

•

high

levels

of

traffic

and

congestion,

in

These problems can increase in touristic areas due to the fact that many tourists each year choose those areas as the venue for their holidays, thus resulting in

efficient

economic,

successful

a

and

urban

space-saving

environmental

with

greenhouse gas emissions.

urban

transport systems are essential the

confronted

and

•

urban areas.

for

cities

green

protecting

and

are

Most

for

high levels of ambient noise,

transport systems that are fuel-

Clean

scope

•

vehicles, Car Sharing,

promote

and

oriented

development,

efficient,

to

common core of environmental

low impact on the environment,

or

accidents

improvement.

to any means of transport with

building

be

contributors

significant

Sustainable urban mobility refers

cycling,

to

environmental impact and offer

of the Topic

including

built-up

continue

congestion,

TOURISTIC AREAS The

areas

significant

URBAN and 6

However,

social

health future

of

and a

Europe.

a

considerable

increase

in

energy and mobility needs. The environmental problems in those areas are particularly complex as their

causes

are

interrelated.

Local initiatives

to resolve

Citizens and businesses expect

one problem can lead to new

access

problems

to

clean

and

efficient

elsewhere

and

can

mobility, especially in the face of

conflict with policies at national

significant

or regional level. Some regions

international

in

Europe

are

dynamically

Alternative

modes

transport

due to the growth in tourism and

tours and routes need to be

the

promoted;

fast

development

is

and rapid deterioration of the regions’

natural

resources

•

A

and

of

developing in the last decade

accompanied by increased traffic

7

•

eco-friendly

mobility

management

services is required.

on

which tourism growth depends.

This paper aims to provide a

Traffic

general

congestions

and

the

overview

on

the

negative impact of transport on

thematic

environment are recognized as

sustainable mobility and on the

the

the

related EU policies and research

sustainable development of the

programmes. Also two examples

tourism sector. The problem is

of national and regional research

particularly acute in the resort

programmes

Moreover

complexes

activities

two

biggest

risks

which

to

expand

urban

settlements

summer

and

early

to

during autumn.

Promotion campaigns need to be designed to identify the possible

forms

of

sustainable

mobility in the touristic areas and to promote them as a new service to the tourists and the citizens.

General

rules

and

objectives to obtain these results

of

of

developed selected

urban

among

the

the

projects

Italy

in

registered

and

and

projects

on

the

PRESS4TRANSPORT platform will be presented and compared. The examples of two Italian national and regional research funding programmes

will

be

also

presented.

can be the followings: •

The

activities

need

to

be

supported by both municipal and regional administrations in the target region;

1. The

POLICY

urban

European

BACKGROUND

Union

in

policies

2010 2. The

urban

other

Measures to ensure

8

dimension

dimension

policies

of

in the

European Union.

efficient and sustainable mobility in

The first guide deals with the

Europe A

urban

common

challenge

across

Europe is then to find the right ways to ensure efficient mobility while at the same time reducing congestion, pollution. policies

accidents Various

and

covering

and

Community

programmes

are

sustainable

the

development

of

urban

dimension

and

instruments of Cohesion Policy and the second one with the urban

dimension

Community

in

policies.

other

The

national

reserves,

parks

where

or

role that play

local authorities

in

improving

the

environment, and their high level of

commitment

to

genuine

nature

sustainable

issues are particularly required.

The following two guides have been

produced

by

the

Commission in order to explain the

relevant

regulatory

and

financial framework:

two

guides recognize the important

areas and protected areas like

the

progress. The European Union

spend

contributes

vehicle

to

the sustainable

development

of

urban

areas

through a range of policies and initiatives

which

of

their

purchasing

budget on clean vehicles; •

cities

to

introduce

restricted access to central

areas of activity. In particular,

areas for polluting and

the

high

Cohesion

through

Funds, and

Policy,

Structural

the

plays a key role in

underpinning

9

part

many

EU's

cover

a

the

development

revitalization

of

vehicles, either by tolls or actual prohibition; •

Europe’s

been

invested

Community

specific

certification

and

technical

standards

for

clean vehicles.

towns and cities. Large budgets have

fuel-consuming

by

research

Such measures could prove to be

programmes in the development

more efficient than direct aid to

of electric and hybrid vehicles, in

industry

testing

furthermore

those

running

on

and

contribute

to

technological

alternative fuels such as natural

development

gas, as well as in advancing

industry. The EU supports and

longer-term

prospects

in

European

for

promotes an integrated approach

technologies such as fuel cells

to find solutions to sustainable

and

transport

hydrogen.

