26 minute read
Appointments
MYM Nutraceuticals Inc. announces that Dr. Charith Adkar has joined MYM as its new chief science officer (CFO). Charith completed his PhD in Plant Biol-
Dr. Charith Adkar
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ogy and Crop Production from the University of Milano, Italy with the specialization in molecular plant pathology. He completed his postdoctoral studies at Hirosaki University, Japan and Université de Sherbrooke, Canada. His areas of expertise include Plant Science, Biotechnology, Microbiology, Molecular host-pathogen interactions and Bioinformatics. He will manage MYM’s scientific, research and technological operations, and will work primarily at the Laval and Weedon production facilities.
ExCellThera Inc. announces the appointment of David Millette as chief financial and legal officer. Millette combines a solid background in finance and law, having practised
David Millette
in the areas of accounting, finance and management consulting with a leading firm of chartered professional accountants for several years, and in the areas of corporate and securities law, financings and business acquisitions and sales for over a decade, including several years as a partner, with a top tier international law firm. He has a broad range of financial, legal and strategic experience across several industries, including pharmaceuticals, life sciences and healthcare. Millette is a lawyer, holds a bachelor of commerce and a law degree from the University of Montreal, and holds the designations of Chartered Professional Accountant (CPA, CA) and Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA).
CIHR appoints Dr. Christopher McMaster as the new scientific director of CIHR’s Institute of Genetics. This appointment will be effective July 1, 2018. McMaster is a professor and head of the Department of Pharmacology at
Dalhousie University, and director of the Cheminformatics Drug Discovery Lab, which uses sophisticated software to design new drugs. He is also the co-founder and CEO of DeNovaMed, a biotechnology company that uses computer-aided design to drive the development of new classes of antimicrobials to address the global health threat of antimicrobial resistance. As Scientific Director, McMaster will work with his community to identify research priorities, develop funding opportunities, build partnerships, and translate research evidence into policy and practice to improve the health of Canadians and people around the world. As a member of CIHR’s leadership team, he will participate in setting and implementing CIHR’s strategic direction.
The Centre for Drug Research
and Development, Canada’s national drug development and commercialization centre, announces the appointment of Dr. Lana Janes as an Entrepreneur-in-Residence. As a life sciences industry executive for over 20 years, Janes has extensive pharmaceutical development experience that spans the full life cycle of therapeutic product development from discovery through commercialization. As an Entrepreneur-inResidence, she will work with CDRD
Dr. Christopher McMaster Dr. Lana Janes
leadership to identify specific areas of strategic commercial opportunity, and then in partnership with other stakeholders, drive the building of a new company of scale that can develop those opportunities, and grow into a strong new anchor for Canada’s life science sector. Her previous positions include senior vice president, intellectual property and technology development and chief patent officer, with leadership and oversight responsibilities for all R&D aspects of Novelion Therapeutics’ late-stage ophthalmology orphan assets. Janes received her AB in Chemistry with Honours from Harvard University and her PhD in organic chemistry with Honours from McGill University, where she also conducted post-doctoral work in the field of biological organic chemistry. She is also registered to practice as a patent agent in both Canada and the US, is an author of numerous scientific publications in the field of organic and medical chemistry.
Aptose Biosciences Inc. appoints Caroline M. Loewy to the Board of Directors. Aptose’s Board of Directors now includes seven members with extensive experience across diverse disciplines in biotechnology and pharmaceutical development. Loewy is an accomplished executive leader with more than 25 years of experience in accelerating biotechnology product development and growth. She currently provides strategic advisory services to life science companies on a variety of high-impact matters including funding strategies, product pipeline evaluation, and assessing business development opportunities. She has held numerous executive roles; most recently, she co-founded and served as chief financial officer and chief business officer of Achieve Life Sciences, Inc. Prior to that, she held the position of chief financial officer of both public and private biopharmaceutical companies including Tobira Therapeutics, Inc., Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated, and Poniard Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Loewy also spent 11 years as a senior biotechnology equity research analyst at Morgan Stanley and Prudential Securities. She sits on the board of directors of CymaBay Therapeutics Inc.; is a founding board member of the Global Genes Project, one of the leading rare disease patient advocacy organizations in the world; and is a member of the National Advisory Council of the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen) Center for Rare Childhood Disorders. She is also a founding board member of the KCNQ2 Cure Alliance Foundation and holds a BA degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and an MBA/MS degree from Carnegie Mellon University.
