Cities By Sea: Urbanism in the Age of Sea Level Rise

CITIES BY SEA: Urbanism in the Age of Sea Level Rise

FALL 2017

Alan Berger Rafi Segal Jonah Susskind

Studio Instructors Alan Berger Rafi Segal Jonah Susskind

Teaching Assistant

Alexander Wiegering-Spitzer

Students

Mario Giampieri DeeDee Kim Sea Hoon Kim Pavlo Kryvozub Qianhui Liang Kelly Main Mahtab Max Moinian Joshua Morrison Alina Nazmeeva Ankur Podder Malcolm Rio Nayeli Rodriguez Helena Rong Yair Titelboim Yue Wu Juncheng Yang

Cover Image: Bird’s eye view of Boston Benjamin F. Nutting, 1866 Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection

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Mid-Term Review Critics Marie Law Adams Eli Keller Lukas Pauer Brent Ryan Irmak Turan Emily Wettstein Amy Whitesides

Final Review Critics Neeraj Bhatia Susannah Drake Kathryn Firth Fadi Masoud Therese Tierney Emily Wettstein

External Collaborators

TU Delft Dalhousie Architecture School Newcastle University Global Urban Research Unit (GURU)

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Introduction

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The Strategy Alan Berger

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The Sites

Jonah Susskind

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Precedent Research

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Site Analysis

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Featured Projects

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Expanding the Edge Rafi Segal

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Contributors

Above: Birds-eye-view of Boston and vicinity. Harper & Brothers 1871

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Urbanism in the Age of Sea Level Rise Today, after centuries of interminable urbanization along North America’s coastal corridors, the retrofitting of urban waterfronts must confront the urgent episodic challenges of increased storm events and flood risk along with myriad chronic threats related to sea level rise. In older US cities like Boston, a historic dependence on the sea for international trade and commercial viability is no longer a driving force in the shaping of urban waterfronts due to global market shifts and the wholesale adoption of new transportation infrastructures. Instead, as these cities scramble to keep up with new development pressures in housing and commercial sectors along their post-industrial waterfronts, these former landscapes of exchange have become landscapes of defense or retreat.

Indeed, waterfront urbanism now carries with it a heavy burden of damage, loss, and increasing vulnerability.

These vulnerabilities are especially palpable in Boston where much of the city’s land mass was artificially made during the first half of the 20th century through major land reclamation projects. As the edges of the Boston Harbor were extended to maximize regional shipping capacities, much of this new land became sites for critical infrastructure such as Logan International Airport, regional fuel supply storage facilities, produce distribution centers, and interstate highways. Today, these same sites, most of which are situated within 30 inches of sea level, are being radically altered by some of the fastest growing urban development trends in the Commonwealth and an evolving landscape of active maritime industry.

In the fall of 2017, the MIT Norman B. Leventhal Center for Advanced Urbanism supported faculty and students from the MIT School of Architecture and Planning to develop a research and design studio focused on propositional design frameworks for adapting coastal urban morphologies to meet the challenges of sea level rise in Boston. These proposals took on two typological sites, each of which embodied several of the complex issues related to social, economic, and environmental resilience at the scale of the district. The resulting work exposes, through rigorous spatial analysis and site-specific design strategies, several different approaches for addressing risk and resilience in Boston and highlights cutting edge initiatives within the city and the region.

The Strategy: Resilience Districts Why the urban district scale? Resiliency at the district scale is a growing trend for adaptation planning in cities. Our resilience district concept is a series of performance-based design and planning strategies that capture agglomeration benefits, mitigate systemic risks, and address socioeconomic concerns of long-term climate adaptation in coastal cities. Having strategies available allows cities to conceive of the resilience dividend over time, while beginning to answer the difficult question of what projects should be conducted at the urban scale to combat sea level rise and climate change.

These strategies will focus on physically designing resilient districts for Boston. However it is important for design and planning students to know that resilient districts are not just a spatial solution, but also depend upon carefully matching socio-political engagement and economic tools at the appropriate spatial scale.

Traditional public policy suggests that the decision making unit (DMU) should be enlarged to the greatest extent possible to incorporate significant externalities without compromising decision-making effectiveness. Given that flood risks associated with sea level rise are likely to be shared across regional administrative boundaries, the DMU must have a legal framework, enforcement structure, and validation mechanism for enabling crossjurisdictional cooperation.

Designers and planners can help balance these issues, making their scale(s) more flexible. With this in mind, the Norman B. Leventhal Center for Advanced Urbanism at MIT (LCAU) developed a conceptual framework for resilience districts using the following steps: 1. The identification and protection of critical infrastructure. Geospatial analysis will reveal transportation, energy generation, transmission, and food storage networks that are highly vulnerable to flooding throughout coastal areas. They are also interdependent, implying that severe damage to one will impair others, and thus multiply the scale of devastation. The district strategy emphasizes affordable and adaptable armaments such as breakwaters, floodwalls, levees, and dikes around critical infrastructures.

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2. Creating a thick and redundant soft / hard infrastructure. The second strategy is to create a thick line of defense that combines hard and soft infrastructure, leveraging opportunities with existing linear features such as highways and rail corridors.

Coupled with hard structures (walls, dams, dikes, and stairs), protective earthworks (terraces, mounds, and berms) must be built parallel the coastline.