Framework research

The

Seventh

Programme

and

but

usually

local

for

authorities, rather than the EU,

is

take the lead on urban mobility

development

continuing such support. Possible options that are being discussed, amongst others, in this context are:

projects.

In

paragraphs the for

sustainable

the

following

main policies transport

in

Europe and in Italy will be

•

de-taxing clean vehicles;

•

placing

an

obligation

described.

on

public administrations to

 Policies

for

sustainable

Europe

transport in

priority areas by the mid-term review

of

the

White

Paper

"European Transport Policy An essential function of the EU is in

providing

support

through

projects that help to identify,

and the Green Paper on

"Energy

disseminate and exchange best

Efficiency or Doing More

practice

in

with Less"

transport

infrastructure,

areas

such

as

norm-

setting, congestion and traffic

10

for 2010: Time to Decide"

management,

public

transport

services, infrastructure charging, urban

planning,

traffic

safety,

mobility services for people and for goods, and co-operation with the

surrounding

regions.

The

more

makes

needs

to

clear

be

done

that to

improve energy efficiency in the transport sector, particularly the road transport sector.

Green Paper on "A

Strategy

for

European

Sustainable,

European policy for transport is

Competitive

complemented by the European

Energy

policy

and

major efforts to improve energy

Communication Technologies.

efficiency in the transport sector

Some of the most significant

and to rapidly improve public

past,

on

Information

current

and

future initiatives are

and

Supply"

Secure proposes

transport in Europe's major cities.

described above.

Moreover, Past

and

current

initiatives

the

Thematic Strategy on

the

Urban

Environment Sustainable

mobility

and urban transport are

identified

as

recognizes that action in the field of urban transport needs to be

Â

 taken

at

all

levels

(local,

regional, national and European).

The

Green Paper

on urban

to

increase

clean

market share

vehicles

through

for

public

procurement measures.

mobility identifies the challenges for sustainable urban mobility in Europe.

Following

consultation on the Green Paper,

More information on the Intelligent Car

the Commission is developing

Initiative at:

ideas

for

following

11

the

concrete a

actions,

comprehensive,

integrated

approach

to

strengthen

sustainable

urban

http://ec.europa.eu/information_society /activities/intelligentcar/index_en.htm

The European Commission has

mobility.

also adopted on March 2010 the The intelligent car initiative

first international regulation on

"Raising Awareness of ICT

safety of both fully electric and

for

hybrid cars. The revised

Smarter,

Safer

Cleaner Vehicles"

and

aims

at

Regulation

will

UNECE

ensure

the

communication

safety of electric cars by setting

technologies to improve safety

out how users of cars shall be

and efficiency in transport. The

protected from the high voltage

European programmes for radio

parts of cars and prescribing test

navigation by satellite, EGNOS

procedures

that

uses

a

standardized

'test

finger'

to

promoting

and

GALILEO,

development positioning

allow

the

of

unique

instruments

which

check protection all over the car.

Future initiatives

will facilitate urban mobility and generate levels of service suited

Following the consultation on the

to the current needs of citizens.

Green Paper, the Commission

A

new

Directive

on

Clean

Vehicle Procurement will help

has developed ideas for concrete actions,

following

a

Â

comprehensive,

integrated

identified priorities: cycling and walking;

approach

strengthen

freight transport, green zones; and

to

sustainable

urban

Europe.

These

concrete

actions

12

and

in

actions to promote public transport;

further

have

been

• An internet site has been set up to help

into

an

overall

public authorities in their purchases of

Plan

on

urban

clean and energy efficient vehicles, e.g.

embedded

“Action

mobility

mobility”

adopted

European

Commission

by

the

fleet. The site provides information and

30

guidance for green public procurement

September 2009. The Action Plan

and support lifetime calculations as well

consists

as joint procurement.

of

twenty

on

cleaner buses for their public transport

headings

aiming to encourage and assist local,

regional

authorities

and

to

national

achieve

their

•

The

Commission

information

on

has

provided

urban

mobility

objectives for sustainable urban

legislation and funding on its website.

mobility.

the

This should develop into a reference

urban

point for information on EU action and

and

financial support in the field of urban

document transport

The is

vision to

easier,

of

make greener

better organized. In the course of

2012

the

conduct an

mobility.

Commission

will

evaluation of

the

• Study to explore the opportunities for

Action

making public transport systems more

implementation

of

the

Plan and will analyze prospects for continuing with it.

inter‐operable,

including

better

information and smart ticketing.