InMed Pharmaceuticals Inc. announces the addition of Dr. Vikramaditya G. Yadav to its Scientific Advisory Board. Yadav is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering at the University of British Columbia (UBC), and currently serves as the Chair of the Biotechnology Division of the Chemical Institute of Canada. He has been recognized by Medicine Maker journal as one of the 100 most influential people in drug development and manufacturing. Yadav received his doctoral degree in chemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His graduate work focused on enzyme and microbial metabolic engineering for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. He later conducted post-doctoral research on biophysics and biological thermodynamics at Harvard University. He joined UBC, Canada’s pre-eminent center for biotechnology research, in the summer of 2014 and has since established a world-leading, industry- connected research group that works on wide-ranging topics such as metagenomics, plant chemistry, tissue engineering, drug discovery and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Yadav received his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from the University of Waterloo.
By lori mcKellar feature
WAYs To BATTLe INfoRMATIo CoMPLexITY IN LIfe sCIeNCes5 N
ALMosT ALL oRGANIzATIoNs, No MATTeR THe INDUsTRY, are facing the need to
manage and store information securely. Life sciences companies are no exception – the drug development process is information and data intensive, and regulatory submissions, for example, can span hundreds of thousands of pages. It can be daunting for team members trying to work together and navigate the complexities of storing, sharing and collaborating on documents across internal domains within life sciences. This situation becomes even more challenging when you consider the ecosystem of external partners who also need to access information and participate in key business processes. To help simplify this information overload, enterprise information management (eIM) solutions tailored to keep data compliant with industry best practice and government regulations are powering better ways of collaborating.
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They enhance productivity by letting teams access and share information and manage tasks when working outside the organization from any location (such as an executive who is travelling or an external partner). Most life sciences organizations have made significant investments in EIM systems and they are often customized to align with critical business processes. These systems hold mountains of critical information and include a web of software integrations within their operational systems that are necessary to support end-to-end processes. Therefore, it is understandable that life sciences companies are looking for ways to deliver simplicity and improve productivity. However, they also want to leverage existing investments rather than embarking on large migration efforts or maintaining duplicate systems. The good news is that today, the opportunity to deploy tools and solutions to help teams work better together both internally and with outside partners can accelerate workflows, cut down on problems related to document management and improve time-tomarket, while keeping information secure and compliant as long as best practices are followed.
1. Simplify external partnerships
In order to improve development times and cut down on the costs of developing new products and services, companies in Life Sciences collaborate by sharing their skills and expertise. One example often seen today is the relationship between contract research organizations and pharmaceutical companies that sponsor them. These strategic partnerships are underpinned by the ability to easily share information and collaborate openly, demonstrating the power of modern strategies for managing information.
For these partnerships to succeed, information needs to flow while staying secure. These external partners require access to sensitive or highly regulated documents that must adhere to the organization’s own security policies, and the larger regulations of the industry and region where the company operates. There should be an easy way to enable this collaboration so as not to slow down any processes.
2. Break down internal and external barriers
Internal collaboration between departments in large organizations – especially life sciences organizations – is often difficult because in the past, compliance was the driver for keeping information locked down. The result is that information is often siloed within departments. These silos of information have prevented users from easily sharing information (even with internal stakeholders). Today’s information management systems are letting users work more productively in that complex environment. These systems are helping teams work better internally across domains, for example, sharing information between clinical, regulatory and quality assurance teams, and those capabilities are being extended to external partners and infrequent users outside organizations.
Sharing information internally means breaking down information silos and allowing critical content to be shared seamlessly with others without worrying about compliance. Sharing information outside an organization in life sciences presents additional challenges but current approaches to security enable information to be shared with key partners and stakeholders without adding complexity.
Most life sciences organizations have made significant investments in eIM systems and they are often customized to align with critical business processes. These systems hold mountains of critical information and include a web of software integrations within their operational systems that are necessary to support end-to-end processes.
