1900 The State Normal School Messenger - Issues 1-2
THE STATE
PR.INCIPAL CONTENTS.
Vo l. IV ., No. L
P ERU, NEBRAS KA, S EP TE MBER, J900.
·1
HE
PS YC HOLOGY OF PUNISHMENT.
/:y II'. II .\nd rt •11 ·s.
Whole No. 24.
[A who rl lh l·-.. ;, .,, a -.. t .tdc..·ut iu t il \ ,· ut'l" 11\ in t·nh ·t!Nit ,y uf Ch icngn. Spri ng 1 ! tll O - \\' .\ 1." I
Ll FE i -. l'n nt inu nu :-:. hut t hl·
flow of its CIIITl' llt is nnt : tlw :t vs tl11•
sn ll1l' So n H·t illll' -. it is t·:tlm :t lld <..' OII s tau t: :t'"'ain i l is s wn ,Tcl hy ti cks nf :-:to nn y pa ss io n. \V : tn.:sn f' g,·id ' tit' : tll _!..!'l'l', o1· de · s p:tir m:ty to ss :tnd whil'l the of life un t il co 11tnd is whol ly lost. \\'h l' ll the c: : d111 flow of' lif i.: is di s tlll 'hcd llw indi\'idu t tl
t <.' ud s ln lo se c onLJ ·nl < ,,. i l, ot· •·: ttlt l'l' it t or i l :-: l·ll'. Th l' ll ,.,.l'l' of' e onlro l, the life <.' lllTl'lll pl un g·cs !'n,-,,-al'(l in the lin t.: iu w hi ch it \V :J:< n tn v ing it m:ty ht• Lo own d cs l l'U CLio n \ Vh;tll' \'(.'1' ma y he O lll ' dcliniti on nr t•duc:ali o n. I th :tt :til will admit tha t iL itH.: Iud cs nmong othe1· t hic gs din·ctinn nncl (.'Ollst •·ut·ti\'e of lif i.: . TnH: educat ion ect·L:tin ly is not negnlion. Its on e di:-:ti n ct in: fcnt un:- among 1111 o thers mu st he th nt it is co ns lnlct i ve W()J 'k of' :-:o nt l' ki nd. Edu ca ti on is such a pro ct·ss ns will en a ble the inclivirlun l to t ake hinu;e lf into O\\'n hn 11cl s. as i l we t·c. n 11 c1 gu ide and el i t-eet ow 11 li tc lo H definit e end. It is in a s<.: lf:eo ntr nl.
In in thi s sci r:co ntJ'() I is wa 11 ti n g. The c hi ld is p1-cy to hi s own fix·lin g. The l ife c cntl red no'v up on o ne , now up on
ano th er. tc din g n nrl the wh ole "c urre nt of it s bt·ing " plun ges fo rw a rd in th nt dirccli nn. Th e e •n o ti on :::: nrc nr o usl•cl Rnd for the time usurp th e fun ctions of t he in t elke l. H c:t!"O ll is dethroned. In thi s blind :::: t:t tt· the hl ing thl.' wh o le life is bo und to cb :-: h wit h thin gs . It hn s broken fr om it s nncho r. th e rcns on. n nd dri fts hel pl essly : tl.>O lll un ti l a co ll ision occurs w hi ch wi ll fo 1· 11 anont c•nt the un enn tr o ll crl fl ow of the lil i: c urrent nnd all ow lhl· r cnso n to eo ull: agn in int o n uth o riL y. T hi s co ll ision is puni s hrn cut
r rl c line pnni s luncn t ns nny m cn ns wh ntc n·r, citlu:r· ge ntle or sc ,·cre , by whi ch th e te acher nrrcst s mome nt a ril y th e fl ow of the Jtfc c urren t of the pupil in o rder to gi,-e it th :,t
t ru e te n chiu g requires. 11Hs d cfi m ttO n c lirnina t cs at once a ll disc us!" iou ah ont t he e nd s of p uni s hm en t. As t llll !: defi ned it tn k c!: its pla ce on a par wi th an y of the me an s which nrc at the 1 of the tc nc h rr in g i, in g th nt direct ive influ ence wh ich he s uppo sed to give
The e nd of edu ca ti on is the of ritual power. Ka nt h ns sh ow n th at the wo rld in wh ic h we !i,·e, a nd m ove and h ave o ur· bein g is a wo rl d of o ur own ere-
at ion. Thi s wo rld the prod uct of ou r s pri t. ual l ife. It is the sum total of our ._l"ff and The ,·cry esse n ce of s pir i tual li fe is ac ti vi ty, and it s i a co nt i nu ously pr og1-c ss i ,·c n HIYl' llH.: n l. Th e directi ve l'C n lc r of t hi s 1110\Tillclll must al way s look forw:1rcl . If it s Yil·w is ccn tc rc cl on the past or pn·sen t its adi Yit y is csst: nt i:dly lc ssl·nl·cl , if n•1t who lly s top pc cl , a nd s piri tu :dl y by n·as on of th :tt Ycry f:t c t, beg in s to cli c Th e eurren t lh l·l •· ric s and me th ods of pu nis hm ent l e:1 cl to thi s ,·cry r es ul t. We in sist th :1 t th l· c hild s ha ll stop in h is g1·o wth. th :lt his s pir i tu: d activi ty s hall he st ill ed, un til h l· se n ses tlw fac t of how g rt at 11 s inn er h l· h:1s h el' ll
This req ui res him to th ink oY er hi s doing, to sense o,·cr and o\·c r :t ';a in tl1e g ulf he twet:n him and his fe ll ow s. ll is vie\\' is t urned hi s wh o le lifi.· is r cv er se <.l. He lo ok s u pon cl ea th 11 s if li fe co uld e om e fr om i t..
\V hen on ce a step in to wr on g ha s b t:cn ma de , the soo n t: r a eO IT l-ctiY e inl1 11en cc c an he br ought to IJe :t r the b et ter . Th t: mem ory of t he d ee d ou ght. to he han · ishcd as s oo n as po ssib le. Th t: c hid see s him se lf as id entical wi th the com pl et ed ac t. In the begin ni ng the a ct wa s se en. in .the dist OJ· tcd view of the ch il d, m: a goo rl But as r evea led in its complctc cl state th e aet sta n ds forth as "most thol·oughly n ot goo d ." He feel s the d11ali sm in his l ife, re al izes that the act ual is : 1t w<ll' with th e real id e ct l sel f. When on ce t hi s r ea li uttion h as hcen mad e f ur thc1· thoug ht u po n the wrong net is p os it i,;ely inju rious. As s oo n as the me ani ng of the shor t-co min g h as hcen brought home to the chi ld . th at mome nt thought up on it sho ul d ce :1se , nnd the wh ole ce nt er· be fixed aga in up on t he law of ha rm on y; the c on st ru c ti ve sp ir i tu1\ l li fe sho ul d b eg in a ga in . If th e n ature of th e pu nis hme nt he such as to t urn the : tltc n ti on up on the had in it self, the more the act b eco mes a fix ed fi nali l_v. the more it is ab so rlx·d i nt o the sl·lf, th e more it is
Continut·d thttu;..:ht "I" '" it h:tnh n-. thl· very j..,oJ:ttillll \\'hich lu · ln·l-. m:tl ; ,·-. wickr
tiH: hn:cd1 ln·t \\Tl' ll tlw I'"Jlil :tnd hi:.: te : ccht·r : 11 1CI k)),.w-.. '' hidr till' lir-.t n·alization of hi \\'1'"11 :.! :wl tvnckd t11 hl·:tl
Thl· l'Xp• ric·n iu ;..: "' l •: tilllul from wrong d oin;..: h., "" n· tnv di: tl l' ''" 'l'l'.
Fu 1·llu.: r. pln:tllil·-. :t' '""" t il tiH· 1.'\l' :' nl' the tla· :• '.r n·n n:..:l·, , ,, ll)l.. T lu · :lt't :.-. :til l'. ,nnnt he e h: 11r ;..:l·d T lw i llllt l· t i1111 ,r l' : till •·: 111 111 1111 w: l \'ltt· a r...- it .\II th:tt t·an l rl· dnnl· i" in ,..l , llll' \\' •y l11 ;..:•·t thl· pttpil to Sl' IISC tfll· hi -. :ll.'t :1111 1 11 11 ·
d er thl· st im ulus nf 1 h i-: llll':1 u in!.! nn d
the gu id: tlll' L' of hi s tv: td rc r. lt1 !.! 1'1 thc h l·ttc r ne\\' pf thc 1 ruly g• '" d tow:t rd w hi ch he should gtt
I ha ve cl l'l in c cl puui sh lll l' ll t :t s : Ill \' : tJT cs t of th e l ife currc nt th:1t \V <nrl cl : tl tnw th L' cons lruc tivl· work 11 f 1l1 c tl·:tdll'l' t eo tP u ch the drild
from th l· gc ntJt. st ti> Ul' h of l'e j)l'l l< d. Il l' CO II· mancl to the of :1ut hn r·i 1v.
The ch il d in m-c d of pu11i:' lltl l l' ll l is. fn t· th l· Lime heing. in : 11 1 lltil l t·: ll thy st:lll·. !l is s piri tual n <t lll rc out "r l1 : 11 n1o ny \\' ith th e l aw nn rll'l' \\'hi ch :c t th e 111 UIIl c nt hl· ought to he acti ng . Th c l ll l'tho cl lr v whic h his a tlt·ntion i ,- to hc : tn-cs t•·cl nnd hi,- , iii: lo uch ccl mu st depe nd u pnn th (.• m ca ns w hi ch wil l most l'ITc.:t ivc ly re ac h hi 111. rrnckr one condit ion that all hl· cssc nt i :. ll y sp i ritu :d. If on ly ph ys ical pun· is hm cnt w il l he d l'cc l in·, I see 1111 "h jvct i nn to il prov ided it lhL· on ly llll' :l n -: that it be used with in ,. i,·l\'.
Fr om th e vl' ry n:tt tt i'C of tnr l' ll'nch in .!! ph ysic al lll USt h l' of \Tt' _\' l': l rl' nec essity.
Co ntrol shoul cln eve 1· cl l'.!.!l'lHT:ttl' int o l'"· l'rc wn !) Jat o -: aiel , r\ fn 't' mi nd o ug ht tn lca r·n no thing a !' a T hen· is no Ji f, giv in g po we r in co l' rcion, no gt·tl wt h in mere ne ga ti on. C oe rt iu n m:1y rT pn·s s c \· il h ut neve1· t'l'acl i c· ttc s it It ca n onh· rT· pn: ss \\T o ng doing fnr :1 tim e, nn d ll\·
It mu.,t :ti'L i11 "'"1< '" .1, c:rt·a ti\'dy. : tlld t Ia,· llt t It pn·kr-. t" .tl'l l.tt.tl ·t· iu di"<.' tp l in 1.· J",' It 111 httllll ' .tnd ... ,.It, ... ( t ... t lw ch,·l·kutg of :t1. ti \ it .' ltt'l': lll l.' it "'·'·" It,· din·ctccl to "'''" "!-! ··nd-. .. t F,-., ,·hk 1 \\'h ...·" \\"C:t tl l' lllp llly f<'l 'l'l' teo l'llll l (ll'l nh,·d ict ll'l' to a ''l llll t ll:tlld \\' t' ttllclt·t·t:tk · '" Inn: •· thl· for mation n f' :t \' ic .l:t tt • II in :1 human mind. a man i fc..: stl .' illtp•• thi11 :..::
The s l:tlt: II H:ttt i :- ...·n 111:uk tlt:t t \\' L' pu ni sh in o nft.t · t h:t t l:t ttl t s 111 :ty ' \."l h · in tit · t'tt t nn·. I t' Llt 1.· dt ild \\'l' I' C.: a IJ c iu g withn 11 t o t' i ts <t \\' 11, : tn d wh t.: ll <1 11 L'I.: .t.: i'' '-' 11 :a d it ·..:c lion \\' onlcl. li ke :t mo \' i ll g 1" "1." k l'l' Jl it. t. h,·t'l' lll ig lt t poss ibly hL· f'.,n....· i11
Hut t. hc h :a s :111 itll) H:Il in g t'nt' L' I.' or i ts '"'' 11 , it is css L· nti :tl ly cl yn: 11 nic :t tH I the ick: tl of1.·clu <.:alio n is t lt :tt this f,, ,.e ...· is the nnl y t'Otltt·olu nd t• t· w hi ch hea lth y "' "' ll t: tl lilt.- can <I L' \'L' lop. Th e impul s e.: to \\'l' tl ll g- clning mu st h t.: n·pla c t.: d by i mpul :-: es tow: tn l the g<HH I: not th i'<Htgh :1 fc..: :t t' nf l hL· of w n111 g do in g hut ft ·om an : tblt ot'I' L' ll l' L' <>I' the dis uni on n nd di :-;c onl t hn t t.: \' il ht·ill g:' into th e.: l ife.: . lie mu st sl11·ink fnn 11 the mor al gu lf' t lt [Jl y: t \\·ns IJ ,·fut T him nnd div id es hi s ac lu : tl s c..: lf (if he d ot.:>' \\'I' Oil g) see n in his (c om' et cd) act, ft·o m hi s h ett1.-r
se l f' hi s l'c..: : tl se lf as he \\' ish cs it to h t.:. T hi s l o\' l' of u ni ty in th e se lf. thi s \\' holeness of !i ll: , is th <.· o nl y t hi ng th at c <t n kee p hi m f1·o m wi ll in g and do in g n·il. Th e fea t· of punish nl c ll lfJCr .s c ca n nc,·e1· ht·ing thi s state of mi nd : th o ul. Lii"L· oug ht not Lo d(· \'('l op i tt f"L· r11· o f' ;1 pcn ::t l t,v. It is hcLLC.: t' tn pa ss b eyon d the line a nd inLhL· pen ni ty Lhn n to st an d still a nd wi sh to do an imnH, t' :JI dee d. It is bet te r
3
tn thl• nnd ri:;c nbove it. t h.\11 in n moral ::c..•n!-C to li.'t'l it in the life
it is s aid t hnt we should p uni sh f,H- thl· vimli ... of ln w. bw. in :-o fnr as it is in hnr mony with the mo rn ! l.tw. is its own ,·ind icmnr If n ot in ha rlllltll \' \\'ith the mo r nlln w it onghl not to he..· , t;ltlil':t t...·tl. The r hil d oughln ot to loo k nn his tl.•ndttT n:-; n ne wh ost• du ty it is to 'imlil':tll.' tltL' lnw . hut thnt law for him it:::df in a d i,·idl'rl n nd inhnrlllllnin ns
Sh all \\'t' Jll'll ish for thr goo d of the ofT hl' at·t n:: :1 11 net is pnst. It t•n n not he dt n ngcd . The o nly ,·nin e it h ns for th ...· l' h ild i:' tht· m ...·nnin g it h ns in hi s life.
I r thi:-; h as bl.'l' n fu llY se nst·d. to en usc fmth L'l' :-;ulli.Ti ng- on n.cco un t of it is s imp ly t' t'l tclt ,. nn d. It sti ll cu nscs the mi nd to )),•<"l'n tt• n:rl on an act bad in it sl'lf :t nd on lY cmphnsizt•s nn rl har de ns the in For the chil d to s nffi.'l' :1 fte•· the co n sc iousness of his deed lt :ts co ntc home to him is d es tr uct i, ·c n f' t. hc h ap piness and bu oy:tncy of co n:< tntt•ti \'l· grow th. i:< d t·str nct.i\'e of life itf. :\ ,·on1 nw n thl' ory of pun is h tnt•n t r equ ires th:lt children should sutTer the co n:::c q II L' lll' l'S of the ir misd t•cds. thn t c\·il deeds :-; ho uld be their own ayenger s. T hi s theo1'\' i:-; a dv oca ted with gr eu t earnest ness by 1-irrhcn Spence r: and Miss Harriso n says , "\Vc rob d1i ldre n of the gr rn t rst menns of when we fr ee th em fr om the · " \V I 'I ,·onseqnen cts of th et" own nets. 11 e th l' re is much of t ru th in t hi s th tor y there is : ll so mu ch of e rror. It is q ui te ev ident t ha t :<O far as it ca n bedone it is well to u sc the ac ts of c hil dren as a means of p un ishmen t. This princip le is so und psyc h ologic::t ll y si nce it wi ll more thnn anyt hin g el se ca u se c hi ldren to weigh well their ne ts and lead to th at s elf-co ntrol nnd ju dg em ent \\' hich i:< on1.· of the o bj ects of edu ca ti on. 1.3u t many nels wrong in themse h ·cs nrc en pn blc of t hi s use, n nrl ot her men us of n r-
r es tin g :t lll·ntinn nt u ,. t fou nd \n d fu rther, in the gTt·n trn njn ri ty of it i o., 11 11 l po ss ihl e nor just to hold ch il dren rc !-. po n o.,ibl<: for the full cons eque nces of tlwir :t cl'Thcir mind s arc not rn atu n:, they e ;r n n11t y<: t sec th e full cons e< t cn ct·s of l..'l' J'l :1in lim ·.., of co ndu ct. The feel tugs :r n· :1s !-l ong in c hi l dh ood :r s in m:rt un: life. w hi t.- Ll a· n::rso n is \'c ry wc:d <. \\'lu.: n Wl' : t:--,. unr t· th: ll th ey mu st no t e,-c: rp l' th r.: co n :-- l' q ul' n t·t·,. of' th e ir ow n :ret,. we r.:st : rl rli,. h :r rule o f' proc cr.:d urc in w hi ch th t.:n: is : 111 mc nt Thi s ru lt.: i:-- to be unju st evt·n in Lhe cast· of t ho sc of m:ltu re l ife: , mor t·, then. in th r.: c :r ,.l' of c hild rc·n.
L et us st llll up the po ,. itinn" nss um ed in this paper. The func tio n ol p un ishment p sy chol ogica l! y is, then, a 11 n r n·ster of atte nt ion. This I be li e ve to h r.: its one and only fun c ti on in the man age ment of the sc h oo l. The ch il d musl be m ade to s ec th r.: meaning of his n et. Th is rn c:11 ri ng mu ,.l be re ali zed as fu ll y as the m in d of th t.: chi ld is ca p ab le of do in g. Wh en th is h: r,. lrc t.: n done. th e li fe {' lltTcnt sho uld fl ow on a ga in a nd cons tntct i\' c wo f'l < b eg i n. l nti l thi :me an ing is n·al i zt·d th t.: ..: hild i!' o ut of hat·· mony with hi s ass ot·iat es :rnd p un is hm t.: nt of so me kind must he u se d u nt il his att t.: ntion is foc used fu ll y u po n hi s con duct and he sees him se lf as he is. Afte r Lhis is at·-
t11 r11 :1IH· lrinr ,·:r r'f' .' l ck:u l
\\'l'i" hl ,,f hi-.. \\ lll'll hi-.. \\ ,.,
g il'" o., h oul d go " lr n ll _, l f'l ll' tin· p ron:.., .., of r·ight I \'ing. i.., p :1 1'Li:dly to in!-- u n· failun· in :rd,·:r rHT l: t\\' i ,-
\' ill dicalld whr·n lr ·· ... ,., .... :r-. Ill· i:- . • hi f urtl11 ·r -..uth'f'illt: ,·:rllll •l r· h:lll ,t:t' lri-.. :ll'l
n "r :1d d : "' ,. nr"r·l· ': 1;..: 11 1l y l c• l lr l' In \\'
Tlu.: n· j ._ :rl o-.ohltl·h 1111thi n.:..: in :1
w:1y t r p nn i h ll ll' ll l tn dn.
T h 1.: o nl " t hi 11 •' it l" lll d" i 1 " h: t rc k 11 Ii li.·:1nd cl;rr kl· n it '""' lrin t·. li li: o t' tlrr•
l·hild h: 1ppinr·....... :1 11 d t lr 1..· gnncl :1:- n: rl -
ur a ll y ,. thl· pl;r nt turn t o\\' : rn l \i• •• •r ctt t .... lili.· nnl,· l l\' -
t': ru ,. ing it lt • go lcorw:crd t'c> ll lin u cll t:' ly
:rnd fct r t.: \ '1.:1'." t11 :tk i11g :t ,· i rt ll l' gr ow
itt i ts pl:l l'l: :rl n ll l' \\' i ll rllll
r oot out t.: rnr r. :rnol it it di cl nothi ng
\\' Oul cl" l> e g :rim cl ll ll til ti re pl:r n· of c rmr
had lr t.:c n otT il !Ji t.: d 1, _,. :r ,-ir tll l' .
Let puni ,. hnw nt hl· r <.: cl tt <.:l' cl Lo :r nrin i tt t lltll
: rn d ll ,.t.: cl o 11 h· :1,. ;r nrl·:1n ,. of L'O il :-:t ntt•ti \' l'
g rri d an c t.: It- ,.!' t lt ou ghl tu \' indi t• :rtt·cl
l:r \\' . le ss :t nxiou !' c: II T th :r t :r w r.:: tlc w:t y·
\\' : lr d t.: h il cl sh: tl l s ui'fi.T th l' l'1tll pcn:d ly of it s o \\'n fra ill y, ln tl wi t lt n il th l' st r l'l rgth th a :: humn n lo ve c: rn gi \' 1.: yo11 , lt.: ad the t.: h il d 0 11 l in to th t.: ,. llll":ltill t.: ol :r ha ppy l ifl·.
Tt ll'n i ts fat'l' tow:rnl Cocl :11H I Lh1..· light, a ncl k t.:t.: p it thcr t.:.
Tren t the ch il dr·ln fai rl y, k inrll _y, L ea d them ge ntly on th ei r way, L et them fcc ! the power of s un s hin e, As th ey toil from d ay to d ay :\ lake their lab or :' h ap p y, p le as ant , Win them by a lo\'e of l ruth ; Lu re them on by s weet inc ent i ve O'c ,· th e p at hs of yo uth.
-A no n.
NATURE STUDY.
A$tl h :t..., !I llM\III'.tl fnr the thing._ : d11111l h1111 till' IIIIJI III't, llll
;um of n:atun· -..tud _, i-. tn '" ulti ' :ttl' thi:frum it -4h: al l l'll llll' : 111 .art ll' lll. tnath
!'4-"c:ki ng, nt,itudl· l•I\V : IId lllltll l"'-': a dc.. i rc ;nHI ln ).; now a lld ' lll fl \" he r n nd sa .... -.. '" k:arn thl· k-.:- 1 u;:; h nH to lt:ach. hl·a· hn:; ;.!i ,·-
eu us ma ny \\'o aHk d'ul t h ill:_::- fnr n ut· l:n mfo rt nn cl <: llj o yn ll..' lll : and hy her we nrc cna hh:d to a pp n···i:at1..· tlwm ri,!..! hth·. It is ti l
e ve n s li g htl y with nfthc wo nds·ous th ough uf ( with o ut dnHvn n ca s·cr to llin1 . th ei r " ur!' Thi s must h:t , n·rcn t • l::;o influ<: ncc in formi ng the dt: tr :actc s· (Jf th e c hild , mnl <i ng it s tr onger and ewcetlT
N ature !:n udy is of \": tltH: to the in tlu: pre!'l' lH s itH.'l' it gi ,Ts him :a n ·nd rk d interest pl cas u n· in hi s wo s·k nnd stre ng th ens the l> o ncl h ct \\'l' l'll nn rl pupil. It train s him to se c :and to th ink :a !' he sct:s; it mnkcs him enlarges hilll voca huhu·y n n<l hc·lps hiiJI to cxp s·css him se lf hoth os·ally nnd in hi s ws·ittl·n wos·k,• thus nHddt !..!' lrtn "' u:t o-c wo d< . ,.... ,..., a nd plc asn nt; it ct dtiv:t tl ·s a sy mpnthy for a ll livin g thing s. hu wc\'l'r sma ll m· seem in gly uRe lc ss. It t: tk es him o ut uf d oors in to t he fr es h and su n sh ine nnd is a c ure for ovcr-,vorkcd tll·rves and tit·e d, r es tl ess hs·a ins . Thr ough it h1.. ' gains an i nc r eased respect for h onest labo r.
Pr operly co ndu cte d th r n11g h the gnt dcs, nntut·e st udy payes the way fn s· the scil·ncc!S of the hi gh s<: hool. Man \' of the el ement a rv fa cts arc ah ·cacl,· h ::l\ inrr - - ' 0 b ee n ab sor bed nattHall y. The pupi l 's 111 i nd ha s a1rcady re ce iv ed so me sc ie ntific ts·ainin g and h av in g al ready del ve d int o manv of n at ur e's sec t·ets anrl ha vi oo. formed the ha hit of :accu s·n te ly and correc tly pi c turin g tlw ohS<T\' ation, he
nnt li:d th e ::t rn in of t h1..' new wo rk E n•n if lu: before he enters thl' hi•"h so mnnY d o. these h nb. it:; w ill lx.' nn nicl in his lili: wo rk, whntcYt..'r it may he n ncltht> n ll -around kn ow ledge w ill he nf prm·t icn l nnd fit him to nwre fu lly np p r'\: ·inu• n nd e nj oy t he world. Tn lw to hn ndlc n nt ure study n tc nc her n et•ds the nb ility to teac h. n loye nf nn ture a nrl 11 11 intinli\te kno wledge of her. n g- n.•a t lo \' l' fi)r c hildren n nd h er fcl· low men fn i th in the Crento r of t l' ni \'l' rsc. :111d ndd ed to t hi s, a th oro ug h instruction tn t he sc iences. For how en n she lend ot ht•rs wh ere she h as ne,·er h erself? he needs t he kn ww ledge nnd \.'Onlickll(:e thn t specinl wo rk in sc ience will brin g tu her. After lun·in g us ed th e mi· l: r oseopc in the lnbo r ntory,s hc will be nble to teac h C\ 'l' ll in the low est gra de s wit h mu ch m ore en th usiasm an d purpose. For cxm nplc. s he cn n present her lesso n on the buttcs·Oy wi th muc h more life after h av in g tht' beauty of i ts w ings a nd it s curious eves throtJ€ h the cope. of the , ·erv best of mate rial in l nngunge nnd drawing is furni shed by the wor k in n at ure s tud y, a nd s·in ce it is mu' t uall y rela te d to a ll ot her brnnc hes in the co mm on sc h oo ls it sho uld be give n a pr o min ent pl ace in th e da il y prog ram. or nt lens t s hould be taug ht co rrel nt i,·dy.
As th e field fr om w hi ch to ch oose mntcrial in teac hin g nnture st udy is so wid e, in kn ow in g wh at to select atld \v h en to pre· se nt it the teac her sho uld be gu ided by the seaso ns of the ye a r. the differe nt ho lid ays , the env ir o nm ent a nd interes t of the c hildt·en, a nd her ow n goo d ju dge m en t. The ''"ork sho uld de al with pl ant life, a nim nls, and a ll na tural ph enomena If the boys ca tch a b at g ive a lesso n on it ; if a m ot h e merges fro m a cocoo n, let the chi ldren
!;tu cly it ; or if liH:rc :-; now :-; torm, all ow th em to s e:e the of ll u: t-r y ud -. through th e mi crosco pe.
Th e teache r mu st be prcp an cl for · ju -. t !; m·h t•mcr gc neics, bu t sh ou ld cl eh: 11 · unimpor·tant strhj cc ts and ch oo se tho :-; e th at w ill b es t ser ve her own parti t· rrla r· purpo se s.
Th e wo rk !; h nu lcl co nsi -.:t "f :rt'llr:d oh sl·r\' !rt i ons an d in v<·stig:rt i ll r1s of rt :rlun: a nd not the g lerrnin g of idl' as a nd luw wlcdgc fr om the numerou s n:rtu r l' ho we\•e r good. Th e lessons sho uld h l· gi \'in n n at ural mnnn l:l', tlw pupil s t:rl<i rtg Lir e m ost a<:l i vl' pa rt a nd th l' tl':H: h cr sl<illlull y gui din g.
Cnd cr the direction of the l' OillJil'l t·nt Ll'ac her mu ch pra ct ica l good wil l r·l's ult if the mi.cl'O sco pe. bl' u se d t hnn rglr t.h t· grad es E\·en thl' li tt ll' fo lks will IJl' hL·m·littcd by it s ule if the le sso n is so arr:r n gc d that eac h l' hilcl be : rll owul tn lo ok :rl tht·
\\'11 1Hil·r... on tlu· ;.!f:r ...... -.!i rk :rn d tlrl' 11 pa·
ttr rc h i-. .,J,..,t·n:rtiotr-. "rtl1 l •t·rrcil clr:dk.
Btrt an·ur:rtt· "1, -. t·r·,·.r ti ou -. : rurl rlr :rwi ng -.:
11111 '-l Ill' i n-.i -. tt·d ''JI"U hv 1!11· H·: ·hl r t"f-. l'
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wiiJI, c !11 -.t. Till n· will lr l' 1111 n ·: d kn ow lt·dgi: ga ir H·d. and r·:r rc·lr·-.-. .., J,. tlrl n 1 h: rl rit -.
fi ,rnwd. II\· u r:d;i n ;..: h :r-. t ,.. in ·•liTtTt
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s lr n1rlil :rp p l·: d t11 t he i ur :1;_!i u: 1l ir1u .,f tlrl·
l'hi ld , n·t tk :d with f.r,·t It wil f r,( ".,, rf,J ,, fprrl try
:rrrd s 1111g :rn .t nd ti\' : rtl· t hl· fnr
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r·i\'t·d f rorn n:rtn rc s tud y : rn · :11 11 <111 !.! t lrl·
l oftit·s t th: rt thl' lrr 11 11 : rn so n!. "
if the yont h of 1111r l:t nd l> t· gin·n s nd 1
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WESTER N P ION EERS
.
H1 · Hnnnn h Stnrk.
fi n this pap e r, \vh i C' h pn: par·l·fl ns :til l..'Xc n .: i se ht th e s(
so nal kn ow led ge.]