The following actions were also

• Study on 'green zones'. The results of

launched during 2009:

this study should help cities to identify solutions that suit their needs and

• Funds will be granted for new pilot

strengthen environmental protection,

projects that result from a Call for

while ensuring, at the same time,

Proposals that was closed in March 2009.

freedom of movement in a non‐

These pilot projects reflect some of the

discriminatory way for all citizens in the

have

recently

been

much

Union.

criticized

by

environmentalists

because

of

their

supposed

ineffectiveness. Besides specific Policies for sustainable transport in

parking plans, urban transport

Italy

policy actions in Italian cities are largely considered in two types

In

the

past

two

decades,

of urban plan:

transport policy in Italian cities has consisted mainly in imposing

13

standards

and

land

•

use

regulation measures, such as the definition of limited access or

PUT, Piano Urbano del (Urban Traffic Plan);

Traffico •

PUM, Piano Urbano della

pedestrian areas, and in some

Mobilità

sporadic cases, the construction

Plan).

(Mobility

Traffic

of bicycle lanes (especially in Northern 1990s,

cities). and

Since

because

increasing

of

concern

environmental

the the over

quality,

urban

governments have continued to rely

on

parking

traffic-free

policies

Saturdays

Sundays.

As

regards

parking

charges

and or

parking,

are

very

common in almost all cities, both because

of

their

effectiveness

and because of their positive effect on municipal budgets. On the

other

weekends,

hand,

traffic-free

although

very

The

former

type,

PUT,

is

a

classic urban transportation plan and

is

mainly

managing

devoted

city

to

transport

demand and supply issues, such as public transit, parking policies,

and

road

safety

measures. According to Italian law (Law Decree/D.Lgs. 285/92), only

cities

with

more

than

30,000 inhabitants must define and adopt

a

PUT,

whilst

for

smaller ones, the approval of a PUT is optional.

common, even in small cities,

 In this regard, it has been

has

In addition to PUM and PUT,

estimated that almost 25.5% of

several

cities with more than 100,000

mobility management plans

inhabitants,

in the past decade.

or

provincial

cities

have

adopted

capitals, do not yet have a PUT.

14

The situation is comparatively

These plans aim at rationalizing

worse in the South, whilst the

transport flows from home to

North has a broader coverage of

workplace (or the university, in

plans. The second type of plan,

the case of students) and at

the PUM, is specifically designed

providing

incentives

to

sustainable

transport

define

sustainable

transportation

policies

(Law/Legge 340/2000). A PUM may

envisage

a

variety

for modes

(such as electric vehicles, car sharing or pooling, biking, etc.)

of

actions, such as: 1.

pollution

and

noise

abatement measures; 2.

road safety standards;

3.

car-use reduction actions;

4.

measures

to

encourage

electric vehicles, car pooling and car sharing; 5.

actions

to

reduce

congestion; 6.

appointment of city mobility

managers.

Â

4

RESEARCH AND

PROGRAMMES Key research areas and

actions at

EU

National

strategies

for

clean urban transport,

CONTEXT

15

innovative

and

5

policy support.

Over recent years an extensive range

of

research

research, and

applied

demonstration

activities have been financed in the field of urban sustainable

levels

mobility.

Some

significant Research on Sustainable

of

initiative

the are

most the

following:

Mobility The

EU

“Transport”

research

CIVITAS Initiative

theme is one of the priority

The

thematic

promoting

cities

advances,

implement and test innovative

developing integrated, “greener”,

and integrated strategies which

“smarter”

transport

address energy, transport and

systems for the benefit of all

environmental objectives. So far

citizens and society, respecting

projects in 59 cities have been

aiming

at

technological

the

and

safer

environment

and

natural

resources. The research priorities cover the following five research areas: 1

or

CIVITAS

are

across

being

concepts, 2

high quality public transport,

3

demand management,

Europe

supported.

together

practitioners

to

The

from

the

and

CIVITAS

cities. Dedicated actions help the wider take up of the CIVITAS results.

Seventh RTD Framework Programme

helps

annual CIVITAS Forum brings politicians

new transport and mobility

Initiative

 Current

research,

research

and

activities

are

applied

of

alternatively

propelled vehicles). The specific

implemented

focus is on alternative vehicle

the

propulsion, policy measures for

Seventh

the more efficient use of energy

Framework

in transport, and strengthening

Programme for

the

Research

management

and

Technological

16

take-up

demonstration through

Development.

the

knowledge

of

agencies

local in

the

transport field.

Research covers

the fields of alternative motor fuels (biofuels and hydrogen fuel cells), including their application in transport, and urban mobility research

(including

generation

of

the

next

vehicles,

new

mobility concepts, non-polluting modes

of

transport,

management,

and

demand tools

to

support policy development and implementation).