3. Up-zoning high grounds. Located on the landward side of the thick line, up-zones follow high ground around the urban matrix where it is safe from sea level rise and flooding potential. These areas would receive density-based transfer development rights from down-zones via discretionary and incentive mechanisms typical of downtown districts. This strategy complements long-standing environmental planning goals such as density clustering and Transit Oriented Development 4. Down-zoning low lying areas through “flux codes.� On the sea-facing side of the thick line of defense, a rating system for newly designated down-zones would evaluate existing and proposed structures for their ability to withstand storm surge inundation, saline conditions, and wave action. It will also include areas that are designed and zoned to receive variable inundation levels at various times of the year and in the future.

Above: Students visiting the Maeslantkering storm surge barrier which protects the port of Rotterdam in The Netherlands.

Photo: Alan Berger

The Sites: Chelsea Creek Chelsea Creek is one of four major rivers that flow into Boston Harbor. Separating the communities of Chelsea from the cities of Boston and Revere, the river’s tidal ecosystem was radically transformed during the 19th and 20th centuries as surrounding marshes were reshaped and hardened with concrete and timber-decked piers, rip-rap slopes, and steel sheet bulkheads to accommodate heavy industry.

Today, the area around Chelsea Creek is managed as a Designated Port Area (DPA) by the Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM), and is governed through a complex overlay of federal, state, and local regulatory agencies.

Most of the area’s major land use patterns have been influenced by its context. As a result of its proximity to Boston, Chelsea has become the site of critical distribution centers such as the New England Produce Market. Additionally, the waterfront area around Chelsea Creek is marked by large clusters of petroleum storage facilities, airportrelated commercial and industrial activity, as well as massive stockpiles of sand and salt used by the Department of Transportation for state-wide roadway maintenance.

Long-term industrial uses of the waterfront here have resulted in high levels of contamination from heavy metals and other hazardous materials - a major limiting factor for potential future redevelopment.

Additionally, several of the area’s Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO’s) discharge untreated wastewater into the Chelsea Creek during periods of heavy rain.

According to the 2010 census, 25 percent of the residents in this area identify as being minority and/ or having low income. Most of the residential areas along Chelsea Creek abut or are within an Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC). These areas are less than 10 feet above sea level and are very likely to be flooded during a major storm event.

Above: View of Chelsea Creek.

Photo: Mario Giampieri

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Above: Boston Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA) along the Seaport District waterfront.

Photo: Max Moinian

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The Sites: South Boston Waterfront South Boston is a peninsula located southeast of Downtown Boston, bounded by Fort Point Channel and Dorchester Bay. Most of South Boston’s land mass was formed during the first half of the 20th century as the result of several major land reclamation projects. In recent years, the area, which was originally developed to house regional rail infrastructure, has experienced rapid transformation as the result of a development boom and significant private investment.

From 2010–2013, the South Boston Waterfront was the fastest growing urban area in the commonwealth, adding approximately ten million square feet of commercial and residential buildings. The waterfront has become a hub for recreation and culture, with the expansion or opening of numerous attractions, including the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center (opened 2004), Institute of Contemporary Art (opened 2006), and Boston Children’s Museum (renovated 2007), among others. The South Boston Waterfront is expected to increasingly become a mixed-use neighborhood with a large residential population.

With fifty percent of its land area at or below 21 inches of sea level, the South Boston Waterfront consistently faces the greatest regional exposure and potential losses to coastal flooding across all sea level rise conditions and flood events. In the near term, a significant portion of the South Boston Waterfront is exposed to high-probability coastal storms (10 percent annual chance events). South Boston’s exposure will increase significantly over the course of the century, with a substantial portion of the South Boston Waterfront exposed to both chronic high-tide flooding and more severe flooding during coastal storms. Over the century, flooding from Fort Point Channel and Dorchester Bay will increase, exposing several residential areas as well as critical transportation and energy infrastructure.

Above: South Station, 1930.

Image: Fairchild Aerial Surveys

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Precedent Research: Elements of Coastal Urbanism The studio began with a series short exercises focusing on ten coastal cities along with select urban scale projects, each of which took a different approach to the challenges of sea level rise and associated flooding.

Through these exercises, students were challenged to explore the meeting of land and water, and to critically interrogate the line between these two conditions by thickening it to become a larger, more nuanced zone.

Within this newly conceived territory, students were then asked to develop a catalog of urban elements which could be categorized as buildings, urban spaces, landscape elements, or networks.

Part 1 Part 1 1. Urban Analysis: The1.City Urban Case Analysis: StudiesThe City Case Studies

Case Studies: Cities

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Case Studies: Cities

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Isaac Stein

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Case Studies: Elements

Ventilation and Shading Shophouse with air well

Ventilation Bottom Overhead

Garden in the Sky Marina Bay Sands

Mega Park Garden by the Bay

Pile Basic Unit Provides Structure for Sand

Pile Grid Near Shore Extension

Pumping Station Chiangi Newater Plant

Water Desalination Tuaspring Plant

ENGINEERED ECOLOGIES ENGINEERED ECOLOGIES

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RECLAMATION LANDLAND RECLAMATION

Facade Treatment Green Walls

WATER NETWORKS WATER NETWORKS

Sand Particle Silicon Dioxide

Rainfall Catchment Central Singapore Catchment Area

Above: Singapore: Urban Elements DeeDee Kim, Quanhui Liang, Alina Nazmeeva, Helena Rong

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Shading Front Alley / Back Alley

Shading Engineering + Green Roof

Distribution Typology Zoning

Street Extensions Orchard Street

Parkway Connectors West Loop

National Network Linear Park System

Expanded Perimeter Constructed Sea Wall

New Territory Constructed Landforms

Expanded Territory National Land Reclamation

Water Recycling Chiangi Newater Plant

Membrane Reverse Osmosis System

National Water Infrastructure Including Malaysian Import Water

Above: Logan International Airport (1950).

