The Role of Colour in Kindergarten by Puiyee Lim

Pui Yee Lim 19020012

The Role of

Colour in

Kindergartens

- more than just decoration

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

The Role of Colour in Kindergarten - more than just decoration Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Pui Yee Lim 19020012

Research-Led Design Dissertation MArchD Applied Design in Architecture 2019/20 Faculty of Technology Design and Environment Oxford Brookes University

This Design Research Dissertation is presented to the School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University in part fulfillment of the regulations for the Master in Architectural Design. This Design Research Dissertation is an original piece of work which is made available for copying with permission of the Head of the School of Architecture.

Signed: ..................................

Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my supervisors, Hannah D. and Mike H. Their support, guidance and overall insights in this field have made this an inspiring experience for me. I am extremely grateful for our friendly chats and at the end of our meetings and your personal support in my academic endeavours. I’d also like to thank the other tutors, Scott S. and Emma R. for their wise guidance and help in explaining of various techniques in completing this dissertation. I would like to thank Andrea P. who agreed to be interviewed. The interview was vigorous in inspiring me to think outside of the box, from multiple perspectives to form a comprehensive and objective critique. Furthermore, I would also like to thank Joe for the thoughtful comments and recommendations during the critiques. I am so thankful to the rest of the Research-Led Design students for their endless support and suggestions throughout the research project. Finally, I would like to thank my family for their encouragement and presence.

Contents Abstract

Introduction

Chapter 2 Case Studies

Colours in architecture 43 Colours on the screen 53

Precedent studies Chapter 1 Literature Review The Secret Lives of Colour 21 Color Studies 23 Abstract: The Art of Design 25 Colour for Architecture Today The Gray Cloth The Interaction of Color The Architectonic Colour Building for Children in Theory and Practice (2) The Effects of Architectural Design of the Kindergarten Space on the Children’s Intelligence and Creativity Research Methodology

27 29 31 33 37 38

Maggie’s Centre, Oxford 59 Paimio Sanatorium 67 Unite d’ Habitation nursery 69 Yorkville North Kindergarten 71 Frederiksvej Kindergarten 73 Kaleidoscope Kindergarten 75 Toranoka Nursery 77 Public Nursery in Glyfada 79

Conclusion Chapter 3

Site Analysis Site Context 85 Colour Palette 93 Barton Park 95

Chapter 4 Design Concept Program Brief 99 Models Exploration Film Manifesto

105 107

Chapter 5 Design Developement

113

Chapter 6 Final Design Proposal

131

Conclusion

145

Bibliography

149

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Abstract The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - more than just decoration Research question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten? The impression of a colour and the message it delivers is of prominence in creating the psychological mood or ambience that supports the function of a space. Despite its presence and its variations, colour is present in all places. The use of colours on surfaces often influences the users’ experience of the space. It is important as an architect to consider the colour effect of every element of a building’s construction, from earthy colours of primary construction materials like timber, brick and stone to the expansive variety of colours available for paint wall, doors and windows. In architecture, appropriate colour specification is its role in keeping visual efficiency and comfort. We are stimulated by the moods created by certain works of art, as well as by their transcendent qualities. Naturally, the experience of an inhabited space is extremely different from that of the primarily visual space of a painting or an installation. The lived space will be not only seen, but also touched, felt, smelt, heard-all this in the course of going about the routines and rituals of everyday life. Thus, it will mostly be experienced as the mere background to one’s everyday activities. Colour is an essential element in architecture nowadays that it is not only important aesthetically, but it also has a great psycho-sensory importance. The project aims to develop a consideration on the history and use of colour in space moving away from the flatness of standard paint, opening up a reinterpretation of the way architecture interacts with colours.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Introduction Research question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten? The initiative of this research is to study how colours are used to affect people’s mood in architecture, from a variation of thoughts and methods, as presented in psychological, cultural, architecture theory or past and present proposals. The research analyses these theories and forms upon them to propose and seek how successful elements from these colour theories can be applied to a present and future design intervention that improvised logic of growth, improving and energizing a common visual space. This research is being proposed as colour is a very subjective matter and it can only be reacted by understanding in what way we perceive colours in the first place. “How we perceive colour depends on our individual brains and collective cultures.” (Clair, 2017) It all started with light rays hitting an object around us and being reflected off their surfaces and into our eyes. Essentially, objects absorb some wavelengths of the visible spectrum and reflect others and so, we see different things as different colour. As like how colour used in architecture, it could be down to scientific impact that certain colours have on a mood. Colour is more than just decoration, it can be a powerful tool to enhance and improve moods.

Figure 1.1 Spectacular mastery of light in spectrum installation by Tokojin Yoshioka Chen, T. (2017) The rainbow engineer - Tokujin Yoshioka. Available at: https://www.frameweb.com/news/therainbow-engineer-tokujin-yoshioka (Accessed: 14 November 2019).