Intelligent

Energy

More on:

CIVITAS Initiative http://www.civitas-initiative.org

Seventh RTD Framework Programme http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/home_ en.html

Europe

Intelligent Energy Europe programme (STEER)

programme (STEER) Activities funded by the transport strand of the Intelligent Energy

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intellig ent/index_en.html

Europe programme (STEER) promote a more sustainable use of

energy

in

transport

(i.e.

increased energy efficiency, new and renewable fuel sources, and

Â

National and local program in

Italy

Lazio

The

Region.

the

program

“Projects

program

1. Small

and

medium

enterprises, based in Lazio,

and

plans for the Technological

17

particular

finances:

An example of local program in

In

that

present

requests

research projects together with

universities

Frontiers” is one of the tools

research

centres

used by the Lazio Region to

general,

all

promote

private

regional

development

conducting

financing

activities;

promoting

SME

and and,

public

in and

organizations

and innovation processes and for and

for

research

innovation, technology transfer and

social

entrepreneurship.

These measures are included in the

Single

Document

Programming (SPD)

2. Universities

and

research

the

centres, based in Lazio, and,

Regione Lazio to promote the

in general, all public and

development

private

of

of

research,

organizations

technological innovation and, in

conducting

particular,

to

activities for scholarships or

research results in order to allow

other forms of financing for

enterprises

new personnel in small and

easy to

access

increase

their

research

degree of competitiveness in the

medium

period 2007-2013. The program

operating in Lazio.

has a total budget of

36 M €.

16M € dedicated

of

enterprises

the to

budget

are

Sustainable

Energy and Mobility projects.

The

“Industria

national

advanced

services and new technologies)

2015” program.

to encourage the development of important

specific types of products and

research program in Italy is the

services with a high content of

so called “Industria 2015”

innovation in strategic areas for

One

of

the

most

proposed by the Italian Ministry

of

Economic

Development.

The program has established the strategic

18

manufacturing,

lines

for

the

development competitiveness

and of

the

future

production systems in Italy. The aim

of

stimulate

the

program

industrial

is

to

innovation

the country: energy efficiency (200M€), sustainable mobility (180M€) and new technologies for the made in Italy (190M€).

The actors involved, in addition to the production sectors, are national

and

local

administrations, universities and research institutions.

projects to create new crosssector industries (which integrate

The

RESEARCH

RESULTS Benefits from

two

common

key projects

projects

have

characteristics

the

to

be

implemented

in

touristic

areas

test

‘greener’

and

to

transport solutions. Project 1 has the goal to analyze the possibility In this paragraph the activities and the results of two projects developed

19

in

Italy

will

be

of

substituting

the

traditional

touristic horse powered carriages in

Rome

with

innovative

described. The two projects have

electrically powered

been selected among the ones

Project 2 aims to stimulate the

registered

use

in

the

of

sustainable

ones;

mobility

PRESS4TRANSPORT platform to

solutions on the small island of

illustrate

Ventotene introducing

mobility selected

different

sustainable

applications. projects

are

The the

followings: •

Project 1: Developing and of

Electric Powered Vintage Carriages in Rome, Project

and hybrid vehicles

in the

Municipal fleet and realizing the appropriate infrastructures. The

Experimentation

•

electric

2:

two projects can be considered best practices and represent examples that can be repeated and

improved

elsewhere.

Sustainable

Mobility Solutions for the Island of Ventotene.

Developing and experimentation of

Actually Rome Municipality is

electric powered

passenger transport in the inner

vintage carriages in

20

ROME

already testing electric assisted rickshaws

for

freight

and

zone of the city. Public charging stations

have

been

already

installed at selected sites in the city to charge private and public electric vehicles. Moreover in the city

centre

there

are

44

traditional horse-drawn carriages The main goal of the project is the development of an innovative

electrically-powered vintage

and

its

experimentation in the touristic centre

of

ROME.

For

according

to

plans

drawn

up

the

the

urban

by

the

Municipality, will be confined to parks

carriage

(Botticella)

that,

during

the

week

and

allowed in the centre only at weekends. also

the

The

replacement

horse-drawn weekdays

plans

foresee of

carriages by

a

the on

fleet

of

realization of the project two

electrically-powered

different

been

cars. Results from the first phase

foreseen: the first phase have

have seen the complete design

seen

of the electric vehicle and the

the

phases

have

designing

and

the

construction of two prototypes of

analysis

of

the

vintage

related

the electric vehicle and it will be concluded in 2010; the second phase will be carried out in 2011 and sees the integration of the first

two

prototypes

in

the

municipal fleet. .