Image: Landmarks Commission Image Collection, East Boston Series

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Site Analysis: Mapping the Gradient In order to establish familiarity with the two sites - the South Boston Waterfront and Chelsea Creek - students were asked to collect data and develop a series of mappings as entry points to the design process. These mappings were used to catalog ranges of predicted flood impacts, and to project future scenarios bases on environmental, economic, social, and infrastructural layers. These mappings were meant to go beyond the basic conventions of cartography in order to capture a specific narrative and offer a point of departure for design engagement.

NETWORKS ABOVE AND BELOW

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Above: Networks Above and Below Max Moinian, Alina Nazmeeva

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Above: Chelsea Creek Infrastructure DeeDee Kim, Liang Qianhui , Nayeli Rodriguez, Helena Rong

Above: Edge Conditions Pavlo Kryvozub

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EDGE CONDITIONS - SOUTH BOSTON WATERFRONT TYPOLOGIES / SECTIONAL

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Above: Edge Conditions Ankur Podder, Joshua Morrison

MSL

Above: Environmental Justice along Chelsea Creek Malcolm Rio

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Above: Boston Waterfront Photo: Max Moinian

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Featured Projects: Evolving, Adapting, Enduring Working individually and in small groups, students developed urban design strategies at the district scale.

These strategies each take a position on coastal urban adaptation and begin to think through the complexities of the built environment in the face of climate change and increased coastal vulnerabilities.

Chelsea Creek: An Eco-Industrial Corridor DeeDee Kim, Qianhui Liang, Nayeli Rodriguez, Helena Rong

Can industry and nature coexist? Can they strengthen one another in the context of climate resiliency? The Chelsea Creek Eco-industrial Corridor is a proposed integrated system of nature and industry: A vision for 21st century working waterfronts.

Strategic sites along the corridor have been selected for research and experimentation. Currently this corridor is a complex landscape of overlaid jurisdictions, financial resources, and multiple stakeholders.

In order to realize a resilient future, industrial watersheds like Chelsea Creek must shift towards a more cohesive and unified identity. Cultural programming and opportunities for social exchange alongside ecology and industry is the first step towards building this future. The next step is coding these relationships into new jurisdictional boundaries and social networks that will support this vision for a more resilient future.

A networked resiliency framework informs how design plays out in each scenario along the Chelsea Creek. Through the framework and vision provided, the Chelsea Eco-Industrial corridor may evolve to become a patchwork of new marine industries, educational wetlands, up-zoned urban development and publicly-accessible waterfront; all connected through a multi-layered network of programmed, protective edges.

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Above: Conceptual rendering showing multi-level boardwalk feature within proposed eco-industrial corridor.

Above: Plans, sections, and diagrams showing key design elements, program, and implementation time line.

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PARK HEADQUARTERS SALT INDUSTRY

GREENHOUSES

LOWER BOARDWALK UPPER BOARDWALK

URBAN FARMING & AQUAPONICS

SEAWALL

FERRY TERMINAL

DPA

2070 STORM SURGE 2070 SEA LEVEL RISE 2017 MEAN SEA LEVEL

EXISTING SEAWALL

MID-RISE RESIDENTIAL EXISTING INDUSTRIES

DEPA

2070 STORM SURGE 2070 SEA LEVEL RISE 2017 MEAN SEA LEVEL

BERMS & ELEVATED ROADS

DAYLIGHTED CREEKS & CATCHMENT BASINS

GREEN SPACE

BOARDWALK & ACCESS

UPZONE DEVELOPMENT SITES & PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION NEW INDUSTRIES

SOFT EDGE: FOSTERING ECOLOGIES & PUBLIC EXCHANGE

tidal marsh/wetlands

INDUSTRIAL EDGES: MULTIPLE LINES OF DEFENSE & CIRCULATION

berm & lifted road

deployable storm surge barrier

berm & lifted road

URBAN EDGE: PRESERVING PATHWAYS & PROVIDING ACCESS

seawall w/ deployable storm surge barrier

standard seawall

berm & lifted road

Above: Chelsea Creek Eco-Industrial Corridor site plan.

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DAYLIGHTED CREEKS & CATCHMENT BASINS

GREENSPACE, TIDAL MARSHES & WETLANDS

Top: Chelsea Creek Eco-Industrial Corridor hydrologic plan.

Bottom: Chelsea Creek Eco-Industrial Corridor landscape plan.

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Berms & Elevated Roads

Above: Proposed sections indicating engineered wetland conditions, protective berms, and recreational programming.

Above: Conceptual rendering showing engineered urban stormwater wetlands within proposed eco-industrial corridor.

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UPZONE & PUBLIC TRANSIT

NEW INDUSTRIES

Top: Chelsea Creek Eco-Industrial Corridor transit plan.

Bottom: Chelsea Creek Eco-Industrial Corridor selective land use plan.

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New Industries

Above: Proposed sections indicating new industrial uses, protective berms, and cultural programming.

Above: Conceptual rendering showing engineered urban stormwater wetlands and new industrial campus within proposed eco-industrial corridor.