3. Make sure external partners are managed securely
Life sciences is highly competitive and organizations must be able to stay on top of applications, trials, regulatory work and other tasks (that all require multiple stakeholders – both internal and external - to review and approve), while adhering to the specific regulations around privacy and security for each country in which they operate. With many partners to manage and engage, from contract research groups, to regulatory bodies and suppliers (supply chain management) users need a simple way to collaborate and share information.
When considering tasks and processes in the industry that must be done repetitively with the same high standards, such as quality assurance where there are many moving pieces, employees and partners must know and follow the same standard operating procedures. Similarly, most people working in the regulatory and clinical areas need access to systems of record to review and approve content. Just as in any field, they are often under pressure to do their jobs quickly to complete mission-critical tasks in the chain.
4. Keep it simple for team members
While simplicity might be important for many industries, keeping information access simple in life sciences is not trivial. The information and files being stored and shared are incredibly varied. From biomedical research to genomic data, documents and reports are often accessed by different teams for regulatory submissions, intellectual property management and research and development collaboration. Beyond the diverse file types, the sheer volume of data makes it difficult to manage. These organizations are some of the most demanding when it comes to storing and managing data – often
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responsible for (1 billion gigabytes) of data and information.
With so many hurdles, users managing this information should not be forced to navigate clunky interfaces or be forced to undergo long training to understand how to use applications. Instead, today’s solutions are helping life sciences organizations collaborate and share complex tasks. Life sciences organizations must strive toward giving users the ability to quickly organize and group related information in collections so users can quickly see different types of regulatory forms, documents or important data all from a single location.
5. Use information to keep improving
While gaining access to critical content and being able to complete tasks is necessary, organizations are also striving to gain new efficiencies by analyzing the mountains of information they have accumulated on key business processes. For example, modern big data tools combined with analytics can help draw attention to areas requiring additional support or oversight to help improve overall organizational productivity. Like a regulatory dashboard where the time from submission to approval is clearly indicated. This type of graphical report can help a life sciences company focus its resources on areas where it lags and help it more accurately determine its regulatory strategy by market. Similar dashboards could be utilized to understand clinical trial sites’ adherence to submitting required paperwork.
Looking to the future
Enabling new ways of collaboration using cloud technologies is often a phased approach for life sciences companies, especially given the strategic nature of the information that must be managed, moved and the considerations required when evaluating the complexity of integrations with existing systems. A tempered adoption strategy can be used, where certain cloud-based collaboration tools are launched while maintaining investments in existing systems. A hybrid strategy allows life sciences organizations to use new technologies and tools to improve productivity, efficiency and remain competitive, while maintaining strict adherence to laws and regulations and leveraging and maximizing the existing investments.
As new techniques and technologies are developed, the sheer amount of data being produced by researchers and demanded by regulators will likely only increase. Organizations will have to keep simplicity and the user experience top of mind as they continue to evolve the way they work with multiple stakeholders. As new technology is adopted, security, regulation and adherence to regional variations in rules must be considered when enabling new ways of collaborating. However, the end-goal of creating new efficiencies in the industry through new technologies will help life sciences companies maintain their competitiveness as the industry continues to evolve.
Lori McKellar is Director, Solution Marketing in Life Sciences at OpenText.
To see this story online visit
https://laboratoryfocus.ca/5-ways-to-battleinformation-complexity-in-lifesciences/
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By Jeffrey c. smith
In situ TrEnDi:
enhancing the sensitivity and safety of MS-based quantitative lipidomics analyses via novel chemistry on a new device
Cellular life involves precise coordinated interactions of a huge array of biological molecules acting in concert with one another in order to sustain survival.
As a cell undergoes stress or interacts with its environment, these biomolecular interactions alter to compensate for any given change. In an ecosystem, cellular biomolecular interactions are in a constant state of flux to maintain the homeostasis of the organism. These dynamic interactions are important for us to understand in order to have a full appreciation of how cells really work. This is perhaps most poignant in the case of diseases, whereby aberrant biomolecular interactions or dynamics have been demonstrated to drive cells to an unhealthy state or even death. One of the best techniques that has emerged in the past few decades to investigate biomolecular dynamics is mass spectrometry (MS). Mass spectrometers are able to identify biomolecules by determining their masses and comparing them to the masses of known biomolecules. To increase specificity, MS is able to break apart individual biomolecules and measure the masses of the resulting fragments in order to provide unambiguous identification. MS can also measure the abundance of biomolecules between different cellular states and yield insight into any dynamics that occur over time.
