Dr. Asli Aslan by Prima Civitas Foundation

Water Quality and Health: Current Technology and Global Applica:ons Dr. Asli Aslan

Michigan State University aaslan@msu.edu

Water Quality

Diarrheal diseases kill more children than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined, making it the second leading cause of death among children under five. 88% of deaths due to diarrheal illness worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene .

CDC, 2012

Cholera outbreaks reported by WHO (2008-‐2011) Country South Africa Kenya Togo Ethiopia Iraq Angola Guinea-Bissau Mozambique Zambia Malawi Congo Botswana Niger South Africa Zimbabwe Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria Pakistan Haiti Dominican Republic Congo

Cases 2348 1400 429 58 925 90 14228 10066 1759 370 119 5 35 68 46606 40468 99 60240 3 896 181

Deaths 13 3

225 113 21 13 1 3 2482 1879 1415 265 6

Report Date 11/1/2008 11/17/2008 12/1/2008 12/15/2008 12/17/2008 1/1/2009 1/2/2009 1/4/2009 1/6/2009 1/6/2009 1/7/2009 1/8/2009 1/11/2009 1/18/2009 6/09/2009 10/08/2010 10/25/2010 11/20/2010 07/20/2011 07/20/2011 3

In the United States, most waterborne disease in outbreaks have been listed as AGI with unknown eDology. Viruses are assumed to cause most of these outbreaks and therefore a signiﬁcant porDon of outbreaks due to viral agents are neglected.

Drinking waters

Recreational waters

CoullieMe, A.D., Aslan-‐Yilmaz, A., et al. (in press). Drinking Water Safety in the 21st Century, APHA (Book Chapter)

Burlingame, G.A., Rose J.B., Xagoraraki, I., CoullieMe, A.D. and Aslan-‐Yilmaz, A. (2009). Opﬂow Online, 35, 5.

How do we measure microbiological pollu:on in water? Enteric bacteria have been used as indicator organisms to link to the potenDal presence of waterborne pathogens. Easy to enumerate Fairly inexpensive

Total Coliforms Late 1880 s Fecal Coliforms 1940 s-‐50 s E. coli 1986 E. coli O157:H7

Disadvantages of indicator concept • Do not correlate with viral and parasiDc pathogens • Re-‐grow in the environment • Can not idenDfy the source of fecal polluDon • Time needed to get the results: 18-‐24 hours (yesterday s results)

Polymerase Chain Reac:on (PCR) }  EnzymaDc reacDon that makes many copies of DNA from single molecule }  2n copies of DNA from single molecule where n = # of cycles }  So, 35 cycles of PCR would yield 235 copies of DNA

CYCLE NUMBER 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34

AMOUNT OF DNA 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1.024 2.048 4.096 8.192 16.384 32.768 65.536 131.072 262.144 524.288 1.048.576 2.097.152 4.194.304 8.388.608 16.777.216 33.554.432 67.108.864 134.217.728 268.435.456 536.870.912 1.073.741.824 1.400.000.000 1.500.000.000 1.550.000.000 1.580.000.000

Quan:ta:ve PCR

• Fast PCR screening without gels. • High sensiDvity and quanDﬁcaDon. • Instruments that can taken into the ﬁeld. • BeMer automaDon, less cross contaminaDon.

Advantages of qPCR : Time needed: 20 min to 3 hours: immediate acDon during outbreaks, beach closures Supplies: 5-‐15$ per sample IniDal set up: 35K Fully automated process, less cross contaminaDon and human error Detects source of polluDon

What are the sources of fecal pollu:on? Human Sewage

Untreated wastewater

Livestock

Wildlife

Irrigation water

Diffuse pollution sources

Companion Animals

Treated water -Not treated efficiently? -The distribution systems malfunction

Microbial Source Tracking Microbial Source Tracking (MST), is a method used to determine the sources of fecal microorganisms and establish whether they are being introduced into water bodies through human, wildlife, agricultural, or pet wastes. 11

Evalua:ng a human speciﬁc MST marker Bacteroides thetha0omicron alpha mannanese abundant in human, alpha mannanese presents one copy in a cell

Source (n)

. Bacteroides 16SrRNA B a c t e r o i d e s –

thetaiotaomicronal HF183

Prevotella 16SrRNA

pha mannanese Bovine (35)

0/35

7/35

35/35

Cats (6)

1/6**

2/6

NT*

Chickens (35)

0/35

4/35

Dogs (1)

0/1

1/1

Ducks (35)

0/35

6/35

Geese (12)

0/12

4/12

Gulls (25)

3/25**

11/25

Horses (5)

0/5

2/5

Sheep (35)

0/35

18/35

35/35

Swine (35)

3/35**

12/35

Turkeys (6)

0/6

2/6

Total (230)

7/230

67/230

70/70

S=1-‐(a/b) where a is the false posiDves and b is the number of samples for each animal feces tested. Alpha mannanese 0.97 HF183 0.71

Aslan, A. and Rose, J.B. (under review). EvaluaDon of the host speciﬁcity of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron alpha mannanese gene as a sewage polluDon marker (LeMers in Applied Microbiology).