1:--.l the yea r 1 865. in tht•e ity of \V:t s hingtnn, two you ng p eo ple we re mar ri ed nncl star·tecl o ut to mak e a n ew hont e. M1·. X. wns a memhn of thl' ll os pit : rl Co q )i' of tht: r eg ular rtrmy IIe ,,·ns <,f ari stoc r at ic Gc nn c:ltl pa r entage nnd a man of li ne l'ducation. Mr s. X. wa s of I ri sh d esce n t, hut h ad been bro ught up in Philadelphia, whtrc she had fitt Nl h ers el f for the pro fe ss ion of teach in g. Mr. X. w:.s a d evo ut Catho lic n nd Mrs. X. an Hctive mc mbt: r of the Ba pti st C hurch.
Af te r thei1· ma rri age the yo un g co uple resid ed at Fort Me ye r, ju st nut of W <tshin gt on for n ca dy two y.:-a rs. Jt w:r s hvr t: that thei r· fi rst ch ild w as ho rn
Th e h cn lth ofM r. X. began to f<ti l, Hncl
th ey were to ld by :1 ph ysicia n th:tt :t cornpl ctl' change of :ti t· : tnd SlT ll l' w:r s t ll'l'l'S S:tr·y. The y di d n ot kn ow wh:t t to do Th ey \\Tri: dqr e 1ul<:nt npon hi s s: rl :rt·y f, r :t liYing an d ht· d id not ft·l'l tlr: tt he l'lllll d lt :r \T the s en·ice Fn:rl ly thro ng lt tlte inflttclll'l' of a fr-i l' tHl. i\ l r-. X. w:rs tr·a n sfl' rT t d to For·t
Seclg-ewie k. nca r Kl':tr n ey . At that ti111e th t· n t:a r·est ra i lwny st: t tion w:rs Oma h a. and f1·o m thc>y \\'ent o yerland 111 the s upp ly w:r gons th: rt r: 1ti cnt s so ld ie1·s. l o l he
The y r·cm:riut:rl at the fnrt :t \ 'l' :t1' when it h t't'fl 111 l' ap pa r·enl th ntl\111'. X. lt :rrl co ns umpti on, :111d that the chn n gl' ol climate had bee n too l nte to do hint ; rn,· _goorl. Knowing th at h< · could not l ake·
The h, IJ , t u:..:ht h:11l .1 , ,., \\'ith t\\ •• ..,,,,," '· ·' h .tr ll .11111 .1 \\dl. whid1 ha d l1n 11 ]1 1'11\ idnl ''' 1 ht..· 111 : 111 "h" ltml .. old tht..· 11 t tiH· pJ.,,. ,.
The \\' :t-.. ' '"" 1"" "e:d, '" do muc h f: 11·m h ,· :r 11d 111-. IJ ,., ,,i"· wili.· c.xc h:111 g ed : 11 ul " lt i k· h ,· ,·:1n·d fn t· the ir l i1.tk gi rl :11Hl :t t tt..· •H h- d t" thl' cl t> 11t\':-· tic rdf: 1in;, l" "l 'v t hv fn t·. : tnd l' lantl cl tlll·i•· ,: n•p. "h ic lt w:t :- w h,·:ll .
T he c rop "' ·: ,.-l y n·:1d y t" 11 : 11·\·l·:: t
w he n Lla: \\'Ito th \· t 11 :1i l t 11
t he fo1·L .::1111 \' 1 o lltl· f: 11·111 :111d \11, 11 1' tl wt they hnd llc ll\'1' t•• t it ,· fun. ns 'th e 111d i:t11 :; \\'t..T <.· :..: i' :1 :..: od d c: tl 11f t roub le. Tlwy lt : ltt..·d t l> ] n:;, · wh: 1t li ttk th ey h <t d :tncl hoped :1_!.! :1i 11 :;t h "Jl '' th : ll the JnrJi rt ii S·\\' CHdd IIO t tlt \' 111.
A)Hll ll t hn-c : if tv 1· tlti :; lilllt..' :\1,·:;. X. wn s at the h: 11 ·n dn ill !.! !'IIIII\ ' \\' Pt ·k when lo o kin g n11t on tltv pt ·:lit·i,· :; Ill: !':t\\' :tho ut fift y hon,cmc ll ll v•· t..•yc told hct· thal th ey \\'CIT 111di :1 11 S llun ·it.. dly cut tin g the n >'pc Lh:1t t et hen:d th e co w. she l>l idlerl the ho t·:;t..·s : tnd Lno l' thc 111 to the hou :;c. She assiste d h<.T hu :; hnnd tn mo un t O ll l' ll f' th<.· n nd to ok h ct· little g il'l hc f'ot·c ht..T nn th<.· nt h <. •· on t..·. :1nd lll'g: •n u l"tll'C fot· lit(:. Th t..Te \\'<IS :1 nt nch s eve n mik s a way t hrl'l :t :; U·o ng \\T il fnrt ifi cd l og nd ti vt..· dctcl·mi n cd men Lo defe nd it. S he kn ew th:1t if she IT:tched th at s he \V OLdcl he sa lt: fo1·" time Ht ka s t. She h ad quite• a li ttle s t:11·t of the l ndinn s, : tnd she mad<.: t he lli OS l or it. Th <.· y <.: hascd he •· f'o1· a sho t· L di st: lll l'l' llll t st:t..•i ng that th <.·y co uld not <.: nl ch ht..T heforc.she r·eaehccl the n tn eh. thc v turned hn ck :t nd cks ln >Ycrl
"·Hn •tl ,·nlm· they co uld .. They 1 ,,,Jt- pu n k:: t hrough the wh cn t." kill" l the ,·uw. :tm l h urnl•d up thing th.tt \\\Hthl hurn T ht..•y l' \' l'll po ured the milk o ut am i u::ed tltl' h utt.er to t h,•i r t: ll't':( l111.' ol tlw m t• n nt t ht• rn nd1 wn :: ::ent t.o tlw Inn tn pnlc u rl' n id :wei hl' returned in llhllll ,, 1\trt n i!!ht wi th :1 lil•utcnnnt nnd ' . f, l rl \ i'llhlil' l"$ :\I r :1111 I :\ I r::. X. rl't u ru ed tO l ht• hi.' a p of , tun:: t hl'Y hnd n nl.'c ,·n lled home n nd hra \·,·h· :< t:l rt l•cl anew. The soldil'r:: rem.tincd at th l' fnr m for 0\' l.' r n month, but .1:: th l' I nd ia n:: (hcl not n' t11rn they we nt h:1l·k tn til l' fo rt. '-
:\l r. a nd :\l r :: X. were well ni gh dise o 11r-
:1g cd. .\ 11 t h,· pnH" i:: ion:: h ad for w in-
ll' t' \\' t..'IT :1 fi ft y po uld ::n ck of meal and t wl·nty po nncl :: of sm ok ed beef wh ich the :; o ldi, r:: had kft th l' lll
Thl· :: o lcli l· r:: did nol forget nn old cn mr: uk. an<r :: non n fter n wngon w nli sent d ow n fr om the fot·t. co ntni nin g 111 e:1t. men 1 :1 n cl :: u g-a r t.•no ug h to lnst them t hr ou"h th..: \\'tll ll'r.
It til e f:U.ll owi ng winter th e ir l' l'l'O lld c hil d wn :: bo rn Mr s. X. , see ing that hn h11 :; ha nd co 11ld not li,·c long: wr ote her brother in P hi!n dclp hi n to co me tn her. She co 11lcl n ot go to him as thnt mea nt to a band on th e farm. and that wa:; n ll :: h·: h:1d. She t ook the lette r to the •·a nch wh ere nne of the men promi sed to mail it fM her.
\V lu:n Ita yo un ge st c hild wn s fo ur months old her hu sba url dicci and she wa s I Th e left alo ue w: th her two li tl e on es . fo ll ow in rr J1111 e h er bmther cn mc. brin ging "'· with him n n ew s tock of s uppli es.
She hnci put in a stnn ll crop of wh en l nml he•· br othet· lwei ju s t' h arvested it when the Indi ans mad e <1 s eco nd ra id on the pl ac e. Th ey saw them ju st iu time a nd escaped unhat·med, although th e l ndinn s ag ain des troyed eve ry t hin g. Th e brolht..T we nt to the fo t·t an cl sp ent the litt le money he had for s up p li es and ng ain ' thcy s ta rt ed OYer
Th ey were n ot moles led th at winter hu t th e fo ll o win g s prin g the agn in raided them. Thi s tim e Mr s. X. poison ed the su ga r, and of co ur se the I ndian s got it. She never knew how many at.e it hut s ht· wa s told afterward tha L tht:rc were some pretty s ick Sioux.
The se tt lers n ow began a sy s temat ic a nd organizC'd campaign Hf!a in st th e Indi ans, having become weary of waitin g fo1· the government to help the m. Th e s ett ler s carri ed on th e ir ca mp aign so we ll that th ey s oon terrorized th e I nd ian s int o l<:tting them alon e.
After the J ndi ans yuiotcd do wn, new sett lers ca me in .a nd "too k up" lnnd A p os t offi ce was est.ah linhed and Mrs. X.
wa s m: Hh: :\ fc..·w _\" l·:aa' :' :a fterward th e: rai lro/ld wa:- h1!llt 11 1lcl the ho mcs tc: ul th at had J,c..·c..· n hc.. ld wit h ::u ch priv a ti on :11 Hf s u0l:r ing is IICIW :t v:dunhk farm
Wi th the : trriv:d of Ill' \\' ::c..· lwnb were c .... wh lish l·d : tnd the: two l ittle..· gir l:: were gi vcn a g oo d c..· d 1u.: :t 1i4 >1l . :t nrl w hc..·n th c: y hc:c amc: old c..· n<11 1gh t hc:_v
t hcm s el \ 'C:S.
Mrs. X. is a , ,·om:tn wc: ll : tcl v: an c..·t cl in vcars nuw an d is 1-c:: tpin g fruit crf and toil in p c; tc..-c..- nnd c:n mfot·t.
She te ll s inn most ga·:ap hit· 1!1 1ll lll cr of the slow dtvc:lopnH·nt of th e l'l:t llc vu llcy from a h:u·rcn 1wa iric to :t tl11 iving :t gt icul tur : tl n·gion,
PSYCHOLOGY OF EXPRESSION .
By Alice II {-' urtiss.
[A ThcHi!l in Bclucutional
EXPRESSION, ps yc hologi ca ll y spea king , is o nl y to be underst oo d when we begin with th e first action of the mind and work it o ut, and up, throu gh the stages of dev el opment.
There is a men ta l or su bjcc ti vc co effi cicn t as we ll ns an objective one !::veryt hin g ac ts and r eac ts on an individua l, in a p sychol ogical way, e it her by me ans of o bjects or through itself
We may not under st and or rcnlize thi s until int r ospectio n h us tn ken pl ace and we th en be l' o me co n sc i ou-s of self. We m ay sen se t hin gs about u s. It mnke s os perceive, not on ly the objcct, but the s ur r oundings, or envi ro nment, th at we find it in . In contrast to this we s ee th at the ob se rv a ti on may he i nw ardly pre ceivin g the ac tion of the mind a nd it s workings. In both cases we mu st h ave th e su nject , feel in g the pe rc eption, a nd the object fel t. Here the wi/1 plays i ts partthe des ire or w ill in g be ing th e s uhj e.1:t and the desi re , put into action , th e o bj ec t.
Th ere co me s II OW hcfDr c us grcn t fn n11 s re pre se nt a tiv e of t1·uth anr! gcm·nal i rl eH I:'. l. a ws ex.ist by wh ieh the mrncl is gu }fkrl into fu ll er activity, o1· 1·a thc t· in to funll lllated th o ught. In the l owc t· form s of t he a ni ma l ·.vc get action tow at·cl ultimate ends, but without Jl-l·ccnm·<:iv ,·rl id ea ls d es igni ng to nccomplish t h cse end s. Man d oes n ot plac(; in hi s be st environment becau se of comfort de rived , )lil t beca u se by l oo king inward he..· wDrks with understand ing toward hi s en ds 'vVe h ave co me nnw to a conscinm: s elfacti vit y which must he Hcceptcd, t·lse nll _ know ledge, a ll action, wou l rl be suspended and no pro gr ess mnd e. In the plant ti le we find se lf ac tivity pr ov en hy its rln·clopmc nt to an end , not a co n sc int as <'lHI, hu t as perfec t a on e. In nn i ma l life we find the sa me thi ng in r egan] to c n\"in)llmcnt As we learn to compehencl our i11n cr we unden; tand the connection of tlwF>c with the nat ur al man ife s tati ons in the oli -
\\orld It"'' th.tt "'' hll\'«: -.elf :tt.·t i \it\ . undt.J :1 clllt.' ·t ,,. :a C:Cllll' lu-.ion ,. I ll Ill \\ •• t ht.•JI oll'klll\\\ lt"flgc l hat ".,. h:" ... · idt·a ... ··
H n rri .. -. :, ."'". ·· I 'I a nt-. . ' ..... i 1111 Ia tt· , , tt.-ru:aJ,, nni1n:d-. a ...... inlll:ttl· : 11111 ,.t.' IH"t>dllt.'t.'. \\'hill· fllllll :t''llllilatt·-.. n·p rc11h u.>l' ' 111111 dfor cn::t tt.·-. ·· F1 nn1 tht.· id\.·a tlt.•n:lup ... thl.• thoug ht till-. ht.• of :111 tl hj'-'Cl :IJ1:1rt f nu n it .... l. ll , inllllllt.'llt or it mnv he.· M> t:l o:- L·Jy L'll l lll t.Tl t•d with aiJ that :t hou t it t h ut it c.. :Jilllt 11 t.' :\ i:-t :tlnn t.•. Tho ugh t:- l'VL'II " ·L·II pn· t. ll tL !l. l'!IIIIIIH lw kno wlt. cl gc until it i :- l' XJll 't.'!':' t.' d: and tn L'Xit a form l it.' ht. ld i ll th L· m i11d w hi ch m: l\· c..•ith c: 1· th ro ugh Ia ng1w gc !"po I<,.,, 11 1· fa ci al n•· S<: n:r<d fo l'o 111 L' ill \\Ti ttL' II, ti ll ( lll:,! h hnd i I\' li H) \'e liiL' IIt hL'I.L' to m:tkc t hi s po!'s il •lc- im :•gi na t iun. at te nt in n. tht.' will and n•t.·nH>l ·y . A _\'CI IIII g child ha !" 11 0 i clc::t of wei g ht , li g ht. a 11d n ot 1111til cx pcri c n<:c hn!" gi , ·L' ll hi111 ""'""kd gc of th e fads can thct·L· he: a th n nght i11 n·g: 1nl to it. nn example nf t hi !< w e: :'C:L' the: L· hild with the: • fir:o:t gift... li t.• at fir:-;t 11 0 idea nh • ut it hut hv fi.:e li11 g thc:m hL• gets fnrm nnd 11 ot lllltil he h ns r ea ched fn t· l hem cn ll he ex JllTiencc sp: tCL' nnd distanl·e Size colo1· : 111d weight L' O IIl (" event ua ll y. He ha s L'x pct·iL ' liL't.'d tht·ough hi s scnsl'S and 11 0\V he h:1 !' c:o n ccptions which he ,·caching tht· pr o per distanc e, Ctl·., all accomplished nnckr action of will. The l·hild n nt untlly is ever ohserv .ng and imit at i\ L·
Ifit is true that man gT ows hy m eans of that which comes near him. at·e we no tr esponsib le for thnt '"' hi ch he is? vVc louk about in natu1 ·e :t nd see cvt•rything capahlc of pcrfec ti o 11 in its pn>g re ss ion to w:trd its id ea l. It ta kes of th at whi ch it n eeds nnd no man in tcrfc r es Thi s exp 1·es si on is wh at we p1 ·izc m os t, a nd fot· wh at we wo uld give o ur best effort to g uide o n•· li ves , and ot h ers, to a like result. Th e Aower ne e ds no p1·ai se for it s ri ght livin g hut ma n, with the two w ays to choose
fr\lm in hi:: fn: •dn m. must ch oose o ne wny. It i:: al th is thnt n seco nd indi,·itlunl mn y b lunder n nd the best be fore wr Tnkc till' st u dy of plant lift•. W t.• nn.• tn p lnce, or rnthcr let the child him. df. in h:1n uo ny with hi s s urn nd then the fncts will be n :-impk st o ry to him n nd he will compre-lwml th e ln w$ th nt go ,·l' m their liY es; their fnr m:: n nd n:: cnsil y n nd perfect ly u mkr:: to od n :: the first simple truths I n tt•nn to sny thnt to my mind, n c hild mn y enter int o nn npprt-cintion of nature so th nt his " willi ng ·· will be for the ri g ht : tnd truth n nd the exprcs!;ion will come ns n pt.•d i..'C tl y spo nt nn eo us res ult-so mething thnt cn nn ot be withhdd. It is s imply anot h er '' ny of snyin g th at the ex pressi on dept.' nrls up on the co nce pti on a nd the concep t i on cn nn ot be exp r essc cl until t here is the will for ncl i on.
T hi s wn the a im of Pestn loz7. i wh en he s:1 id we will the c hildren nn object by whi ch they cn n fo rmulnte their id eas and g-i , ·c cxprL·ssion to th nt which th ey h ave expe ,·icnccd. A fnilure of a teacher to gai n the n lt e nti on of the scholars may be bel'fii i Sl' she w as tn lkin g of so m et hin g of which th ey knew n othi ng nnd co uld therefore hn , ·e i10 conception-<"on ld form no th ou ght of the subject.
T re member a m orni ng in the kind er gm·tc n where a c hild wa s as ked to pla y the part of n s quirre l. inn cirde game . Herefu s ed, backed n way from the ot ht•r s, hung hi s he ad all(l would th e reon take no more pa rt in thecircle work. All were surprised at hi s indiflcrence and wond e red at th e occas io n. L ater at the tables, where the th o ught of the ga mes is further worked o ut, I fo und t hat th e c hild knew nothin g of a s quirre l. It was littl e wonder that he •·efusc d to give expression to so methin g that did n ot exist in hi s ow n mind
It is with th e ea rliest thought formul ated th at education mu st b egi n, f or educati on is kn o wl ed ge ac quired a nd the development of mental a nd physical powers .
TilE S TATh
I!
\ll. :->:->l."-1 ,1. 1\ " Ed u t·at ion 1s pn·par at ion fo 1· co n1pl etc li v ing. " :11HI \\'l' fin d t hn:c !;tcps in the: whi d1 : 11·l·. taki ng i n, :t!;simi l:1 ti ng, :tnd giv in g out prc!>s ion . B r,wt·n tell s, in hi -. l11H 1k 1111 F roc:hc:l, that in form:1tinn lJ l't' Oill C!- knowledge when we have r c: : dizt:d i l!- h ea ri ng 11 n ot hcr facts :111cl :11H I wltul \\' l' t·:t n put it to IWlUt' :tl .\l -. 11 t h:t t th e: fir st pq>cec:durc: of the mind :tt t: tl\ticn l- tal in g a f:11:t :t!< :t whoh: aut! fin d in g the IHII'l S, and aft e r· th(s rtT on st ru etion whi ch in vo h;cs jnte t-c sl at tt·ntion a nd 11 ndcrs tandin g. To a ch i ld ha ..; li ttle: or no n du <: un t il it is :t mean :- IJ,· w hi ch it can do som c:th in g, :tnd :tl onn·. It is thi s \'ct·y ex l )l'e ssi on t ha t tlt t· observe •· what knowl c: cl gc tht: chi ld ha s. \V c can no t thcn:fo •·e :dTorrl to su pp rt ss , \ II' c\:c n not <:n co ur nge, all fonn :- of r ight t·x p1·cssion kno\\'n to man. Tn obt: tin llt i" :1 cc rLrtiJ) a mount,,(' mtt sc ul :t r tntinin g :1 s we ll ns rn. ipd and se n ses 1nust he gi \'l· n the l')1ild th atth<;und iscip lin e< ] individu:tlnwy ga in dd·ini te co ntn>l of hi s p U\\'c r s. Th er efo re in the ki•Jd crg<t rt cn we h a,·e th e games, song-s, mode ls, pi c t111 't's an d, as Bowen s ay s, 'picture s pcc c h" to se lf- express io n. Co o ncl f'm kc1· S[I)' S th : 1t "t he c hil d tries -to mak l·e vc rything th :tt he Sl'CS , OVC 1'C0 111CS [ Ill o bs t: tcic;; in the l'IH I IJ <:ca u sC the whole body is a u.ni t of <tc t ion . The whole •·o und of kn ow lt·dgc h l'g 1111 l,y tht' c hild an(! he gun it IJJ -l' :l th e,. nnd livt·,.," rr thi" t·x pn·ssioll is a ll:l llll':d qut co mc of life we must n ot w ithh o ld thc natural means , as a1·t. mu sic , ca n·ing. ga me s a nd other ge ne ral so u rn·;;. Can th e chi ld in the gn·at cit ies li•·<· without "uch g uiding po\\'en; when b ecomes from out ., f the un cl ea nn ess, both mo1·al :tnd \Vith out the flowcr sa nd t il t• ri vc 1·s : 111d the tr ees, what sha ll he n sc CIS a s ub s titute. Den icd hi s nctiv i ty the dangc 1· is g1-cat lest th e mental hnl an l'l' h<: (o,.t.
As we find the l:u -ge maj onty in th e eiti<·s thc so lu tion wou ld in part, at l ea st , be fo und 111 b1·ing ing natun.: s h c:1util·"· both
.:.! I'll \\ 1n;.: and :11 1111< 1 1l. I" Jill' ,·!ton i ru un r. : 11111 t hl .,ll!.!h :1< 1\l .d <' <> I t:l\'1 dl l\\ illg tlt t111 , ll lf>llld i n" en l' : li ll tlll.!.! tltun l 'Jil'l'>' ,.ll ll'l lt in ;! "' till' ;.: 1"1' 1 h:11 j 1• llu t ul .\g·1i11 t ill 1!w 111 .1 .., '1 • ll ll " in p:llnti ng , "<'II i(' ' Ill t : 1111! 11 1\l..., ll' \\ t <.1 11 11< >1 I ll I ll :1\\:1 v \\ it lt., 1JI rn·• ;.!Ill/ L1·i 1 illl( ll •ll· T i11· lt'" lill l• ni•· :11• ' uf t iH· -.t n 11!.! 1h • •! t h, . .... ,. ·!1in_:.: .... :111d lt11w t hly h:1 , ., iu!lnt 'l ll't d t !Jt 111 11 <>!1 1 ...., •IIH' 11f <> ur 1111 11 !1 :11\\l ll tt lf 11s th :ll his II \ Ill ft I': 1' :1 \'\ ·lin!_! \\ ,. ..., d l< ·ll f.- 1) "·' pi t' • ti ll'\ '"' :. 1• 1.1111 .\:.,: .tin Tn rn t· r's gt·niu -. \\': 1-. li nd 1, _,. 1l 1 :ll.'ci dt nt :d h nl il i: trity of :1 11 en tfi n:1ry l "l ll lll '. will t..'ll lll l' 111 Ii;.:l ll 1 • it n l,f.- u1 · i,!..!II OI k• th in .!.!s :1 n· :1 11 l' xp i:J n:1tion .,r tht·
th i ng w hi l·l1 li l' h l'l·, •n · 11111: \\' h ll i-. h t·ginnin g to -.t·t..·, :11111 f., r I hi ..; n·:1-. 11 11 the t..' t l\ lll ll'\" d 1ild mTd ,. :d l th t·-. t· thing ,... i11 h is sdlllnl1'111111 1, :1:-. wdl :1 -. th l' t..·it y c hild It i:-. lH>t
:d\\-:1_\' " l'll"IIJ-:h '" 1"' :-- L':o-'-', t'11 r it oflt' ll :t'l e:-: I.J :t ll :lt ic•ll ( I> 111:1kl· it :t p:tr t uf
o lll' The de •L·,.; not w itho1 1l t :J!,i 11.!.! :1 11tl gi ,·ing
0\1 L. \\' e "L'l' :1 1'\ 'l'll ,!.! IIi I i11 11 of thi s \\' !J L' ll •>u l· hi gh c,.;t -.L·r1 t ,.; cd (, .,ll·n ing Jill thei r building ,.; witl1 : til 1 i1 :1t i:-: hL' "L an d ,; u g;.:csl i \'l'.
F1·och el gi \'(·;; "" Sll ll ,:_::-<. piL'tll l'l'" · ocnq >:tl.ic.ns :tnrl gi f t:- with t ll l'Sil l1 1cCih,itel. \\'ith the gift:- the child \\'h:t t ht• h n,; !-ct·n- he imi t: llt·:-:. :1 nd t:tll l;;t nl ct:-: fr om thv v xlL· rn ; il \\' <>r id l1111 thL· cond iti on;; of t hi ;; \':'\ pn·.-:-.it >ll :11T found \\'ithin, :tnd ,.;o t ht..· gi(t pn·t..•t•t·d ,:; Ol'l'llp:t ti on wodc Til L· ,.; tu :·y i:-: to lrl, in :1 l ife :1 1':11 '111<'1'':- "'i fi.:. l" in g n \' ;:r hnmt ·, who \\':1:-; 11111<:h l rouh ;,. ,l O \'l'1 'l he f net th:1l OIIL' ,.0 11 aft tT lhL· ot h l' l' in si "tcd 11(1011 k n1· ill,!..! hi,.; lJCIIlll' an d goill,!..! to s<:: J. It \\'i t" nftL'I' 111 :t ny _n·:t rs lh:tt il h<: :: ame l<nown t h:tt l':tch :t nd L'\'L' I'." ont..· l wd ht..•e n in s pin:d hy :1 pi cl\ll'l' or :t ,.;hip in mid - ot·ca n. llnclL-1 · fnll ;;n il , w hich hung"" ' r the m:tnte l in :1 mtwh u ,.ccl 1'0!1 111 .
Vl/c h ave to d, al with th e eh i' cl \\' h•· h :•s n<:Vl'l' ,.;u·n a lln\\·e1·. :1 ,. :11 l'(l nr .1 11 ,. uf l hL•
I" II E :-;T.\ II. :'\U I<.\ 1.\ L Sl'IHJUL \lt::SSE NGEH . 11
wdl knu\\ 11 t'<llllltt·y animal:-. .._' hall
t tot \.' t t' \' l' ry ph:1sc of nn tlt:tt i:-- 1Hh:-- ihk. th:tt out of the: bloom of tilt· :--l:t-.nn :1 littk . at k:t:--t may he c:1ug-ht :t tld illl(ll "i-.., 11\.'d fn1· llt 1.' ages that to l"•lltll<' j',,l . t ftt"CIII)..:fl the: dtifcJ'...: (lliSSCSSi Oil l':tn· llllt-.t l'l't'l'in: its part. It W•H IIcl :--t' l' llt tl t l' ,, ,tJy po:-:--ihk means :1 :--ot"t,·nvd h \.: lutiful ancl ).!l'lll'tUIIS euttld ltl' nut nl h:tSl'l' lll l't a l. :-;o
\\'l' h a, l' :.::1 ill l·d t wo thing:-< :1 :-:uppt·l·:-<sion
n( tltl: l'\' i( l 'X(l l'l':-':-<illll :tttd :1 cJiiTCt l' X)lrl':-'· :--icllt ,, r t iH· 1 >':t\\' tlti ,- ckmon :'t r ati 11 t :tk in :.: :<•lllll' wh ose ho tn l'S
\\' l 'l'l' in ll 11.' l llP:<L ck-g l·:tclccl pn 1·ti on of o ut· city. in to t lt 1.· \."t •ll ll tn· :t lld :-<:t\\' the tr :t ii S· ll.:.:tt 1·:a in 1t t;w k p l:tc..:l·
S: t \\' I.CJI" I h t: fi l">'l ti1111.: :-< ight s whi c..: h WCt:e tnt • t.:t> lltlt tiJ II tn 111 1.: to :t ll 1':1 l't my :11 tc..:ntin lt. w:t:-- :t:- kcd ·'what th ese things \ \T r l', · JH>illlin .:.: to ro: t<l -:-.iclc wl cds a nd \\'h en 1 to ld tlt\.' 111 that the \' were fl owe n; dirt 1111l ll tHkt ·st:t llcl Th l'.Y ga th <: t·ed
t lt c 111 i11 :trmfuls : tll cl ill :-< i:-<t t•cl up on gi\'in g to llll'. \\"hen I a :- k t: cl thl' lll w in· llt vy ga \ 't: Lome an swt.' IT cl
c :tu :- c \\ '\.' lo\"l' y ou. " ()I \.'O li i'SI.: it w:ts n ot llll' tlwy lo ved itt p[ tl 'licu' at ·, hul nature 's lt:1 rl C.: l'l' pl in :t ncl thi s was the lll e :tll S uf e xpn: :-s ion.
Then· is, lo 111 e. On(· gn :n t in th<.: sc ho ol - that \\'i th mu eh teac hi ng th cc hild
m:t y he o vc t· hunlL II c cl ot· \\T.ghtl·d d ow n hdow :t l oa d or ll':trttill g that willm n kc th e rk si l'l' of kt tcl\d ,·d gc im p oss ihk ; bu t o nh· lt y : tju st il t ll' I' J' i'\.'l:t ti on c: tn \\' l.' sec or fn ·l
" Th e lu.: a 11 ly and the \\'Cl tll k t· ami the p ow er. Tlt c of th l' it · l'O it> r l", li g ht s and si ta d e:< C lt:tn g,·s, su qJt·iscs-a ud (: o<l 111 a dc them a ll ."