Figure 1: The design of the new

electric powered Botticella

 regulations

and

standards.

reference

cases

Figure 1 shows the final design

measurement

methods

of

been also identified. This will

the

vehicle:

particular

have

attention has been given in using

allow

innovative and sustainable

performances of the measures

materials and technologies

and

trying to respect and maintain the

vintage

traditional

style

roman

of

the

Botticella.

Figure 2 illustrates the main

21

and

components

of

the

prototype.

The vehicle has been designed to be multifunctional and thanks to

its

modularity it will be

possible to use it for various applications.

to

highlight the

services

that

overall

will

be

demonstrated within the Project.

Moreover,

georefential

mobile

units and safety and touristic information

unit

have

been

identified and will be installed on the prototypes (rickshaws and electrically-powered

vintage

cars) and will be integrated with a set of sensors used to monitor the territory and the service.

A list of guidelines

and specific indicators has been individuated in order to monitor and evaluate the activities that will be carried out during the experimental

phase.

The

Â

indicators will allow to evaluate the success of the measures and services demonstrated within the Project, in terms of technical features,

energy

environmental acceptance, financial

and

issues,

user

impacts

and

issues.

Assessment

objectives,

expected

measures

of

Figure 2: Main components of the new electric powered Botticella

impacts,

performance,

This

pilot

service

will

be

monitored in order to measure strengths and weaknesses of the scheme.

This

measurement

will of

involve

energy

use,

Â

 distances travelled, numbers of passengers transported, and the analysis of the data to measure efficiency and effectiveness of the scheme in relation to the organizational and management

For further information, contact: filippo.nuccitelli@rondinemotor.com

costs, the safety of drivers and passengers

and

environmental

and energy efficiency indicators.

Other

22

objectives

will

be

to

support, co-ordinate and monitor the local assessment activities in order

to

guarantee

their

consistency with the joint overall evaluation

approach

and

to

analyse and report the project results,

highlighting

similarities

and

results

among

Italy

and

comparison), conclusions

also

differences other

cities

of in

Europe

(cross-

and

drawing

on

their

transferability. The project have been financed by the Municipality of Rome through the Bioparco Foundation developed

and by

Department

the of

is

being

Infocom Sapienza

University of Rome.

Â

Â

Sustainable mobility solutions for the island of

Ventotene The main purpose of this project

23

Figure 3: The electric vehicles.

is to study pathways that lead to

The main goals of the project

sustainable energy systems

were

for

of

mobility models on the island

in Italy. The project

through the implementation of a

the

small

Ventotene

island

to

analyse

looks into several aspects such

local

as

energy

programme and the introduction

penetration, efficient energy use,

and development of the following

clean

systems:

renewable transportation

monitoring

options,

and

sustainable

sustainable

mobility

fleet

management. The project has

Electric Vehicles fleet

been

Lazio

The first activity was to add

regional government with the

seven 100% electric vans to the

participation of the Municipality

Municipal

of Ventotene and it has been

commercial Porter Piaggios using

developed

for

a pure electric drive train which

Sustainable Mobility (POMOS)

only consumes electric energy

an various private partners. The

(see Figure 3). The vans will be

project has a duration of six

mainly used during the touristic

month split up in two periods of

season for transportations from

3 months corresponding to the

the port to the centre of the

2009 and 2010 summer seasons.

island with an estimated average

financed

by

by

the

the

Pole

fleet.

These

are

of 15 daily kilometers traveled on the island for each vehicle.

Â

 The vans will be also used to test

The

the on board systems. Moreover

includes a PC with a touch screen

a selection of other commercial

that is used to show data and

electric and hybrid vehicles and

information.

prototypes developed by POMOS

software

will be also tested on the island

provide to the drivers and the

as well as the use of different

travelers

kind of batteries (see Figure 4).

messages

on

board

system

A

was

also

multimedia developed

audio

and

according

video to

the

position of the vehicle.

24

to

The

system

calculates

the

real-

time

location

of

any

vehicle,

then

data

are

transmitted to a central server situated in the City Hall building and can be used immediately for Figure 4: Some of the hybrid and electric prototypes experimented in the project.

daily operations and archived for further analysis too. The system can be used to monitor on-time

board

performance and can be used

systems for the telemetry

for service planning, safety and

Experimental

and

the

on

control

of

the

vehicles

security, traveler information and entertainment,

vehicle

component monitoring, and data

The fleet was equipped with on board telemetric device to locate the vehicles, and send that data

collection.

Environmental

monitoring

over network. Direct connection

system

of the device diagnostic bus can

The

allows the automatic collection of

pollution analyzer was planned

vehicle

for

performance

data

to

support preventive maintenance.

use

of

a

environmental

compact

air

monitoring.

The analyzer has an air quality

Â

 sensors module for several kind of gaseous pollutants (CO, NO2, SO2,

O3).