This area of research is important for architects and designers to address with real-world solutions as architects are responsible for shaping the built environment around which society navigates its daily life. With their exceptional and influential part of the society, it is the architect’s concern to respond to the rising worries of mental health and wellbeing in cities. If colours are able to affect people’s mood in daily life, then it is important to consider when choosing colour for a building depending on its purposes. Architecture and colour should live in harmony in order to create a common visual space and colour is not only important aesthetically, but also has a great psycho-sensory importance. Colour to improve mood. Colour interacts with form. Colour is an essential component in threedimensional grouping and is a major influence on the perception of space. Hue, brightness and saturation are typically defined in the colour’s dimensions. These three dimensions related to the evaluations of distance, features of devotion or localisation, drawing by contrasts, of shapes and areas. In creating a psychological mood and ambience, it is so important that the impression of colour can deliver the messages. Despite its presence and its variations, colour is present in all places. These characteristics of colours are potential, not yet fully utilized by architects. This is because, colour can be expressive, as well as conceal formal elements, it can render support or counterpoint to architectonic features. The use of colours to contrast areas or emphasize building masses can enhance or clarify their orientation and differentiate the part from the whole. In architecture, appropriate colour specification is its role in keeping visual efficiency and comfort. We are stimulated by the moods created by certain works of art, as well as by their great qualities. Naturally, we would feel different when inhabiting a space than we first primarily vision a space as it is either through a painting or and installation. We are able to touch, feel, smell and hear all the time in carrying out the routines and rituals of everyday life. Generally, it would be merely background to one’s everyday life that they will experience in. “Colours are never experienced individually, but always in context.” (Albers, 2015) When this context is spatial, colour perceived in space behaves as space; vividly visual and nearly tangible.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Personal Motivation Personally, I feel that colour choices should not be dependent upon the tastes or preferences of the user or builder, but is the job of the highly sensitive human eye of a designer. Cast as ‘decoration’, inferring a non-essential addition to the built environment, if colour dimension is used instead as an intrinsic part of the process of structuring the building or an urban place, it becomes a humanizing connection of the individual to the place. It is always fascinating to explore deeper in colour and makes me start questioning why this colour? When in use, colour should be consciously related to its context, as part of the perceptual process of building. Colour structures may possibly add complexity to architecture. I strongly believe that colour plays an important role in clarifying an architect’s visual objectives which also prominently improve the built environment if colour is used with careful thoughts.

Figure 1.2 Colourful architectural structures at Turner Contemporary by Krijn de Koning. The bright tones reference traditional seaside pavilions and beach huts, a common feature along the UK coast. Bal, T. (2014) Krijn de Koning builds colourful architectural structures at Turner Contemporary. Available at: https:// www.dezeen.com/2014/08/21/krijn-de-koning-dwelling-installation-turner-contemporary-margate/ (Accessed: 15 November 2019)

Colour and Kindergartens In educational field, colour is important as it is practiced at particular rooms be able to trigger tension or can have slight stimulating consequence that they will feel dampen in terms of efficiency. Especially for young children, colour appeal to be easier for them to see. Many studies showed that colour affects moods and behaviour. Scientific studies conducted by Sinofsky and Knirck (1981, pp. 17-19) that colours affect behaviour, manner, attentiveness limit and absorbing of knowledge of the students without realising the time notion of both the students and teachers. From this research study, it is proven that colour of a space can affect the students’ effectiveness in absorbing information. A University of Nevada, Las Vegas, study showed that the combination of natural light, colour and lighting levels greatly affect how students behave (School Construction News, 2015). Other than that, there were studies conducted previously demonstrated that lighter colours are more helpful in learning process than gloomier colours. Kids seek variety of activities across where they are allowed to release their anger, emotional worries and change of moods. To encourage kids to carry out the activities, warm colour scheme are best to be applied while cool colours are suitable to achieve calmness and relaxation. Not only that, children spend most of their time in the classroom, thus, the physical factors – colours of the walls, size of the windows and choices of furniture has to be taken into consideration from the point of designer. The wrong choices of colours or furniture might affect the motivation causing them to have a negative behavior of the teachers and students as well. For this reason, the daylight entering the classroom, arrangement of furniture and the colour of the wall that both teacher and student spending time facing almost every day are actually vital. If the teachers face and stare at an enlivening wall colour all day long, they might develop tension after a while, leading to an undesirable consequence on the children as well. In order to balance the mood of the teacher and students, it is suggested to choose a calming colour for the wall which directly affective to the eye and mental health.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Rationale Undeniably, colours long existed as part of our lives and experiences. They have strong influential towards our emotions and behaviour. For example, the classroom environment is important in order for them to develop skills leading them to a successful life in the near future. Students majority spend most of their time shaping their future and decide on what they want to do in the classroom. If a classroom is this significant for the growth of a child, then it conveys boundless prominence to design and decorate that classroom according to the children’s point of view. It has been shown in a study conducted by Torice and Logrippo (1989) that active children prefer cool colours, while serene and easy-going ones feel more comfortable in the presence of warm colours. Too much colour, light, action or pattern will be distracting, and the brain will have difficulty in visual search. Sometimes a learning space can cause stress and tension due to the availability of too many colours (Verghese, 2001). Children study at an early phase to associate colours with certain things. For instance, they frequently associate red with apple, orange with oranges, yellow with bananas or the sun and blue with sky or water. As children’s eyes are not fully developed yet at an early age, thus, they would prefer looking at brighter colours. Objects such as toys tend to be brighter colour as they are more stimulating and interesting to them. Architects should consider the best way to integrate colour into their buildings as colour does make a difference and affecting the surrounding environment. The value of colour, or its lightness or darkness, affect how a colour is perceived. For example, dark colours make a room seem smaller and more intimate while lighter colours create an expansive appearance. Warm, bright colours promote movement and activity. Fast food restaurants use bright colours to encourage people to eat quickly and be on their way.