F1·om : 11·t \\' 1.: to p(l dt·y. as a oft•xp n:ss ion: fo1· a p oe m is hu l a \\'O nl pict111·c that may he p :t sst·rl on fr om tlt 11s <.· \\' ltc> lt:tY c lo wh o rks i1·e.
tltl'Y are more him s elf than he is." And aga in. "F or n il men li, ·e by t ruth , a nd stnnd in n ee d of <.·x.p r ession. In JO\·e, in n rt. in po li tics, in labor, in g nm es, we study to u ttc •· her pa inful sec r et . The nt an is on lY ha lf lhe o th er ha lf is
" To make the wo rl d with in hi s reac h ::>om<.'whnt the bet ter for hi s li,·in g, :\ nd tor hi s hun Htn speech. ··
" Tit in ,.,.,. 111 ore cxecll cn t t han e, ·ery i mI age. " s:ty s Jnmbli c hu s, "[I re ex presscc th roug h im ages.'' b eea u sc Em er so n te ll 'nn tu rt: is n s ymbol, in th e wh ole. and 111 e\·cn· pa rt 1., • · 1 1 · bee n OC tn· IS l l l'll JUt :-<Cet ng \\ " < · · d b · c:o me bc- e,·et· with us a nd unper cc t\'C ) - • · · to t ha t so enu se t he s oul w ns uot se ns ttn·c • I h as the so ul cl ose to 1ls !eel. 8;1c t one ' I de,·cloj)me nt, eap nhl l' of cx.p ansJOil nne and the bo d,· is but the holder-t he one t o. th e ol he r, bot h w or kin g to. I T tl c m aJ·o ri tY, I g-e Lltcr as a wh o c. o t ' 1 more r ap tdly sho uld s :n·, the so ul de,·e ops - fl" I tile bod)· a nd ben nd w1 th ort twn · th al d irectiO n e:1u se of o ur over-k•a mng 111 ' . . 1 . d th e ha nd s unwc hnd th e m1n r ne ti\' C' , an , ·e n1·e inad eu ·n lll ecl. \\h en thi S IS t ru e \\ qu atr to o ur b est ex press ion In 1 88 7 the b oa rd of c clu c ati Oil of Ne w Yo rk citY fnc.: in g t hi s con di tion m ade a e :trcful of th e facts. in the l'c h oo l s, • f' al tr a inin•Y d e- and of the s ubJ ec t o manu o• 'cl 1 I It l)e ,,.l se to te:::t t ts bcn- l' l rc t1a l1 t m1 g1 ..: 1 1 It man )' t NH h cn; ul :,; w1 t1 l1e r cs u .. ' · to 1tc: help fuln ess to g l\·e st rong tcst un ony · · I · 11 ·t ·tlh· ·tnrl t) h,·s- the c htld re n, ho t 1 1ntc ee u. . ' . it·a lh·. It wo uld see m tlta l ha d n ot the Olll' j ,l'l' ll to th e othe r t hey wo ll ltl not h an· b ee n so a lli ed by na t ure. Th e ho d,· a nd mind arc uni fi e d. If \YC wo uld ke.ep th em so we cann ot a ll ow Oli C' to do a ll the w or k w hil e lh e olhc r d oes no thin g. but lo J;ce p th em not m a.lthe c hilriiTn' s oh sc.: n ·ation l" nud expc t;m en ls m usl
E 1n·e1·"'o t. s11ys • 111 nn for m a of th l' ir ccl u cHt ion. of g' n i11:-<. L<> !' p c: tk t ntl _v, \Vc 111u sl h:tH· s kill ed eye!', ha 11d s. clt·.,
for these things bul o nly as a m <:an s to th<: e nd. The child is fo ll o win g in th <: of the r·ace, th<:y te ll us; th<:n l<:t him foll ow with his bo dy as w<:ll as hi s h.-ain (;r;rnl· ing then, th at th e phy sica l : t<: livil y he pr ovided fo r, wh at s im pl<: r. m on: dir<:cl way could be dc s irc 4J for l<:arn in g lh<: of ma tter? In no wa y ca n th <: t·hilcl <:\':tr ltth c of hi s inl<:lkcl , flr hi ..; whik wod<ing o ut hi:' prollfor hi 111 :- l·l f. n: l'' IIIW to :r pl·r·iod no lon ;.!<:r tht· hl·:rring :rl o ll l' is : rckqu:rll' hu t till' cloin g rnu :- l l1 <: :td1 k cl to tn : rl'c thl'CrHnpl l' t\'
w hoi<: " \\' h:rt thou st inhcritl·d from th y fnn.•f:tlhcr!-1. : rl·q uirl· it th y" l'lf. th at them rn :r v'!<t !< :tv 'ti s th ine : . .
STANZAS ON FREEDOM.
M BK! wh ose boast it is that n· Come of fathe rs hr:r \ '<.'and fnT If there hre nthc on c[u·th a s lav e, Arc yc truly fre e and If you do not feel the elwin , 'Vh cn it works n broth er' !< pain , Arc yc not base sl nvcs indee d. unworthy to he fn·ed?
Is true I<'t·ceclom hut to brc.:ak Pcttcrs for our o wn dea r· sa ke, And , with lea the rn hearts, forget Th at we o we mankind n dcht? No! true ft·eedom is to s han: All th e c hains our hrothc.:rs wem·, And, with hcnr·t and hand , to he tn make ot·hc•·s f•-c.:e!
They a re slaves who fear to speak For the fa ll en and the we ak; They arc sl aves who will not ch oo se H atred, scoffi n g, a nd a hu se, Rather than in si lence s hrink Fr om the t1·uth they ne eds mu st think; They are s la ves wh o da1·e n ot he ln the ri ght with t wo ot· three -Jam es H.usse ll Lowell.
A ,l\ ug07ln c dC\O IC d lo I he lnlc n: <l:< or lh e S :alc No rmal School or Nebm .-;J..a.
f 'llhf i ., !Jc t! "·'· t lit' F :tc: ll ft y on th t' lilit•t.•lll h o/ III <· / !/(II/( h.
W. A. cLARK, Editor
J. D. B i.; ho p, B usiness Man:tgc!r.
nt tilt.• JHI:-Lollit.:L' :It Pc_·ru Y c.•/Jr:t:; kn. :1 '(.'t.'trl l tl•t , lll.lil t ll:lltc.•r.
Te rms, 50 ce nt s a yea r.
(;<l\'tTilll lt' ll l in .\ lllL' t·ica the l'O il !"<:iom: di t'L'l'Lin ll \\' h id 1 gin:::: to 0\\' 11 I ill·. Eel u c: 1t ion the ch ief men ns of co nst t·ucti\'L' T he ma ture ge ncr:JL ioJI Lo on to the comi ng gc n<.T 11L ion t ill :t<.'Ctl lllt d atccl bod y of expe ri<t ncl Th ey cndcn \·or to Lhc chil clJ T il anrl plen snn tly Lo the pl:t in \\' hi ch th ey themse l ves h n\'C n ::tc l! c d, pulling thc JII t hu s cad itT into of th eir inhc•·i te lll:c. The pu b li c sc h oo ls n•·c in s ti tu ti onal orgru .iza ti on fo1· th e pu rp ose of clcn:tting the oncom in g g·cne1·ation to th e hi gh plain of its p! T sc nL :t LL ai n n• c nl s. The publi c sc h un l t cac h en: a1·c set apa •·t hy the d iv ision of I; JI >O r fnt· p: 11·ticul:n wod ;:. Th ey nrc
t hu s st <t Lc \\'h os e fun e ti on it is to pn.•se •·,·<..· a nd tntnsmit Lhc social i rl cas and cu sto m s. As suc h t he y n ee d sp ec ia l tr nini ng for th t·i •· \\' Ork , a nd non nn l sc h oo ls \\T IT csU tbl is h cd to alfo ,·d t hi s tr 11 ini ng. T he (H'i lll:ll'." fu nct ion ,, f C\'CJ'.}'
s<..· h oo l is to Lt ain the public schoo l fo 1· \\'o J·k ns <t offi e iul. Th is t1 ·ai n ing co n sist s in sccu t·ing s.:hnlast ic •.: qt •ip mc nt in etc!t cl cmic n ncl (H'Ilfessic•nc •l kun\\'lcclgc. No nn al schoo ls ctin'c,- f•·om nthc 1· cdu c :.tin n al in sti tutio ns in the emph :t sis put up on the st ucl y of educat iona l
,·alue s and method . Th ey nre n ot primn ,·ily acnckmic .i n. titutions fo r ge neral nil tu re. but arc st ri ctly p1·ofcs iona l sch o nk design ed to fit :.t pa rtic ulnr b ody uf \\' Orkm en fo r the ir a\·ocation.
:\l·brnskn ' :-: Sta tc :\ 01·m:d Sc h oo l w as csL:thlis h ed fo t· the p ur pose of preparing tl' :tt:IH: J·s for work in the pu h li c sc h oo ls of thl· state 1 t hns grow n wi th the dc v cloplll<..' nt of the othe r in st i tut ions of the state and to-dny is fu ll y nb r east c,f the co-ord in:ttl' form s of go,·ern men tal organ i zat i ons. It n•cog-.ti zcs ns i ts first duty the su pp lying of the common sc h ools of the slate \\'i th tr ained tenchc r s. It pr J\' tdes thoro ugh instruction in the commo n sc h oo l hrnnehes and in m ethods of m annge mcnt and instructio n in suc h sc h ools. Si n ce more tha n 90 pe r ce n t. of the pub lic, t<. ac h rs of the sta te arc emp l oy ed iu the lo \\'l'r ei rr ht o-r acles the ir trai nin g "" "' ' m ust rccc i \'c py·op t·•· co n!"idcr:tt iO ll. In the rL·-or ga ni za tio n of the co urse of st ud y nO\ \' in pr ogn:s:; an effo rt is be ing ma de to .::t. ren n-t ht·n th e work in the lower gTadcs, t-o. ._., b ot h ncmlc mi c and pr ofessio na l. That such a chn n ge \YaS de man ded is full y lJr o,·ed bv the lar ae cl a sses in ad ,·nncc d - "' a ri th metic. adYanced gra mm ar, et c., wh ic h n1·c m ai n tai n ed t hi s fal l. l\lorc tha n 200 p c•·so ns ar c<.: n gagc d in t he critica l st u dy of th ese co mm on sc h ool s ubjects, and the effe ct up on the p ubli c schoo ls ca nn ot but be goo d.
One of th e m ost im po r ta nt ch n nges ma de in the Sc h oo l at the b egi nn in g of the present )'L'ai' wa!" the nbql iL ion of "prn<.:l icc teac hin g'' by stude n ts in the • lower co u rse." In st ea d of p ract ici ng tc : ch ing unrl cr the in str u ction of cr i tic teac hers these s tudents now obs erve the wo rk done by the reg ul ar Sc h oo l tcnc h crs, \\'it h whom they aflcrwarcl discu ss \\' hn t th ey sec. They wi tncss ex perl tcnc hin g, en clca\'ori ng to u nders tan d nnd :1 pp n·cia tc i l. Th ey arc cx pee te d to p 1 c-
TilE S TATE .'\ 01<:\1.\L
se nt to these s ame .\1 odel Sc ho ol t<: adu:'r'in s ubs eque nt di s cu ss ion th e :tim nn d pr ot·e!;s em bodied in Lh c n:cit:t lion. Th e\· arc thu s led to s tud y co nstn tcl i \'el y th e art of teachi ng as pr act iced by (.' xpc rien c ed t t·; tc her s. Good r (.' s ult s, bo th ft)l· th< · <: hildren and for the s tud ent, n re conf id en tly ex p et'lecl ft·om t hi s method of IH ocec cl un:. Se nion;, w ho h a\'e :tlrea dy s tudit·d lt·ac hin g hy ohsen·aLion in a pn·,·iou s ye ar and who ha ve m ade proper pn.: paratory professional s tudy , tt·<tc.: h :t p: tt"L of e: tch d:t \' th (.' )'(.':t t· und t·t· sys te nw tic sup en· isio n.
Geor ge L. Fa rnham.
Dou btless no pr eside nt of the :-\c.: hnt sl<:t State No t·m:tl Sc h oo l w;t s more widc l \' kn own or more univcn;n ll y love d by the Alu mni th an Geo r ge L. Fa mlwm. It is di ffi cult fot · one who l<ncw him only i ndircct ly through the •·es ttl t so f hi s lah ot·s and th e mcmo l'i es of his ft·icnd s to spe ak of w ha t he h as dqn e fot· thc sch oo l. His admini stJ·ntion ma rk s the lime whcn the sc h oo l passed ft·om its mc:agc t· beginnin g!; to a w<.:l l eyuipp ed st ::ttc in st itut ion. Th ose who kn ew t he sc h oo l a dcc:a de Hgo would be able to po int oul on evc t·y hand the ev id en ces of hi s thoug ht an d consec:mted work. At the n·qucst of the edito t·, nne who k new h im ns nco-wo rk er th rough hi s ten yean; of sc •·vice has t'Ont ri bu tc d to ou t· p ages a few \VO rcl s of 'We a•·e as l< ed to p rin t the m wit hout fu rt hct· acknowledgement:-
The news of the clca th of DL Ceot·gc L. Farnham wi ll br in g sn tTow to man y h ca t·ts. As a man he was hi g hl y c stcc mc cl by his fell ow citi ze ns.
It was in the fa ll of 1 880 thn t he ca me to the Nc hnt ska Sta te No t·mal Sc h oo l and for n ea rl y ten yca t·s was it !< h onore d pr inc ip a l. ri c was a lt ·eacly an educ[ll tH· of wi rl c a nd va t·it•d ex pet·ience , o riginal in his me thod s, a nd in !-'_y mpathy with
tn ,,,.t·, ... t int:ttv hi -. ''''n :thihty . It \\'oulrl l11 ' ditl ult t11 l'tll tt nl·rat<.' till'
tll:tll\' 1' \'irll tH'l'' nl hi-.. t nnr: d .. n l't' in th l· :d\\ :t y-. -..trn n ;.: for th 1.· t•ight, \\' inni ng -..ullkllt"-. th 1·nt to st"\' th l· noh l1 · : tlld t l'll l' in li k. :t nd to f11r i l
In thl· di -..e ll ...... i.. n .. r :1 11 s uhj,·l·t
It t· \\':l'-1'\'l' t" rl':t dy \\" itlt ;1 l' llll l'l'l' l C.: l'XI IIIIp)l· t11 m :ak1· vk :a r to th1· "-L Udl' lll -\' isinn \\' h :at w: t -.. t 11 hi -.. o \\" 11 tnind .
It i mon· e:t-.y to -. pe :t k nl' th1· m:ttl·ri:d l'\'i clt •Ji t'l':- or hi w nrk :- l'l' ll in th l.' :-dwo l buildi ng tn rlou hk i ts ori;.: i nrt l <.·:t]W l' ity :\ t :a ;.: l:a n t'l' h1· 1t :td It o \\· in:t rl c qu :tlv \\"l' t"l' th v l'nr c: II T\' in g on the \\'Ot'l< of :111 dlieit·tll St: alc :-\or111nl
S <: h oo l. i\1-cor d in gly \\'ilh so lll l' clo u ht s on th e p:11 ·t 111' hi s fri end ,.;, he sc.: ri ou :-: ly and fc: 11 ·lcs sly : 11 h·t ,,. :t tc d :t n :a p pl' :d to the kgis l:ttu t-c to :tp pt op t·i:t l l' :1 s tt nl f'o r s uch <.·n l:t rgl'll tcnl. :tpjw: d m nck. anrl the poi nt g:ai n t·c l.
L:a Let· Lhc Lib t-: 11 ·." bu ildin g c.:rcdc rl, :and tht· Oh st' n ·:a tot y. in whieh a li n t: six in <.· h
Al l these <: :an It t' :a s ;a m on u ntcntto hi s good \\'O t'k and th:t l of l hc f':tit Jt fu) Olll'S \\'ho pt·ccct·clvcl hi m :11H l prep:arcd the w:ty fo t· hi 111
The fol lowing fnll ll ;a Hin gh:tm p tn n, :\. Y llt'W S j) [tp c•· is a \-cry in le r c.:sli ng s kc.:tch of Dr. F:tr nh am's lif(::-
Pn>f Gen. L. Fa t·nha m or R i,·cr!i id c. Ca li forn ia, d ie d sud ck nly la sl l'\'Clli ng :tl o'c l ock at the.: home of J. \ V. Brown . No. 17H I Ia \\' lev st t-c.:t't. Pr of. :t nd Fa rnh:11n c am e to ci ty ahoul three wee ks ago and lHt d hcl'n !-'t: tyi ng wilh illr . : and Mt·s. i\tl at·ti n L. Il all . ofNn . 1 Art hu t· st r cc.:l. I Ic had ht'CII n ltl'ndi11g- lo the J"l'tn Ov: tl of !-' OI11t: goo ds ft ·o m h i!< fu r ml'r residc:ncc ndjoin ing M 1". Bro\\·n '!-' a11d
ttT rl:t y had just c nt <: t-c d :VIr Brown 's IH llll l' wh en he t' Olllp l:tillecl or l·l'c.:l in g badl y. :tnt!
TilE ST.\ TE :-\OR:\ 1:\L 'C II OOL ?\l E' E .:-1GER. 1 .3
:-:illin;..: d own in a \."h:ti 1·. he quietly pn :<:< erl
:t w:t ,. wh o en li ed, d cei ck<i that \\':1 :< due tu hL' :ll't di::;tn , ._ hidt tnHthlc l' nl f. Par nham had :00: ll hj I.T l.
)'nd ·. F:antl t :t lll w as horn !"l'\'L'nty-six
:a ;..:n :a nd hi:< e:trly boyh oo d \\':t:i
:O: p l' l lt iII \ \' :t tl'l'tll \\ I I. .\ ftLT hi::; :h.::ldt• tnic
t·r• ut ·:-:L· It t· L' nt en·d th e Alban\· :-\n nn : tl
:-:t· ho ol :1 1t d :<tudiecl an cl g' l':tduatt•d th t•re un dc1· ll o•·nce :\ l:tn lt. Fr om hi:< t· hil dhnod h t· took :1 ;..:•·eat in kr c :-:t in ecluc:ni onnl
m:attt·•·:-:. Af tc.: 1· ).!T :td u ating from the :\1h: nty :-\cJt 'tll :t l sc h oo l he to \\' n lc.:rLn\\' 11 :t n cl L' tt g:tged in :::e h oo l \\'0 .-1•. Soo n af tL· r·\\·:anl:; h c.: h ct·:tnH' supe ri nte nd ent of lh<: s_,TaC.:II :iL: :'L' h oo l s. Thi:-: p os itio n he fill ed wi lh gt-c:tt ned it : 111d put the SYntc.: u :-:L' :-:c h oc, l 0 11 a goo d \\'or kin g b:tsi :-:
F, om he en me to t hi s ci ty in 1 : tnd w:t :< of the loc al sc h oo ls ft ·o•n 1 9GU to 1 ' 75. Thi s p os itiou he fil le d m ost sat isfadora ll y nnd d id mu ch in the t of thc p nl , li e sc h oob of thi s citY. D urin g the n ext two y ean; he \\":ts princi pa l of the Ca rr o ll stn ·ct schoo l.
T hc li on. l. T. Dcyo pa id n hi gh tt·ibu tc Ln P 1·ol'. Fa t·nh am ' ::; w or k in t hi s city in hi sn lumn i b: tngu ct ndcl n :ss, June 2 1,1 897 . li e sa id, '' To P1·of. P: u·nh am mo 1·e th an to any ol h (·•· man bc longs the cr ed it for the <:xce ll cnt co ndit io n of ou 1· p ubli c He laid the fo uncl at ions b1·o nd a nd d ee p. He 1·ecogni %c d th e fact th nt th e m ost impor ta nt pe •·i ocl of a c hild 's tra inin g is in the p•·im a1·y sc h oo l. He i na ugunt te d a sys tem of p rima ry education w hi ch was l oo k crl upo n in th ose clays as a r e,·nl ulio n in educationa l met h ods; but it is a s ystem \\'h ich stood the test of mo re t ll :tn a qu n•·tc•· nf a century, and t o- cl ay is l ooked upon \\' ith nppr0\·al by pntctica l c cl 11 ca ton ;. '
Pn>m th is ci ty P1·of. P rtr nh nm we nt to Coum: il Rl uH's \\' hc1·e he wa s cng agl·cl as s ll pc•·int t· JHlc nt for tl u ·ec yen rs.
Prom the re he we nt to :.:-1ebra sk n, becoming the prin ci pal of the State Norm al ch oo l. Thi s w as. perhaps, h is greatest work. There he mou lded t he char acte r of the wh ole sch oo l sy ste m of the state, it bein g the o nl y state no rm al sc h oo l.
In 1 93 , afte r bein g prin cipa l of the Nebms l.a 'tnte No rm al Sc h ool for nin e an d a half yean;, he re m O\ ed to Ri,·erside, Ca lifo rnia. \\' h ere he o wn ed an ora nge gr ove :tliCI where he has s in ce liv ed.
As an cducntor Pr 0f. Farn h am held n pro min ent p os ition. He or i!rinatcd the sentence m et hod of learning to r ead, a syst em which is now gener ally adopted. He is the nu th or of '' Th e Thought and Se n te nce :\ lclho d.' wh ic h is cons idered the au th o ri ty on t hi s su bject, and which is said to be the o nh· wo rk to whi ch educat o rs r efe r.
Pr o f.. Fa mh am li,·cd in Sy r acuse dur in g th e d ra ft ri ots and at th at ti me w as attac ked and 1·ecc iv ed a severe wou nd in the forehead fr om a poke r, th e sear of which he . nl \\'av s bor e. In ch aracter he wa s a man f • 1 • t n' ty He was alo the m os t ster 1ng tn eg · · fi 1 t'na ,,, ron a wh 1eh wa \' S a J:!'!!l'eSSI\'e 1n g 1 I o o• · d · · his wa s the on ly 1n toleranre he hn 111 nnl ure.
b h •e cttie L.
He is survived Y IS ww • Far nh nm; a da ugh te 1·, Mrs. Li zz ie Buxt on, of S vrncuse; a s iste r, Mr s. Scribner of Des :VIoi.nes, I owa, a nd a brot her, the Rev. P. P. Fa rnh am, of Br igh to n, Michigan.
Jesse Hesseltine.
The r ial's of '82 loses one of its numb er in the deat h of J esse H esselti ne wh ich occ urred Jul y 22 las t, at the age of 42. Jle len ,·cs cons isting of a wife, fo rmerly Mi s · Dorn Wv n e, and four chi ldre n. Aflc r graduat in g ta ug ht in Geneva a ud later at Gib bon, Ne b ra sk a, b ut oflnte yea rs Mr. H esse lt in e had follo\\'ed farmin g. a nd frui t grow in g. Last yea r he w ns prc s icl c nl of A lumn i Ass ociat ion.
lG TilE S TA TE
The Educnli()nn l f<c.'l'icu· for is unusual ly goo d. if we ca n thus of a journ al whose cve t·y issu e is a pl<: as:tnl su rpt·ise. lt is beyon d the pt·cst·nt llltt')H ISl' to review lhc conte nt s :ts a wholl', hut il is n plcas u rt to ca ll the nllcntion of our rcatkrs to two of it s p:tJH:rs.
The arlide by j ose ph L tc cJJ t "\ l un..,terIJcrg on the Ncw Edu cation" is in lltt' lll:tin a \"cry ju st critic ism upon IJJ-. \ltttl''terbcrg's arlid e in the :\lay AL1:111lic. \\'ltilc wc all recogn ized that tlll'n: is mttclt tt·ntlt in Dr . :\1unstct·hcrg's criticism of our Ame rica n pu hi ie sc h oo ls, we nen: rthcl es.., fell that he did n ot fully app•·eeiate the America n id ea and m etho d s. Out· gr eat critic' s s har p lance hn s n.: p C<t led ly in t ht' past fe w years touche d se nsi tive.: spnts in our sc h oo l syste m. T he.: s pot pri ckc.: d ha s n ot al ways becnarl iscasc.:d onc , aC least not in th e way po i nted out hy tlt c cri ti c For exa m ple the tem·hi ng pro fessio n is not fe rin g from nn exccssivc kn n\\'lc d gc of psych ol<•gy , eilh ct· rJf the true s ci en ce o r(,(' the tnix lur e ca ll e rl '' cducational psyc ho lo gy." Th ert: is ;d so, cl cs pi tc Dr. J\.Jun stc rhcq;'s hlincln ess to th e f<tcl a true scien tific bas i fot- cducat io nal pt·ocerlurc. There is a Sc i ence of' I::rlucalion, at l east in p osse.
To th e t ha t the Amer ica n schoo ls can he best impro ved by confo rmin g them lo the Ger man type, iVI L Lcc m akes mo!<l sat is f:tctory r ejo ind e r: • But it docs n ot fo ll ow thnt hc(a u se th e German sc ho ols h a\'e l>cen so su eec·!'sfu l tn taking a r e: tl place in Gc rm an life tha t Amct·ican sc h oo ls co u ld be e qual ly su cec!'!'ful by ado pting the s nmc mea n s, or tha l. as Professor :\I u nstc r hu t g su gg(' sts , the Amcrican home c an he m ade i nto a ' good h ome'' by an allc m pt to hri 11 1! it in to th e att i tud e of adoratio n to \\'arcl thc Gennan sc h oo l sy s te m ot· any syst em nearl y t·cscmhlin g it. Amcrica is not Ce t·mnn y; we an: not (icrm:tn!<, : tnd if we try to i milale the Ge rm an method !< i tt the ho pe of pt·cHl uc ing Gcrm:u1 result s \\'e s hall
im·\'ital,Jy '"' Tto tt"' 1- n <l\dl'd).!t' i -. ttcot tht: • nd :tn d :tint ,.f lilt·. :tnd if \\'t' m :ty juri;.:•· ft·•ottt tilt' nt
••nr r an· it 111'\1'1' \'.tlllov It i-. ], fnr ,, til try teo lin· np '" tltt· C -.t;tlld :trcl in tJti .., din ·t·ti.. n. lon·:tt t"t' it i... tl c•t IIIII' '-'l:t nd :trrl. :t tld "''' lt :l\1' tt<•t .:..:n t it in II' ttl :tllaitt it CJut · i rh :tl i-. :ttl id ,·: tl. nut of k:trning lntt "' n••t • d :ll''JII itl'tttl' llt, but 11f :tl'liootl \\'t• \\ttttlcf t·: t tltt t', :ttld t' . tll nH•n· L':t'-ily. nt : tla· lti ... tlt :t n \\'ritt· it . Tn ""lift· tiH" llt : tkin ;..: :tntl t'tolltnollill;.! of tht· good and llt:llttifltl tlti n.t.!"' ul tlti ... \\'oriel, lor llllt " d\'l'" aud • •I hl'r-. tlHJI't' :tltt':tt'lion tlt;ttl tht· of :tny :ttltlllltlt nl of It o\\' tiH·:-ot' tlt in.:..:e m:ty or cnt;..: ltt 111 h1.· ot· lt:l\t' h t·t·n dtJtlt' . To ns 111CIIIl_\'- llt: tl;i n .t.!- 11tt· princip;d nll':tn s \\'hil'h ttlfl dl'n t Iii\.· su pp lit•s for pu l lin g th ou ght into :t ct ior r- cl ol'S Jl () l
s<:t: lll \'ttl g: tr OJ' Sl't' lli!Cl- I·:t lt' it dot'S to thl' \\'l' in it l it 't·. -1h< · juy of' l'(lllll.'Sl, th l· O JI]JOI'llllli Ly f11 1' ht·:I\'L' : 11td nohJl' \\'O r]\, thc lll l':ll tS or :t nd hc :tuli fy ing the hotlll.', or lnt ildillg 11 ]1 t hl' Or Ji iJI ·: tl'_\' or OUt ' ll:t l i\'l' ltl\\' 11, 0!' up on oule t· o hj tTls o ur inn cr thou ghts: tnd :t !< pi r :t tion s ol li\-illg oul our as r:, thcr s, c iti zens. Th c!<t: arc l he \\'l' Sl' L' \\'lt v rc tit<.: m:tn sc c!< n ot hin g hut :t lo \\' and : tnn oy ing i ntl't't'll]ll ion lo s tttcli t·s. To lil l:.l ifc wi t. h bl oo d in it. full of :t c tion , a<.: lri cve m erlt , c ro \\' n cd \\'i lh llll\ \-c r : 111d c:tp<t hk of' bcnifil' cn cc, th l' tn :t in thin g·. Yo u CH illlO L m: t!\l' or a r:t ('t: of nnd y ou c: llt n ol g i\' c ns II o mc s" lty try ing to the t\n l ct·ic: tn ho nl t' ; ike the ( ;c rmHn hontc-: ttl :t djttn l' L of tltc sc lt oo J and !<t ti >O rd in al<: Lo the old tT !<l' h oo l iclc a of learning n!' Li te· ch il.·f a im or Ji ll:. Th e p n>hlc m hcrc is not to ht·ing the hotllt' to the schoo l hu t to ht ·ing· the sc hool to l hl· hom e. nt· tP m:tkl' hotl1 t lt c a nd Lht• hom<: co-o p tTat c itt mi ni st t·t·in ).!' to l ifc-t o th e thet't' in hen: in ie :t al the p1 ·escnt litii L'. th c tea chit g of th e IlL'\\' t·d 11 <.::t lion
Pr"fl· -. or :\I : tt ti dt ,, .uhln>' ·
It \\':t'- t iH· lt'! h:l nu :.: ,,f 11u l l bclic\'l' tlaa t F1 · th lt .\m o..r· ica wo uld ) ,.. tl w pl. •u· in " l11d l lu -.. 11k.l
\\' oulrl be nlo t t'ulh ,;: 111 ""t , ' "' " in pruel' "'"' of lullill111 t' nt ·
Th e "' '' <.'otul 1-.. t ha t h\" J .t :\\'chnn 011 " .\ , ,f n nd
Fr och t·l. " It i :1 -.l'hnl.t.-1 .' p: tpt·r. a '. lluah lc co nt ri but ion tn du :: 1tinn al ph iln :'1•· phy. Th e l :1-..t p:u·:t ,!..! 1': tph 111 :1y ht· qmH '-·tl :t!. a of th t· :t utluu ··:' t:un o..·t•ptiu n :': h ut to ri ghtly : tppn.·...·i: tt'-' i t. it ll lll:'t he..• read th e the..· thou<! lll in t he wh o ll: .-· t:oncl 11 d1.·. th c: n. th at bot h l ·'1·och1.·l :tlld I h: l\'l.' mm:h to tc ac h h11t th at t.•:tch :' t.'l :' for·tl1 : 111 incomp lete th <:o t·y of cd tn:ati o11. :\ tn1c educa ti on cu 11thin c h oth it mu st tt·a in Lil t.' c hilcln: 11 bot h in ty and in ohc di c 11 cc. 0 11ti t th e.: l attc 1·, a nd we h ave [I nH:n: nf c:1 p1 ·icc a nd do n ot n :ac h tn1 c f n·c rl o nt. T n1 c e du ca ti on mu !' t co mbin e wo t·k and pla y. n tti () n :l li ty nnd incli, iclu : tl ity Ft·o rn F1·ochd we ka rn to 1·cspcc t th e c hild 's nc li ,· it y: f1·o m
I h•a·hart we ka nt th nt we mu st n ot let it run wild : fro m llerb n rt lcnr n the imof im }Jorr.lllt..'t'. th : tt nf mentnl foo d: fr m Froeucl knr n the less on th at n il mu :'t hL· ncqui rcd n nd turned t.o use by the () \\'11 lu bt;cf H erbn rt tell s ll H) :' l ahn ut the \\' Ork of the cd u cnto r; Frud>d m os t nuo ut th nt of the chi ld iu wh o le..- cduc n ti , .c pr oL-css Enc h exngthe function of the one wi rh wh nm he dc n liug-, nud ench is lc:td to do :'n hy phil oso phica l poi'ition. But it is not iu ex n•.,.n crntions on one i' ide or the thnt the tn1c cducntionnl doctri ue is fo und. but. in the perfect and h ar mon ious c n-o p c: rn t ion of cnc h factor. It is in suc h n of Frocucl nud Hcrba rt, I am co n \'i n cccl. thn t t nt c cducn tio na I theo ry Th e c hild mu st be bro ught in to h:ll'111 0 11 \' wi th hi s s urro undiu gs; bu t, at the :':llu: t im e. we m us t make the m ost nn d the b est of him as au ind i,; du a l. Th ese nrc n ot a iru s whcu hum an lite is rightly co n ce i ,·ed."
SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS. .
Cond ll cted by
!;E o.\1 E'l'fl \'.
6. Prop ose d by P. C. Culkn, pri nc i pa l schools Sn lcm, Ne b!'.
If th e bi secto r s, t1·iscctors a nd quad ri scctors of th e base angles of a triangle arc mut ua ll y e qu al, prove tr iangle is iso scele s.
So l uti on hy p ro p os er .
If th e triangle be isosce les it is easy bi sec tor s, trisectors, etc., a rc equ a l. must be e ith er isosce les or sca len e.
to prove The \\'c w ill pr ov e bi secto r s, t ri secto rs etc. , of sca lene tl·iangl es un equal a nd th nt th ose of the snw ll c1· angle arc greater than th ose of lar gc 1· angle.
such lint: s ra d iati11;.: irno11 ]( i11 lar;.:Tr ang:k nre s n1allcr than 1·:,rl i: 1t in;.: frnn1 II in :; n l!lllcr a n glc for \\'t: ha \'l' fli"CI\'l' d l ha t wh c·n I IE ( II pcrpc ntli c: ula l·) t:ut s oil':.. 11 i angle II it is lnngl.'r th an tht: line th at c: n ts oil' : ofang lt: 1(. i\ow all l in es cutt i ng ofr 1 1 11 ,f a n ;.:k I I an: incn.:ns ing whilt: pa s" i ng f ro 111 liE tow a rd IIA nnrl n il l inc·s t utt i n;.: oil' 1 1 11 of angk J( a 1·c dl.'c: t·cas in g t ill tlw y r c: 1ch th l.' pc rp t' IHii t: u la r K F: li om th is 011. tht: rc·\·oh in;.: l in es w hi t: h arc l.' Utt ing otT 11\ of cad 1 base an ;.: lc and l ll o\·in g tow anl sid es of lt'i angleA J.: an d Al l, an both in creas in g. i\ow let us n ot i ce h ow th ese l'c \' oh·ing lin es nl wnys co mpar e.
\\ 't: h av t: ]J I'(J\' cn ou1· p ro p osi tion up ti ll 1 1 11 of th t: larger angk !.: =angle FKII up ti ll the di\'id ing l in e of the la rg c1· ang k ht:conu:s n pc rp c n d ieul a 1'.
L et A KI-1 he the sca le ne L et fa ll pe r pe ndi c ul ars K F a nrl H E. Ora w I-LVI cu tt in g off rri th of V H th at wi ll lie b et w ee n I-IE an d H 1-: N ow V AKF=V AH E and if 1-Lvl is a l im.- cu t_ t in g o ff a cert ain fr ac ti on of VI-I, it is C\'l dc n t th at a lin e c utting oCT same fra ct ion of \j K w ill fa ll be tw ee n K .li' and K 1-I. But K F is less tha 11 HE a nd th erefore l ess th an any line bet wee n HE and HK .
N ow l et HM cut of VI-I so that II.\1 w ill l ie be tw e en HE and H K, an d d raw K X ma king V XKH=MHK, th en w ill XK be le ss th an HM; the n t he line that c uts o ff of V AKH which in th is c ase mu st fa ll bet wc t:n KF a nd KX be le ss st ill th an H M. Th en: fon: a ll lin es cutting off 1A of angles Hand K u nt il th at wh ich div id es sma ll er angles •·eac h cs th e pe l·pe ndic ul ar are un e qu al a nd t ho se that divide the lar ge r an gles are less th an th ose th at eli v id e sma ller angles.
No w let us dr aw lin es cu tt in g oiT :n of angles H and K ti ll th e l in e that cu ts off A, of l<u ge r angle becom es a KF. Now all
L et A K I-I IJc the o1·ig in al tri a 11 gc and I( I' nnd H :VI' be the pos it ion of thc n .:vo lv in g li m ·:< w he n KP the pc 1· p< : ndi cular cu ts ofr ,\ , of angk 1.:, ami II :VI' p os i ti on of li ne th at cu1soil 1 1 11 of angle H. In st ead of al l "w i ng K F to n·vo!l·e towa nl AK ima gin l.' .1\ K tn1ns fcrr ed to sirk Al l le tt in l\' K fa ll on 1.: ' and F fa ll on F '. I( 'F'= KF . Iti se vid cn tt h<•t AKF is grc nt t·r than an !.! lc Al-I .\1 ' and i\ K'F '. L et us now s ulll e th at as K'F ' r ev ,l vt: s ahout K 'c utti ng nil' A, of angle K 9 (if it we lT in i ts or igina l p m; it ion l to b ecome para ll el to II :\ I': in thi s case it \\'i ll he less th clll 1-Lvl' bu t it ca n n ever b ec om e pu ra li ef hu t mu st fa ll hac k nem ·c1· to the p t: rpc ndie· ular a nd b ecom e st i ll sho1·te1·.
Th erefore in cve 1·y p os it ion will th e hi scc t'lrs t ri sec tors, e tc ., of the sn 1a ll er an gle be gr catt:r than th ose of la1·gc1· angle.
Now the base an gles af a tr i an gle arc either equal o 1· u ne qual , a nd in e,·ery ca se of un t:q uul
nrc If th e t rian gl e un d '-·r· we re sc nlcne we wo uld It a \" C :t \.':\ S \.' nf hi :<\."C tl ll"$ , etC., Of bn:<e an g le :< e qua l. wh id 1 we hn,·c pro\'Cil to be nbsu r·cl.
Th '-·refon.: wh '-' " th e hi:< '-'C tOn: . t ri ::t>eto rs . etc .. of th '-· l>: lsc angle :< of a t •·in nJ.!lc nrc mutu a lly e qu al th e u·iangk i:< .\ II :' :->E<H'S.
l'•·np os <:d I I\· f' C. C ulk-n
1- . thc nu nn1cter i:< mn rk cd fo r fr eezi ng :{:.! 0 , bo il ing poi nt 212°: Ce nti)!rncl e th '-· r·rn nr " '-'te r· is 111 ar kecl 0° for fr t>ez iug. and I ooo fo r bo il ing : l<n ur ner's thcr monldc r· is rna •·ked U0 fn ,· fr eez in g nnd 0° for bo il in g. \V hcn Fnh n:n heit and Cc: nl ig-rn dc: r e.!:!'i!: ler the "a lii <: wh at i ,- the tc nr1 w raturc n:gistcrcd by I<:t lln H:r·' s?
I. So lu tion lw H. L. Bn rri <: k, pri ncipnl of !'C hools, Nl·hr·.
Let x= rll at·k in g of r:'. a nd C. scn lc when eq ua l. (I) Th en ( 2 ) ""-;-,1fi O=x
1:q :l x-1 GO= t>x . (-1·) 1- x=l GO .
(f'>J x=- -!-0 ° F. o 1• C. (1) -4-o o C.X;! =xR. (2) x=- a2 o
II. So luti nn hy Ro hc t· t Z tH'I'C.' hcr, Y utn n, N l·lwa ska.
C alcu lating fr om t he ft·e(·zin g poin t, the thcr momcters sh ow the fo ll owin g- ratios to each other: F. I 0 , C. r,o R. j\ 0 • Hence r. of F' nb ove or be low 32° equ al s C. a bov e or bd ow r e!: pecti '·'-' l y. F. an cl C. •·cgister the same at n cert ain po in t belo w 0 C. , or· li'.
L et l!= di stan ce below :12 F. a nd below 0 of C. or F. Th en Tran sp os ing. l!-?. = 32 , or ?,=8, ancl 1!=72°.
IT ence 7 '2 ° he low 32 ° F' ., or 40° below 0, a nd <1-0° C. are the sam e. R. show !:O of72 or 32° below 0.
PRO BLEM S FO R SOLUTIO N.
AR ITH METIC.
Prop os ed by P. C. C ullen, Sa lem.
11. How many ac res in a square tract of land conta inin g as many ac'?es as there arc b oa rds on fen ce enclos in g it iffence is 4 b oa rd s high and eac h board 11 fee t long. ( dect cd Mi ln e' s Arit hm etic. )
AI.GE DR A.
9. Soh·c, x •= ax -j- by. v '= av-1-bx
( \\ en tw or th 's Co mplete Algebra p. 225.)
Th e r es ul t !: gi \·en are x=a-j-b, or 0. y=n-1-b. or 0.
Do not soh·e by insp ection.
GEO M ETR Y.
11 . Upon a gi ven po rti on, AE , of the d iam eter, AH, of a semi-circ le a not h er semicin:le is d esc ri bed . Draw a lin e thr ough A so th at the part inter ce p te d b..:twe en th e se mi -c: irc:l cs rn ny be of n give n length. i\I IS CELLAN EOliS.
6. A a nd B dig a di tc h 120 rods long. The soil at one end is clay , at the ot her e nd s and . If the wh ole of the ditch were sand A co uld dig the ditch alone in 30 da ys , and B in 24 d ays. If the whole Icn cr th wt•re cl ay, A cou ld di g the di tl'h in <=40 dav s,a nd Bin 60day s. A b egin s at the cl ay and Ba t the sa nd so il ; the y tog et her dig the· di tch in 17 ciays. What length of the di tch was cl ay . nnd what length sund?
So lu tions to th ese problem s sho ul d be s ent to J. M. How ie n ot Int er th nn Dece m be r 1. No c orrec t so l ut ions have been r ec c:ived for· a ri t hm et ic problem No. 8, or alge bra No 7. No so lu ti ons h ave been t:eceiv ed for algeb ra problem No. 6 aud g eom e try pr ob lems No s. 7 and 8. So l utions w ill be gi ven later if r eceived .
9/o rmal cJchool V/rec to r!/.
EV I!f! ETT . \' c..:. ,\.
Mat t Mu rph y .. f' rcs icl c nl
Leah Mar k Vice Prc!<idcnl
Mab el Smi th l<cco rd in g Sccrcla r·y
0 H. \\'addell. l' n::<idcnt J. n. 1\racly \' it·c l'rc.sidcnt
Cora Wi lso n Co n cs p ond in g- Scc r ct<u·y I sabe ll e Will iams Tr casu r er J. C. !Jill on \\'. T. Slc\'Cll!H> n :\. A. 1\ cn glso rl. .. .. .... C<> rT cs p <lluli<r g- Sccrclnry
Joy ce Marklcy: .. C ri li c \' \\'.C..:. A. W EIJLI:\G'f 0:\ 1A:\ l .ucy Lcaming- ................................. .... l' rcs idcnt
An sa M cKe rc hcr P res id e nt
Edna Mitton Vicc Pr·cs idc nl
W ill a rd Dav is .. R cco rd ing Scc r·etary Gr ace T im crman .Corrcs pond in g Scc r·ctar·y
Rulh !Jan is \'icc l' rcs id l'llt .\ la bel Br idgcs l-tccordin g Sec reta ry Ell en l'hil lip s Con es po ndi ng Sccr ctn ry Je ss ie Steb bins Tren s urcr
Han nah Pr icc Tr·cas urcr C..: I C..:J-: 1(0 :\ IA :\
Dw ight Go vc Sc rgea nt -at-A rms n. .\ I. Stone Pres id ent Frank Sm ith ..... Cr it ic f7crd Crow ley \'icc Pres id ent
C. E. 1-Iu rn p hreys Prcs idcnt
E. F. Sna ,·ely \Vm. S hurn an Treasun·r
Eva A Jli son : Vicc Pres ident A'l'l I E :\ JA:\
NcJl ie Ho rn Reto rdin g Secr eta ry E,·a A ll iso n President M apel Bri dgcs Co r rc spo nd ing Scc rcta r·y \V innifre d Ne ff.....
T. R. Ric ha rd so n .............. . .. ....... ..... .. Trea s ur er Kat e G oci ....
C. M. Buckley Cri ti c Mi lli ce nt Slaby ..........:
normal Sthool 'fa tuity
.
... \'i cc ] 'reside nt
Sccretnry
............. .. ... C ri tic
.'vV. A. CLA RK , A.:ll., PE D. D., I'll. o., Pr es ident , ... ........ .. ....... .. .. ... P ed ago gy ; I U. STONER, Prcccpt r css , ...... .... .. ........ ..
... Civics
H. B. A. :II ., , B io logy
HERB ER'r Bnow :-< ELL , n. s c., Ph ysic al Scie n ces
E. A. WH ITENAC K, A. B. , Gcr man La ngu age a nd Li te r at ur e MATTIE CoOK Er.i.Js, : History and G eo graphy
]. M Howm, A. n., Ma th cma li cs
ESTH ER A. CrJAR K, A. llf., L atin Langu age an d Litera tu re
L. W. FrK E, A. llt. , , Ps yc hology an d Ped ago gy
T. J. O LI VER, liL s ., : .......... .. .. ...... ........... ... ............ Ar it hm etic and Al ge bra ' GEORGE N. Po n·r ER, A. n.,_. .. .. .. .'... .. ..... .. English Lang ua ge and Liter at ure
G RACE D. CULBER'I'SON·, En g li sh Gra mm ar a nd Com position
;AN NE M. GOSHEK, .Superintende nt of Trai ni ng Depa rtm en t
P EA RL S. KE LLEY, P ri ma ry and Cr iti c Teach er DORA KRED S, Int er me di a tc and Ct-ilic Teacher
Lou E. Ho s :-.JER , ...... ..... .. .................... .. . K ind crga rt cn an d Ct·itic T cache t· OcE AN K. D AI LY, o. n., ,. Rea ding a nd Eloc ution
H EN RY H. B AG G, A. DT ; Dr aw in g a nd Paint in g
ELLA M. CL ARK, ....... ..... .. .......... .. .. .... .. ...... ........ .. ....... .. .. .. ... Voca l Music
ELva E. RU LON , PED. 11. , Lib ra ri an
I da :\ 1<.: ny. 'DI. i!< : tt St.
C. =" · A ld l· tt 1 i !< pt·in l· ip : tl at :'\ io111·: \l ·a.
Jc wl·ll at O ak cl:tk 1'\c-
Juli n Pi ttn m,l 900, t eaches at Burr.
Lob tn nrll<'y, '9 1, teaches at Tnbl c Rock.
Dell n Bor st, '9 , h n:- a sc hool nt Gerin g, Xc bru slw.
Th e r eg istrfl Lion At the end of t he first w eek wns nhout -t- 60.
Mat ·y Sp <.: n ct.T thi :-: Ye a•· to co mplc.:t c hcT <.: out ·!"c.
Ali ce Sa ncl <.:rs of y<. ::u·' ::; tt :tinin g c l<1 ss will t eac h in T cc u m!-:e h.
E dith 1 90 0. tl' adt cs [It , ·n kn t in <.· She ha s 3 cl :111<l 4 th g n1dc s.
Cy ru s "Willi ams is aga in in sch oo l. Hi s sis ter is with him yea r.
F. L. Cr ow ley of the Sc ni ot· cl nss cam e fr om hi s home in Kn ox co unt y nw ht•cl to Pe ru
Stell a G rn hnm. '95, hns th e Dept of Elocution in the co ll ege n t Cr cn l Sp rings, Ill.
The hla c kh o nnl s in all t he r oo ms rejo ic e th t• co min g yen r. th e e ye in th eir n ew coa ts of bl ac k. .J1.
Pr of. B agg's st udio h as b ee n fi tted up to ma ke it a mo re a ttr act ive, co mfor tab le r oo m.
Mi ss Juli a L ane who was in sc h oo l fo ur
vc: ••-s a go visi te d in Pe ru at th e b egi nnin g of th e tc nn
Miss E ll a Troyer, pleasnntl y re membe red bv State No rm al s tud ents of six years a rro teac hes at M ilford. 0
Mattie H. Gregg, '92, was ma rried Jun e 23 at Buffalo, N. Y., to Al be rt N. Dafoe of T ec um se h, Neb t·., wh ere their home is to be.
E ll a l! :t rtl cy, ' !J!J , lo ll to\\"l'll
Bess ie ·m, goc ;. lto lh·:1l ril'c tlt i.., ye ar lo lcath
The sta ndpip e: 1S t'lllll fd dt ·-nnw for so me firt tse: qH.: s.
Th e Dnpl isl fH .: oplt :l l't• huildin ;_! :1 p: lrs on:. gc n ext the chur ch.
Thc sea ls in the Sen ior c::l: 1ss ro om h:an.: be en turned to fn tt.: the duor , and a l<.·:lclic r' s pl atfo rm a n ew fc: 1l11rc.
Prof. Fik c e nt ers up on the yea r' s work much improvcd in health from St.:\'l:r: d w ee ks' a nd r ccuper:1t i ou in Lin eol n.
Get o ne of the Student's Hand Hool<s ishy th eY. M. C. A. a ndY \V C. A. Th t.: ,. arcworthy of (ll'l' scn·:•lio n :1nrl ft'l'qucnL refere nc e.
:Yfis s G rncc Stoulcn horo 11 gh, a forme•· st u den t at the State No rm al. married .June 27 at het· home in lo Gco F. Gish of De nv er, Colo rad o.
Th eY. l\1f. C. A. n nd the ir friend s l ast yea r pu t in at cons icl e mhlc ex pense a fine show(' r and hath All you ng men theY. M. C. A. hnve th cs<.· f:1cil it ies Jo in them.
Ccorgc P or ter nnd \!iss :Vln ud M. H aw l ey were m nnicd Aug ust lG l as t nt Linco ln No t one unmarried man on the fn cul ty of Lh c Stale N orma l now. Pt·of. I' o rtrr an1l wife an' scL ll cd in their new h ome,
\1 r J .\I :-.lin·\'l' • of I no/. :\, i:- thl· n t·" 'l'l"l'< tar, , ..t.
E l.., it· Hixl•y. \\'il l I"· in tit<' f. ,.n;..: l 'im· "l' h ""'"' thl'l'lllllin;..: \t':ll'. ·-"" .\Ji ..,.., I kkn \\'hit •ll'\' "' It "" ill'' " l'l' llll' lll · ht·n ·rl l, ,· tnd ,·nt r ti, ,. ,,.: " :•;..:•• h :1 -. !'- )l l'tll t lt t· "-lllll ll ll' l' in I \·rn
T ht· r n· it : 1ti1111 :1n · IICI\\' ftt ny-ti \' L' mi llllll'!'-. Ch:lf' l 'l in t ht· :\n n n: tl :-\l'll o nl is :tl H: :IO :111d in t lt l· :-\e h., ol :It ,'-: : ..J..)
C. :\ ! ,· ITill ' !I 1·. \\': Is 111 1\'l'lt : tl w ut the L of' ,\ ngn ,- t. I k \\' :1 s l' lll lTL: Iim:d I> \· \lr. :1nd :\ lr ,- . l lohhs in thl'ir ll l'\\' h· pn r l' h:1sc d h Ollll' • 111 Six l h s t l'l'l'l. .; 1.
C. E. Ord. ca ndid :1lc Lh l· rqn1ltli l·:n1
Lic l\t' l for er n1nty co l ntni ssin nl'l' ol :'\em:th:t co u nty is a g1·:11l 11 :1 LL' of till' :\on n :tl. c l: 1::s of and is :1 hl 'tl l hl'l' -ilt -1:1\\' of l' rof. I htll l' :111 so 11.
:\ lctte1· fn1111 I It l k-:1t tit· tdl s of the s:1k al'l'iv:tl of hims e lf :1nd f: 1111i ly :tl th l' ir Ill' \\' hume in vVcston, ( >re g on, wh L'I'l' hl' :tl lllll'l' e nte red upo 11 hi s dnl i, s ns l'n·s irlL·nt nf th l'
Stat e ;'\;o r m:t l Sl'IJnol 1 lt t· l' l' .
A c:tr d c :ttalngu e h:os hl'l'll put in to th t• Lihmr y that will hold <.': 1rrk It is n b ea utiful pi ece of fu n1i t nn.: :1nd HII IH' IIIll lca ch L·rs :tn d st udents usin g lh L· l. ihr:ll' ." c:1n te ll how nlll ch il will ltc pri %l'll. u.,.
T't·nr. Dun c:1 nson r e: l l'ht·d h onw fr n 111 hi -.: :t nrl u ·n \'l' l :t ht ·o:1d ju st in tim e lo plungl' at on ce in to the of t h<" opc nin g.o f the yea r·. iV[t'"· stoppcclcnrnute tn \'i s il hct· in Tol·on lo.
I Ill ..._ I \I I '\ UIO I.\ 1. ' llllt)l. .\ Jl,,., t II \\ .d t . ' lt>lllll't -..ttn tnl nt'
\n dl'l' \\ .I J n,·-.. "h '' :1 -..tudt·nt .It the.• Suntlnt l· :tncl ln : ttt.t .:.! l't' ,,f a r,·:"·ht: r-.. ' Hun ·:tll " :1-.. 11 1 l' ,·t·u clt 11·in.:.! t It t• mu·i-. p1 in c.· ip :d :tt \-..h
IIi-. tl·:c ,· IH ·-.. "ith hi 111 I 1!11 ·: • i-:.1 ·,·1• -.. • >I :'\ ,·li ,:.!lt w :l ' dt'' tl'd
:tt tht.· .\ ng11 .... t tlll'l' tin;..: (If the Huanl tn tltl• hy ..\t tht•
!-':t ttt l.' tl l t'l'l in .:...: :\1 Ella :\1. Cl:trk of l'l : tl t :-n l lllll h \\ ' ;t,.. vk ·tc. cl ll' :tt hl' l' of
l' n> f tilt.' \ ': ll·:ttinll 111 ! \Til
ll l: tl<in g gc>c >cl cd 't lt c l il ll·: tt ·y i ll
Oil or hi :-; lin es nf Aftl' t' a fl.' \\'
\\ 'C t: ks :1t l tc >tllt' in It t· knn'>' f'or hi :-; \\' fl t·k in l'n inT:' it ,. the l :t t tl' r p: tt ·t of Sl' Ji lL' ll l h c• t'.
1.t . l'l'!ll l h.': t tt ie :t ncl :\ 1i "':-; :\ l n%l' L' ,,.,. ,-e tn : ttTied :t l the hn llt L' uf t il L• in ( 01L-h l-: t :-; k:t . :\ I ,), Till'\' \\' i ll li \·t· in l'ul l nt: lll , \\' lt t·t·e Pr ol k·: t ltic ha ::- h t: l' ll n ·-t kctt.· l to the Jl ' ' "' i l ic 111 h t: h:t:-; held in t he St a ll' .-\g ri t: ll llu t·: t. c., l kgl·.
:'\nv:-; of th e dc :t th o f' Dt-.l;en r ge L. P: t rnh:t til <1 t B i 11 g h: 1m p t 1111 • N ,.w \' or k, A 11 p;11 s L wh l'n' h (' w: 1 :-; 0 11 a \'i s it , w ill co me \\' ith till' :-; hock or "P LT:-;n n:tll o,.;,.; to many IOt'lll l.'l' of the Nn n na l. \V ith hi111 p a:-;:-;e:-; :t n ot hct· of th t: old tT lll t'n of th t: C0 1111 li'Y· n 11 1<1 11 c>f r ecog- ni ze d abi lity in tna n_v one of the men who :tide d i1 1 hu ild i11 g up the non na l sc hoo l ol' t il L· co un t•·y <t t lat-gc nnd of the St: t tc of' Ne bt·n :-; ka in p :td i t: ul a.-. l\lf orc ex tc nckcl not ice or h im nn cl long ho n nr;c l lk c: tn ·c t· i ,.;
Fl oy E. Hut('hin::o n. '92. nnd :\[r Am id 1. "illinn Wt ' n' mnrril'rl m the bride's hn ml' in p,.1·u. June :Hi. Thl'\' nre to Ji,·e in \\' ;lhn n.
Former ::tmknts of the 'tnte will he inll'rt'Stt•d in the nn n ou n t.-e nlt•nt of tht• mnrrin!!t' of i\ l is,: F lorcnt:t• \\'o rky to :\d,:on t; ikmo rl'st at \' o rk Nc h rnsb. .\ 11g 11 ,:t :!!l la :: t. Thl'ir home is to be in l kll\·cr. Colornclo.
.\ II "prae tit·c" tea c hi ng is done now by o nl\' wh o l'ntc r tt fJO n th is work the sc.:cond .w t'l'k of sc h ool nnd con tin ue it t hr o 11 nhont th e \'ca r. H:df their t im e is
The regul ar co r ps of .- "' c ri tic tc11 ch er:: do a ll other Wtc hing in the l\Jodd 'ch ou!, nn e! mod l'i lesso ns nrt: ' 'o b :-;l' n' l'd" by those do in g w ork fo r th e Tminin!! Cer tifi rn t es. the fncts of • ' • • 1• ti le ntn t t•r inl for in- ob s1· r \':ttl0 n furn ts u ng < >' l r ncl i <Hl in tht· mtthn ds of t enc hing.
Th e r ece p tion to s tude n ts nnd "in·n h \' the Y. hl C. A. a nd Y. \\'. C. A. in the Ch apel on Snturd ay nf the o pc nin ..,. w eek en llrd to ge ther 11 11111,. as to 111:J,e mo rin g abo ut di ffieu l t. ..1 • 1 t. c cl'tcl ..,.et -1bout is in dica ted ll\' 1:1 80 111 "' c • • I I t r 01.,,.n rcl in for tht• t I t' c :1 1111 S pu •• ·• · · Jl wnrds of 11 lm n- \\' a tt•n n clon ul m ec tlll g 11 ' • 1 l' fl' to n es 11,1 "soc in l wnv wit hi n ( t'(' ll ( 1 crcn n • the t im e Mr. Moo rl' , the stn lc !'cc r ct:tt'Y of the Y. l\'1. C. A to ld in n I ·l.t tl c tn lk of the pttr p m:es of til l' p l'HSnnt I c • A t' ,d Ll':t nnn g an d Mr. ssoc1a 'lO ll nt •Wncldc ll gave a cordia l. ".rgcnt in,·i.tat ion to a ll to ttnitc With one of orgnniznt ion s and attend a ll meetin g M i!'s Cla r k, the n ew teac her of roca l mu sic, t·cc•·ivcd CJ'cncr ous a ppl a tt sl' for her l'Ont ri"' h tt tion to the pr ogram, ns did i\•liss Daily in her Mr Brady was mn s Lt•r of in the g-ra nd ma rch.
E li ;mbclh Gnrdn er· l eac hes at t hi s yea r.
Rh ocla Recu ha s return ed tn com plet e her Kinde rgar ten co ur se.
Both C lifTo rc.l a nd Wan·en Cn lli n wi ll enter the Sla te U nivers it y thi s fall.
Miss Uln. M. Sande rs w ill l<:ach mu s ic in Pa lm yra, Mi sso uri , the com in g yea r·.
For up-t o- da le cloth in g and furni sh ing goods go to Gra ham Bros. & C o. , Aub um, Neb ras k a.
Maud Harm a n, ' 98, :t11cl O liv e Harm nn, '97, ofJu li an, h ave bo th been reengngcd to t each in sc h oo ls n ca r· ho me Their sis ter, Mi ss Bla nch, is in the S tate Norm al t hi s term.
Th e pa rtiti on h as h ecn taken o ut betwe en the r oo ms u se d for p rimary wo rk, the lar ge o pen space in the r ea r ma kin g a mo st we lco me s pace for games a nd ot her· form s of recr eat ion for the littl e on es.