It

can

be

easily

installed either on outdoor fixed emplacements or onboard of any kind of mobile vehicle (car, van, scooter,

bicycle,

segway)

and

operated both as a kinematic and static

units

quality

25

create

an

monitoring

network. analyzer

to

The is

air

made

air

control pollution

to

operate

under software control by an external controller unit dealing with

satellite

positioning

and

data transmission to a remote control centre. Data are sent to the server and displayed and analyzed using a software tool.

Wireless

communication

outdoor

5:

The

integrated

photovoltaic charging station.

Intelligent systems with

charging

and

integration

Renewable

Energy

Sources Charging stations will be installed at selected sites on the island to create

a

Intelligent

small

Networked

Charging

Infrastructure for EVs. The charging stations keep track of charging times and other data to

system An

Figure

Wireless

Mesh

allow remote monitoring of their

Network (WMN) was designed

utilization

and

and created to cover most of the

functioning. The project foresees

territory of the island.

the

installation

of

correct a

main

charging station located in the night deposit of the vehicles and of a public network of three charging stations integrated with photovoltaic

generators

(PV)

with the general objective to

Â

 study and promote the use of PV

how this infrastructure works,

energy to charge EVs on the

how consumers want to use it,

island territory. A first integrated

driving and charging patterns,

PV station has been designed,

and

built and installed for charging

electricity grid and with RES.

interconnection

with

the

the electrical vehicles and other two stations will be installed in summer 2010 (see Figure 3).

The charging stations will be used

26

during

the

experimental

phases of the project to charge the Municipal electric fleets and the experimental prototypes. In the future, citizens with plug-in electric vehicles will be also able to charge their cars or scooters at

these

stations,

convenient island.

places

All

the

located around

at the

experimental

results and data coming from the charging infrastructure will be used

to

what

is

learn more about needed

to

support

electric vehicles as they become

For further information, contact: fabiana.calenne@pomos.it

more common on the island. The increased use of electric vehicles will impact electric utilities and the infrastructure for providing electricity

to

customers.

The

installation and the utilization of the Charging Stations will help to understanding of things such as

Â

Â

CONCLUSIONS: key outcomes

from the

two projects Cars and the automotive sector in general, consume almost half of the world petroleum production and are one of the main direct causes of the urban pollution. Various options 27

are being used around the world to reduce this problem: reduction of the use of private vehicles in urban areas, increasing efficiency to reduce consumption, use of new energy systems such as Fuel Cells or Electric Vehicles and their integration with RES. In this Thematic Analysis Fiche general concepts and policies related to Urban Sustainable Mobility have been illustrated focusing on mobility solutions for touristic areas. Two examples of projects developed in Italy has been presented as pilot case studies.

Considerations and policy recommendations and measures are given in this paragraph.

Â

Â

RESULTS

the use of EVs can contribute

Two projects aiming at using

the environmental pollution and

clean vehicles in touristic have

despite the history of EVs being

been presented in the previous

as old as the internal combustion

paragraphs.

projects

engines, the recent technological

represent a concrete example of

evolution can make the electric

how

transport

competitive

respect

to

The

the

sustainable be

28

applied

centers.

The

significantly to the reduction of

two

concept

of

mobility

can

in

touristic

projects

have

significant effects in social terms: the electric Botticella in Rome and

the

electric

fleet

in

Ventotene represent strong and effective

examples

to

make

citizens and tourists aware of the

concrete

possibility

of

use

should be made by the industry and governments to protect the environment, and

acquire

analysis

of

emerges electric

EVs. the

From

two

the

projects

that

to

implement

fleets

in

urban

or

touristic areas it is absolutely essential electric

have

through

economical incentives to develop

holidays.

projects

conventional

transport. Nevertheless, an effort

clean transport systems in their The

with

the

creation

infrastructure

of to

an park

significant effects as well as in

and charge the vehicles. In fact

terms of air pollution and noise.

electric

The results so far have proved

vehicles must be charged while

that the two proposed solutions

parked

can offer high benefits to the

implement projects like the ones

environment.

presented

However,

the

and and in

plug-in to

parking/charging

possible with the help of public

need

funding

created.

in

the

beginning,

to

be

successfully

this

successful implementation is only

hybrid

paper,

the

infrastructure

considered

It can be

and

useful

to

especially in the field of Electric

identify three main categories:

Vehicles (EV) promotion. Today

Residential, Private and Public.