One class of biomolecules that has received increased attention over the past decade is lipids. Originally categorized as solely energy storage or structural biomolecules, the roles of lipids have expanded to include mediation or acting as second messengers in signal transduction in a wide array of cellular processes. MS has proven a useful tool in analyzing lipids from complex biological samples; however, it is not without limitations. Several classes of lipids do not ionize efficiently and as the complexity of a given sample increases, the suppression of ionization becomes more pronounced. In many cases, lipids that are involved in cellular communication are of low abundance making their detection more difficult yet also critical in order to accurately elucidate cellular mechanisms. In order to increase the sensitivity of MS-
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based analysis and permit low abundance lipid detection, mass spectrometer design has improved over the years and the effects of different solvents and additives have been investigated to push analyte equilibria to an ionized state. Despite these improvements, many lipids in complex biological samples remain unobservable even when using state of the art equipment. To address this, our research team took a different approach by developing a new chemical derivatization technique called Trimethylation Enhancement using Diazomethane, or TrEnDi (Figure 1). Rather than attempt to change the instrumental conditions to promote the formation of analyte ions, TrEnDi results in a fixed permanent positive charge on lipid analytes obviating any need for ionization agents (e.g. organic acids or monovalent metal ions) during electrospray ionization.
For the past four years, we have published several articles on the use of TrEnDi to chemically derivatize glycerophospholipids from biological samples to enhance the sensitivity of their analysis by MS. TrEnDi uses the highly reactive molecule diazomethane to methylate biomolecule functional groups that have pKa values less than 11. Phosphate and carboxylic acids are methylated to neutrality and primary amine groups are rendered positively charged; sen-
figure 1
sitivity is enhanced between one to four orders of magnitude depending on lipid class and electrospray solvent conditions. In particular, the lipid subclasses phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS) experience a dramatic boost in sensitivity as these analytes are ionized in a uniform manner (Figure 2). PS and PE are typically ionized through a combination of binding protons or sodium ions; TrEnDi consolidates these different ionization modes into a single mass, and therefore a single peak in the mass spectrum, as protons or sodium ions can no longer bind to the lipids. Furthermore, protonated or sodiated PE and PS fragment into many different fragments in MS where TrEnDi-modified PE and PS fragment into one and two different fragments, respectively, translating into increased sensitivity in tandem MS experiments. A synthetic route to create isotopically labeled diazomethane on the carbon atom of the molecule was also developed2 and subsequently employed in TrEnDi to differentiate PE from phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids.3 Recently, we have developed a device to generate diazomethane in situ that allows for its immediate reaction without user manipulation, opening the door to even more reactive diazobased chemistry. A modular device has been constructed using crimp-top glass vials, a syringe and a nitrogen source connected by fused silica tubing. The first vial contains aqueous N-nitroso-N-methylurea covered by an ethereal layer. The septum of this vial is pierced by three lines of fused silica, the ends of two being suspended above the ether while the third extends down into the aqueous layer. The submerged line delivers a small flow of nitrogen to the vial while one of the suspended lines is connected to a syringe that administers potassium hydroxide at a controlled rate. The other suspended line delivers ether vapour mixed with the in situ-generated diazomethane into the solvent of a second vial containing the lipid analyte(s).
The nitrogen pressure and reaction times were optimized for a solution containing PC, PE, PS and sphingomyelin (SM). It was quickly observed that the device performed TrEnDi equally as well as when TrEnDi was conducted in solution; all products were derivatized to completion. The device was quickly modified to be more robust by replacing lines with PEEK tubing and using Luer lock connections with needles for piercing the septa. Moreover, the administration of the base was automated with a syringe pump rending the entire process automated without the need for user intervention. Although extreme precautions have always been employed when working with diazomethane since the inception of TrEnDi, the risk of exposure to diazomethane has remained of paramount concern to our team. This device takes the user
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figure 2
Pe and Ps are rendered permanently positively charged via TrenDi derivatization, increasing the sensitivity of their analysis by Ms. 1
This device takes the user out of the picture and generates diazomethane in situ in an automated fashion behind a closed fumehood and blast shield, eliminating the minute possibility of accidental exposure. standard lipid analytes and complex lipid mixtures were both successfully methylated to completion.
out of the picture and generates diazomethane in situ in an automated fashion behind a closed fumehood and blast shield, eliminating the minute possibility of accidental exposure. Standard lipid analytes and complex lipid mixtures were both successfully methylated to completion.