Water Availability >10000 m3 3000-‐10000 m3 1000-‐3000 m3 <1000 m3

water rich enough water water scarcity water poor (WHO, 2008)

1000 500 0

Water stress zone <1000 m3

Ye a rs

2050

2030

2006

2000

1997

1990

1985

1980

1975

1970

1960

1965

(DSI, 2005) 1955

P er c apita water dem and (m 3)/year*

The per capita water resource is decreasing⇓ ⇓ 5000 8509 m3 (1955), 4500 3 4000 3626m (1990), 3500 1500 m3 (2004) and 3000 2500 1000 m3 (2030) 2000 1500

Turkey is not a water rich country. Country-Continent Averages

Water per capita

Syria Lebanon Turkey Iraq Asia Western Europe Africa South America World

1.200 m3 1.300 m3 1.430 m3 2.020 m3 3.000 m3 5.000 m3 7.000 m3 23.000 m3 7.600 m3

(WWF Turkey, 2006) 14

Wastewater 3325 municipality, 92 marine oukalls PopulaDon connected to sewerage: 73% 69% of the wastewater is treated (was 44% in 2004). Out of 3225 municipaliDes, 29 have mechanical treatment, 158 have biological treatment and 32 have advanced treatment.

Black Sea KARADENİZ

K1 K2 K3

Deep Discharging Points

Aktif Derin De şa rj Nokta la rı

B1 3 B1 2 BL1

B7 B5

B2 M1 MBC 1

MKC

M1 4

MARMARA DENİZİ Marmara Sea

M1 1 MY1 M2 3

MY2 M2 0

Pasalimani: 58.173 m3/day Total: 750.000 m3/day

KO Date

Salinity

Fecal coliform (CFU/ 100 ml)

September 1996

21.8

1360

November 1996

23.2

3050

May 1998

25.7

2500

November 1999

21.9

2100

December 1999

23.0

34000

January 2000

20.9

2100 psu

-10

K0 Derinlik (m)

-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 4

Okuş, E. Öztürk I., Sur H.I.,Yüksek, A. Taş, S. Aslan-Yılmaz, A., et al. (2008), Desalination 226, 1-3, 231-248.

CFU/100 ml

38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16

0 -100

100 -1000

1000 -2000

2000 -5000

5000 -10000

10000 -100000

100000 -1000000

Microbiological Pollution Monitoring at the Coastal Areas of Istanbul n

K A R A D E N İZ

155

lc e

Ş ile

4 1 .0

135

132

G üz e

S iliv r

139

R iv a

144

4 1 .3

K ily o

K a ra

b u ru

4 1 .5

145 4 0 .8 M A R M A R A D E N İZ İ 2 8 .8

2 9 .3

2 9 .8

ener

2 8 .3

114

ba hç

105

P aşa

100 41.1 45

28.70

28.80

28.90

29.00

Aslan-‐Yılmaz, A., Okuş, E., Övez, S (2004), Marine PolluDon BulleDn, 49 (11-‐12), 951-‐958.

sı

P end 5

T u z la

f A d a

ka da

a 29.10

S ede

131

B üyü

e lia d H eyb

azad

126

l K a r ta

118

B u rg 28.60

lı a d a K ın a

115

40.8 28.50

M a lte

B o s ta

ncı

Mod

A h ır k

a pı T opk

köy B a k ır

köy

Y e ş il

mece F lo r y a

K üçü

kçek

ar A v c ıl

kdüz

B e y li

152  sampling points Twice a month in summer Once a month in winter

40.9

mece B üyü

kçek

41.0

a pı

K a ra

köy

A na d

S a r ıy

o lu F

63 41.2

1 29.20

29.30

1 5 /1 1 /0 2

November 2003

2007 2003

2005

August 2007

2004 2005

2006 2006

2 1 /1 1 /0 7

2 5 /1 2 /0 7

1 6 /1 0 /0 7

2 0 /0 6 /0 7 1 1 /0 7 /0 7 2 5 /0 7 /0 7 1 5 /0 8 /0 7 0 5 /0 9 /0 7 1 7 /0 9 /0 7

1 6 /0 4 /0 7 0 9 /0 5 /0 7 2 1 /0 5 /0 7

2 8 /0 2 /0 7

1 5 /0 1 /0 7

2 2 /1 1 /0 6 1 1 /1 2 /0 6

A v ru p vaalues Y a k a s ı EU guideline

2 7 /0 9 /0 6 1 7 /1 0 /0 6

2 7 /0 4 /0 6 1 7 /0 5 /0 6 2 9 /0 5 /0 6 1 9 /0 6 /0 6 1 1 /0 7 /0 6 2 5 /0 7 /0 6 1 5 /0 8 /0 6