Â

•

Residential single

•

and

includes multi-family

need

minimized.

to

Along

be with

housing, as well as apartment

infrastructure, support will also

complexes. Charging should

be needed for maintaining and

be accessible for all forms of

servicing

parking: garage, driveway or

these vehicles are projected to

parking lot.

have lower maintenance costs, a

Private Sector includes

charging

parking

at

workplaces, shopping centers

29

technologies

or

other

locations

where

neither the vehicle owner nor the

municipality

owns

the

trained

the

vehicles.

workforce

must

While

be

available to service them and to enable with

maintenance-providers the

tools

and

training

necessary to support these new vehicles.

parking space.

•

Public includes

charging on-street

parking

and any public lot or parking deck.

A number of issues need to be considered in response to these needs. Though there may be variation in cost for the vehicle or

parking

space

owner,

the

infrastructure for the charging stations is consistent. To ensure proper installation and safeguard consumers,

training

and

certification need to be provided.

The

upfront

costs

that

can

sometimes slow adoption of new

Â

EUROPEAN POLICY

consumers, economic our

IMPLICATIONS

prosperity

environment

and

is

a

key

component in their sustainability.

It is also anticipated that an

next?

What

businesses,

influx of

new technology,

as

well as the products and services To fulfill the market of EVs will

associated with it, will encourage

require a commitment to public

job growth.

education,

30

helping

consumers

understand the vehicles’ benefits

Integration of policies

and

The establishment of synergies

overcome

concerns

that

hinder their use. The media must

with

be

and

engaged

to

report

on

infrastructure development, and public support from influential leaders in the state and nation is critical. Also, it is vital for initial adopters

to

have

a

positive

consumer experience that will contribute

to

widespread acceptance. It must be

easy

purchase

for

consumers

vehicles

and

to

access

charging stations, be aware of relevant tax credits, get charging stations

installed

educated

on

charging

stations

and

the

location outside

home. Measuring the these

new

become of the

impact

technologies

other

local

policies

initiatives

directly

or

indirectly related to mobility can justify

the

start

up

of

a

Sustainable Mobility project and help its implementation, as well as ensure its long-term viability.

In this context it is essential to show a concrete link between Mobility

and

concern

other

like

issues

of

use

of

The

two

were

not

the

Renewable

Energies.

presented

projects

stand-alone projects but were well

integrated

strategy

of

municipality.

the

into

a

city

These

wider or

the

projects

of

demonstrated that objectives of

on

Sustainable

Mobility

are

more

Â

 achievable if they fit into a wider

batteries are charged both safely

strategy with respect to issues

and easily in all EU Member

such

States.

a

sustainable

development,

urban

tourism

or

environmental issues.

and connectors will use the same

Towards a European common charger for electric vehicles It is important that the European Standardisation

31

ETSI)

Organisations

(CEN-CENELEC

bodies

and

continue in developing a

common

charging

electric

cars,

Thanks to this mandate plugs

system

for

scooters

and

standard

all

providing

a

across true

Europe, European

solution independently of brands or

countries.

The Commission

expects that the standard will be ready by mid-2011.

On a recent Communication of 29

April

2010

Commission

the

European

established

bicycles. European standards

roadmap

for

are developed by the European

framework

encouraging

Standardisation

market

organisations

through

voluntary

cooperation

among

industry,

consumers,

public

authorities

interested

parties

development

of

specifications the

for

the

technical on

Standardisation interoperability

complementary services,

other

based

consensus. tackles

and

of

products/

requirements

performance. The standard has ensure

electric

that

vehicles

all

types and

of

coherent the

electrically

chargeable vehicles.

In this strategy, the mandate that the Commission addresses now to CENELEC, CEN and ETSI to develop a European common solution

for

the

charging

of

electric vehicles is crucial. This mandate has three objectives:

for

safety, health or environmental to

launch

a

a

of

•

to ensure that electric vehicles can be safely

their

Â

charged

by

their

standardisation.

drivers.

•

to ensure that electric vehicle

chargers

(including

their

removable

batteries)

interoperate

with

the

electricity supply points

32

The

European

Commission will continue to work closely with the standardisation bodies and industry to ensure the timely development of the standard.

Regional and local level It can be observed that many

and all types of electric

measures

vehicles.

would

regional and local levels, close to

allow users to recharge

the citizen. Action on sustainable

their

vehicles

mobility will only produce all its

anywhere in the EU by

potential gains if operations to

This

electric

using

the

same

charger.

•

ongoing activities in international

be

can

be

undertaken

at

taken

at

Community

and national levels are reflected locally and vice versa. The EU

the mandate requests

has

the

standardization

initiatives in this area. As seen in

bodies to consider the

Paragraph 3 an example is the

so-called

CIVITAS

smart-

already

taken

numerous

programme,

charging issues. Smart-

launched in 2000, which has

charging

allow

helped 59 European cities with

to

charge

urban mobility projects. Support

at

off-peak

users

will

vehicles

times to get the lowest price and most efficient use of energy.