The device permits the methylation of analytes within aqueous or organic solvents and also enables experimentation with diazo compounds with even higher reactivity. For example, in situ generation of diazoethane was conducted by replacing the N-nitroso-N-methylurea with Nethyl-N-nitrosourea. More time was required to completely derivatize the lipids with diazoethane owing to differences in its volatility compared to diazomethane; however, complete derivatization of all analytes was observed. Our initial results suggest that diazoethane increases the sensitivity of MS analysis of glycerophospholipids to an even greater degree than diazomethane-based derivatization, possibly due to differences in desolvation during the electrospray process. Finally, this device permits the tunability of the TrEnDi chemistry via precisely controlling the composition of the solvent that the analyte is dissolved in. Initial results have indicated that the pKa of the functional groups that are affected by this derivatization procedure may be controlled by regulating solvent composition and adding specific modifying agents during the reaction.
Our hope is that this device will render the benefits of TrEnDi derivatization amenable to laboratory workflows beyond our own group and that the biomolecular mechanisms of cellular life may be explored to greater depths than that which has been previously accessible.
References:
1. Wasslen, Canez, Lee, Manthorpe,
Smith. Anal. Chem., 2014, 86 (19), 9523–9532. 2. Shields and Manthorpe. J
Lablled Comp Radiopharm., 2014, 12, 674-679. 3. Canez, Shields, Bugno, Wasslen,
Weinert, Willmore, Manthorpe,
Smith. Anal Chem. 2016, 88 (14), 6996-7004.
Jeff Smith is Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry and the Institute of Biochemistry at Carleton University and is currently the Director of the Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre. His research focusses on the use of mass spectrometry to investigate the biomolecular mechanisms of cellular life.
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By roB o’Brien feature
THe RoLe of MAss sPeCTRoMeTRY IN THe evoLvING CANNABIs sECToR
CANNABIs LeGALIzATIoN Is CoMING To CANADA and with it will
come a significant economic sector that will exceed 25 billion dollars in economic impact when the revenues from the medicinal, recreational and auxiliary aspects of this are considered. There will also be a range of social and cultural impacts that are difficult if not impossible to predict and I suspect that most predictions are likely more closely aligned with the political world view of the predictor than they are with reality. In this article, I draw on my industrial and academic experience to outline some areas where mass spectrometry will play a role in the sector.
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The most obvious role for mass spectrometry and analytical chemistry is in quality control. There are a series of chemical tests routinely performed on cannabis products, namely potency (cannabinoids), terpene profiles, pesticide screen, toxic metal screen and for derivative products residual solvent analysis. Of these tests, the concentration of the cannabinoids measured for potency (THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA) and the terpenes concentrations are high enough that mass spectrometry is not the technique of choice as these are most cost effectively run using HPLC with UV detection or GC-FID. On the other hand, both LCMSMS and GCMSMS are required to meet the new Health Canada requirements for pesticide testing. We also use ICPMS for toxic metal analysis and Headspace GCMS for residual solvents. However, the need for mass spectrometric tools goes far beyond the running of routine testing protocols.
In addition to the new Cannabis Act, the Canadian government is also modifying the criminal code under Bill C-46 to address THC intoxication as a driving impairment. Specifically, the act states that the “…offence level for THC under the proposed hybrid offence would be set at ≥5 nanograms (ng) per millilitre of blood. For the proposed summary conviction offence, a BDC level of ≥2 ng and <5 ng/ml of THC would be established.” In addition to, these other drugs of abuse are also designed to be monitored. “With respect to LSD, psilocin/psilocybin, PCP, 6-MAM, ketamine, cocaine and methamphetamine, it is proposed that any level of these drugs, detectable in blood within two hours of driving, be prohibited under the new hybrid criminal offence.”