J. j. King. ' !J.I i-. -.upnintl·nd\'ltt : ll \lhion with dl.·\·en H·m·ht·r·-. .
i:--. ll':r n·:- r.. r lr t·r \\'nrk in C hi l·ago l'ni \Tr-.ity th t· in :-:t : rnl
C. S .Jom·:-: '!).-,, i:- te ac hin g 111 thl.· :\orma l dep:rrtnrt·nt of Cot ll l." l. l' ni \'e r :-:ity
. .\ nd,·r-."n t,·;a,·hl'' m ·:rr lkn· nington
Emm :r l l:t\'i:< i :-: t:d;ing :a l.'OII r:< c 111 mu s ic: for pub lic s dw o(;.., :tl l> ct roi t. .\li ch-
igan
?\1iss Es th er Clark h:t s b een e:dk d to the beds id e of her mo ther ""h o m et with a very s er ious acciclcnt n: ccr:t ly rtl her ho rn e in Kan sas. Mrs. Cl:11·k tea c hes her cln :<sl'S \\'hilt sh l.· in :t w:ry
\ Ve ca rry a l"ull l in t· of \\" no lens in o ur Mcr-chnnt Ta il o rin g Dcpal'tm cnt. Our work is all cl o nt· in our 0\\"11 stor e hy t hc b est s kill e cl t ail o n;.
B({o s. & Co
Vo l. IV., No .2.
PERU, NEBRASKA, OCTOBER, 1900. Whol e No. 25.
THE TNF LUENCE OF PESTALOZZI UPON HERBART.
Ht · II" 1. Clnrk
\\'L' to tt·an· tilL' of llll L' \\·ol'!cJ Je:t cJ..•r 11p0 11
anot h LT, l'l",\' out \\'ith C:tl'!yk: "It :1 so rry l>u s i11 ess, thi " :t L'L'llll lltin g fo 1· g- re at nH:n !'' A 111:t11 's l ifi.: is in it s l:t st his 0 \\'11 \\"h:t ll'\' <..' 1" he p1·ocluced of di!' l in c..: l i \T c..: h : tJ ":tL' ll'J' sh n ul cl he ,.. g-:t rdcd ns his in both su h stanc..:L' and ro ,·m . \\"h ilc he npprop 1·i: tt es f1Tc ly the of hi s life fi" O lll the.: J>PHIII<: ti ons of Ol h cn:, and cn:n finds the su ggc..:st i\-c..: s timulu s to his const ructi\T acti, itY 111 the expt·cssc d th oug h ts of o l h en< , he bu i Ids hi s o wn st t·u ctu t·c up on hi s O \VIl fo und atio n :t nd acco t·di ng to hi s own plan. T hm: whntcYcJ· we find in th e life of any nH itl may witho ut injustice to o the t·s he cn ·ditccl to him ; a ncl , in tntth, it is on ly in this way t hn t we ca n do justi ce to a ll. Bu t, on the other hnnd , no man 's life is exc lu si ve ly hi s ow n. · Th e g: r eate!'t ge niu s is l•ut the co mpl etest ('X JH·cssion of' the wo dcl th oug ht into which h <: is hon1; hi s life is sattn ·at<:cl hy the (' 0111mon though t of hi s t im e. He gnthe t·s in to hi s ow n life hi s her i tage fi'(H il mnny so uJ TL'S :t nd giY<:s it o1·gn ni c form in 1110t'l: o1· lcss symmet l' ic: tl complctl'ncss in hi s ow n cx pn:ss ion . l' r:tl :t ll SCl l"pli on
In addit ion to th is gcnnf' the <.:onlc nt or co mmon co n se inu stH.•ss, he tna y he in occu lalc d hy Lhc l' xpe t·icncl' in the life of :t
nr thinker.
own t•hicf may be orgn ni zcd· :d mnl n t: i m nl!t' by nn ot her. l ie the so il nn d quickening co lieli tio tt !': in whidt germi nn tat id cns cil'· n:lop and scn ttl'r thc ir fruitnge in turn to ot her !':. C' •liScqucntly ill nn nppreciati,·e st udY of n liY ntnll ;; life we sh ou ld not nt· te mpt to ex.cludc wh:tt had its inception in the thought of hi s predecessors. lim iti ng o urseh·es to that which we can n ot nc· co un t for from o ther so u rces; that is. ins tend of endcnyo rillg to dete rmin e by (' xclusion "t he pnrt thnt he has cont ributed .'' we sh ou ld gene rously credit each man with the whole of his life exp ressio n. It is n ot n questio n of how much of H crbn t·t is n ot Herhnrt but Pestnlmzi; we nHl v ack no wl edge n il Herbnr t as Hcrbnrt, .nnd n il Pesta lozz i as Pcsta lozzi, whil e gi vi ng full weight to ce nt act of the life of Pcstn lozz J wtth thnt of Hct·bnrt
At the tlwes h old of any nttempt lo co llnect the li\' Cs of these two men we n re imm ccl in td " of the rnrl ical ditl"crem·cs of ; heit· r esou rces unrl met hods. l\•shtlo;.:zi wm; ·•nn un ta ug ht genius," wh n!>t' l o,· iu g heart o,·crAowrd in gen uin e philntt · th r opy. Hi !: bo undless fn ith in hum a nity :t ncl hi s co ncc pliott of the pos sibilities of n
no rm al d cv do pm ent to h appy li vin g were b ut co n ce ived in the prac tical e du cat ional pr oce dure. I lis lo,·e for his fell ow men fi lled hi s wh ole h cing nn cl sought ex pre ss ion in his in co mp lete sc he me s for th eir ma te ri al a nd s piritu al ach ·a nce me nt He wa -: not, in any t· r iti ca l se n se , a st ud e nt of his o wn aim s ancl me th od s, though man ifes tl y d es irin g to b r. such a nu co nt inu a ll y di sc our sing in a ramb li ng wa_v about them With brill ia nt intu it ions of vit< d edu cat ion:d tt·uths he labo red zealously o nr details of th eir r ea li zation wi tl-: o ut du e r ega rd to th eir relations in a larger who le of aim a nd met ho d. Th ere is an utt er lacl< of phi lo so phi cal in hi s plan s. He appea rs to have b cc n bot h un a bl e an d a nd un wi llin g to inv es ti g at e the fu nd ament al prin ci pl es up on which a scient ifi c pedag ogy mu st be bu il t. Though a s el fsac ri fi cing worket·, it. is •·at he r pa n-mi ning in the dril t th an th e persiste nt qu a .-ry in g in the lod e. Wi th full c onvi c ti on th at there mu st be a ps ycb olog iea l basis lor a ll edu ca tional th eo ry, he did n ot seck to a cqua int h im se lf r at iona ll y with this fundamenta l gro und . Admi tt ing th at there w as little p sychol ogy in his d ay th at soulcl be ma de direct ly ava il a bl e in pe d ago gy , there is cert a in ly no excu se, ma l<ing a ll p os sib le a ll owan ce for probable exagg erat ion. for th e st ate me nt th at 'he had not r ea d a b oo k fat· t hi r ty y ea rs .' We h ave in P csta lo zzi an instance of the i ndifference, amou nt in g a lmo st to con lcmpt, of the gr ea t refo rm er for the th oughts of ot hers in th e sa me or related fi e ld s.
He rb ar t, on t he o th er hand, w as a true st ud en t. Nn less a ge ni us than P cstalozz i and wi th no less of th e lo vi ng ge ntlen ess of a great so ul, he cage.-l y so ug ht mate ri al fot· hi s uw n life in the cx pct·icnccs of ot hers a nd cr itiea. ly tested eve ry impu lse by t·cfcrcn cc to a •·a tiona II y co n cei v ed theo ry of life. From hi s e ar liest chilcl h oo d he co n('Ci,·ed of a pn !'\s ihh: an d d es irable integ ri ty of li fe, and built :1 1! hi s con cep tions in to a
!-\'lllllll'tril·:tl whuk .,,-aim-. and procc:-:-1.':: \\' i th tht· pa til'lll fll' r!-i-.tl'lll'l' nf a traim·d sttull:nt he hi-. !-tndil'!-, :t-. in 11111:-il· anclmatht·m:tti•·-.. to !-O illl' ck...:rl'l' of al and :trti..,tic t'r >ntpklt'lll'""· IJl'sidc:: ::l"t.' king at a ll t illl l'S tn :t tt:tin :1 philo!-ophit·al 'inv ,,f lik'!:t ncl JHI!-!-ilJi litio·-.. :\: t lltt ·a lly whe n hl• h i:: the 11 g lt t:: to cdm:at inu hl• ::o ught fo r fnn d :t llt l' ll t:t l pt·im·iplc:: u pon whi dt a plti lo!-o plti t.:: tl p l·dagogy co u ld Il l' fou nd t.: d in h: t rm on _y wit h in o th L· r ::cie n ti fic fil·ld s. Ac tin !! up on mo tt o of tht· t r111.: sc ientist 'to upo n t rut h w lt l..' t'l'\'L' r it m:ty hl· fo un d' he so ught l' l' s t: d oz zi. fa me w ns ginn ing to IH: lnt ow n to :d l ::tt tdt nt:: of educationa l pr oh km s. lit.: found hi m st ruggl in g wit h a t ruth w lt o sl' ,·n lu c he wa o; qui ck to w hi ch he seize d a nd b ui lt int o hi s O\V ll or ga ni c p lan , g ivin g I 't·::t:d lo zz i cre el it for th t• sugges ti on.
It w as in 1 7 9D, wh en llet·h:u·t was a tutor at th nt h e: fir st vi si te d Pst alo zzi. lf e w as th (·J1 t we nt y -t ltt ce yean: of ngt•, a nd P(·stal ozz i wa s fif ty -t ht ·ee . Th e yo unger ma n h au alr ea dy hcgnn to work o ut h is thcot'C tica l l'e da go gy in le tters w ritt en at reg ular in te t·v:tl s tn th e fa ther of his thr ee pup ils, ::o nn t untl ly a ppropr iated wh at ev er seem ed to hi m g oo d in Pc!'tal ozz i's ai ms and m et h od s. He fou ncl ta lo zz i at wo rk up on whn t he him s el f r egar ded as the fu n damcn ta I pro blcm for the teach er: to de termine t he t rue sequ en ce of studies to the s ucces s it'e s tages of the c hild's dcn·l op m en t. He sa ys: ''To di sc o vc t· th is Re quen cc Pcs ta lozzi 's c hi ef e ffot·t a nd lik e wi se my own gt·eat id ea l. '' He saw in Pes talo zz i the t ru e t eac her n ncl ack nowled ge d the c orr ect ness of hi s a im . th ough •·ec og ni zing his l imi ta ti on s. In a lcctnrc at Bremen on the Pestal oz zian m et hod he sni d: "In the case of P est nl ozz i we ha , ·c to arlrl .-hc was too de fi cient in sc ient ifi c and pcd 1a ps !'t ill more in co ld-bloo dcdn ess
necclt.-cl in h:11ulh11 !..! -., tlnt iti,· t<lt\1-.. in crly hc:a ting and '""in:.: da· k.trnnl :tntl in \\'t-it ill;.! nt tkdy n ·,: ip'-'' nur imil:ttiun ofhj..., at ·t."
But th\.· 11111 l ll' inlhtl' t\\."\.' of 1'1.'$l:\lo7.zi UJH.tl 11 '-·t·han '' ., .... in tht• of the ·· II,Th:trt :tl tllll.'l' rc.: ·ogni7.(:d a gn·:tt lt'llth lll'l't: . a truth t"r11cldy i11 tit"· \'l.' llt 'k t h:t t hl· witll4..':o::,·d hut cnpnh lc of lll ing nt:tdc..· tit"· ha:-i:: of n r ntiona l \.·dut: atioll:tl pltilo:-:nphy . lk ::pnkt• of ''t h at gt·a nd idea nf it:: di:-covcrc ,·. the..: nc>hk l 'c..::-t:\ ln zz i:" hut that "l 'c::-: t:tlo zz i ha:-: only wm kccl c• ul l he :1p pI i l·:t t i • >11 of t he..• pt·itH.·iph.• within the n: II T l>\\' :-: ph1.Tc..' nf in:-lrnc:t ion . It IK·Iong:-: in tt· ll th tu cc htl':tlion n \\·ho l e. though it nn:d fnt· th:tl :1 furthl·r dcvc lop nH:n L... It i:-: ll t i:-' "fu l"l. h c:t- dcYc lopmc nt " of i 1. ka th at c:: I lc1·ha t·t's c hid ' c..:n nu ilnt ti o 11 to crl u cn ti onal fnt· 0 11 L nf ca m \.' " Af1p c:r C:c..'fJt io n. It :-: ho ulcl th c,·cfnrc
be o ut· c hi ef co n clTn h c..T c..' to :: h ow the rcl ntion of A pp \.' n:q JL ion to An !'c: hn uun g. g i\·in g ln cnc h man l'f' l'dit fnt- a ll lh at hi s tcnn signi flcs 111 hi :: u wn th ough t.
Fo r o ut · pt·csen t p ut·poses n ot hin gwo uld h \.' g ain ed hy tt·acin g- the an cestry of icl cn b ne k t hr ough
R oussea u and Co mm e niu s to L oc ke n ncl
B aco n, ot- by fo llo w in g Lange in sho win g the d csec n t of "A pp et·ce ptio n" ft ·om Lc ibnit z thn ntgh Kant to L et ns s impl y ask Hc rlnu-t 's " Ap per cepti on '' clif1"cr s ft·om P cs tnl ozz i 's "Ansc h a uun g", a 11 r1 ho "' it may IHI \'e gr ow n n at ur a ll y ou l CJ fi t.
Pcsta l ozzi 's '' An se ha uun g" see ms to he un t t·ansl atab l c; in fact, he him se lfu sc d t he te rm in vary i ng se n ses. Do ub tle ss its primary n 1ca nin g w ith him wns''se n sc-pc r cc ption" or ig in a ti ng in the cli,-ect obse t·vation of n at ut ·al ph cn on1en a, th ough the te rm ofte n seems to ha vc a fu ll er m ea n ing th at in clu des, by impli t.:ntiu n at l east, t lt cw holc of th e Hc l'l->n rtian idea. of ' A pp erce p tio n."
Pest::t l ozz i t'l he ll e cl aga in st the memory
l.'nlture d •trine of educn tion co mm on in hi$ llay n nd n fi rst- ha nd study \lf n:nure O$ the solc soun:e of ed uca ti onal nn\tcrin ls Obst>rmrio n of ph enomenn, tion of idcns by di rec tly to their source in the senses. nncl a symp nthet it ' intCrt$t in life's cn'>iro nmcn t nrc tht• dm rnetcri$tic ft>n t ures of his educa ti onal thcon-. To Ruussea u's dcm m1 d th at edul.' ll ti o;, shou ld co nfor m to the " nnturl'" of the child ht ' nddcd a Jo,;ng npprt>eintion of the of hum an life thnt "the pro phl't of the French Re,·oluti on" co uld n ot feel. I hnve just sa id there wns mo re n t ti mes in Pestalozzi' s concepti on thn n the mere enl ar gi ng of life by i ts rnntcr inl through He recogni zed th at t hi s wns n ot n il ; bu t it wo uld be An unwnrrn n tc cl stntl'ment to th at he ever hap n n ,. cl cn r id cn of how hi s nccumul a tt•d mnlc t:inls were to he ut ili zed in a cn m:t ru eti re life p rocess. E,·en hi $ "sense- per ceptio n'' itsel f was bu t a vngue id ea to be mcchnnicn ll y ju ggled wi th in ar ti fi cinl proc esses as hn rrcn ns the memory d rill s whi ch he to supplnnt . He fr a nkl y co nfesses th at he is un ab le to sec the pr oce!'s of whi ch hi s An scha uung is btit the ini tial fndo r. It wo uld be id le to specul ate up on the eAcct of a full er psychology u po n hi !' th eo rv a nd prac ti ces. Hnrl hl' li ved nfter He rb ;r t, or Wund t, or F echn er, he would st ill have been P es tnlozzi, H man no bl e impul ses fnr outran hi s power of eo nstn1 cti vc He co uld Sl'C the end hu t co uld not pl an ra ti ona lly how to reach it
H crba rt asse r ts th at it is not me rely thi s seei ng, hea ring, a nd feeling t hings thn t is dem an ded, - bu t t heir uu de rsta nclin g. their r ea li zatio n in life, their eva lu ation in te rm s of the whole vita l process. The mate ri als of life which we get t hrough sense-pe r ceptio n m ust be de t•eloped int o the l ifc it self by "a p per ception." Apper ception is men ta l d iges ti o n, assimil a ti on of the life ele no c:nts ob ta in ed thro ugh the se nses. It
is n ot an ind epe ndent nor C\'C il :t s ub seq ue nt s tage of th e s am c pt·occss: it the whole pr·occss of w hi ch " An sc h auu n;.;' ' is but one pha se. Wh at began in th e i tiona! conce pti on of I 'c s tn lozzi h as cl c\'c l oped int o sc ient ifi c form wit h ll e rh : tr t. What' Pesta l ozz i des ired, I il:rh a rt a cco mplishe d; th at is, to c cltu:at ion:d thoug ht a nd practice a p sy ciH•I o gi ca l foundati on. It sh ou ld not ho wc\'e r, lt c tho ught that ll cr hal't 's ed uc ation al ph iloso ph y is merely thc logic al compl e ti on of P cstalozz i 's i m pc rfel'l co rH:qnion It is b ot h mo re and less than thi s. I[(: clirl co mpkt c a nd give· valuc to IJ<:s talo %zi' s gcrmi n ant id ea in hi s own way: lntt he also l ost sig ht of one phase of hi s prc dcc<:ssor 's though i.-so mu ch so that th e tw o m en as the orig in rr to n; of two t'; IC !i t·. a ll y opposed th eo rie s
Pcstal o%% i laid s tre ss up on the matct·i:d to be acquired as a mutn s of e nl :u ·gin g nn cl e 111·ichin g th e content of life, g i,·in g but l ittle thoug ht t" the already den:lo ped men ta l st ructut·c. He r·bar·t on the o ther h and emphasized the pi'C:sent stage of de velopment, the pre se nt men tal co n tent, as the o nl y m ea ns of acqu it·in g the new materi a l. Th e one wa s c hiefly co n ce rn ed with increa s ing the yoJum c of life by ac CI'etion; the o thet·, with reorg anizin g life stntc ture sons to admit the new m ntcr in l. 'i'h e on e dealt w ith matter , the o th er with for m ,-t he o ne with r·csu lt s, th e ot her with processes. For p erce i, in g and n:membcrin g He rb art s ub st i tute s thinkin g anrl knowin g,- no t as ot he r pr ocesses hut ns mor·c comprchensi,·c eoncept io ns of the sn ni e pr ocesses. In onlet· to p erce i Ye, o ne mu st t hink ; 111 o.-rler to rem e mb c t· he mu st kn o"" ,- t hn t t s, perceiving a nd and reme mbering Hre in se perab!e eleme nt s in the mot·e complete pr oce sse s. The n ew m ate ria l is n ot on ly a dd ed to the existing life, hut the add iti on is ma de by m eans of th at life i tsc lf. A pperccpt ion demancls h•>th old mn tet·inl and n ew, a menba sis n ncl an aclcl<:d imTement. The
IIC\\" 111\l._l n·:tli1Td IIJII>Il I hl lc>tiiH i atinn
rtf tiH: nld l tl·ing 11f ': dtH' "' tl y in i t:- rdntion to old . I ktlt:tn '' " "ld hu i ltl a in wh idt nt ·w addition nf m att ri; tl a pl:llT in n·l:t linn tu tlw • m: : 11 11! 111 h:trt tt <lll\' with t ht• :tn·hi tlTL · ck igtt li t· hq.:in thl' cxpt·t·icnn· with ... t·n ... t' )' ' rn·ptinn . hut WOU ld l'O III)I klt' it i tt :1 l'<ltt:-ll'l ll'li \' l' ll ll l\' l'·
11ll' 11t of tit l' w h n k I i It· l' nn t t·n t . .\ JI Jl l'rCl'Jl· tion i lnrt :a <k ... ig n ;atitllt of tlrl· nor ruallift.• in w lti l· lr tlt t· org:ani z :tt ion l: tkl',: foo d and it \11 np-
Jll't'l'c pt ion J' l'l'l'l' jl tict tt . :a nd Jl l' l'· ce ption :al' lllt' nttl y in : ap pt.' tl'l: JI· t ion . Th e mr1 sl r·:r dic; d ckp:r n ur t.· r I
\'icw from th;ato r l' es t:d ozz i. ;a d qr:t r tun: w hi ch mt.·:tn s a posi Li \ 'l' los s. ts 11 1 tr:tllsfcr of the s tn·ss t't·nlta rft ·n·ltlfJIIIL'IIL to CO II SL/'1/ Cl iun Fot • tire 111/I;Jirlin,:.:· or n
f{C:f'tn hc s nh stitu t t·s tlrt: ln n'/r/ ing of' 11 s tructure: ll l' t'l' di \' t·r·gt· tlrl· two th eories ofeclucat ion known : ts "Lh t.· g :t n kn the o•·y" '' thc t hc or·y ." the fctllowers o f' Ft ·oehcl hol din g to the nuc : t11cl th ose of' I ler-l >:tl'L to lite ollt<:t' . \\hill' Fr oc bel is 111 uch in tl·ri o t· to ll l'l' lt : tt· t i 11 philo sop hic nl in sig ht, he has hy :tcl h er i ng to Pestn l ozzi 's cl nct t·inc of'" rlrt.· un f'olrling of the gc n 11" inHucn cc rl the cd ut :t tiona! wo drl to nn (·xte nt tha l the mo st ardent di sc ipl e of' J-lci'I Hlt't ca nnot claim for hi s ma stc t·. Th e plant mcla ph o t·, \\'hi ch do ubtl ess o ri g in<tlcd wi th P es t:tlo %%i. wa s ca rri ed out in mnt·c philosophical statement by Ft·ochcl and is t odny mot'(' or less consciou sly the ce n tn tl id ea in ou t· ty pic al perht g og ica lne e cl s. Li fe is :1 "gi'Owth " to be fostered hy t he te<t e her·; : 111cl n il inst ru cl'ion is hut p1·o yidin g mn te t·inls for t hi s growt h a nrl st imuln ling to gn ·n t t.'l' Yi· tality. Th e fun c ti on of the te acltlT as :1 '' ga rd c net·" ts to fut ·nish h is 'hum nn pl ants' with so il, h ea l. moistu t·c li ght: to pr o te et lh c tender ht·:l ne hcs agn i ha rmful infl uences; a nd to pru nc :1nd tra in the he al t hy gnl\\'t h. Th is is th t' C:t nt ct• p-
rilE I'E :'1:01<.\1.\1. SCHUUL i\I&>SENt> Et<.
tin tt whidt ll c....-hart the k:<:< ration:t l enn c..· c..·JH inn nf huilding :1 co nten t wi tit in the lei":-: mind hy prm icling- :111cl -. c..-ctt t·in.- tl · · · · r-. tc :t ppt·n pt·m tum nf nc..•ccssn rv m:t ti.Tia l :-: . !'h e tc..·:tdtc..-r p:tssc..·s ovc..•t· fr o t;t :_t Df ,:..!rowt h to :1 mnkc..·r of gn>wth. ft ·ntn :t .:..::tn lett t:r to : tn nrchic cc t. It is n ot III.T I.'!'S : lt ·y. ho\\' C..'\'c..T . t il set tlte:<l.' t \\' 0 co nt:I.' )Hio tt s in :t nt :a).! n ni:<ti c R uildin/-:' ( is sec ured thr o u!!h dt.:n: !fJfJin•,.{ l :t lt ··1·1 ) Tl ·I t' • "1, uu!..!' tc "cn 'l' c..· o thou•YIIl'' tt l' t\' I · ,· I" l I ,-. • _ ll' \\ IC 1: 11\.'( )\' t ll ' nOI'III'tl r ' ,. .. . . • un u t 11ag l>f the..: "senti 's pDwc 1·s" in th e..· J li'IIJlLT l. ,. , .,. I .,., 1!"<.' 0 I c.. Ill :I L<.' rt:l :< IC Lit" . . ,. I t' . . ,. · dl l;. o ct tt t::t 10 11 '" 111 pe r cct h :t nno ny wit h ll t: rh : ln' s do t.: tt in co f edu cnti , ·c in st nt c..•t ion."
The..· c cl n c: t ti ona! thc o1·ic,.: of P c:; t:tl ozz i : and ll c rh cl·t an.· n:ttllt '[tl ct n·nll:-tri cs ofth t• eO IIt' t:ptions of the l \\'() Sdt oo Js of m ethod in p hi los o phi l': t! thou ght tha t flouri sh ed in Eur o pe in the seve nt ee nth l'l.' ll tun·. The s c.: hoo l of 1 ·I· . 1 1 All: ,e , 01 plT lil ps more pt·opcr y that of p .1•• · • 1 1 • " ·ns t..'171f>tru.:n. ong to get a ll kttowlc d<.!:t.: di1·ccth· fn >m sc: ns ntion: th c.: ot hc..•t· Sl'h ool, th e..· fo ll owc.. rs of Dc:;cm·tcs, •·ation; tl , dealing wi th id ens the sou t·ee of oth1.·1· ich::;ts. The..· method nf L oc ke was i nduct iv e while that of w:t s dc.:ductiv c: hut both \\'et-L' c hant c. tc..Ti ze d by a a wn,· fnltn the o ld er Sc.: h ohst· .· . I I . . k ' d • . tt.: tsn1 an r a sec .:tn ...,. 111 ·no t ne ere o f' ,... o " new source of hie..- ft·t•ed ft ·nm suhorcl i n;a tion to :t u th o ri ty It was the t•mp iri ca J m et hod of t h e..• Eng I ish sc h oo l t h :t t mo st di n :c tly affected n .' fon11s . Con1c niu s. Ro us sea u. and fi re Ba co ni n ns, or Lo e kians. in their ph ilo sophy of knowl edge. \ Vhnt Ba co n wns to Comc nin s, L oc ke w as to Rou ssea u: an d Pc sU tl r> zz i infl11en c ecl bv h ot h Comt·niu s and But Fro.c b cl, the. di sc iof Pes tnl nzz i. h1·oug ht a r at io na li st ic f::'ctot· in to t hi s se n sa tiona list ic cn n ceplt on; an cl I I e l"lJ:t t'l st ill fa rthe 1· :accepted ft·om bot h sick s. The e mpi t·ical eonrtl one ;ts :aceepterl hy Pt•stn l ozz i w ns 111 c omp letc : and unpn>clu c ti,·c: it inclicn t cs the S() u rcc of l<now in g, bu t n ot the In cL h rn l. Th e 1·ation ali st ic co nc e ption
:<npplics the mi l"Sing lnctor. Tt dea ls with the me th od of orga ni zin g a nd us in g t he for th e mere acc umul at ion of whi ch th e o ther m<'t hod pro ,·idcs. Th e cr u de phil oso phy of Pcsta lozz i was wh o lly c mpiricn l: he wa s concerne d educat iona lly with e nl arg in g life Yol um ett;ca ll y by ad rlin g to i ts se nsnt ion s. In his he wh o ncq uirerl the m os t of sen!':e-p cr ccpt io ns li n·d the m ost. Hcr ba rt on the ot her hnn d. wns both n ra ti on alist a nd a sensntion: tli s t; he beli e yed that edu cat ion deal t pr·imarily w ith the r esidu e of p as t experit•nc in g. r co r g-n ni zing them to ad mit new elemcn ts of Sta rt in g wit h the life that is, he so ught to it grt•ntcr sig nificnnce by reforming it under the sti mu lat ion <•f new m ate ri a l. Hi s a im wn s the fo rmati on of charactc t· through h nh itu nt ion in ,;g ht m odes o fli vin g. hence he 11ttac hcd more imp o rt ance to met h od in expe ri encing th nn to the r es irluH of experi en ce ) £ere as sueh had no sig nifi ca n ce in hi s philosop h y: it deri,·ed i ts m ea nin g and ,-a lu e from the co nstt·uctiY e life m m•c mcnt of whi ch it was Hn incid ent. He dealt direr tly wi th lit ·ing, not with g ett in g th at which belonged to li fe: and hi s cl ea r id eas have bee n th r source of mu rh th at is best in the l'du cn ti o nn l theori es of t o- d aY. In Herb art nwy ns tr uly he the fo und er of sc ient ifi c pedagogy as of modern ps ych ology . ln co nclusi on. it is enough to say th at Pe s talozzi in spired Herh art to a crit icn l studY of the prob lems of erlat CfJ ti on a ud th e fntitful idea whosL' worki ng o ut h as give n a new clw rn ctt·r to <til tJIOclcr n ed ucation . It ce rt a in ly would not ht• tr ue to sa v th at wi th on t P estalozz i there would heeu no 1-I er ba rt in the crlucntio nnl world , a ny more than to say that with o ut Rousseau nei ther co ul d h ave b ee n. Each ha s hi s place nmong the wo rlcl s teach er s; a nd while we r evrrent lv name th e name of P esta lozzi, we tha nHully accept o ur h er it age from Hcrb ar t. Th e e du cat ional world owes mu ch to eac h; and we nrc st ill far from r ea li zing their irlca l s.
COLONEL P ARKER AN D T HE "NEW EDUCATION .' '
fhlr rcadc.:r!i \\'i ll c-.:rta iul y IH.: Jn tc. n .: tnl
wo rk in lhc Ch icuJ:'J 111:1 Jl :d l
tn mnny ufnur f:u:uJly : uut tti lUfl t· nt in the nf til< 111 1 1.:l''i e <.:t ll l ll df \\ \' 11 :0. and J·)tiJ' Jili OII !' tn:c t-; at : dm o :-L :111\' hou r qf till' s d1 u "l d:1y sec tnH• p :-. ofyou ng pl·opll· with g all ll hags ove r thc i1 · sh<ntl rlc r s, t l' ll \\' t\ .. ur h: 11 11 mer s or ot he r too ls in their h :ll l tb :tnd i11 their f:t ces th e li ght of ex p ll' L: II ll intl lligl nl inter est.