The

design

of

the

European

standard will take into account

programmes have also been put in place to encourage public and private

investment

in

rational

transport

use

(pilot

actions,

creation

of

local

agency

networks,

etc.).

Furthermore,

the specific activities that are

33

integrated into the operational

waste

development

authorities

programmes

for

of

energy. have

Local

then

an

the EU cohesion policy, notably

important

in those regions lagging behind

providing

in development, give the regions

sustainable

strong instruments which could

cities. Then again, there is the

be used for a wide range of

eternal

different projects. Support and

Regulatory

investments

urban

certainly needed, but we must

transport, support to small and

also be able to back them up

medium sized enterprises as well

with

as

available financing products as

in

clean

related

research

and

role

to

play

and

by

promoting

solutions

problem

in

of

their

financing.

measures

are

investments. Currently

development are options to be

developed

mentioned. When this potential

always suitable for the scale of

for

many small projects, whereas

transport

efficiency

is

by

banks

are

not

mobilised, one has, however, to

the

respect the specific provisions of

smaller projects can provide as a

cohesion

whole is substantial. There is a

policy

programming,

aggregate

partnership and management. It

huge

should also be further discussed

investments

how to find solutions for the

sustainable

growing problems caused by city

throughout

centre congestion.

often

City transport is above all a matter

for

local

and

national

authorities,

the

EU

should

contribute to find solutions in the face of the deterioration in the quality of life which this problem causes, and which goes hand-inhand

with

a

truly

enormous

benefit

potential

be

especially

in

for

small-scale

mobility Europe.

projects They

highly when

such

will

feasible,

including

the

aspects of Intelligent Transport Systems

and

environmental

benefits. But financing of such projects, especially in the less developed

regions

of

Europe,

needs ‘facilitation’ to happen.

Given

the

small

scale

and

dispersed nature of the projects to be funded, it would seem that action

is

in

any

event

best

initiated at local or regional level.

Funds to support the projects for the

improvement

efficiency

have

successful

in

States,

and

of

been

many it

transport very

Member

should

be

considered how best practices

34

can be repeated and improved.

More on:

http://www.cenelec.eu/Cenelec/Homepag e.htm

http://www.etsi.org/website/homepage.asp x

sustainable

OUTLOOK

transport

systems.

ON RESEARCH

Urban mobility can be improved through the developing of new

What

ICT based services like travel

next?

information, positioning systems for

35

vehicles,

cyclists

and

Further technology - and policy-

pedestrians, fleet management

oriented

systems and more attractive car

research

sustainable

to

mobility

develop in

urban

and bike sharing schemes.

areas should allow to obtain the following needs and goals:

Research

Increased

interoperability

of transport infrastructures

•

at

different

and

private (sharing

Alternatives to traditional

of

between

fossil

passenger and freight transport,

fuels

and

increased

infrastructure

fuel efficiency of vehicles.

tram-train systems, bus rapid

Noise

transit lanes, park&ride facilities,

and

emission

pollutant reduction

Intelligent

urban

freight

distribution

logistics terminals, electric and

technologies.

•

public

aim

transport systems

for different modes.

•

also

integrate

better •

should

Transport

hybrid vehicles, etc.).

Systems.

•

Increased accessibility and comfort of public transport.

•

More

sustainable

urban

structures.

•

Public measures

acceptance to

create

of more

Environment”,

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COM(2004)60,

Brussels.

Communication on Thematic

The

urban

dimension

in

European Union policies 2010 (EUROPEAN COMMISSION InterService

Group

on

36

urban

dimension

in

other policies of the European Union (EUROPEAN COMMISSION Urban

Development) European transport policy for

2010: time to decide, White Paper. COM(2001)370, Brussels.

Green Paper on "A European Strategy

Sustainable,

for

Competitive

and

Secure

Energy Supply" “Towards Strategy

Brussels.

Europe

moving

–

Sustainable mobility for our continent”. Mid-term review of the European Commission’s 2001 Transport

White

Paper.';

COM(2006)314, Brussels Sustainable

Urban

Transport Plans. Preparatory Document

in

relation

follow-up

of

the

strategy

on

environment.

to

the

thematic

the Technical

urban Report

2007/018.

Green Paper. Towards a new

a on

Urban

Environment”, COM(2005)718,

'Keep

Inter-Service Group on

on

Urban

Development) The

Strategy

Thematic the

Urban

culture for urban mobility.

COM(2007)551, Brussels.

37

38

www.press4transport.eu