Although there does not seem to be much research supporting the action level for driving impairment of 5 ng/mL, it should be reasonable to validate a MS based analytical protocol at this level. It is very likely that the onsite screening systems will receive a number of challenges that will require additional full lab support using MS as a detection approach. Furthermore, it is also likely that some employers will also be looking to require their employees to undergo drug testing and so I expect that there will be a significant demand for forensic drug testing and mass spectrometry will remain the technique of choice for such work.
The use of the phrase “…any level..” in a law in reference to a drug or any compound, seems to open up a can of worms. This will undoubtably lead to legal challenges with forensic testing, thus mass spectrometry, providing evidence on both sides of the legal argument. The sensitivity of advanced analytical mass spectrometry systems will enable detection at levels where even interactions with contaminated currency could lead to a positive test if the obtainable detection limits are low enough.
Another area of advanced mass spectrometric techniques that may not immediately come to mind is the ability to identify products from various sources due to distinct chemical fingerprint techniques. In our case, we are proposing to use full scan ICPMS as a means of fingerprinting products. Given the unique combination of
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water sources, nutrients, soil medium and the ability to purposely add sub-nutrient it is often possible to be able to definitively identify a specific product from a specific supplier. Supra THC Services is actively working on developing the essential research protocols to support such work.
In terms of clinical research there is also a significant role for mass spectrometry. Cannabis is indeed a unique medicinal product, there are very few drugs that patients can use both recreationally and medicinally. Given the illicit nature of cannabis use outside of medical prescription, there is some possibility that patients may not be completely forth right with their medical history. Furthermore, when attempting a clinical trial, there are very few other drugs where both the control group and the test group could be accessing the “test drug” independently from the study. On top of all of this the manner in which the patient consumes the product can drastically impact the effective dose that enters the patients blood stream.
Consider the following scenarios: a patient is given one gram of a dried bud material to use as a smoked product. If they choose to smoke this as a traditional joint, there are many factors that can impact the dose of THC and CBD that they absorb. These include draw rate, which impacts pyrolysis byproducts, cannabinoid destruction rate, volume of gas inhaled and other factors that most people would guess. However, even if two people do these things exactly the same, if one draws the smoke deeply into their lungs and a second draws into their mouth and releases through their nose, the absorption dynamics can be much different. If the patient choses to use a herbal vaporizer, where the temperature realized by the plant material is only 200°C ±20°C, there will not be sufficient temperature to induce pyrolysis, but enough to vaporize the cannabinoids and terpenes in your sample. As a result, herbal vaporizers typically deliver a higher dose of actives while not delivering pyrolysis by-products or dangerous particulate matter released during pyrolysis. As strange as it sounds, smoking technique matters and impacts absorbed dose.
In a second scenario, if the patient is given a dose of THC or CBD in an edible oil product, the delivery dose can be much more readily controlled, however, the means of taking this dose can also impact absorbed dose. An ingested sample that is swallowed takes a significant time to be absorbed (30-40 minutes) and it goes through first pass metabolism where most of the THC is converted to 11-Hydroxy-Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), a metabolite that is much more potent and long lived than the THC in the material. On the other hand, sublingual application of the oil can lead to a quicker onset (15 to 30 minutes) and very little initial metabolism.
Given all these issues, it become very difficult to run a controlled clinical trial using traditional approaches. An alternate approach is to use “molecular epidemiology” to monitor absorbed dose and correlate that with medicinal effects and possibly even the metabolomics impacts of the treatment.
In addition to using mass spectrometry to measure phytocannabinoids, we expect that the measurement of the biomarkers of the endocannabinoid system, namely Anandamide (AEA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), will also develop into an important bioassay to assess the condition of the endocannabinoid system.
When all things are considered, we anticipate that the demand for mass spectrometry based will increase significantly over the next few years as the impact of the >$20 billion cannabis sector trickles though the scientific lab community.
In addition to using mass spectrometry to measure phytocannabinoids, we expect that the measurement of the biomarkers of the endocannabinoid system, namely Anandamide (AeA) and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), will also develop into an important bioassay to assess the condition of the endocannabinoid system.
Rob O’Brien is the president and chief science officer at Valens GroWorks. https://www.linkedin. com/in/suprarob/
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