ADVANCE NETWORKING BY PSK TECHNOLOGIES PVT.LTD IT COMPANY WEBSITE:HTTPS: //WWW.PSKITSERVICES.COM ADDRESS : PLOT NO-780, NEAR DURGA TEMPLE, KATOL ROAD CHAONI, NAGPUR-13 CONTACT:9975288300
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKS Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960’s.by the US Department of Defense (DOD). ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over multiple networks, so TCP/IP model and protocols were invented in 1974.
What Is Networking? When a two or more computer are connected with each other via cables & media that is called as network First network established in 1963 by ARPA (Advanced research project Agency) arpanet. A network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together. There are many types of computer networks, including: https://www.pskitservices.com https://www.pskitservices.com contact contact no. no. -- 9975288300 9975288300
Local area networks (LANs) : The computers are geographically close together (that is, in the same building).
Wide area networks (WANs) : The computers are farther apart and are connected by telephone lines or radio waves.
Campus area networks (CANs): The computers are within a limited geographic area, such as a campus or military base.
Metropolitan area networks (MANs): A data network designed for a town or city. https://www.pskitservices.com https://www.pskitservices.com contact contact no. no. -9975288300 9975288300
Computer network allows the user to share data with other users in a network .and share resources such as printers faxes Printer can be installed on one computer and can be accessed by other users in a network.
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Chapter 2 TOPOLOGY What is topology? Physical arrangement of computers and networking devices (Cables, switches, hub, routers, wireless access point etc) that is called as topology. Selection of the appropriate topology: Physical topologies of the networks are classified according to various factors such as distance no. of nodes, etc. The different topologies are: 1. Bus Topology 2. Ring Topology 3. Star Topology 4. Mesh Topology Bus Topology:Bus topology allows information to be directed from one computer to the other. This type of topology used in cable network. https://www.pskitservices.com https://www.pskitservices.com contact contact no. no. -9975288300 9975288300
Equipments needed for Bus Topology:1. 2. 3. 4.
Co-axial cables LAN card ((BNC) British Naval Connector LAN card ) Terminator T-connectors
Advantages of Bus Topology: It is a cheapest technology. Easy to use and to understand. Requires least amount of cable to connect the computers together. It is easy to extend a bus. Disadvantages: Low bandwidth (10Mbps) Works on half duplex technology. If the cable is fail then entire network is goes down. Difficult to troubleshoot. Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably as only 1 computer can send a message at a time. Â https://www.pskitservices.com https://www.pskitservices.com contact contact no. no. --
Star Topology: In this kind of topology all the cables run from the computers to the central location where they are all connected by a device called hub or switch. Each computer on a star network communicates with a central device that resends the message either to each computer or only to the destination computer,
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Equipments: 1. PC
2. Hub / Switch 3. Cables (fiber optic, UTP, STP) 4. Fiber-optic or Ethernet LAN card. Advantages: 1. Easy troubleshooting. 2. Data transmission speed is very high, depends upon the cable & media 3.It is easy to modify and add new computers without disturbing the rest of the network 4.The center of the star network is a good place to diagnose the faults. Disadvantages:
1. If the central device fails, then the whole n/w fails. 2. Star networking is expensive because all network cables must be pulled to one central point, requires more cable than other network topologies. https://www.pskitservices.com https://www.pskitservices.com contact contact no. no. -9975288300 9975288300
Ring Topology: In this type each computer is connected to the next computer with the last one connected to the first. Each retransmits what it receives from the previous computer. The message flows around the ring in one direction. The ring network does not subject to signal loss problem as a bus network experiences. There is no termination because there is no end to the ring.
Equipments: 1. PC
2. Fiber-optic cables 3. Fiber optic LAN card https://www.pskitservices.com https://www.pskitservices.com contact contact no. no. -9975288300 9975288300
Advantages: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
fastest topology No limit of nodes Two dedicated paths. Works on full duplex technology. Easy troubleshooting. Each node has equal access. Capable of high speed data transfer.
Disadvantages: 1. Costly Topology 2. Difficult to configure. 3. Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole network. 4. Difficult to troubleshoot the network. 5. A disadvantage of a token ring is if one computer is broken or down, the massage cannot be passed to the other computers. https://www.pskitservices.com https://www.pskitservices.com contact contact no. no. -9975288300 9975288300
Mesh Topology:
Equipments: 1. PC
2. Cables
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Advantages: •More dedicated paths. •No requirement of central device. •Speed depends upon cable & media. •Easy troubleshooting.
Disadvantages: 1. Requirement of LAN card is more. 2. We cannot perform more than 7 pc networks. 3. Very costly topology. NOTE:
1) UNICAST: One to One Communication. 2) MULTICAST: One too many Communication. 3) BROADCAST: One to all communication. HALF DUPLEX:-
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We can do both side communication but at the time only one side communication.
FULL DUPLEX:We can do both side communications at the time like as telephone.
SIMPLEX COMMUNICATION:We can do one side communication at the time like as television, radio.
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