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“Bermanism�

Increasing Connections Through Resilient Infrastructure Mario Giampieri, Kelly Main, Yue Wu, Juncheng Yang

Our project began with a rigorous analysis of Chelsea and surrounding areas, which led us to select a site in West Chelsea due to both the significant environmental hazards it faces and its potential for positive urban transformation. Rather than simply building a seawall - a popular decision for resilience planning the world over - we opted instead to bring the sea further into Chelsea. We identified critical infrastructure - the New England Produce Center, the MBTA Commuter Rail line, and Everett Avenue - and propose that a berm follow that line. In doing so, we argue that existing industrial areas be phased out over time as the berm is constructed, creating distinct floodable and protected areas.

Yet, instead of merely serving as a barrier, which separates Chelsea from the water, the form and function of our proposed intervention creates connections between these new zones. As an increasing number of industrial waterfront cities confront the realities of climate change, we encourage them to see water as an asset, not a risk, and the berm as a bridge, not a barrier.

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Above: View from the west (detail).

New England Produce Center & Fishing Village

Civic Center and Train Station

Conclusions: Strategic interventions weigh both risks and opportunities Extending the coastline inland creates recreational amenities otherwise lost Defending critical assets leads to additional investment Berms can be a bridge as well as a barrier

Top: Site analysis diagrams showing various site conditions.

Bottom: Plan for proposed berm sequence.

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High densiy residential & Waterfront Living

Light industrial factories & Wastewater treatment center

Above: Site analysis composite overlay.

Top: Existing building footprints and coastal edges.

Bottom: Mass DOT 100-year and 500-year flood projections overlaid on site.

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Top: Proposed extension of coastline and addition of berm sequence.

Bottom: Proposed engineered stormwater wetland / recreation area.

Above: “Bermanism� composite master plan including up-zoned areas behind protective berm sequence.

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View from the east

Semi-secluded urban bungalows provide unparalleled views of the new urban wild.

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Pedestrian pathways wind through lush coastal gardens.

Pleasant evening weather creates opportunities for vibrant rooftop nightlife.

Hipsters “play ball�

Artist lofts provide live-work space for a burgeoning creative community.

Green boulevards provide relief from the urban heat island effect.

View from the southeast

Abundant open space provides opportunity for active and passive recreation.

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Covered wastewater settling pools extend industrial functions into the wetland area.

Elevated pathways allow the public to explore the wetlands and the wastewater treatment plant.

Everett Ave provides a key north-south connections to residents of Chelsea.

Blue-green plazas manage rainwater runoff and provide respite from the heat.

Expanded industrial space strengthens an important sector of Chelsea’s economy.

View from the south

Operations expand at the New England Produce Center.

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Tourists explore the Chelsea Outdoor Market.

After leaving the train station, visitors head toward the recreational piers.

Reduced industrial activity has allowed for recreational fishing again.

Visitors crowd at the docks of the ferry terminal, waiting to embark to Boston.

Local resident enjoys a serene moment at the end of a wetland pathway.

View from the west

Chelsea residents travel by bus to reach public institutions and the new hospital.

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Students meander past the train station toward the Mystic Mall after class.

Pedestrians gather in the plaza outside the train terminal, enjoying the view.

Regional truck traffic is rerouted along the berm.

A new packaging factory with expanded capabilities provides new jobs.

Idling trucks wait for maritime freight under the berm.

Seaport Strong Pavlo Kryvozub

Why do we find the border between land and water attractive? The reason is the quality of space it presents. The border between human and natural worlds, inhabitable and uninhabitable. Standing at the water’s edge, we experience the juxtaposition between human and natural scales, between our habitat and the space beyond our domain.

Water entering the humanly delineated line is not just a danger to our wellbeing but the order we created for ourselves.

Seaport land does not belong in nature. It is shaped for our benefit and it is unethical to concede this disturbed land back to nature. We must be accountable for what we engender and its protection is our responsibility.

This project proposes to create a dike around Boston Seaport, landfill the piers to simplify the waterfront, shorten the extent of protective measures, and densify the protected area. Three new streets are developed to connect Downtown, Seaport, and South Boston. The new landfill and freed land are subdivided into new city blocks. The protective dike is subdivided into seven sub-districts: public, museum, shopping, housing, institutional, park zone, and a cultural district and is integrated into the Boston Harbor Walk. The section of the dike varies from three levels of the shopping district and two levels of museum section. It organically morphs into an elevated park zone with townhouses and ends with the cultural district at the tip of the waterfront.

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Above: Conceptual rendering showing protective seawall in a storm condition.

15184764 sq.f 7511077 sq.f 6691378 sq.f 1400014 sq.f 887991 sq.f 687199 sq.f

TOTAL 56.5 million sq.feet

AFFECTED VALUE

AFFECTED POPULATION

TOTAL 125,298 housing units

AVERAGE VALUE 300,000,000

30,273 people with disabilities 107,533 people with Illnesses 68,053 low income 124,396 people of color 31,180 elderly 44,017 children DENSITY

50,000,000

TAXES PER YEAR 218,792,016 dollars TOTAL 25,899,733,250 dollars

8000

0

TOTAL 617,603 people

Above: Analytical mappings showing key spatial relationships between flood risk, urban assets, and local population.