The se a rl· llll' of thl· Ch1c:1go Ins tit ut e:, n ow · in te111)H>r a1·y qun rt lrs :t t :1 corn c: 1· of th" ,.:c s lrtTts . and 1 111 such : 111 o cca s ii )JJ th ey a1·1.: on the w :1 y to so me par k. fi <:l d, f:1 cto ry, wo od s, or st n .: :tm , \\' ith :t v ic: w of s up pk mc nt ing the fa cts of Le x L h oo k 0 1· cla ss SUitl.: llH: Il t \\' ith the f: u.: l of n·a lit \·.
Stan di ng fo r· ;1 li i.' W l·ducation that sh;dl he incli ,·id ua l :111d nul d :t ss : th: 1t sh; tl l le: tY e to c ad1 pupi l in grl·att·st mc:1sun· the eYo lu tj op of his O \\'n me th ods of L; th at sha ll t each incl i,·iclu:tl n :s pons ih ili ty wi th referen ce to e \' ..: ry pc 1·so na I tion in : 11·c so 111 e of th e h <t s ic pr in c iple s nf the C hi c<tgo Ins titute , as de:< igne cl anrl co nd uctt- d hy C ol onel Fn 1n cis \ r. Pa rk n.
Th e i ns ti tut c is t he ofTsp t·i n ;..: of a 1·:1cl ism to which th l' Boa nl of Educa ti on cnllld n ot a dj ust it s elf Colon el P<u·kc: 1· :1 t th e: ht- ad of the \:on nal Sc ho o l. 1> . ·li eY (' S ill' his own t heo ri es, how ev er, and t :1 e Jn :-:ti tul l' is to pn ., ·e th e m. \ lc anw hill' al l the c du c;Jtional wo rld is watc hi ng the t' X· men l.
"£ yu·yth in :; th :tt can hcso le arned m 11 st he l1 y oh :-: t- rnt ti o n, " clc <.:l a rc s Co :o. •ncl l'a 1·ke r.
:d 111 :d;i n ;..: ., .... t'll ll tt·• n;ol.
S CI th e outing tt·ip s olf' his cla sses <l iT fe:tl ll l'l'"' pf th e schoo l 's \\'nrk. A nd in such <."Xnlrs ion s 1111 p up il can IJL· a l ookt·r-11 11 I Tc n111 SL exc ite an i ndi v id ua l in Lcrt·st th at will pn >m pt : 111 i nd iy du al op in io n. Th csl· opinions nrc ne<.:CSS! Ir il y di Ycr se , IJt lt 1111 IJIH' nf I !J, Ill I I tl • Ill f I'IT )'I"l'l llll : 1\ l<lll l •tll ]' ft'"-11 111' \I II ' It I. 1;..: 11 11' 111. \tl In , .;; , ...... tlh ._, 111 :11o1 I Il l 1 h I .1. I l I r n·s t \\ ln:h "l '' lll ' • ,, l1i111 ;..:• , ,f :t nd I I'l l< ' 111 :t prt·nn-.t• T in._ i-. 1Ill ll' :t l ll 11 :.: "I Ill I" I 1H :n l i\'iclu
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': II I.' I It i--r :lrv h·th·t thvf ll" l '"""l t:l lls hi t•p i ni • •n 1'" 1· it 1 :1 t• l ll ·•·il'k r • Il l· n l' w Sl·h oor l tl• ·t t V\'l 'l ,_ !J,.n HI li nd IIIII :ti l
h t: l·:. n 1" hint -.l· :f "" t t:tla· '"">t h<T s \\' il h 111 , ·x n·l k nt n·:1 o n. ; 11 d
l: \' ll l thl•Jl Ill' lllll "l i'c.TI !- Il l'<' 1)\· hi -, 0\\' 11
thin th :t 1 th l',. :ll·l· t' III TtTI .\ h lh· 11 t'
th l ir pnr :- uil ., thl·y Lt': l lllf ' t i\ Tr th c·c nu ntr y. alorn g thl· c·l:t ·' '' ·' ,·,1\·in vs :1 11 I :- :1 11 1!y B 11 1 :t l'l' • •r d i 11 11 • l h t i r o \\' 11 :l l'l'')1111 1.... tlh: ." :I l'l' 1111 l i ,. i II ,.! :I n (I l' ll, , I I y I
\\'lll' ll I hl'\' l' l'lll l'll I (I I he· t• );t:o;,..r .I OIII till'\' do ll ll l k:t \'l' I ht·tll t ill' "tTIIl'S \\' ll ich
tiH"\' Yi s itt: d. l nll t il e\· l ll' c nlltc· tltl· topic fo r
n1 :t ny :1 cl: 1y to cn lll t': in fact : tl lll tls. llll til
:t rt· l'l'fl l' ll •l lll' t' d in c lt :t \k :1,_ :111 incc ll l i\'l· LO\\' :t I'l l S : l l'l' II r: I l 1.: lll l: Ill I II'_\', :I ll d l h t' 1 I () l' l r :t Y :tl
cl l' ve l. •p s th l' nn stic ,.);il l. In s pi LL' of t hl·
:t s" ur : lll l'l' fn •:ll th l'ir te: l<.: IH'J'" I h: ll :t il _\' ·
t hi11 g .,f w lt i l'" f lll t' h:t s :1 l' k: lt'" lll t' ll l :tl pil'·
t llre" c: ttl he· v:1 s il y d r: 1,,.II , " tl ii iL' f Lil t· !" til ·
de 11 Ls ;ue : 1L first fi ll li11 g :t cli .lic ll lty wi th
Lit is a cc nlll p li ·dltll l'll l. :-;., llll' <> f Llt L' fans
\\' l' l"l' di 1·c· iwk d \\'lt l' ll Ill! t hl· rl:ty :d 't l'l· the fir st lidd c·x ,·uJ·si., ll th l' jl ll pi ls \\'l' t'l' n .: qu e .:tL·d t•> g 11 t11 th l' IJ11 : 11'l :t nd d r: l\\' w ha t
the \' h: td st·<.: n tit <: d :t ,. h t: fon·. .\I an,. co tll· pl rti n t: d th: tt tl wy i,:: rl nn id l' :t h ;l \\' to thl· di sL 111 L hi b · gn h :tc k
B:11'11l' l', the g(' O.!.!:t":lp:ty t c: t l' ht·r. \\' :Is l' qw tl
LO thi s :tll' l t il l' ll l:Xl d :ly th t· pupil" htT pe ll l' il that t. hcv h:td m: l(lc <>f :1:-'L IT l' t. :o tll; in g do wn it. \
""" 11 .t.:1 t n-."1 1 n 1 h.t t in tht'"l' lit'\\' lltt•thod -. '" whi ·h 11 1 · I' . ' ,..__, : tn· ...-: 11' 11 111!_! . ·nt't: \'c.'l'\'
Ollt• i-. 1 ll l'll lll ':l.!..!t' d t•l -. ;1 \' : 111d •t hiul; :I !'- I I\' It I·\ I I ' ._, : 1..._ 1t'.tpp1:. tl:< 1 11 lu-..own .i ud,t.:t' llllllt lt ult-l'tll cllllt'l' of tholl l:.! hl ,,.
<Jil l' nl tiH· .· · I' 1· · ' · Jl ll iH.: t p.t !-- ;1\'IH' Ill' lll:tXllll :' "\ \' t· w lil t 1 • ."4111 , a nd nnh" d" ...: \,.., · .. ,. I I I .I : · '-· .._, , 1111l' >nr ''-'I' H·l\,. thl· pl·dn-
gn;..:. tl' :-<l· h ot• l :1 dt lZt' ll ti tll l' "' :1 cl:t\'. 1:ur till', : I I " I ,. I I • It: ,._I .11 tt.t ll'"' o ot ll't' 111<:t h oc th:lnhi s·l tl ll' I' I'll. I · • ( IIIC ll ( I IC\1 l tP :1 \\'h()k· '1"" "1 111 I · · 1 1 · · ' · · '- l ·' \\'II Ill\ I l \\' 0: 1!-!' llllg :t :-;t; lll'· 111 '-' l tl to h t· :-< un· that tht'IT nt·c no ll aw:<.
Th .._..-.._. i :-< · 1· . " '' Ill Il l' • ,,. ho\\'l'\' 1.' 1'. Spo n,. 1 1 1 s ". 1:1 L l tt· l"·i ncipal 1:-: ain1 i ng :t L
E" '-'" tl 11 1 I \.' :-< 111 :1 C:-< t C 1i\dn:n :1 1'0: l' ll l'OII l';l"'t.:c\ Ul\\ "1 1'( 1 tl I I ·:-- • li s :lll l l l l' ll' OJll iii Oil !' HI'<.' "t\'l'll l'<llt .·,cl L. '1'1 · -' .- s c1·n 10 11 ll'Y p ut l on\': n ·u
Lltl' ll ' littk hypot h e:-:c:-< " "' tn " (J o\\' k:l\·c.·:-< <:< 11 11 <: do\\' n · wit h a:-: much cnnfith :ll 11 0 one \\'il l :<co if n:< duo:s tht•
111o:-< t lc:tnll' d (l l'D f'e:-: s ol'. The ,· a1·e n ot n cce :-< :-<<t l·il y :\l.'<..'l'plc d, hu tn eith u_- at·c th ev t'l'.i'-:1.: Le d. T h 1.• g1·c.·a L "i m is p1·oof by o tl0\1, n ud th i:-< is :-<o..:cu t·cd JlD!':sih k.
Th t.·labo ,·ntot·ics arc th e :::cc n cs of mu ch of t hi :-< \\' nt ·k. [ 'hys ic::-; and cht.·m i:-:try nrc tn 11 g hten ti 1Tiy in the lah on1to r·y nnd fie l d.
L book :-< ; 11 ·e u ,.; l'd met ·cl y ns rclc t-cncl'ti, ln gu idt· t h1.· :-<L u dt.·nl in cx p ct·it11ell t or toe0111 (Ht n:ITSUlts '" h ieh he h ns : tl r cndy :t !" t.:l r l: l i nt:d rn ,. hi r.
"Sc ien ce,' :-<: t y!-; Cannan, "n:solve::: i t!-;c \ 1' into two g; t·eal qu est i ons und th ese HtT: '\Vha t is so ? and, 'lf su. \\'hy ?' · With th t· :< l' till' :-: tud v nl :-< en ll Cl'l'll th emst•h•cs cnLi tTi y. Th l·y oh ,.: lt'\'l' tht·it· sutTn tt nrl i ngs.
.10d in the l:lhora ton- or lidd rn· to disc o,•-L'r cau:-:cs f()r this or thnt phcnomenn . The lnwl.'r gr;tck·-. lchrtl physit.·s in t hi!' dl.'ment:try way. too. with the exce pti on thnl till'_\' en nn n1 mo re espec ially with the first qm•st inn. En: rv li tt le tot ka rns to notice the \\'Cnther the :111d f:dl of the h:1romcte r. and lht.·y \{rep n:cnnls of the clouds and reg ister the bent so th:tt they h:l\·o: chnrts \\'ith nil these ckt: lii:-: l':t refu lly m ap ped o ut ThL' alllll Untnf natun: st udy th at they h :t \'L' is a r·e,·clntion to the uninit iated. FrL'C( IIL' ll t \'i,.its tn the park and to allllli dcb gi ,·c opponunittes f01· ohscn·ntiun that thn· arc not tn in1pro\'l' \ml w thl' cl1ild at the prcsc lll time. --Educ;ttion is not n prq>nratinn for lifi.·.' say s the Prc:;id c nt: ·it i:; lik ." So. according to principle. tht· ch ild knr ns on ly that which is of 11:>e to hi nt in dai ly li fi.•. All an· \\'il h th i:-: thou g ht in u:ac h er'"' mi nd.
I<l·r 11 l ing and \\'riting are the mo_st L' :<tin g \\'hich n ,-isit or may \\' It·· 'J1·.,., Fkmmi n o- ,.:a,·s th at thc!'C suh- .,\ ::::can be tnught wi t hout all th e drcury ·hours which t hey h an: hi t hert o been acenrclccl. Th o: essence of t he new \\':I Y i!' th nt tht:\' cnn he learned readily and in the wn,· tha t a child lcarns to talk I It: t: dk s he h as a th oug ht " ·hich hc wa n ts to gi,·c anothcr. or bt·cnusc ht• wHnL!:' to karn nbout so methin g him !'etf: Accor di n"l)· he furn ished \\'ilh ,.:timu ll a I' thHl wi ll en cu ur nge him to usc re ne 1ng ; 11 Hl wr iting to \\'a rd th is enrl L-Ie r ends wh at he rt·ally wa n ts to kn O\\' nnd wr i tl's what he want:-: ano the r to rcad. A n ew word i,.: im prc,;scd up on his mind in e\'ery w ny p oss ihk He sees it, wr ites it. p n-,. 11 0 11 ncc !' i t, dr aws it, if possi b le, and 111 short brin gs all his senses to he ar up on i t. All dminf! the lesso n nncl until hl' h as it f-i rmly lixcd in hi s ,·ocahn l ary he rcfi:rs to hi s ndditio n in an u nncc us to med Wt l\'. If this \\' Orrl sl10nld he · n<t il. " for insta ll t' l',
the c hild proba bl y wou ld he famili ar wi th its soun d a nd appearance, but not with the ac ti on re quired to wr i te il, nor wi th it s appen.-nm·c as a w ri tten word So ht· would go to the h oa rd n nd wr it e ' na il " every Lime he wish eel lo usc lhe wnrd . If he were hui lclin g- tt in the m:tnua l- training- ro om IH: wo ul d s oon g:t in :1 fami li nritv with th e nni ls in n n ew :t specl.
Th e sloyd r oom in on e of the mo st popular. Herc :Ill wo rk to le: 11·n that tlwi ,. ha nd s mny fas hi (J n m:t ny us efu l object s of woo d by the aid c1 f c at·pentcrs' tools. So m et ime s they mal<e aniclcs which <tre dcconu i ve for th<·ir h()mcs. hut ge n er: dl y t he y arc busy with instruments for thcit· other st udi es . :\atu re st udy ma kes a g reat demand for thes<: The student<; of th e higher cl asses arc at pn.:sc nt makingdin o mctcrs a nd h ygronH.:tcrs to tnkc with the m on tht·ir field e xc urs ions
Mt·. Mcycr ha s a nnoun ce d hi s int e nti on to take the train in g class to the sloy d sh op to demonstrate ma themati cs in a w:t ,. th at so me what nppall c cl th e st udent s at fit·st. Each o ne is to const ru ct a te le sc ope of s uch m ag nitucl c t hat thJ"Oug h it th e planet s an d the ir moons and also the mo unt a in s on th e ea rth's mo on can be see n. " Th ere is no way to un det·stand the pat·ts and use s of a machin_e s uch as makin g -it one 's se lf,' ' sn ys the professo r. "So we sh al l ma ke te le sco p es and nu t let o ur knowl e dge on t hat sco re he An other way in w hi ch he is going tomeasut·e th e cap a bilities of hi s pupil s is in th e planning of m ov in g va n s, which eac h pttpill is to su bmi t to hi m. The idea of thi s exercise ca me to Pt·o fe sso r l\!I eyet· as he wa lk erl along the street o ne day . A l o:t dcd Yan broke do wn in the middle of the s treet. Evide ntl y it had n ot been pl a nn ed co rrect ly, so he is go in g to make sm ·e that if the r es pons ibilit y of bui ldi ng such a van e\'c t· fa ll s upon the s houlcl cn; of any of hi s pupils no such di saste r wi ll hefa ll the occupan ts of the vehicle.
To thl· un i ni ti :t tl·d t h ·-.t· , t n mi,L!ht not "C<'tll .... trit tly nt:tthtttl:tti ,·-. hut thry :tn· in full :tl'l' lll'fl:t tt n· wi Llt that -.tt lfly in tlw i n-.titntl· ·1h .... ,..... ...., ..... h .t n ;.!-: II ( '"
on wh :t t C I ' :t r kl· t· t·:tl b · t h t• grc:nt
h ill;.!l.' t: t i!Tll:t tintt ." wit idt i -. t ho..• : all impo rt:ttl t th l·ory ol ll ll' -.l·ltnol ttt :td titl l" ry . :\ o
nm: " tud y mu t I tt · pnr su ·d :t ,.. : an t•ntin ty lntt it ,.. n:l:tt inn to l' \' l·ry otlt vr hr :an dt r !- tucl y n tt t.._l I ll· :t pprn : tcltu l. lk lll'l'
m :t tl ll' m :a ti t·:tl h·-.-.ous t•tnllt "H'l' phys ic::.
nH:e h:tni l.'' · :tnd ' il<l' t ll pi l·s as t hornug hly :t !- th l' \' do nt :t t lw m:a t i...·,.. prop t: r. :tncl that m:t th t:tn:tti cs nt : l\· n·n·i\'t· it s full l- h:trt: of :tttl'tltion ; t(( rothl.·t· ll' .ll'h l.T"' ,_ (H I\\' tht• ma th c m:tti l·:tl -:i d e: of u\\' n hranch . It w:t s o tu:c s :t i rl th:t l l'\Try m na hl·r llf t h t• fac ul ty t l·:al·ltcs l' Yt:ry o th er prcd\: sso r' ,; suhjtct , :tncl :all h: I\T th :ll
llH.: t·t is :t wor ld of u·ntlt itt the s tn ;tmcnl . Colrmd l':t.-i \1.' 1' s pc:t ks of It is 0\\'11 wnrk as follows :-
Dt·. John lkw c y' ,; f:amotts s: ayin g "Educa tion i,; n ol a pn:pnt·ation for lit\:: it i,; :t li fl· " i<; a suc cin ct ,; tn tc mcn t. in o ne scnttn cc, of the Ill'\\' Aml' ri c::tn t•rlu ca tion . The new ed u c:ttion me a ns that c hildren ma y ha ,.e a t·ic h. fu ll l it \: , n life of complt'l.: (i, in g, a life in which eac h litlk so ul . a:: 11 memb c t· : 111cl a eit i%l' n in th<· school cotllmunily exc t-c ist·s to fu ll est capacity :an influcnc·e fot· go od. It goe s \\'i t hn11t s:ayill g t sm·h :a lite is full of play :ami work. ful l of wo rk t h:tt educate s at eYrry s tep, work with a purp ose, wo t·k thnt d cnwnds th e best p hy sical and mcnt : tl co nditi o ns .
Th e n ee ds of present soc·icty dctennim· th e t<:nch in g nnd tn ti ning of the.: s dwnl. To argue t. h at we nee d goo d. th oug htful, pat ri o tic ci ti;:e m is a of words Th e n ee d is 1nclcecl a treme n do us one to n il t hinkin g Amct·ieans The new cclucati(,n mak es the child, so far as he is nhlc, n citi7.cn of his Citi ;:e ns hip with out kno w ledge is vnin, withO itl n manifi:stat inn of kn o wledge it is
weak, wi thout an i<k : d. a n moli,·c, wi th out tntini ng of tlu.: h ig-h c ::'t mornl fac ulli c!4 it is i 111 hk·.
T o- dny i :-: an nc nn inc id ent of home nnd sm: ic ty. To rn n kc th nt whi ch :::t n nd:: in t he fore gr ound t >f wo rk so u nd C: Ol llll HHt It mor·c thnn co mm on se nse: it is : 111 im pera tiv e ncc c::sity for the Jll'eSL' r\ at io ll of gov cr nt nc.:nl. T ea ch in g is the a rt of all Edm:n ti on is the scicHcc of Do th bc.:nr n il ove r the of i 11 fi11 it Y. Th e p os sib ilities of e du cation :H I..' co-o rd in ntc wit h s ib ili tics of h um nn gro wth Th e child of to -d ay is to put hi mself in to the et e rnity of life, a nd put him se lf in to th e e ternity of l ife by livi ng to -d ny in th e b est po ss ible ·way. This ca n be do ne o nly undt.T tc nc hen; wh o at·c tn1in ed e duc a ted , devoted men and women who s tr ive fo r the h ighest ideals.
Wi 1 childn!n l enrn un de r t hi s hi glwst incentive of c it i zen ship? The answer is se l fev i dent . They w ill l enr n as th ey ne ver lear ned befor e. When kn o wl edge is us ed as nu tt·i ti on for me nt al and spiritual life th ere w ill be bre a dt h a nd de pt h of kn ow lcrlg e and a love fo t· kn owledge. Is there dang er of in tr oduc in g t oo ma ny s tudi es ? When the tc ac het· tak es fr om th ea b un da nt resource of man and na tu t·e for th <' healthy no rm al grow th of th e c hi ld is no da n ge r. When th e te ac her rea ds the r ccOI·ds of gro wt h, ph ysi ca l, me nt al, sp iri tua l.
in the c hild' s being, w ntches him fro m day to dn y, hel ps hi m to the best, there is no dn nJ!I! r. When the chi ld feels that it is through sel f- nc ti vity that he mu st work out own sn ln1tion thc.re is no da nger. The dan ger has nlw nys bee n in a purp oseedu c at ion- in nn edu ca tio n th at the c hild do cs not feel is of immediate use. When the child belo ngs to society, is a factor in s oc ie ty. mu st work for society, then n il the capa bili t ies of his being r espo nd to the ever- pre sent de ma nd s.
W ill the c hil d lea rn to spell? If thought power is growing th ro ugh the ince nti ve of h elpin g oth ers. then he must lea rn to s pell hy t'On sta nt prac t ice in expressing his thought with the pen. Will he team to r en d? \\'h en read in g is to him im agi ng that w hich is nu tritio us an d necessary to his life Will he be pr epar ed th or oug hl y for co llege? If he has t welve yea rs of such li fe in schoo l t ht answer is nea r at hand.
There can be no co mpariso n bet ween the products of the new ed ucation un de r the old ideas We h ave . or think we have, educn ted a few in the pas t, but today we must educate th e masses. T he must be reasonable and thoughtf11l and patriotic. They must know how to defe nd th em sel ves by t he might of their work and tho ught They m us t see how their in· teres ts are bo und up in the in terests of the wh ole, th at a ll iniquity is sho rt-li ved , an d. that goodness is t>te rn a l.
Ed u cati on is the on ly inte rest worthy the deep, c o,ntro ll in g anxiety of the thoug htful ma u .-\V end ell Phill ip s.
A RIDE IN THE MOUNTAINS.
The fo ll ow in g is tak en from the sion M;tgaz in e, fr om an ar ticle by L unnison on th e Su mm er Sc.:ho()l held in Ashevi lle, :\o rth Cnro lin a:-
A p:trty of fi fteen St ud en ts look :1 trip of t we nty-th r ee mil es lo Chimll(:y l<m:k Mouotai11. Th cj ou rn c.:y w illn e\·er he forgo tten Il c re is a cl c:se rip li on of par t of th e r·idc by Miss Este ll e G r:rh am, c1f :\:l·lw as k>n
"Our r oa d fr om Hi c kor y l\ ul woun d in and out b etwee n t wo mo untain ran ges, hnrdcrcd by a beautifu l st r·ea m w hi ch r:1 n tttrbu lt:!nt ly. thr ough i ts sto ny b ed-he re br<'lkcn by {t wa te rfa ll or ·mill darn and th ere runnin g sm oot hly alon g lil<c a cr ystal t.hr·ead.
"As ni g ht carne on th e sc ene becanH: mo re in te r estin g. Eve ry tu rn of th e rcmd hn:>trg ht us so m et hin g 11 ew to lo ok upon . Here a· l og cab in 'fn et·o ur g az e, buil t ·up on th e· s helf of a roc k, with i ts Ia r·ge sto ne ehim't'ltys vi nc and fl owe r -dad por che s, so typical o fthe so uth. Th ese qu ai nt li ttl e·ca bi'n s, so crude in their s tnretures, a nd the s urr o undin gs a nd the of l iving of inh a bitant s, made· art in te r es tin g picJ: r .. • t
urn:: hu t \\'ht·n "l' Jn., Ja·d c•t rt :r nd up lu
tht: m<HIIll:rin ... t11Wl' ri11g "' " f:rr :dwvc u:> we wc:rc: in-.pin·d with gr:rnch-r Llroughb.
".\Jif)tlH·J· lr t• Jul in th<' ru:rd. :11Hl thl'
lll<Hlll ;rt fnll \\':1" aw:riting Then her· ..,o ft li g ht w:t lr l' d c1 11 tlrl· m :d<in•r :all tlw Jli c:t ur·c 111\' ...,lit·. ht·:tuliful. ,..., . s ulrlimc: . Tlu: ll·!l in g of funny ami of wlriclr had whilc rl the: time: :1 \\':ty l'l': t c: d Thl· r o:tr of thl' str c::rm "'""'(Jill" <Jill \' \\'l' wcnl 0 11 E<t ch oc.:c trp:rn l of . o ur c:r ni :rgc: own phanlolll :r11 cl buil t Ir is 0\\' 11 n ir· cast le from tht· \\·c-l r of f:11rc:y :r11d im :tg in ntion hon owc: d f'n llll t ir e IJe forc "\Vc \\·c:rc aw: rk c: ncd fror n or 11· l'l: \'C ri e nt l:t st hy th e: dri\' c:l ·s crtllin g ' wlr o :r' :rncl one of the oc.:c 11p n nl s of' the c :r ni ngc c: tllin g out. 'll ow is We hnd r c:: tchcd o ur abode for· tir e: 11i gh t- :t qu aint old Su ullrc r·n f'an11 lrc)IJ Sl', c:: al lc d the L og:tn h om e, w hidt sc: n ·c:s <tS n h ote l fm · sightsec•·s lik e o ur scl ,-c s. "T he la ndl o rd not prepared for such [I l arge pa r·ty, hut a number or beds cots pu l up nnd we we re al1 stowed away for· t.he ni g ht.''
13re at h cs lhe re a man with so ul so dca<l, Wh o ne ver to him self h ath sa id, Thi s is my own, my native land ! \\'h ose h ea rt h at h n e'e r "'i t hin him b tu·nc:d, As h ome hi s foo ts tep s he ha th t urn ed From wand rin g- in a fOl·cign l an d! -Sco lt
WINTER TOKEN S.
A W., ys1d.: L.:.,f for th.: Mess.:ngu.
N.t 1•. \\ ', Fik t•.
B\ t h,· tl r t·amful H:- tlw hinl -: th. lt 1\y I ·'!-!·'in :-t t h ,• ra di nnt :<ky . 11:- t h,· -.ill•tll'l', gn, wiug tll"<.' pe r. H:-· the ,, fthl' l'l'H pt.•r, \\'in tl'r tl t\ y :< n n• ni).!h.
Hy t h t.• ,.,,g,·:\lll wn y :<itle hr i,•r.
Fl i11 g i11 ;.! f:t,· it ::: fir·e.
Hy th e fnr,·:< t' :< tllo t !ey liUl'. nal' :111c ltn:1ple :< pkudicl.
lln ldi11 g :<t:ndy .: nut·t. n ll cnd ct l .\ :< fo1· p n).!,•nnt. ··irh n ud fin e:
I \_\' l he II :" Let'!<, i li Cen se Hy l h t.• tll cH·nill ,:.! glori,•s s wi up:i ug, A 11 cl the ::: pi cy fr n).!rtt ncc sh ed Pt'O III the grape wh oRe purple c lu s te r, Ca pti Yc ho ld s the YiYid lu ::: ler, Of th e :< UIIItn c •· :<cn rccly fl ed ,
\\'in tc •· da y::: nn: nen rer.
JO ays wh en home w ill see 111 the d ea rer, Tha t its cir cle, sma ll er gro wn In it s h :t p py ta lk :t nd lnugh tc r, Q,· i ts i- igh :.: , low slcn lin g afte r, lo e nfo ld its o wn
Blith e, for 11 1\ tRie, wo rk or st ud y, Th c 11 w ill g-low the h cn rth- fl nme rui:ldy \V hn t tho' wild the wind s m ay blow! r\ Iway s t hc•·c is go lden went her \\' he re true hc nr ts arc met toge ther. · Th o' wi thout he s to rm nud sno w.
A ll the aut umn' s wo ndr ous s !J a ding, Ripen ed lin e n nd g-entle fa di ng, r\ II th e bird s 1 h nt fl y tog ethe r, Spc:1k to us with. sign ::Utd to ken, Say in wo rds we h en r unspo ke n, \\'in ter d ny s nrc dr aw in ::r nea rct·.
.,
STATE NORMAL THE SCHOOL MESSENGER .&
., ., ., A hUgazlne de voted to the In te rests of the State Normal School ol Neb rll! ka. ' oo ? o ' cr> o: ') , :> 000000 00 00000 0
Published by the Faculty on the fiftee nth of the mo nth.
W. A. CLARK, Editor.
]. D. Bishop, Busin ess Manage r.
Entered at th e at •.Vcu r ll s ktt , li S second -cla ss mn il nw tt c r.
Term s, 50 cents a yea r.
Education is a m at tc t· of a ffirmative g uid a nce. It is th e te ac he r's functi on to direc t the chi ld' s li fe by st imul a ting to uch. E,·cn in m at ters of ·•govern m ent" a ll that is repressi ve a nd n ega tiv e is :lcstructive of true life and a violati on of a fund a ment al prin cip ie of pedagogy To te ac h is to determ in e the no rmal spo n taneo us activities of th t· pupil' s life to their m os t fruitfu l expr ess ion. Th e t eac her is a g uider of life , a directo r of pre scn t life as a pa rt of the co ntinuous wh ole of th at life. Wit h a wi de c· vi ew of the po ss ibili ties o flifc he s cel< s to aid hi s pup il in s uch present experie n ci ng as w ill contribute m os t to com plete livin g. He rec og nizes the fact th at he cannot mRke hfe wh ere no ne ex ists, and that he ca nnot even fl, r ce the life int o cha nnels th at it is not led to see k for it se lf. He ca nn ot by a ny tri ck or dev ice o f' m et hod " c reate int er est wh ere n·one mu ch less can he clt·i ve hi s pupil to a ny fruitful act iv ity by a nd tht·ea t s. Like the ex peri en ced ph ysici an he watc h es for the flutter of wea k Yital m ov eme nt Rnd pnco urages th e fainte st begin nings of life. He carefu ll y the no ut ·ishin g m ate rials and to ac tive n ppr o pri atio n of th at for wh ich he find s a h ea lt hy no r-
mnl ap petite . li e to k: tcl hi s pup il thr ough life int o life.
