N O I T C RODU
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Typography is the art of using letters to your advantage. It’s styling words and sentences to fit within however you want to use them. Use them, but don’t abuse them. Type is a very sensitive object, but is not afraid to work with you instead of against. With a little love and care, your type will look great. With a little creativity, your type can do anything.
S T N E T CON
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LOGOS
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CHARACTER STUDIES
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POSTER DESIGN
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IDENTITY
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UBIQUITOUS TYPE
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SKETCHBOOK
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GREETING CARD
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POP PROJECT
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S O G O L
& Ampersand art+commerce
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Ampersand art+commerce
& Ampersand ART + COMMERCE
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R E T C A CHAR DIES STU
Character Study | The Letter V
The Semitic symbol was the seventh letter, named zayin which possibly meant “weapon”. It represented either z as in English and French, or possibly more like /dz/ (as in Italian zeta, zero). The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician zen (), and the Greek inscriptional form remained in this shape throughout ancient times. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made in imitation of eta (η) and theta (θ). In earlier Greek of Athens and Northwest Greece, the letter seems to have represented /dz/; in Attic, from the 4th century BC onwards, it seems to have stood for /zd/ and /dz/, and in fact there is no consensus concerning this issue. In other dialects, as Elean and Cretan, the symbol seems to have been used for sounds resembling the English voiced and voiceless th (IPA /ð/ and /θ/, respectively). In the common dialect (koine) that succeeded the older dialects, ζ became /z/, as it remains in modern Greek. In the 1st century BC, Z was introduced again at the end of the Latin alphabet to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter Z appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides Y that the Romans took directly from Greek, rather than from Etruscan. Zeta was earlier transliterated as s at the beginning of words and ss in the middle of words, as in sōna for ζώνη “belt” and trapessita for τραπεζίτης “banker”.
9 Character Study | The Letter Z
The Semitic symbol was the seventh letter, named zayin which possibly meant “weapon”. It represented either z as in English and French, or possibly more like /dz/ (as in Italian zeta, zero). The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician zen (), and the Greek inscriptional form remained in this shape throughout ancient times. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made in imitation of eta (η) and theta (θ). In earlier Greek of Athens and Northwest Greece, the letter seems to have represented /dz/; in Attic, from the 4th century BC onwards, it seems to have stood for /zd/ and /dz/, and in fact there is no consensus concerning this issue. In other dialects, as Elean and Cretan, the symbol seems to have been used for sounds resembling the English voiced and voiceless th (IPA /ð/ and /θ/, respectively). In the common dialect (koine) that succeeded the older dialects, ζ became /z/, as it remains in modern Greek. In the 1st century BC, Z was introduced again at the end of the Latin alphabet to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter Z appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides Y that the Romans took directly from Greek, rather than from Etruscan. Zeta was earlier transliterated as s at the beginning of words and ss in the middle of words, as in sōna for ζώνη “belt” and trapessita for τραπεζίτης “banker”.
Character Study The Letter O
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Its graphic form has remained fairly constant from Phoenician times until today. The name of the Phoenician letter was ‘eyn’, meaning “eye”, and indeed its shape originates simply as a drawing of a human eye (possibly inspired by the corresponding Egyptian hieroglyph, c.f. Proto-Sinaitic script). The letter O is the fourth most common letter in the English alphabet. The use of this Phoenician letter for a vowel sound is due to the early Greek alphabets, which adopted the letter as O “omicron” to represent the vowel /o/. The letter was adopted with this value in the Old Italic alphabets, including the early Latin alphabet. In Greek, a variation of the form later came to distinguish this long sound (Omega, meaning “large O”) from the short o (Omicron, meaning “small o”). Greek omicron gave rise to the corresponding Cyrillic letter O. Even alphabets constructed “from scratch”, i.e. not derived from Semitic, usually have similar forms to represent this
sound, e.g.; the creators of the Afaka and Ol Chiki scripts, each invented in different parts of the world in the last century, both attributed their vowels for ‘O’ to the shape of the mouth when making this sound. The example I chose was Opera, which has a beautiful glyph of the letter O, but with a terrible shadow. They’ve since updated the typeface of the company name, while retaining the iconic letter O from the previous branding.
Character Study The Letter G
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The modern lowercase 'g' has two typographic variants: the single-storey (sometimes opentail) '' and the double-story (sometimes looptail) ''. The single-storey form derives from the majuscule (uppercase) form by raising the serif that distinguishes it from 'c' to the top of the loop, thus closing the loop, and extending the vertical stroke downward and to the left. The double-story form (g) had developed similarly, except that some ornate forms then extended the tail back to the right, and to the left again, forming a closed bowl or loop. The initial extension to the right was absorbed into the upper closed bowl. The double-story version became popular when printing switched to "Roman type" because the tail was effectively shorter, making it possible to
put more lines on a page. In the double-story version, a small top stroke in the upper-right, often terminating in an orb shape, is called an "ear". Generally, the two forms are complementary, but occasionally the difference has been exploited to provide contrast. The 1949 Principles of the International Phonetic Association recommends using for advanced voiced velar plosives (denoted by Latin small letter script G) and for regular ones where the two are contrasted, but this suggestion was never accepted by phoneticians in general, and today '' is the symbol used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, with '' acknowledged as an acceptable variant and more often used in printed materials.
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N G I S E D R E T POS
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Y T I T N IDE
Anthony Teres Founder/CEO
Bus 805.427.8588 Cell 716.669.4200
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O T I U UBIQ
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E P Y T OUS
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K O O B ETCH
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D R A C G N I T E RE
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G
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pop visual project
issue one volume 7
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in this issue andy warhol
roy lichtenstein jasper johns
larry rivers frank o’hara
pop visual project issue one volume 7 in this issue
andy warhol roy lichtenstein jasper johns larry rivers frank o’hara
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vis u iss al pr v ue oje in olum one ct e a th roy ndy is iss 7 w u jas licht arh e o e p lar er j nste l fra ry r ohn in nk ive s o’h rs ara
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pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop pop
visual project issue one volume 7 in this issue andy warhol
roy lichtenstein jasper johns larry rivers
frank o’hara
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U O Y K THAN