65

RT

INDUST RIA L

Trasport Industrial Commercial Housing Institutional Other

TRA NS PO

LAND USE

3 feet sea level rise FEMA flood map (6 feet)

ONAL INSTITUTI

LEGEND

G USIN HO

AFFECTED AREA

COMMERCIA L

SEAPORT FLOODED

LETS MAKE SEAPORT STRONG

REZONE

INVEST

Above: Schematic process diagram showing three proposed spatial transitions.

DENSIFY

PROGRAMMED BERM

Work Recreation Culture Park + 195 FT

A-A SECTION

A-A SECTION

+ 195 FT

+ 17 FT +- O FT

+ 17 FT +- O FT

Top: Conceptual seawall diagram color coded to show various programmatic zones within the proposed intervention.

Bottom: Seawall section at Fan Pier Park.

67

+ 226 FT

+ 226 FT

SE CT ION BB

+ 28 FT

+ 15 FT +- O FT

SE CT IO

NB

-B

+ 28 FT

+ 15 FT +- O FT

+ 226 FT

+ 226 FT

SE CT IO

NC -C

+ 28 FT

+ 15 FT +- O FT

SE CT IO

NC -C

+ 28 FT

Top: Seawall section at Fan Pier Blvd.

Bottom: Seawall section at Pier Four Blvd.

+ 15 FT +- O FT

Top: Rendered site plan (proposed) Bottom: Rendered section elevation showing architectural modifications and commercial programming.

69

Above: Conceptual rendering showing proposed engineered wetland area.

71

Above: Conceptual rendering showing proposed seawall recreation area.

Elevated Ground Raising Seaport Sea Hoon Kim, Joshua Morrison, Ankur Podder, Yair Titelboim

The Seaport is highly vulnerable to both sea level rise and storm surge.

Our project examined the extent of the risk and proposed a series of strategies aimed to create a new resilient district. To understand the extent of the risk, the urban context was examined by looking at the different urban forms and the transportation system that connects it.

The Seaport is composed of several distinguishable regions - each with its own characteristics. This dispersed postindustrial fabric is supported by a transportation network which is oriented towards vehicular traffic.

This system is incredibly inefficient and is supported by only two bus lines. The industry at the Seaport is shifting from conventional means of production (freight transportation) into a new type of 21st century production – mainly tech, pharma, robotics and data analytics. The current urban condition of the Seaport is unequipped to deal with the needs of the new industries as it lacks the physical network necessary to maximize growth.

In order to fill this gap, an urban microgrid was proposed by the team - to develop lifted physical connections at a local scale, as well as infrastructural redundancies in the new upzone to protect critical systems. In order to strengthen this transportation system and incorporate new resilient strategies for the Seaport district, Summer Street was identified as a potential strategic connector - a transportation corridor serving the entire district which is also conveniently raised above the current compromised ground level. This new transportation corridor would have the potential to serve as both a central mobility spine and as a protective measure against sea level rise and stormsurge. Once this new elevated ground level was made, the team posed another set of exploratory questions. Can Summer Street also support the growth of a new ground level? Can this raised spine help us reexamine the way we think about fill? Can the spine be used to generate new conditions for the spaces above and below?

73

Above: Conceptual rendering showing proposed multi-level boardwalk element with UAV taxi stand.

View of Fan Pier in 2070 - new ground fully realized

Above: Site plan with projected 100-year storm surge overlay.

75

Fort-Point

Top: Proposed first phase intervention along elevated Summer Street.

Bottom: Proposed second phase intervention connecting new elevation to neighborhood and incorporating new green infrastructure for downzone area.

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Above: Section showing new elevated street system.

Below: Site plan showing proposed project area.

77

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Top: Section and perspective showing proposed entrance to elevated Seaport District.

Bottom: Section and perspective showing proposed transition to Summer Street elevation.

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Top: Existing condition Bottom: Phase 01 - Catalytic construction of temporary structures

81

Top: Phase 02 - Construction of elevated ground plain Bottom: Phase 03 - Proposed urban settlement pattern above elevated ground plain.

ED G

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IN M M RA

CI RC U LA TI O

G

O PR

N

N

IO AT ET

E

G VE

SALT MARSHES FORMS LIVING SOFT EDGE

SOUTH BOSTON

2030 URBAN FOREST

SAILING PAVILION

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IN

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M

RA

G

O

PR

N

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I AT ET

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THE: QUAD-PARTITE WATERFRONTSYSTEM EVOLVES NEIGHBOURHOOD CATALYSTS FORINTO THE URBAN PARK A DEFINED NEW GROUND

E

URBAN GARDEN

G

SUMMER STREET

ED

TRANSGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT

REPURPOSING TO URBAN FARM DISTRICT PORT

SOUTH BOSTON

2070

TRANSGRESSIVE DEVELOPMENT

SUMMER STREET

LARGE OPEN PUBLIC SPACE

Top: 2030 design proposal for urban forest and sailing pavilion.

TIME AS CATALYST : INTO THE FUTURE

Bottom: 2070 design proposal for large public gathering place and extended port area.