It m:c e!< sar il y from t hi s c.:o ru:epti on of th e n attll-c of e du ca ti on th at the sc ho ol c ann ot ht· mere ly a pla n: in whi ch to pre pare to li ,.c. a pl :tc.: e in whi ch to gather l ife m at eria ls : tnd to n·ht·nrse fm· l ife's Th e !<c hn ol l ife is true li fe its elf, wi th i ts int c, c.:sts and plc: ts tll·cs. In th e sch oo l the c hilclt·cn li n:. though o ften in s pite of the anific.:i: tl hin cl .-an ce s o flcrcd by th e teacher. li e wou ld h:t vc th em s to re up unli vcd materinls for fu tun: u sc How di ffe rent arc the at·ithnH.: tic of the hoy n ncl that of hi s t eac he r. Out of th e gr ea t m ns s of dead mn ttc1· h av ing no n·lat ion to the boy's pre s ent l ife w hi ch his tea ch er scrl<s to force int o hi s li fe hy br i bes ami th reat s he app ro priates here a nd thct·e a fact that he feel s has so me vita l signific an ce fo r him. The pupil gets a few kc nH.: ls of li fegiving grain and rejects bushel s of t• ha fr. He live s int o him se lf a few fact s fmm co mmo n consc ious ne ss; th ese-and these alo ne constitute the boys "arithm(·tic ."
The teac her is t hu s the in s pir ing lea der of th e socia l life of the sc h oo l. He liv l's well an d a id s ot hers in right liv in g.
The que s tion of addit ional e quipmen t of th e Sta te No t·mal Sc h ool conce rn s the people of the who le s ta t c. It is n ot to be rega rded as a peti t ionin g of the school for 11 gift at the hands of th e l eg isl ature; it is a questi on of th e st ate's doin g what is best for th e in t ere sts of a ll the citize n s. In the co ns tru ct ive p at c1·nal functi on of gove rnment the eo ns idt."rat ion constant ly is how to e mpl oy the r esou r ces sons tn he ,.:t prom ote tht• c omm on we lfare a nd to in cr ensc the o pp o rtuniti es a nd blessin gs of individual li ves. The State Nor mal Sc h ool is :t n im por ta nt facto r in o ur comm uni ty life, an age n cy pe rfo rmin g an imp o rt a nt go ve rnment al function Th at it is se ri ous ly hind er ed in it s wo rk bv a lack of m nte rinl e quipm ent is un qu es ti one d by n ny o t. e ,.,·ho
it-.cnnclitinn-.. The.· -..dto nl rapid!)·. hoth in nutnhc. r:' anti in ch.tr:lctcr of its work. It h: t-.. n·:tdu:tl the.• limits of unhindc.·t·c.·d dc.·,·dnpnH.' Ill C\11 !'-cn•ral hut n hk c.·nl:tq!t.'mc.•nt would t: n:thlc.: tiH: l\l nH.'t:t thl..' 1\c.'l..'d:' of the !.tnu: fn r· tn : ll l\' to cnn t l..'. \\'1th n new Ch: tpd b ui l di ng am i the.· rc.•arrangin g of th e in the lmil< lings made :t st u· de n ts co uld he :te(: nulll HH I :ttc.·d "·h ere 11 nw fi ,·c:: hundred :tl l.' pt'o\' ickd for with di llic ult y. That t here !" hould I ll· :1 new fire- pr oof Libr n ry hu ildiu g ue c.•cl!" 11 0 :t rg um c llt Fiftee n ,·:tlu :thlc h on ks nr cto th e dnng et·!" of iu a ft·:tm c huilcli11g . Be:: ·id es , the t·eacliu g-r·oo m 1.: 11ti rdy ill ndcq u alc to dt:lll:tnd!" Sl tHll..' ll l :> nrc hindrcd in th e it · wut·k 1, _,. the mc.•rc limi tation!> of Ono t· !" pa <.:e Th1.· arc fill ed tn ove t·Oow in g. and \': du :1hlc th.' \\' book s arc nHHlc ill <. t t:CI.'!"s ihl e fot· of propc t· she lf spncc . mu st do for ch oo l wh at s he h:ts so geni.TOus ly done for het· U niven;ity. : llld the t·cs ul t wi ll be that her Norma l Sc hool \\' ill nmo n g; ot h er No rmnl Sc hools as her among other U nin:n;it ic..·!".
:;dl:-: o nly two bo xes of pill s pe r week. The pnticnt, cnm es t wo rker in the ntral sup plied with but of the neces· sitk:- for tenchin "' , i as much n nt em her of th e p ro les si ou a the presi dent of n grent co llcbrc. Ench teac her of Neought to that everythin g pert ni ning to lc n chin g interes ts him. There t\1'"1..' pr oblem s thnt he nloue cn n sol\'eand it is hi s duty to po n de r o,·er it until the corn.: ·t r es ul t is o btniued
It mny be th nt teach ers themselv es arc r es pons ible for the op ini on so many people hn YC held nnd s till ho ld in regard to teachin).!. Mnke no npology for your profesit m.-c ds none. Defend your co -lob ore r:' wh en altncked by unthinkin g persons or th ose who fni l to ap preci nte th ese ri ousof the ca lling. Public sentiment is ch nr1gi n o-; help it al ong by y our effort to mn kc th e teac her' s influence felt.
In yea t-s past , the g ener al pu b li c l oo ked u po n tca e hin g ns a pr ofess ion o nl y ft-om the co ll ege professot-'!" hei g ht. E,·ery kind of fm·mal tcnehing bel ow thnt le vel was n met·e occup;:t tion ope n to any one o nt of a job . Many people failed to sec a ny dcgt·ees in the te;:tehing pr C> fcs sio n. Aspct·sion s· in 'vhnl c sa le l ot!-<, \Ve t-c upon the fa it hful pers ever i ng wot·kers of the rural sch oo ls. Mo st people co nsi dc t·cd the pett ifo gger of th e ju st ice cout·t a me mher ofthc ha r. :ts we ll ;:tS the l a\\·_yer lic<'nsed to pr nctice in the supreme co ur t. Lcl a on ee \.v t-it e l\11. D. after hi s nnmc anrl he \YA S a me m her of the profess ion nlthough he li,·es ln the cou ntr y tow n a nd
The m an y aood letters rL'Ceivcd from the - 0 Alumni indicate a revi,·nl of interest in the wclfnre o ftheir Alm a Mater. Iftheth ou!'n n ch; of men a nd women wh o have been hlest by their life in the sc hool will lend a hnnd in the present mo,·ement to enl arge nnrl impro,-e th eir co mm on '' nouris hin g m ot her" wi ll be most grati fyi ng. Wlw s hould n ot those who have heen st uin Nebmska 's Normal Sc hool unite to plncl' the sch ool in the fr ont rank of inst ituti nns for th e tra ining of t ea< her s? It a m ntte 1• in w hich ench one hns a pcrm1111 ent in One is uot n s tndl nt in a s choo l for a few mont hs or then to rlrop wholly o nt of its life. Once n "member" of n sc hool, n lwn ys n member . He who hns t rul y sh Mccl in the life of a sch ool is alway s afterward s n part of that life. Let ns l{ec p n li vc our l ove for our sc hool home, and let 11 s u se acti,•c nlefls urcs to promott• the interest and stre ngt hen the work of thnt home.
:1 o'ducaltonal ''ftscellany. 1,,
A GLIMPSE OF THE INDIAN SERVICE .
:vrr Wa dde ll , who a 111 Crn hcr or u;c prcsc nl Se nior ClaSH , hul who r ccc nll y app o int ed nis ciplinnrin n " t. one qf·our lndi au Sc hool!! , wri tes tl;lc fo ll ow in g- int crc!l lin -" l t:llcr L11 hi ,. fr icncho. . ( F; r. ••• Aioz u:-; A, Nove mb er 1 2, 1 90 0. I. • I ! •
DEAR FnJE:-;os: -
1
"Sb tlt in f ro m a ll tl_1c wor ld witho ut. "
he mi ght h av·e ·meant Fo rt Defia nce, but HS o ther t hi ngs mention ed in th at poem are so cont ra di ctory to co nditi ons her e, I co nclud e he w as th inking of a more pleasarh' place. ' ., • .,
Vole are, ind eed, s hot in fro m the · vv o rld, not by Sl1.0\v- drifts h oweve r, for but li tt le :-:now fa ll s ·hde, l)u t' b')hnilc s of- mo un ta inous desert ,,;h'i ch 'shctch es a\-vay on every h and .' mil es of ba rren co unt 1·y b ctwce h us'''an·d 'hil r nc an .is t mil way :-:Ut tfo n, •Mexi co. To tmvcl t his d t.;;t a r:cc'is a lm ost a vv hulc Clay's empl oy me nt ve ry g'ood tea m. It f nat Indi a n, w ith the ])tOS lj(i(:-t ' of'- a 'drin Jt ·of Whi tc man 's whi <;l<c_Y be fofctl{iri; ;c an thro'ugh· in a day, hut ,l1c\"ftb- IJ,c fHlS ohUti ned it i:ogct her'wit h a tit"i: le sfc)d{ ' oP S'tl ppli e s. fo u•· da ys are occu pieel 'iii t li"e ret'it rn t•·ip. ·· ·we a& J(Httl e' wt> rid sl1at·in g' ea'cfl oh\er 's j·oys and SO IT OW S ·a.r]Cl ' enjoying "o th er' s comp any as w'e ll as ,.ve ca n afte•· transplan ted i nt o n c\ov s ur·rou.n dings. ' Our wo 'rld is n ot dis t\.i rbcd b'y the b oo l< agc n fo r th e politic al spea ker fc> r tHe expense of gett ing he •·e is'gre at er th'a'n
nn_v pro fit w hi ch co uld po :-: sihly be deriv ed fr om a visi L Th e go n:n1 mc nt in sp ector is only per so n who C\·cr pu ts in to o ur hearls fen •· and tro uble. !l c is a lm osl mcrcik ss in hi s c t·iticism, but yet we r en lize that o ne in his p os ition co uld n ot he o th er wi se and do hi s clu ty to th e gove rnment at a ll t ime s.
Although we min gle with the lnrgest trib e of Indi ans in th e Un i ted St ates we arc not n hit savage, hut , to th e co ntr ary we arc of tl1e civ il iza tion these nine s tate s: Kan sas, Nc bras lut, Iow a, Ca lifo rni a, Ne w Y01·k, Idah o, Maryla nd , Min ne so ta and Wi s con s in. Tho se who are lo ya l to yo ur n at iv e would e nj oy the r•·ai sc we each gi ve o ur s, a nd the we ll meant ,·i diculc to a ll ot h cn,;.
De s pit e the fact tha t we do lwv e interc nun;e with p eo ple with whom we I might di sc u ss the t op ics of nati o nal and in ternationa l in te 1·cst, we h ave da il y mni l, wh ich, ev et;t th ough it is bt·ought ns in n rickety o ld wagon be hind a te am of do ub tful Hge or in a h ag t ht·nwn ove r buck of n Mex ica n pony wh ose ricl et· is heavil y ann ecl, we welcom e it a nd find the co nte nt s as in tc r c"ting as th ough it wa s tnkcn ft·om a nicld c-p latecl l oc k-h ox
Th e pers on who enj oys hi s own compa ny can s urely fin d here a place where he would not he mo l cstccl in hi s ·reve ri e!'
T il E ST.\ TE IOf AL SCHOO L ' c:-JGE I{
wh1.·t h c.: t· t ht· nf a hachdor or of n 111 a i cil:n
Our li c.:s in no rth-e :t::: t t\r i %o n a. hu t of il I.'Xt.c nd int o .\lc.:xi cn. Cn l or: ttl n a nd L't ah. In thi R re :::cn .. L. · .t lOti th l' n uly pi:t cl.' in the l' ni on "h c.:n· fout· co rn er. The so il in the \'a l ky of lh 1.· Son .J unu is prodnc ti \·e. fr ui t n ncl gt·a in llu·i,·ing \\' C II th ere. hut one f'<: n il c.: spot the Nn Yn h os hn,·e :1 very ll.' •·eg ion. ne won de rs wh ere sn many hcnls of and g ants ob t ni n fo od fo t· tl 1 • • · lc.:t ' l.' ts app nrcnt y ll (H iuu g uut s ago.: and •·ock.
Tl · . h: .tv nh os an! bl nu ket wenYc r·s. lf n nali yc's mu d house (h o'g : tn ). h e.: IS · · to sec there a blu nk ct in pro cess of Wt•av in g. To sec the rleft ness of th l.' ns !" he p li c !' the t hr ead in W(•a vin g it in to the m ost UCt\ ll tifuJ and expensi ve in t lw Amct·ica n ma rk et, one alm os t enYies her the acco mpli s hmen t.
The se bl an ket s m ·c tnkcn to the trad in g pos t and th t· t·cs ult of we eks o flnb or t rad. cd for n cces !' i t ic s-c hi ef of whi ch is tobae c o. In tim e they ::u·e sl' nt to eas te rn mar· lcets wh ere th e;, b t;n g eno rm ous •·ang in g fro m $5 to $ 175 nccor cl in g to weig ht a nd des ig n. l\ f any of the men arc sk ill ed s ilv ct·s mith s. It isH co mm on sight to sec eith er a mnn or a woman a rl o rn ed with s ilv er whi ch ·is hea vy enough to hn vc been w or th $25 or $30 be fore the n.•ce nt elel't ion, a nd in desh owin g de lic ate wo rkm ans hip nnd days o flnb o r. A Na vaho will take a d im e ot· a qua r te t-, make of it a fancy button or ot het· <•r nn mcnt a nd se ll or tra de it fot• i ts race va lu e before he fa s hi oned it . T ogct lH:r wi th so me of the ir acco mpli shme nt s th ey ha YC a co mm on ev il , fo r th ey are a tt·ihe of gambler s. Me n. wo men a nd c hil dr en w ill a sse mbl e in a neig hb or's hogan a nr1 ther e, ns do Am e ri cans of th at cl ass spen d the whole ni ght in thi s abomni. blc pt·ac lice.
To reckon t im e th e rl ay is cl iv id e cl i nto
pr riods of sc,·cral hours lengt h. Their know led ge of dis tnn ce is o nl v th at it is far " . or nen r. a nd is so me tim es co mpu te rl by the len gt h of tim e taken in ri d in g fas t or slow. If a na tiYc tell s you it is far to· a neig-h bo rin g h oga n. be wAre for it may be but a short di sta nce n nd n 'ce 1·ersa
Wh en a yo un g Nn ,·aho a wife he mu st confer wi th th e gi rl 's fat her, ma kin g yows a nd pro mi ses to hirrl , a nd perh aps !!i \·in a him a po nv or so me o th er remu nere- b t • ::1 ti o n. He may then ta ke the gi rl of ht s ch oice to hi s h oaan. whi ch. lik e an o th er s, 0 " is b uil t of s to nes, mud a nd st icks , \Yith a fir ep lace in th e co rn er and a d ir t fl oo r.
The dress of these is sim il ar 'to ot hers, the bl a nket bein g the m os t,imp orfn nt pa rt a nd wo rn w he ther warm or col_d. The ha ir of th e men is to grow do wn to th e n eck, 'then <-:ut ·' bitt a r ed acro s s. No h nt or cnp 1s wo n) ,. d. r . · raa is ti ed aro und th e hend , as wo uld )e o h b d h Th e cl one by one who hns t e ca e. women' s ha ir is tied ih a li t tl e... behind. M occas in s of ra whide bucks"k in ado rn ed with s il ver b uttons or perh aps ' I ·'· If Pieces of mo neY arc wo rn rxc usn el) · , 't ..t one sees a s qu n w ?:. .· limbs ha lf wa ,· to th e kn ee, are wrap p 1, · I • y ¥l 'h ' 1) ' w ith bucks kin he m ay 'k now s c : 11 lon rrs to the " upper cl ass" th•,; b • 'I )! meth od of sh ow in g it. , •. J ' l' , ' . I , 1. I ' • l Or
We are lcii:a ted oetwee n two •• •· ''· 11 d !itch exsuc h the low ranges arc ca e ' w , ·. Tl' · •·'·dtli of· our te nd n or th a nd so uth. te ' ":1 1 , t va lle y is abo ut 11 qu a rter of a lengt-h one The mesa ,ca st, 1 us furni shes a ll the here a gr a)' sa nd s to ne, ve ry dur able, y et • c- •Jt t. eHs il y wo rk ed .' The on.c to ... co ,·ered wit h s age br ush and pm on H s pcI \ lo ' cies of th e p in e wh ose !'I re ccltb c.
At the foot of th ese me sas arc many h o' h 'f anns and with th em the sheep co rral o b I t'l . I t p in on logs. In the gn:n el .,Qn..., surfac.c, of the se mesas, if one h ns s har p C'y cs , he m ay fi nd rubi es , gnr n ct s and the l atte r a gree n tin ted st one, qu i te
a nd m ore valuable thnn rubi e s. The I ndian s s pend mu ch time in sea rchin g for th es e s tones. The white s buy th em or tr a de suppl ies for them. '
The climate h ere is lov el y, the day '''n r·ms a nd the night s co ld. We hav ca ln::•dy h ad ice two in ch es thi ck whi ch melted h cfo r·c nigh t. Th ere is a canyon br eeze almost co n sta ntl y whic h r im ag- ine wo uld h (· pleasant in s umm er, but which al t hi s s easo n of the :year mak es one fee l th e n ee d of an ove rc oat.
The s ky is of a de eper n nd mo re bea u tiful blue th an in lowe r al ti tu des 01nd th e evenings are g rand, cspcc i ally the m oo non es. Stars wh ich in Ne br as ka nppear sma ll a nd dim arc· h ere \'cry pl ainl y visible. It o nly the yo u ths wh o so de l ight in star gaz in g could be here they might be able to discern mo re ea s il y co ns tellntion s after wh ich they arc see kin g.
Our water supp ly co m es fr·om a fine spri ng a bout o·ne mil e to the west in a beautifu l canyon who se pr ecip i tous, rocky sides t owe r many hundrcd fee t abl)vC the creek M ucb trouble h as bee n ex peri c ncecl in obtain in g water , not from a lack, hu t from a poorly la id pipe lin e. Im ag ine o ur shout ofjoy wh en after week s of work we di s covered and remedied the fault a nd immedi ate ly t here gus h ed fo r th fr om cvct·y hydrant on every floor of ou r· b uildin gs a s upply s uffici e nt for a city.
Irrigation h as been carried on to s uch an extent that one man ntisrd thn:c acres of swee t corn . another a garde n, and th e publi c s quare h as been lccpt clamp enough to produce al f;:o lfa.
There a re s ix buildings co nn ected wit h sch ool work. besides the neces sa ry b ar ns and s hed s, ris.: girls' buildin g or do rm i tory. h oys' bui l din g, dining r·oom a nd empl oyees' quarters. la undry, and the he Hutiful n ew boy s' h ome n ot yet o ccuP.ied. The hit ter would he a so u rce of prid e to ;qny town ns H sc ho ol for white ch ildren. Th e c os t of its erec ti on wn s $28,000. If l 1nde Sa m cou ld on ly ca re for th e p oo t·
whiH· c hildn:n :1:-. \\T il what :1 it wo uld he.
As e mpl oye e :-. Wl' h: I\T :1 :-. ttp cr·intcndcnt, an d Jti .., wife i:-. JH in c ip:tl tc.::tch er , (:t :..Jr
:\1- :-. L :1111: t r. nfO nt :tlt:t). :111 in ll' rlllC· di <t le tc.::t clwr·, a ki ndc.:r g: trtn l·t·. :1 l:tunclrc::s who O\' er :-.c l·s the l·h ild rl ll w lt o the :-. choo l c:lotiH: .., :1 :-. l·:11n :-. tn::-.s who lhnt thc g irl s makc tltl·i·· o)\\"11 clothing and pa tch thc h oys' w lt cn ll l"Cl":-. s :t r·y. :1 matron who contr ob the g irl s. :11 1 :t ssist: tnl m :tlro n who l on l<s :1fU.T the lwc n ty-lin: li t tl e boys in sh ort p:tn ts , :1 c hildn n' s c c.>Ok,-a l\1 iss Wadd e ll hy the wa y .-:1 cook who prcp:tn·s the c mpl oyccs' mc: tl s, n ucl n di se iplin : tri nn. :t ccl"l: tin :\t!J". \Vatldell who loo lcs aft er· the l:trge ho ys, -n iu ety of them t·:tn g ing- in ft·o tn len to eightceu ycn r s.
The buildin gs nt·c : til of IH·iek ot· slonc, two s tm·ies hi g h, with one ex cep tion, n nd l ocated con,·cnicntly lll':tt· l':tc h ot he r·.
Dur·ing the yenr school ts he ld ten mont hs aftc t· which th e ehildr·en go home for vacation a nd the t.:mp l oy ee s t:tke turns in caring for· the propc r· ty while the othe rs ta ke thc it· mon th 's vacation
While in sc h oo l the ch i ldr·cn nttend rccitntion s of the common b.-rtnchcs one h:1lf day n nd do manna! wo.-1< t he ot her hnlf. eithe t· in the kitch e n, lnu nclr·y. dormit or ie s, or ot hct· n ecessa ry work. An indu s trinl tcnchcr tntim; the b ovs in the methods of work done by wh ite m en so thn t when th ey len ve sc h oo l they will he better nhle to s uppor·t by labor nmong the white s.
Whe n c hildt·cn arc ach·nnccc1 h ere they are sent awny to ot h er such ns Ca .-l isle, Pen n sy h·ania, wh ere they m ay h ave hettc•· advanta ges, especia lly in mnnunl t ra in in g. To he s ure not n il advanced pupil s go n way, fo r· ps they ha ve not the in clinnt i on o r· th eit· parents o bject. The g irl s of thi s tribe arc marr-i ed ver y you ng. hence so few in school, only threc n t prl' sc n t.
My duti es ns cliscip l in n .-i an nrc n ot nr rluous. Twi ce a rl ay I cnll the roll of boys.
1
:-O IIll' nf thl.· hd J:- c..' ::) ll'C in lly the ri::: ill g'
hl·ll a t(; a. 111 and the..· n .' t it·ing- o ne..• nt • p.
Ill : :O.C..' l.' tl·nt th e..: ItO \' :' :tr c..· at n il or th e..· d ny , in c..· hu li ng ( whid t i::: s eld om
\'I.T \' han! ): lw n: th l' lll d ri ll ed in mat-c hin ..., . hy th e..· Dld c..T hoy :- wh o It a ,.ch ad so me dr ill
\'l·:- :t ncl i :-:- tt c..' th l' it · cl ot hin g-.
On Stt ndn y :t il ptt pi l:: n tlcnd ,
Sc hool in th e..· mo t•ttin g nnd n ta lk hy the 111 the e\·cn in g- . T hi ::: i:- a young lll : lll :- t: t ti o nc..•d hv th e Ch ri :::li :t n l{c..:fo nn cd C hurch. H <.: n.lso t.n lk s to th c..·nt Tht tt ·:- d:ty cvc nin g ::: . P ri cl ay c\·cnin g th e..· " :'\:tva ho i\Jan n li ct o " oe ic tv " m eets. It :t n·g ul a r·ly ot·gn ni z erl so ci-ety. wi th o fli cc t·s.
Th e Na ,·: th o Agen cy is nll'o locnlcd het·c ::t ncl to «dh c t· wi th those of bthe school m :t kc n li ttle vi ll age kn o wn as P t. so nam ed bcc nusc it w as a r c: tl fot·t in th e..: of h os ti le Indian s.
One la cl y of o ut· .numhct· is a pia ni st, one gc ntl c..• mnn a co t·n t·tist, and nno th ct· a vi olini st. you sec we at·c l' li o- htl v mu sica l. T e J
we nt. y- 11 Yc..: w hit e p eop le do n ot make a Yct·y cl as s, but ·we nrc co nte nt wi th qua lit y.
Tntly t hi s is a st range pl ace wh en co mpa t·cd wi th cns tct·n Ne b ra ska. No low in a f o o ca ttle, fa t· a co w is a c uri os ity in thi s imme di ate n eighb o rh ood; no pi gs to squeal, no ba rn ya rd fowls to go bble, qu ac k or c lu ck. The o ld r ooster is not here to :t wa ken one with hi s en rl y ct·o win g. Th e old hen is not a nati ve here for there at·c no ga rd en s for her t os cmtch . Pe rfec t qui-
c t: rei g ns ex cept wh en 151 yo un g Nn vahos lift up the ir ,·oit:es in sho ut or so n g. \\'h en o ne co ns id ers th e o pp ort unities th e In dian have. he '(\·onders, •·How do t. hev do so wdl?' ' for ce r ta inly na ture itf 1 · No Sl'l is a rray ed aga in st t 1Ctr progres s. g- cw ernm ent a id is g i,·en them o nly in time of so n· n ee d. nn d how so ma ny li ve in such :1 bnrnn r egio n is n pro blem I hav e not yet soh ·cd. Th e go ,·ernm ent sc h oo ls a re do in n- for the Indi nn that which a fter a . fe w ge nera ti ons sho uld make th em a ll tndepen de nt a nd se lf-s upport in g as well as in te lli ge nt citizen s. Th e ro vin g, la zy disp os ition of the old Indi an ca n not be chnn gc d, b ut hi s c hildren' s chi ldren should be in du st ri ou s. l\J any littl e thin gs interes tin g to me ha,·e occ urred s in ce my a rriv al among this tnb e with whi ch I wi ll not tire yo u. I am s ure the kn ,...wl edgc I will ga in of the Indi an in hi sn nt iv e hom ea nd of his trc n tm ent a tth e hn nd s o fth e whi te man will put me more in sy mpat hy wi th him . There are ma ny thin as co nc ernincr th e Na vah os of which I o e ·ies will be have not s po ken but a ny mqun gla dl v answered. . -. . k I ·11 rove int eres nng Ho pm g tl11 s s ·etc 1 wt P · 1 · t sa ., . to you, all ow me tn c osmg o 'J •
b delv ma d e?
Wh at th ough the ho me e ru J 7 wh at th ouab the s kin of da rker shad e. Wi t hin each breast there bea ts a hea rt \'V hi ch of God's mercy cl a im .; 8 part.
Yo urs s incere ly , OscAR M. WADD
J.ILL
If hum an expe ri ence p roves an yt hing, it is th at ev ery life n eed s th e pe rso nal and practica l he lp- the rli t'ect to uch and wo rd -o f on e wh o is di vi ne ly powerful and div in ely pat icnt.-E. P. R oe
9/ormal Sc h ool V/rectory .
:\1 att :\ lurph y
L ea h :\ lark
:\'l abel Sm i lb
Co ra Wi ls c)n
Isabe ll e Wi lli ams
joyce ::\ la rkl ey
An sa "i\ l cKc rchcr
Edn a Mit to n
ill a rd Davis
Gr ace Ti me rm an Il annah Pri cc
Dw ight G ov c Sc r gc :1n l- al -i\ nu s Fr at1k Sm it h . ..
l A :-;
.. . C I'i lie II . :\ 1. Sto n <: ................................
.. P1·cs id ent Fc l'( ) C ro \\' l cy \'icc Pres id ent 1' AT IJ IA;o.; . E. F. S na ,·cly Sec retary
C. E. £Iu mphrcys Pr cs icl c nt \\'111. S hu• n au .'1' 1·cns urcr
Eva A lli so n \'ic e Preside nt .\'I'll E :-: 1.\ :-:
Kc lli e Hom Rc c.o n li ng Sec n: tar y l\1a bc1 Bricl gcs ......... ... Co JTcs pondin g Sec retary
T. Richard so n Trca s u1·cr C. :vr. Buckl ey C1·iti c
E1·a Alli son l' 1·es id c ut \V in ni fre cl 1\cl'f' \'icc P 1·cs ickut Ka te Col:I S cc r ct:'ll'y :v1illi ccn t Sla l>y Cr itic
normal School ;:acuuv.
\V. A. CI. Ar<K, I'ED. n ., I'll D., l'rcs irlc nt, Ll LLIAX u. STOI\ER, PrcccpL r cs s, Civ ics a nd H. B. A.
HERUJ:: wr Bnow;o.;ELL, 11. sc., J'hy sica l Science s
E. A. \V riiTE ;o.;Ac K, A. n., Gcnna n an d Litc1·a lurc .MA·rrm CooK ELLI S, Iliston· j. M. 1-I O\\'IE, A. u., ESTHER A. Cr.AR K, A II. , Latin Lan gu age and Li tcr atu1·c
L. \V F rK E, A 1r ., and Pcd;t gogy
T .j. O LI \'En, s ., i\ 1·it hm ct ic and GEOI< GE N. l-' ORT IW, A. B. , E ngli sh Language nnd Lit c nt tn rc GnACE n. Cn.rmwr s ox, E ngli sh Gntlll111:tl' and Cn mpo sition
A:-:XE :\1. GOSI I E:-:, : Supc rinLend enl o fT1·aining D cp :u·t 1n ent
LIZZ IE CHA\\'FORD, i\ l odcl Tt:[l chcr PEARL S. KEL L EV , 1'1·im ary Critic Teach er DORA KHEns, Tn tc n 1Jcrliatc Ct·itic Teacher
L ou E. ...... .. ....... .. .... ........ .............. Kin de t·gartc n C1·i Lic Tca chc t·
0C£A ;o.; K. DA H, v, o. n. , .... .. .. .................................. Hca din g and Elo c ution
HE XR Y H. BA GG , A. n., Drawin g r111cl Pain ting
E LCA :VL CI. ARK, .. ................ ................. .... .................... ........ \'ocal .:\!u sic
E1.V A E. Ru Lo:-:. PEn n., ..... .. .. .... .... .. ..... ... . .. .... .. ......... . .. .. .. .... ... l ,ihn lt' inn
Notes and Locals.