2 1 /0 6 /0 6

2 1 /0 2 /0 6

2006

2 6 /1 2 /0 5

2004 2005

2 5 /1 0 /0 5 1 6 /1 1 /0 5

2004

2 5 /0 4 /0 5 1 0 /0 5 /0 5 2 4 /0 5 /0 5 1 3 /0 6 /0 5 2 8 /0 6 /0 5 1 8 /0 7 /0 5 0 4 /0 8 /0 5 2 5 /0 8 /0 5 2 0 /0 9 /0 5

2 8 /0 2 /0 5 2 2 /0 3 /0 5

2003

0 1 /0 2 /0 5

2 9 /1 2 /0 4

% 80

1 1 /1 0 /0 4 0 2 /1 1 /0 4

0 2 /0 9 /0 4

2003

0 4 /0 5 /0 4 1 8 /0 5 /0 4 0 9 /0 6 /0 4 3 0 /0 6 /0 4 2 0 /0 7 /0 4 0 4 /0 8 /0 4

1 6 /0 3 /0 4 0 7 /0 4 /0 4

1 8 /0 2 /0 4

1 4 /0 1 /0 4

0 4 /1 1 /0 3

0 3 /0 9 /0 3 2 4 /0 9 /0 3 0 7 /1 0 /0 3

1 09 2002 1 08 1 07 1 06 1 05 1 04 1 03 2 10 10 1

0 3 /0 3 /0 3 2 6 /0 3 /0 3 1 3 /0 4 /0 3 2 4 /0 4 /0 3 1 4 /0 5 /0 3 2 9 /0 5 /0 3 1 1 /0 6 /0 3 2 3 /0 6 /0 3 1 6 /0 7 /0 3 2 9 /0 7 /0 3

2 0 /0 1 /0 3

2 3 /1 2 /0 2

C F U /1 0 0 m l

100 100

A s y a Y a k a s ı

Asian Side 60 2003: 4 sites 2007: 25 sites

2007

2007 F e k a l k o lifo rm

F e k a l s tre p to k o k

Recreational Waters 28 provinces have shoreline. Half of the populaDon. 311 beaches have Blue Flag.

OCEANOS

IMPACTS OF HUMAN USE ON THE BIODIVERSITY OF MARINE SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS

-‐Searching for threats on biodiversity and water quality -‐Over 1200 SCUBA dives -‐34 species introduced to the literature -‐Problems pointed out: aquaculture, solid waste, human health

Y ü z e y F e k a l K o lifo rm D a ð ýlým ý ( C F U /1 0 0 m l)

Fecal coliform0(CFU/100 ml) 5 .0 7 .0 6 0 - 10 10 - 100 100 - 500 500 - 1000 1000 - 10000

Climate Change and Health

Drought Accumulation & Concentration Smaller scale risks

Heavy precipitation Transport Larger scale risks

Total economic loses in North America from weather-related events were $253 billion in the period between 1985-1999 (IPCC, 2007). 24

Flooding

New York Times, Sep. 9th, 2009

Building Beach Managers Capacity Using Rapid Tools EPA is changing the criteria (Enterococci) for recreaDonal waters. Great Lakes RestoraDon IniDaDve (GLRI) Training health departments in the use of qPCR rapid methods for beach monitoring and enable the implementaDon of fully funcDonal molecular laboratories at the local level How-‐to manual for using rapid methods for beach monitoring Rapid Methods Workshop at USEPA NaDonal Beaches Conference Future applicaDons: source tracking

Healthier Great Lakes Beaches Through Improved Communica:on hMp://greatlakesecho.org/2011/08/26/ video-‐beach-‐monitoring-‐faster-‐more-‐ accurate/

Interna:onal Projects on Water Quality and Sanita:on INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORY FOR SEWAGE Developing a toolbox for water polluDon diagnosDcs Capacity building

http://www.cws.msu.edu/ic-sewage/

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATORY FOR SEWAGE

Level I: Core labs Level II: Have resources to upgrade to molecular detecDon Level III: Doesn t have resources but interested in capacity building

IC Sewage Projects: Capacity Building (Sibel Zeki, IU)

• Develop water quality monitoring programs using innovaDve tools in selected regions • First summer study has been done with a graduate student from Turkey on collecDon, analysis and data reporDng • Training on sample collecDon, DNA extracDon, qPCR analysis and data reporDng • Joint project on the bacteriological polluDon of Golden Horn Estuary, Istanbul

GeneZ: Low Cost Hand-‐held GeneDc Analysis Plakorm

Dr. Hashsham, MSU Civil and Environmental Engineering 31

Contact informa:on: Dr. Asli Aslan Michigan State University aaslan@msu.edu