83

PORT

DOWNTOWN BOSTON SEAPORT DISTRICT

NEW NEIGHBOURHOOD

NEW TRANSIT HUB

VE G ED

G

IN M M

U

RA

RC

DESIGN CENTER

G O

CI

PR

LA TI O N

N IO AT ET

E

G

INDUSTRIAL ZONE SOUTH BOSTON

PORT EDGE CONDITION SOUTH BOSTON

2030

2017

NEIGHBOURHOOD CATALYSTS : EMBRACING URBAN ADJACENCIES

N O LA TI

ED

E G

U RC CI

A PLACE TO CONVIVE

LA TI U

ED

E

A PLACE TO RELAX

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G

G

IN

A PLACE TO GET INVOLVED

M

RC

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G

IN

CI

RA

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IS

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AX

DESIGN CENTER

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MEANDERING TRAILS

N

NEW TRANSIT HUB

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BICYCLING ROUTES

O

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GRID WALKWAYS

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G

VE

O

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NEW NEIGHBOURHOOD

PR

AX

N

NEW TRANSIT HUB

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OBSERVATION 1: A LARGE SPACE, IN DESPAIR AND TOWARDS ABANDONMENT

SOUTH BOSTON

2030

RC

U

LA TI O

N

VIEWING DECK

CI

FLOATING DYNAMIC EDGE

SALT MARSH

SOFT LIVING EDGE

RAISED EVOLVED EDGE

G ED

G E

HARD STATIC EDGE

O N LA TI U RC CI

ED

WATERFRONT WALKWAY

KAYAKING + SAILING PONTOON

FRUIT TREES IN ROW

G

IN

URBAN GARDEN

M

NEIGHBOURHOOD CATALYSTS : VEGETATION AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION SYSTEM

M RA

PORT

SOUTH BOSTON

2030

2030 Above: Phasing matrix diagram showing key urban elements.

G O PR

UIRBAN FARM

N O

G

IN

LEGUMINOUS PLANTS

I AT ET

M

IS

E

G

M RA

G O PR

SHADE DRIFTS

VE

N

IO AT ET

G

AX

2030 NEIGHBOURHOOD CATALYSTS : PROGRAMMING SYSTEM

VE

URBAN FOREST

NEIGHBOURHOOD CATALYSTS : CIRCULATION SYSTEM

NEIGHBOURHOOD CATALYSTS : EDGE SYSTEM

SUMMER STREET

FOR CONVIVIALITY

FOR STORM WATER RETE

FOR WATERFRONT VIEWING

Above: Sectional perspectives showing key programmatic elements and infrastructure for 2070 design proposal.

85

Y

FOR OPEN-AIR CONCERTS

ENTION

2070 FOR SAILING

VISION FOR 2070

SEA

se

Se bo th to ve Bo in in w

pa

S se w b A e

Top: Existing condition Bottom: Phase 01 - Elevate and integrate

87

r

o

Top Projected 100-year storm surge condition Bottom: Phase 02 - Subtract and secure.

Above: Conceptual rendering showing UAV delivery vehicle over restored coastal wetlands.

89

View of Industrial Park in 2030 - autonomou

us production + maritime and aerial delivery

CUT/FILL Max Moinian, Alina Nazmeeva

Typical ways of designing matter and void - above and below ground - have produced a condition of man by sea, rather than in, under, or around. The City of Boston is an embodiment of this convention. Its history is a story of the perpetual negotiation between human interests and natural forces, a contest that is epitomized by land reclamation practices in and around Boston Harbor. The divide between land and sea simplified the messiness of this process into lines on maps.

The enterprise of mapping strengthened the convention, by drawing numerous lines and borders that demarcate territorial orders and justify universal categorization of where is the sea and where is the land.

Environmental risk posed by climate change forces us to reassess the traditional practices of environmental demarcation, and further imagine new ways for the conception of urban development. It demands a reflexive calculation of what science and policy are delivering, and their influence on how we think, live, and grow. Shall we design together with the events, as they unfold, with no reliance on the ‘scientific’ truth in question? If so, how do we design based on numerous unknown variables?

This project is a speculative investigation into the reconception of marine boundaries, reversal of the conventional land-expansion practices, and an attempt to shift the cultural attitude on the issues of climate change and sea level rise. As climate risk, instability and impossibility of prediction flips the logics of the horizontal expansion to the vertical axis, we shall design together with rising water.

91

Above: Conceptual diagram showing layers of fill used to generate a perpetually growing offshore island.

CUT FILL CONTEXT

grade change

drydock

the harborwalk

ship from china

NETWORKS ABOVE AND BELOW

a perpetual construction site

luxury on water

indicator of the invisible

world trade center avenue

SHORT TERM

ramps to the I-90

south boston beach

...with 9 inches of slr

Fort Point Channel bridge

BUILDING MENU

HISTORIC Fort Hill

airport

HIGH RISE

Landmarked

Condos Office buildings

vent INFRASTRUCTURE 1-90 Ventilation Building

I-90

public land castle island

BOXES 2-4 story large buildings On piers Convention Center

higher ground

5-8 story large buildings Innovation Building Military Base

I-90 ingress/egress ramps are inundated at 9 inches of rise

DIGGABLE MENU

HIGHER GROUND

FUTURE ISLAND

Other TOTAL = 23,000,000 ft2 Islands TOTAL = 2,350,000 ft2 1_245000 FT2

16.5

16.5

16.5

16.5

16.5 16.5

16.5

16.5 26.5

2_492000 FT2

16.5

16.5

16.5

16.5 26.5 36.5

36.5

16.5

16.5

16.5

16.5

36.5

36.5

26.5

26.5

26.5

16.5

6.5

26.5

26.5

16.5

26.5

16.5

6.5

16.5

26.5

26.5

16.5

16.5

26.5

26.5 36.5

36.5

3_1284000 FT2

26.5

16.5

16.5

26.5

4_335000 FT2

Total area_2356000 FT2

VOID + MATTER ABOVE

I-90 CANAL

BELOW

MATTER + VOID

INVERTED BOXES

DONUT URBANISM

LAND

HILL

ISLAND

TIMELINE

Top: Collected site images Bottom:

