Bibliography

Carracedo, S. and others (2020), “The landscape of COVID-19 clinical trials in Latin America and the Caribbean: assessment and challenges”, Pan American Journal of Public Health, vol. 44. Consoli, D. and A. Mina (2009), “An evolutionary perspective on health innovation systems”, Journal of Evolutionary

Economics, vol. 19, No. 2. Consultora EMATRIS (2020), Caracterización de los emprendimientos y empresas de base científica tecnológica en Chile.

Informe Final, Ministry of Science, Technology, Knowledge and Innovation/Ministry of Economic Affairs, Development and Tourism of Chile. Drucaroff, S. (2021), “Estudio para determinar la capacidad de producción de insumos y equipos críticos en la industria de la salud en Argentina y Brasil, dentro del contexto del COVID-19”, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), unpublished. ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) (2021), Plan for self-sufficiency in health matters in

Latin America and the Caribbean: lines of action and proposals (LC/TS.2021/115), Santiago. Gereffi, G., S. Frederick and P. Bamber (2019), “Diverse paths of upgrading in high-tech manufacturing: Costa Rica in the electronics and medical devices global value chains”, Transnational Corporations, vol. 26, No. 1. Gutman, G. and P. Lavarello (2018), “La emergencia de la industria biofarmacéutica argentina: política industrial y marco regulatorio durante los 2000”, Explorando el camino de la imitación creativa: la industria biofarmacéutica argentina en los 2000, P. Lavarello, G. Gutman and S. Sztulwark, Buenos Aires, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies (CEUR)/

National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET)/Editorial Libro Punto. (2016), “Política industrial en el sector biofarmacéutico en la Argentina durante los años 2000”, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), unpublished. IQVIA (2019), “The Rise of Global Medical Technology” [online] https://www.iqvia.com/locations/belgium/newsroom/2019/03/ the-rise-of-global-medical-technology. Lavarello, P., G. Gutman and S. Sztulwark (2018), Explorando el camino de la imitación creativa: la industria biofarmacéutica argentina en los 2000, Buenos Aires, Centre for Urban and Regional Studies (CEUR)/National Council of Scientific and

Technical Research (CONICET)/Editorial Libro Punto. Lavarello, P. and others (2021), “Imitación creativa frente a las oportunidades de la farmabiotecnología: enseñanza de experiencias nacionales de industrialización (muy) tardía”, Revista Brasileira de Inovação, vol. 19. OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2018), Pharmaceutical Innovation and Access to

Medicines, OECD Health Policy Studies, Paris, OECD Publishing. (2016a), Start-up Latin America 2016: Building an Innovative Future, Development Centre Studies, Paris, OECD Publishing. (2016b), Trade in Value Added (TiVA) [online database] https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TIVA_2018_C4. PAHO (Pan American Health Organization) (2020), “Regulatory System Models for Small States/Markets with Limited

Resources. Concept Note and Recommendations”, Ninth Conference of the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory

Harmonization (PANDRH). (San Salvador, 24 to 26 October, 2018), Washington, D.C. Sweet, C. (2021), “Innovation in a time of crisis”, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), unpublished.

CHAPTER III

Digital technologies for development

A. The digital transformation in Latin America and the Caribbean B. Innovative digital responses to the pandemic C. Strategic action lines for an inclusive digital transformation Bibliography

The digital revolution is rapidly transforming society and the economy. It is creating a new era, characterized by the transformation of models of social interaction, consumption and production. The factors underpinning this transformation include the combined adoption and integration of advanced digital technologies, such as fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, the Internet of things, cloud computing, artificial intelligence (AI), big data analysis and robotics.

Digital development has the potential to increase individual well-being, business productivity, national efficiency and effectiveness, and environmental sustainability, as a result of the synergy of its three dimensions: the connected economy, the digital economy and the digitalized economy (ECLAC, 2021a): (i) Connected economy: this is characterized by the roll-out of digital infrastructure (including broadband networks, Internet exchange points and data centres) and the widespread growth of Internet use through various types of devices (desktop or laptop computers, tablets and smartphones), which are now joined by sensors of all kinds, marking the shift from connecting people to connecting machines. (ii) Digital economy: this is the part of economic production derived largely from business models based around the use of digital technologies to supply goods and services (Bukht and Heeks, 2017). These digitally-enabled models change the value proposal in various economic sectors and enable data collection and creation.1 As the data are processed and analysed using AI, it is possible to improve decision-making processes and create value by optimizing operating processes, segmenting markets, and customizing and transforming products and services. (iii) Digitalized economy: this is when, through the adoption of advanced technologies, actors in traditional industries change their business and production models, going beyond optimizing models to reconfigure their value chains and transform their products and services, with disruptive effects on industrial organization (see diagram III.1).

The impact of digitalization is neither automatic nor homogenous among different countries, enterprises and individuals. The potential benefits of digitalization in growth, well-being and sustainability will depend on factors such as the degree of technology adoption, individual capabilities, production structures and governance that addresses emerging challenges. These challenges include market concentration, cybersecurity, employment and automation, privacy, personal data security and digital taxation.

Without a comprehensive approach to digitalization, its potentially positive effects could turn negative in terms of concentration and inequality. For example, large vulnerable sections of society could miss out on various kinds of online services, or employment rates could be affected owing to a lack of digital skills. This could also widen productivity gaps between large and small enterprises, which could even limit their capacity to create commercial, technological and productive linkages. This is particularly relevant in the case of countries such as those in Latin America and the Caribbean, which are undergoing a developmental transition. During this transition, low productivity, high social vulnerability, institutional weakness and a lack of environmental sustainability remain unresolved problems that are becoming real obstacles to regional development (OECD, 2020).

1 At present, digital platforms operate in multiple economic sectors and facilitate online purchase and sale transactions (Amazon, Alibaba and Mercado Libre), financial services (Ant Group, Avant, Mercado Pago and Nubank), communications and social networks (Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp), tourism and hospitality (Despegar,

Booking and Airbnb), the development of applications (for the Apple iOS and Google Android operating systems) matching supply and demand in employment (Laborum,

LinkedIn, Workana and Freelancer), among other things.