Eu,!.! t' llt.: I '!H l. lc:u:ht•, n t Hu hhel l. Cla1·a Dea n, 1 900. teac hes the eig ht h Lhi , QT: Idc at H old r ege.
Eli7.: 1 '8H, 1::; [l ss i::;t an t prin ci pa l :1L ti o ld1 ·l'gl'.
L:t n-; h She l' c nh cl·gcl· te ach es nt Bamcy, north nf l'tT ll
E. E. 1, oc ke 1· n ncl hi s Susie L oc k ..: r, teach ll l' :tl· St 1·n tto n.
E mma l\1o nel n nd K at icS IH'ph e1·d of t ht• of ' fl 9 n1·e t eac hin g in Lin co ln t hi s ye:u·.
Et hel B eat tie is in st nt ctot· in in st ntme ntal mu sic in th e S tate No rmal at vVest on, 01 ·cgon.
Cly de Fill ey , ' 99 , is prin ci pa l at Ge n oa, reva cl n nl $8 0 0, a nd is ct o in g hi g hly s·atis-. fa ctory wod .:
Th l' s in g in g in Ch apel is n ow led by a eho it· fr om the st ud e nt bo dy. Th ev occ upy the 1· ni secl seats .
M1·s. J. i\11. P il e . ...v il e of Pt·eside nt Pil e of the Ncb t·as ka Nor mnl of Wayne, Nebnts k a, vi si ted Miss Sto ner· A few cla ys n ·cc11 tly.
l\1 isscs fb rt, a wy rr and Edna Neff are now at the Do rmit or v.
Nin a Kin ca id a nd Bri dget MrA rdlc have b ee n ,·isite d by t hci r siste rs.
Th e Bibl e st udy cl asses ha ,·e begun their wo rk a nd grent inter est is mn nifcstcd.
A fea ture ofth cc h apel excrc i cs th iste nn arc th e ta lk s g i,·cn by membe rs of th e foe· ult y.
E xc i tcmen t ran high am ong the yo un g la di es o fM t. Ve rn on Ha ll 011 the night follo win g1clccti on.
.JI.
Miss Edi th Cln rk of K an!"as C ity visited with Mi ss Dai ly. T he rec itat ions gi ,·en by her wer e mn ch app t·cciated hy n il '"ho hNu-cl th em.
Th e Bosto 11 Ln di es' Symp h ony Orehcs t rn op ened the lec ture course of the ycnr 'ovcm be t· 20. Th e Chnpcl \\'as crowdccl to it s utm ost ca p ac i ty, nncl the sol..: of tickr:ts h ad to be li mite r! . Single tickets had hcen p ut at fifty ce n ts. Upwn r ds of600 season cick cts bee n sold.
No na M. Jo hn son, '9G , lc a d11:s at Fa irmon t.
Zen obia Doty has re tur ne d to he r ho mt· at Sutton, Ne bra ska.
Ma ttie l ng o l<.l sby mad e.: n short vis it 111 Hamburg, Iowa, so me time :a•.,:-o
Fra nk M unda y of the Seco nd Yc.: ar cla ss of las t yea r teach es at E di so n, his ho nH: t ow n.
Mi ss Eliza C. Mo1·gan, so long Preceptrcss h ere, will spe nd th e co min g wi 11 lc r i11 W as hingto n.
Je nnie Ma r<.li s, '9 0, h as spe nt mul'11 t im e in tra vel the pa st fa ll in th e w est , in<:luuin g a trip through Ycll ews to ne Pa rle
.JI.
All of the ro oms in th e Do rmit ory arc ful l. Ab out on e-th ird of th e number arc st ud e nt s wh o ha vc fo rm e rly boa rdcd there.
Mrs. VanM iddlc swo rth s pe nt se veral d ays with her daugh tc t· in Pc nd cr rcce ntl y; s he also a ttend ed th e Woman 's Conventi on at Bla ir , Ne br.
Mr. Humphrey of th e Se ni or Cl ass was visit ed, October 1 8, by hi s the Rev. and Mrs. Humphrey, of Atlantic, Iow a. A v ery plea sa nt ta lk \<v as gi \'e n by R ev. Humphrey in le adin g Chape l.
.JI.
Dr . Clade was ca lkd to th e d ea thb ed of hi s mother at hi s b ro ther's home in Gr eat Be nd , Kansa s, i11 the la tt e1· pa rt of Septe mb er. He r etu rned Se p te mb er 25, Mi ss E st h er Cla rk re T)1 Hinin g a few days lon gc t·.
:an· 11nn·. I !II HI t< :edH -. i11 th l· publ ic -.diiH !'- of 1\ Ill, h t· a hrllll\'
Ch:a -. l· '! lli :and .\ laud ' !HI , eiiH:n:d thl· St:tll' I ' nin'l'-.it \' th is ycn r.
Cor:a .J : et·lc, '!lH h:a !- a'l' t lll'lll'd lfl hl·a· wor k as H::tc h l·r in the l k: af : and l> u 111h ln ::t itut c, Om :a ha.
E11 gc nc 1 !100. l'l'C l'i \' cd the a ppo in tm ent hy til l' .\ 1. E. Co 11fi.T l' ll l'l' lo the Salem c lt :arge.
.\ lu tchn1o1T lt :as :t 111 the prim :er·y ck- p :trl mc lll of' the \ ': al cnl in c sc hools.
Dr. C lrad( hcf'orc t he T eac hers' Ass t> t: iot Lion of IJi xo n Co .. :t t (> o lh::t , NovemlJCI' 10 nnd hc f<>a·l· lhl· Dou g la s Co te acher s, 17
Go ,· e rn ol· P oy nt e 1· acldrcssl'll the school in C hapel r cecn ll y. It \\' :l. S an e arn est , hel pful ta lk to yo un g p eo ple fitt in g themse lv es fot· teac hin g. li e will be h ea rtil y we lc ome to com e ag nin.
A lnt·ge <.l clegn ti on of st ud en ts wi th me mh en; of the Fa c ult y m"t a nd gr eeted Prof. H os ie as he pa ss ed t hr ough Peru, . Se p te mber 2 7, on hi s w ny to C hi cag o w here he wi ll c omplete his s tudies in the U ni \'C I'S i t y.
/
Tclh crt Richn nl son of the Se ni or Class h as ha cl hi s fa ther f1·om O ld ahomn Territory w it h him for n visit. Chas. Rich ar dso n, ' 98, h as a qu ar te r section n dj oi11i ng his fath er 's , a nd sees m ore at tr act ions in i ts impr ov ement than in wi e ldin g the hi1·ch.
Jennie n.;dcnbaugh w as called ho me < n nccount of the se ri ous ill ness of her m other.
$
F :t.\'l' I..:idt:tnl-., aftl.'l' :\ l\\'tl nbis in
K :t tt.· \\'t·t·d tt·al.'ltt::-< 111.:a r Baily and Bc t·th:l 1\ull:t tH:: 11· St. Edw :ll'( I:<
F: tnn_, Hn: t't't: h:ft :1 few ngo tn =-'Jil' IHI tla· yt.·aa· in J>oa·tland , Orcg'<lll.
:\1 a·=-- . .I :tek:-<ou :t nd of L'n-
<:ol u \\'l'l'l: th t.• g lll' :O:t:< nf Kclly a nd Kt ·t·h=--.
i\ li :-<:<t::-< S lnl,y. B[ll'll t::-< , :wei Jo y. a·t.·pn::-:t.•nkd t ht.' \'. \\ '. C ..\. }It the st ntc con \ 'l' ltt io at held u t Fn:mo nt. 1\o ,·cmbct·
.:J.
The :tpp t: :ll·: tn ec of the dinin g hall hn s h t:c n n1u ch intpt·o ,Td by the p11 t'Ch:tsc of ncw c lt :1 i n.: :tncl :t Th e pl:111t s l :ttc ly pln ccc1 in th e \\' est and south \\'indows add nb o to the cfl'cct.
Ti le fit ·:<t numhc 1· or th e Ncmaha CountY
Tca ch t: t· , with Supl. \V. C. Pani ott 'DG. it s c.:clito t·, i ts nppenntn cc so111e time
S III Ct:. [t is ;, magazin e d evot ed to th e int<:n:sts or the pub li c schoo ls of Ne maha
Cou nt y. and is [t t:rcclit both to its e di to r :1nd to t hc in tt.'l't: s ls it s cck s to se n·c.
Du1 ing the \\'Cek whi le the P1·acl icc St· h on l t·l oscd of siekn ::ss j)l'c_:v: t lcnl llt t: Lenc lt crs took the oppo1·t tni ty Ln ,·i;< it in o ll11. 1· 11 01 111 al sc h oo ls. i\1 nnd Ct·awfonl \\'L'Ill to the l <: :tn :< :t ;< Stn lc :-\ o nunl at Emp o t·i n, \\'ltih: .:\'li sses Ke ll ey and Kn hs \\'l'llt to \ V: tl'l 'l'llS· hu1·g. i\1isso ut·i.
Laura E. Reynolds, •g, was ma ni t:d Scptcmht.•r :.?7. at ht:r home in Creight on. to I knry R. :\I nn nin g. Th ey nrc to [i,·e :n Ca rr o ll.
:\[ rs. Li zzie Cm wfo rd, for sc,·en years te : tch er at \ 'alc nlin c. has been as ntc111hcr of the Faculty for the ;\.[ od cl the n ew nrnwgcmc nt as to pr acti ce a nd m odel teaching ma king necessary the added tcac hcL
\\'ho se c hilclren arc in the State Ko nn nl Pr:H.:tice nrc well pleascrl I I 1 · cl" t·tu a ht b,· t t nt tt c d nsscs : trc now ntg ' "" · . I · .-Jcl tc::nchu1a cxpc ncn ec d tea ch ers c 01 11 g m o... . . c r · 1 ·I ·sin tn:urnng, tCW ohs en·a tton bv t JC tea < 1c1 . . , an d that the Se niors wh o alo ne ·•prncttcc tl c·tr The nrc to teach throu uhout tc ) ' · "' 1 de inchn t·,.,.c of tuition for this hig1 g rn "' '·I, th in u. st n1<·tion see ms n more r caso n au c " rr J-tcli cs of r\ n .:ccpt ion for a ll of the youn ,- · ,I .e; rt<>'O Ill the sd1oo l was a i,·cn so me ,,·cc"- ' "' c. · Th e the clittino· ro om of the Do rmtl Ot)'· ,.... I h tcs"l's of l:ldi cs in lhc bu ildiotg- \\'L' I'C t te os · ' 1 f Li ncoln. t he C\'Cnin g. Miss Ha rt l' ,V 0 cl who ha s t·cccnl l\' retu1·ntd from an extend l'd Yis it to the Phi li pp in e IsiHn s. Cl 'tl 1 de sc np- l:tinccl th e lat·gc gathcnng WI 1 ' •. f I pco ple tllustHm Of lh c CU!'tOtnS 0 t I C'SC ' ... b h tfrom Lhc I s- tnt ltd bv cu n o!'t t1c>' roug1 ·c In nrl s. She ha s har so me rm · . I tl lwr t,· under for in1'tnncc, was wtt 1 1e, , n · · d 1 '-' 11 l tn n of Su lu, (, en. u:tlcs lhnt \'I SitC l te _.., c h 1.· 1 .r of th l' fam: tnrl was pt ·cscnt at t c ntn ' 11 ,.. o11 s tre aty with that ruler . .\nd H·u·Licv is a most cntc r ta iniu g 1' pt·nkcr \\'it hal: n nrl h erself and moth .: •·. whn wns
\\'i th h L· 1·, nrc clcli g- h lful persons to m cc:l. l\li ss H artlcy :-: p oke h1;cfiy in Ch:1p cl thc :\ l nnd EI\' m lrtt ing upnn tht•snn te
The Sh ake s pc:a re c.:la ss, r e- or ga ni zt:d fur the year unrl c: r the of l' rof l'orlc r, w ill hold its m eeti ngs twi tT t· : l<: h m() nth in the Do rmi tory n:cc: pti flll ro o lllli kc:w ise the i\ rt Clu b, wi th :\ li ss E lli .., a inst r uct or
man y n ew h oo ks are being p ut 111 tht: libr ary th at seve ral Ill: \ \' sec tion " h an· bee n fo und nece ss ar y. Am ong the many valua bl e on es arc so me of p cc ul ia 1· One es p ec ia ll y is "Th e \lcm oi rs of Eur ope," a \'O lum e w ri llt:n h_v the s ecre ta ry to Cha rl c: m ag ne, a nrl pu bli s he d in 171 I.
•;-1-
IJrop in to C hapc:l of a c: v c: ni ng to th e de bates of th e Cice roni r1n S()<: i cly. Th e yo un g men have a f ull me mh c n:l : ip of th irt y, a nd ap pli ca nt s arc in w aitin g wh c: n any v aca n cy sha ll o cc ur, in s pit e of the fact th at fa ilures to n llend m ee tin gs or di sc ha1·gc th e duti es cJe,· ol vi ng up on th e 111 fo rfei ts members hip. The youn g men arc in cn rn est in th is m ost he lpful wodc
T he s en ior the fir st yca 1· kincl e J·g ar tne1·s in a very hilp· py ma nner, Hall o we 'e n ni g ht. Th e room was made appr o p1·iatc fo1· the o cca sion hy au tu mn <l ec o1·ati on s and dim ly li g ht ed w ith candles and The g ue sts were met by the ar ra yed as gh osts a nd csc on cd bac kw ard down the cl u rk na rro w. tair sa nd co ni do r to the kincl c 1·g ar t en r oom. P1 ·ofound s ilen ce reign ed sa ve for an occasion al s hr iek wh en so m<:thin g too wic rd a nd sc pulch J·:d made i ts a ppca ran ee fr o li cs as cl nnces. fort un e te llin g. ho bh in g for :1 ppl cs , et c., \\' Cn: indul ge d in unti l ni l wc 1·c given at a lo ng tab le, w here a bo untiful sp1·eacl of hies w as in wait in g. I 1<: 1·c wen: some.· ('a1T f'ull y p 1·eparcd s ou ve nir s fo s· cvc1·y on e, in w hi ch the brownie s fi g ur ed g ivin g mnny pvn; onnl hit s wi th occ as i un al co mpli me n ts, th at mn de a p leasi ng cl illlax to the fest iviti es
I ' r11 f. :onrl \I r -. l'J,·nt "' '' '" n· c.·ntc.·rta i11 t·d f'nr :• fi.·\\' d :'.'' t< n 11tl .' lo\ l lr . a nd
\(r Cl : 11·k.
.\ 1111o11;.! t he.· ,-i it<o 1'' ;1-. p: oJl ' lll hrllt h<.'l'' : 11 1d :- i tt·1· ,.r th e.· -"" '111 :..: in th <' ll ll l'l ll it nrv 111:1\· 1 111 ol<' d thv fo llo wing ,·huul l !l';_! :J ll : \ Jr .., IJ ,·n·c.·y.
S 111i t h. \Jr. IJ il ln n. \11 ·. Ll'l ll l<' h, \lcEiroy , \J r-.. \lini c.·k. \ Jr -. J.;: n: op p. llidrid1 \li \1. 1·:. \Jr lo y, \I \1 :d nn vy. nncl \1 r. nncl \1rs. l >:J i-
1y. )J :1 n·n l .., "r \ I i .., ( )n·: I 11 l ); I i I \' l l' : I d H.' r () r de ot' 11 l ion
Fr om lh t· dir c l'l or\' i11 c he \c n J: dJn L'u unty T e:J t·her <Jl'l' gk :l ll l'l l 1 n: snJ <.'S of f'on ne 1· ... oft he \ormal with th t: i1· : Jdd n·ss cs : \Jo lli e Tynon. '!J H. l 'c ru; F. 1'. \l:ojo rs. '!Hi , 1' <: 1'11 : \l nry :VI(HJ re ·oo, fJ crn ; l' :11sli nc l'eru; !'en d l' :1rkt-r , l l1 ·oe k: t ·:fli <.· l:: d,,·n rd s. Au hu1 ·n: .\lt:t 1\i s lwp. l{ ock; Lett ie lli gg in s. J\ 11h11rn. Edith l lu tdJin s on, Pcn1; :VLs me 1'<-ru; Corn ll an l on , 11rown\'Jllc; l\ i:s b t·l \I :ojo 1·s. I 'cn1: Cn rldi c \cl so n: i\tdou1·n; Ccrtrucl c.• \\';stkin s. G len R oc k, Ed. C. \\'ittwcr. ,\uburn ; F1·:1ll k :\ ld\own, Aubur n; l( :Jtc Auburn, L oretta '!)7, t\J Jh un1; B. J. Mcl; r ew, '97, Auburn; Ell :s J. Il uston, 'D!"l, Aubur n; \·Iy rtlc McC1T w, 'DX. Auburn; Be ss ie: Johnsnn; i\ l :s ry ·no, ll owc; \Vm iVI e tc : Jif, '00, ll owc; Lulu Humb ol d t. :VI :or\' O' Co nn e ll , Ed en; Jennie Slluhe1·t; Frank :\ I m·tin. l'c n1 .J . R. \ 1l ca dc1·, :\u hu n1; Luella \\'o rri ck, 13rock: Pres to n C :1rr, Aspi nwall; M:suc.l \\":otkins, Ju linn; Ma tt ie B arnes !l owe; Fr:tnk Ritch ey Shu be rt ; B ess ie Il :olk-niJeck, St. D<.· 1·oin: Do rn C. Juli a n: \l yr tlc Jon es, \uhurn: \leilie Minni c k, \esn: 1lw : FloJ 'l'lll' C Bro\\'n vill e; O;oisy Dicbsson. Auburn ; sic Stc ut c,'i llc . Bro \\" nvil lc; Te l va Dn·sslc r, Il o\\'e; l\ lj Tllc l'al'l<c J·, S, >tJth .\•ub urn ; Je nni e Crum , Ju : ian.
Fn1· up tn - d;lll' dothin!_! and funli:'hin•T .:..! n t11 Bn ;:-'. 'o . .. :\l ltl ": l-.k:t
Thl· ll' :\onn:tl i :-' \\' l'll n .' Jll"t::'L' IIlt:cl in lhl· 0111nh:t. Lillit• Scn$!cr
"!Hi. i:-' Jl l i lll·i p:d of l>llL' or the w an t :'l' h ouls. :tt pv1· month. :tncl inclu cks t he or .\1111:1 1\ or :-'l. ·n k l\:: lrl :\l at:111d l ,tJl: ll :t of the clns:< or '!IIi; :lllcl :\ill:l :\I.:C IIII"l'. :\lac Balllford. :lnd :\ l:1cld ox. nrlltt: clnss of ' 97. .
O sc :11 · :\ 1. \\" : 1d rkll or the Se ni or Clnss
It :I " k- ft "l' l I ( I t I . . . · • Hl o nct·<.:·pt l tl' pn:-'t lt on of in the f ncli nn sc h oo ls a l Ft. I h: fi :t und c 1· c: i,·il s<.:..- ,· i ct• :tp poin tttH.: nl. In l os in g him the : ttt n <.:·ti vc :tncl m ost wo rtltv 111 ··cligious c irc:lc-s
Wlt <.:..-c he will he -gt·e: tt ly mi s:::crl. Hi s l"t iend s wish him :' n ccc:'S in hi s ch ose n \V odc .:1-
of Gt-: lll cl Tsl:111 d
a ncl 1 Cle mo ns of the f'n:mon t
No n nn l s pent so me tim e in lattc t· Octo bc 1· h t:n: in l ook in g over Lh c wnrk of the S tntc I'\o nnal. One of th e m os t n pt sto t·ics to ld ns :tftct·-s pce -.: h was in Ch npc l by Pt·csident it s eemed nlm ost too bnd to lo se 1: he good i m p1·ession nwd c Prcsicl cn t
C lem e n' s sp eec h bc l"o 1·c, in th e repealed hu1·sts 111 r 11 kin c:r the app li c ati on nr the slo t·y b
Poot b: tll c laim ed nn am o nnt of attention thi s fa ll. pl ayed here wi th th e Nc lw as lat
sc h oo l b oys w:t ::- ens il y w<) n.
4- 7
seyernl rccei,·cd i njuric:< su fficie nt to require meclicn l nttc n tio n.
unu s utd
A game
Ci ty hi gh
A return ,!.!,':1 l11 L' "·as nrr:tn gc d n nd a spec ial train ln ok Lh l' Nn t·ma l b oy s n nd llt c it· fri e nd s to the ty o nl y to find t lt n towing to a mi sund ct·stn ndin g no ga me was arh·is<thlc. ln so me uf t it <.:· ga m es on Lhc home
\\" e carry n full lin e of w oo len s in o ur .:\Ierch n nt Tailori ng Department. O ur wo rk is a ll do ne in our ow n by t he best sk ill ed tH i lors.
BRos. & Co.
Auburn .
A MAMMOTH ESTABLISHMENT•
The Department Jewelry and Music House at Auburn .
S. H. Avey & Co. Make a Wonderful Showing in their N ew Quarters.
\\'i1i lc iu Aub urn t hi s week a r cp r cscnialiY c of the P t·css w ns sh own t hr ough the n ew n n d h :wdso mc dcpart men t jew elry :111cl mu sic house of S. H. A n'y & Co., · 1 ni or tlu·oug lt th<· co u rtesy of the gc ma sc m cmbe t·, l\ir. S. H. i\\"l'Y, and to say we wc t·c a strJlli sh ed nt the .growth and pr ospc l·ity 0f t hi s wdl kn o wn firm is putting it mild ly. Th ey have n lw n_vs h ad the r cputn tio n of ha vi ng the lar gest nnd best stock 111 thc it· lin e in t hi s pnrt of the slate, but th ey ca n n ow tru th fully ad ,·crtisc [IS l arge a nd , .n 1·ied stoc k ns any in t he lnr ge cit ies.
On Tul v lO t It of t. hi s ,-car t hi !' fir ntll1 ° 1·ccl hn lf cast uf old l oca ti on in to what is kn o wn ns the Th omas hui ldi ng n t'tcrt hc l nttc r had bet·n completely OI'C rha ul ed a nd fitted up with new and clcgaul fix tu res Mt. Avcv h ad l l) ng des i rcd a 1·oo nt in wh ich he co-uld diYi dc his htt si nc ss int o pnlper ckpartmcnls. n nd t hi s wns clo ne wh en he c: hn n_ged hi s Joe: a lio n.
As one en te rs tlt e cloo r ,Ht the left the eye t·ests on a long lin e of the imp1·o,·cd jewelers' a ll glnss sh ow cnscs . the to p hcin g o fl H' a,·y plnl c g bss nnd lhc b ase of
T il E ST ,\TE :\ {)J\.\ 1.\L "LI IIH IL
mnr iJ l c: . Thc: sc: arc (jfl c rl with tr :tvs l·ontaining t; uch s trtncl:lrcl ma iH·s of w:ttdu·s as th e ll a milt t ,n , E lg in :tnd \\':d th:tnl, in <d most :tny kin d of a a ron l ei of, from sih c rin c to 1 H·l':t rct g nlcl : up-to -date n ovelties of a ll kind s. Right here he we ll to s la u· t h: tl S. 1£. A vc y & Co. ha n: made o fli ci1d i ns p ect ors of w<tt <:hts fc JJ· .\li s so uri P :trai l way .\Jr \\". 1' .\ l cCa ll. wl111 ha s hcc n with thi s firm for is 'it ill in ch ar ge of r cp:tiring cl<: parlln c nt. ';"h is gentlC'm : 111 is no1 :t' watch in comm on a cce ptan ce of t he te rm, but is :tn expe ri en ce d wat c hmaker , hav ing an a pp ren lit:es h i p in the h cs t f:tclori l·s of the cast, :1nrl hi s al• ility in thi s lin e is unqu est ione d. ll c the fro nt wi ndow w it h hi s bench, :1ncl is a pkn s:111l ge ntlema n lo me et e ith e1· in a ln1si n css ora s ocia l w:1 y
Bn ck of th e je we lry ca ses a nd <t g :1 in st the wa ll is a fi ne 11<:w gla ss a nclm ah ogo ny ca se: wi th slidin g d oo rs, fi ft e en fl: et in hi gh l, fill ed with eve r yt hing in moue rn s ih·crwo rc fr om a bull<. r k nife to a "O ld ,.., tC'a set.
On th e ri ght as You en te r the store is the optic al di vision. - Thi s is diviclecl fr om the mai n roo m and co nt ain s all the in st rume nts n C'ce ss at·y for th or ough exa min at ion of th e eyes und their fi tt in rr w ith the ·wo p"t' le r ,.., 1 to Ins ure \' !!;ton. de part ment is pre s id ed ov er by Em Avey who has ta ken a co n n;e un de r no te d optic i ans in the 1\: nn s as Cit y of and h ns ha d mu ch e xp c ritncc in lin e of wo rk. In thi s. as in nth (' r l in e s, go od rC's t!l t. ca n o nl v he ob tni n cd by a comb in at io n acc urate appnrat us nnd the anrl judg em e nt of an optic ian. Th e ap p am tu s u sc d hy :\It·..\ \'e\· is the best kn ow n to science a nd hi s nrc a ll co nstrm·te d w ith mnth c malit al preci sion fr om the b est materi a l.
Th e s tringed mu s iUl l in st rum ent s. s l1 ec t and cl oc ks ha ,.e b een a ll o tted a
o..pan·t11 tlwnl'·t·ht·o..anol in tlti , ]j, i-.i• •ll_\""11 willo..tT the ti111o..t J.anjosllllol lta nd-."nll-.t rol ,.J, ,, J. .., Tltl· in trtttlllllts 11n· t·xt·•lknt in lllllt':llt•llini h and l il T ., :trr:tugtd ;, tro t111tla· 11 n·ry
Jll't•tt y It" w ing T 1'1 • w I,..... 11111. lilT :1 rr :t n gl·d wi th 11 \' ivw t• • :tJI i-.1 iv vt'lt·vt: :1n d .... ., 1111111\' IJl':lntifllltinH 1'""''" it i-< cli tlicn lt ind n·d 111 :-t·l,·c t III II' tlllln· l• t·:ltlti t'ul th1111 it lt·ilow
\\'t· Ji ll\\' Jlll'"" tltrtlll.:.! lt 1111 IIITJt i111 11 ;t lllotlt cr clq,; l rtllt<· nt r t lt i-. ,·s t: d.J i llln vn l.
I I crt·.''" <.·n·ry han d, till' ''.\ l' i" gn Ttl·d by pi ; III O", m ·g:l ll S :t lld Sl' \\' ii iJ..: 11 1:1clt ill l'!-'
.\lll CI Il g t lt t• pi : ll llo:- \\T lind tltt..• f11111111 1!-'
c:t !-'cs :1n cl tl 11: B rl lttnt !.:tclt S in gtT : tnd
Kingsl nt t·y piano :- an· al so !' howl! In nr-
ga n s. th e :\IiiiL·r. l' :td; :: nl : 111 d C lt iv:I.!..!,O nil in 1111 11 :tl l
m :11k· fr otll hl·St ll t:t ll' ri :tb hy t it <: II I OS L
t•x pc rl wn rl un ,· lt. :\ I r. ,\ \T \' i:-; no t :t fr :t id
le t rct·om m t· ntl It is llltt :- ic: d ilt !-' 1 rt tnt<: tt t!-' c nu !-' 1: he I III _"S the lt <.: lth : tt c:111 I ll' h :t d f'o t· th e mon t: y. Tit<: se wi n g; •n :tt: ltin <.:!-', \\' l' o hwere tlt l' \\'h e ckr & \\'il,.: o n, St l tllclanl, n ncl ll o111 <.: , :til of whi ch arc nta cl c by reliable fir111 s and \T ry pt Tt tily eas t: d.
S till far th er lwei, is the t-cp :t it· shop whc r<.: S. C. frcneh : tnd C. A. Jo n <:!', gt·niu !-'c s of l it e pot :tnd tuning fo rk. ITincnrnalc lite wre ck s of mu si t:: tl inslntmcn ts with tlw dukd ton es of wh ich yuus of u sage IH L\' C le ft no tr a ce. The se ge ntlem en, lik<.· cv<.:ryonl' in i\ l r. ,\ , ·c_v !-' empl o y. nt-c ex pnl s in th e ir lint'!'. It would he :1 had ca s <: ind ee d lh :tl j\1[1·. French co ul d n ot fix up a nd by the t int <: th e insL ntnt en l h:1!-' pa ss ed throu gh i\•lr h :111 rl s it is :t hout a!' go od :ts Ill' \\'
\\'hen th e wr il c- 1· flni !-' hcd his tt·ip thr ough the cst:l bli !-' hm e nl he <:t lltld lnt t lt f ull y !-'HY thnl it hnd h t•t' ll a n.·,·elatiPn to hi m, for h C' lw ei no id c:i thnt !-' lll'h <t co n ce rn L" xi stl·d outsi cl c :1 of th e 111'!-'l ci<t !-'!-' -S td la l'n.'!-' S.
'
Diamon d . l l :\ c n ( llh • n•i 11th ., F \:'\P l.t':'\Cll .\ T .\LT. HOrRS. :\EBRA ' i\A t:IT\', NEBRASKA. \\1 - nu \ Ill the--)
Pbotogr apbs ga 10 tyson Rict,
ThcJ r :cd\'cr l Twn nnld nt the I ra pl wt..,. .\ in n u( l!l\) tl , Nebraska City. 9rettyman !Jlros . ., Ve11tists, euy, Dr. E. J. Pr e tt y man will be iu Peru Snturdn)s of eacb week. In Dr s. Ncnl & Shellhorn's Offi ce.
T.
F.
DOBBS, HARDWARE,
FURNITURE, and CARPETS. r ' ,
Funeral Director.
Undertaking and Embalming a Specialty.
PERU, NEBRASKA.
E. J; . Dort, DR UGS, r' BOOK S, FINE STATIONERY. ART ILCES. AUBURN,