Urban 1630 elements original island

Photos: Max Moinian

above and below. seawall

FILLING

93

1960

1990

elevated

buried

1900

1950

filled sea

I-90

wharfing out

DONUT URBANISM

city

fill four (waste)

public island

1630

1960

1990

elevated

buried

1900 seawall

original island

FILLING

1950

filled sea

I-90

wharfing out

DONUT URBANISM

city public island

fill four (waste)

fill three (buildings, debris) water retention

fill two (boston blue clay, asphalt, concrete)

fill one (wharfs) water infrastructure new water infrastructure

existing tidal flat

I-90 canal

SEE LEVELS RISE

parallel vertical expansion of land and buildings with rise of sea

design as a perpetual process, not to a fixed point

Max Moinian and Alina Nazmeeva

Above: Process diagrams for cut and fill island making operation

space below ground, below water, and above air

Left: Phasing strategy diagrams for cut and fill operation over time.

Right: Conceptual collage 1/4

95

Above: Conceptual collage 2/4

Above: Conceptual section perspective showing layers of cut and fill and revealing generations of captured urban detritus.

97

Above: Conceptual collage 3/4

99

Above: Conceptual collage 4/4

Monuments of the Anthropocene: Commemorating the Beginning of the End Malcolm Rio

This project proposes a theoretical World’s Fair for 2049 - a year before the nominal year of the second wave of sea level rise (21”). A Disney of New England, this future World’s Fair commemorates the beginning of the end, celebrating the Anthropocene, which is the gold standard of resiliency discourse. At the World’s Fair, the cosmopolitan citizens of the earth gather to marvel at the monuments of industry, fossil fuels, and a legacy of technology. However, visitors who come to this World’s Fair are confronted with the “externalities” and disregarded histories of the site, the nation, and the globe.

The site takes the place of an existing oil storage facilities along the banks of the Chelsea Creek. 100% of Logan Airport’s jet fuel, whose annual operation produced an average of 1.35 billion CO2 emissions a year between 2007 to 2011, as well as 70-80% of the heating fuel used for 306 counties in Massachusetts are stored here. These petrol storage cylinders were not arbitrarily placed along this particular strip of waterfront.

Behind this industrial corridor lies the dense 1.8 square miles of Chelsea, home to 40,000 residents, which rises to 50,000 when including undocumented people. 73% of which are racial minorities, 60% of that are Latino. 24% currently fall below the National poverty line.

The site represents a spatialized history of racism and environmental injustice that is not unique to Chelsea, but a trend at the state and national level. In this way, the site is a monument. Monuments materialize what a society, or more often what a benefactor/institution, chooses to remember, how they remember, and what is worth remembering. In doing so, Monuments define where a society is headed, and how a city will be shaped, more abstractly, it worlds the next world.

Because monuments tell stories, the best medium for this project is to tell a story through the greatest story-telling apparatus of our time: instagram.

101

87 likes Above: “Sunbather”

solobasssteve Crazy snow-scenes from yesterday... Heaviest snow I’ve seen in the MA in a decade. #snow #snowmageddon #newboston

robertcouturier58 First real snow! Winter might be here... #climatechange #climatechange #winterwonderland #winterishere

grlwitdapearl_

338 likes Above: “Girl’s Trip”

grlwitdapearl_ When you “accidentally” take a selfie without being ready and it turns out to be a good one. omw to Boston’s #WorldsFair2049 #queen #slay #dutchgirl #travel mahdiyath_ This is so pretty!

103

cleanairMA

maddox_madmax

510 likes

23 likes maddox_madmax I’m preeeettttty sure dis isn’t allowed but JUST TRY TO STOP ME! #ruleswhatrules #rulebreaker

cleanairMA Water. We need water for EVERYTHING. Take care of our waterways, lakes and oceans #cleanwaterwednesday

sarza.sayed smile a little more, regret a little less #trespassing #followme

naturewithmazibee Great pic

#funtimes

thebillionnet Amazing

ateka_rajabi We all reposted, fuck yea!!

luxhangout this place is fantastic, loaded with beauty!

aching2pupate wassup with your reflections? #cryborg

youjigzz69 wow..I want to go there

ateka_rajabi Our poses are extremely profesh & serious in’it?

littlegmeeks Congratulations!!! Improving lives across the globe!

reannna trespassing has never looked so cool 4 DAYS AGO

Left: “Splash”

11 WEEKS AGO

Right: “The specter of Modernity”

save_earth_

193 likes save_earth_ New Boston’s rivers are being cleaned up thanks to boats like this. save_earth_ #saveourplant #savetheplanet #climateaction #actonclimate #climatechangeisreal #ldfoundation #ldf #ocean #green #vegan grlwitdapearl_ #SecurityState. Look in the background! #wakeup arisa_shsy Very useful machines!

shmivy_shmanderson

7 likes shmivy_shmanderson “Smartphones represent digital devotion-- indeed, they are the devotional objects of the Digital, period... Power operates more effectively when it delegates surveillance to discrete individuals. “Like” is the digital “Amen”... the smartphone is not just an effective surveillance apparatus; it is also a mobile confessional.” #psychopolitics #byungchulhan #walterbenjamin #bigdata #tech #neoliberalism #thecrisisoffreedom #anticapitalist #radicalreads

river_lizard_va They need to get about twenty of these boats over to Mumbai....there’s so much trash in the ocean/waterways it’s so gross.

cassaspell F***ing hell.... @shmivy_shmanderson read us all why don’t you

1 YEAR AGO

40 DAYS AGO

Left: “Arrival City”

105

supertrendzshop Pretty cool

Right: “Loos”

llcoolj

31,848 likes Above: “Echo Chamber�

llcoolj Reflecting at the Contemplative Court where a fountain rains down calming waters in this quiet space... What an experience we had today at the @SmithsonianTankofSubalternHistoryandCulture. #STSHC nativesoutdoors We are angry, we are upset, however we cannot let this cannibalize ourselves and our allies. We need to guide this anger to-

bcemergency

22 likes Above: “Morning Commute�

bcemergency More rain is expected to start tonight and continue into Saturday morning. Use caution on your commute and stay safe - be sure to check for updates. proshieldexteriors Stunning one

107

localwise.boston Excellent!

archdaily

14,238 likes

tara_leigh

1,308 likes

archdaily Love This Green Wall ~ Boston. #greenwall #sustainable, #sustainabilitymatters #greenliving #architecture #Archictecture #architecturelover #archdaily #ourfuture

tara_leigh Coal = Jobs. Reopen the mines! #coal #coaljobs #coalminer #coalmine #miners #jobs #nobama #romney2052

miami_gourmet Very sweet!

eric_fish_1984 Ir has been proven that obama is a homosexual

junglejilly Way cool

marke48009 @democrat0123 #troll

robinsue Don’t trust filter..the real building is horrible enough

deplorable_us_marine So good?

lebeijing Yes, and it’s near my place in the Jing, bro! I like it, even though some people have different opinions!

pleasevotetrump Flint Michigan water

AUGUST 17, 2049

AUGUST 30, 2049

Left: “Landing of Columbus”

eric_fish_1984 Stupid apes

justsimpleman1974 A pair of Holy underwear after taco bell

Right: “Dissent”

Expanding the Edge: Rethinking Coastal Urbanism for he 21st Century The urban development of Boston, as with many other coastal cities, created a hard, physical edge built between the life of the city and its waterfront. Historically this urban edge developed as a means to control, manage and operate the waterfront in a time when the city relied heavily on the sea for transportation and trade, each vital for its economic success and growth. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th century increased intermodal transport to the waterfront.

Larger boats, rail roads, vehicular roads and canals unlocked resources and development opportunities by bringing more people and goods to his city by the sea. The waterfront became a messy built up industrial landscape of warehouses and other infrastructural elements. As the economics of the waterfront continued to evolve, and parts of this landscape became vacant, real estate forces saw new opportunities for introducing residential and commercial programs into the urban waterfront.

With climate change, sea level rise, and the increasing frequency of extreme storm events hitting the coasts, taking lives and costing billions of dollars in damage, this urban edge has become more vulnerable than ever. With challenges at multiple scales and across agencies and disciplines: political, economic, urban policy, planning and design - Boston’s waterfront must begin a process of transformation in order to adapt to these new conditions.

Utilizing urban strategies and policies, cultural narratives and landscape, urban and architectural design, the studio projects proposed various ways to alter the coastal edge and rethink its role in relation to environmental dangers and the future development of the city. Coastal Urbanism principles, as developed through the joint work of Rafi Segal and Susannah Drake in their Bight: Coastal Urbanism project of the 4th Regional Plan, were presented to the studio as guidelines in the transformation of the water edge from a ‘hard’ line dividing land-water to a spatial zone of new urban-landscape-water conditions.

Coastal Urbanism postulates that combined

109

strategies for protection, adaptation and reception operate across city, community and block scales in an evolutionary process that creates value. Embedded in the approach is a proactive plan to add density and value to upland property out of harm’s way while carefully evaluating critical areas and infrastructure in need of protection. The concepts of receive, protect and adapt are key in this approach as they can be implemented on a variety of programs: energy, recreation, and conservation - and have a direct impact on the way we will inhabit our coastal cities in the future.

Above: A 1905 bird’s eye view of Boston Harbor.

Image: Norman B. Leventhal Map Center at the Boston Public Library

Above: Boston Harbor and Waterfront, 1906.

Source: www.shorpy.com

111

Above: Boston Harbor flooded during Winter Storm Grayson, 2018 Source: www.housely.com

113

Above: Chelsea Creek, 1900.

Photographer: George P. Goodman Collection: Massachusetts State Archives

115

Above: Chelsea Creek, 2018.

Source: Robin Lubbock / WBUR

117

Above: Birds-eye-view of Boston Harbor, late 20th century Source: Boston Globe Archives www.theglobecollection.com

119

Contributors This studio would like to acknowledge the following people, organizations, and institutions for their generous support and feedback throughout the course of the semester.

Marie Law Adams Taneha Kuzniecow Bacchin Neeraj Bhatia Susannah Drak Kathryn Firth Eli Keller Hamed Khosravi Fadi Masoud Han Meijer Lukas Pauer Brent Ryan Victor Munoz Sanz Therese Tierney Irmak Turan Emily Wettstein Amy Whitesides Dalhousie Architecture School Global Urban Research Unit (GURU) LOLA Landscape Architects Newcastle University TU Delft MIT Norman B. Leventhal Center for Advanced Urbanism