Keywords

All definitions from Oxford Dictionary

Spectrum

A band of colours, produced by separation of the components of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength

Hue

a colour or shade

Colour spaces a specific organization of colours Subtractive colour mixing

a kind of mixing where coloured filters are illuminated with white light from behind; all light is subtracted giving black

Additive colour mixing

a kind of mixing of three primaries produces white

Visual illusions

an incorrect perception of what we are seeing

Colour preference

having a favourite colour

Colour perception

involves numerous neurons influencing distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object

Colour theory practical guidance to colour mixing and visual effects of a specific colour combination

Psychology

scientific study of the human mind affecting behaviour in a given context

Colour palettes

a collection or range of colours

Mood state of mind or feeling Architectural context in response to its specific urban and natural environment §Kindergarten an establishment where children below the age of compulsory education play and learn

Colour

the property possessed by an object of producing different sensations on the eye as a result of the way it reflects or emits light

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

List of Figures Figure 1.1

Spectacular mastery of light in spectrum installation by Tokojin Yoshioka

Figure 1.2

Colourful architectural structures at Turner Contemporary by Krijn de 12 Koning. The bright tones reference traditional seaside pavilions and beach huts, a common feature along the UK coast.

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

It is the best possible sign of a colour when nobody who sees it knows what to call it. John Ruskin, The Life of John Ruskin (1859)

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Literature Review The Secret Lives of Colour 21 Color Studies 23 Abstract: The Art of Design 25 Colour for Architecture Today 27 The Gray Cloth 29 The Interaction of Color 31 The Architectonic Colour 33 Building for Children in Theory 37 and Practice (2) The Effects of Architectural Design 38 of the Kindergarten Space on the Children’s Intelligence and Creativity Research Methodology 39

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 2.1 Timeline of History Colour Theory (McManus, 1995)

‘A mind-expanding tour of the world without leaving your paintbox’ Simon Garfield, 2016

There has always been work and studies contributing to our understanding of colour. A lot more studies to be discovered - how colour affects mood, psychological impact of colours. Through the existing studies from a selection of books, films and articles, it is important to support the ideas in designing a kindergarten.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The Secret Lives of Colour © Kassia St Clair 2016

Colour is fundamental to our experience of the world around us. Every object is of different colours because they attract some wavelengths of the visible light spectrum, while others bounce off. When light enters our eyes, it passes through the lenses and hits the retinas. These are at the back of our eyeballs and are at the back of Light is therefore colour, our eyeballs and are stuffed with light-sensitive and shadow the privation of it. cells, called rods and cones because of their J.M.W. Turner, 1818 respective shapes. Essentially, there are two different types of colour mixing: additive and subtractive. With additive mixing, different light wavelengths are combined to create different colours, and when added together the result is white light. For painters with limited range of impure pigments at their disposal, this is a problem. If they want to create a pale purple, for example, they have to mix together at least three: a red, a blue and a white, but they might have to add even more to get the precise violet they’re after. The more colours they blend, the more likely it is that the end result will be murky. The author tells each individual story behind of 75 colour shades and hues – colours history, who made them popular and the symbolic of specific colour. For instance, acid yellow of the smiley seeped out to become the signature colour of the dance-happy youth. Through all this enlightening information, it helps to identify which colour have remained popular and those that currently don’t fit the domain.

Figure 2.2 Additive Colour Mixing Colours are created by mixing different coloured lights. Combining the three primaries produces white.

Figure 2.3 Subtractive Colour Mixing By mixing a limited set of colours, many others can be created. A perfect mixture of primaries will yield black.

Figure 2.4 The 75 most fascinating shades, dyes and hues The Secret Lives of Colour. (2018) The Secret Lives of Colour. https://www.facebook.com/SecretLivesOfColour/photos/a.2809598356092 07/544916265880228/?type=1&theater (Accessed: 29 April 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 2.5 Colour adds dimension to pattern Revisited, K. (2006) HannyB. https://www.flickr.com/photos/hannyb/110379139/in/photostream/ (Accessed: 9 May 2020)

Color Studies © Feisner, Edith Anderson 2014

Our emotions influence our perception of colour. We often use expressions that include colour to describe our feeling, for example, “I’m feeling blue.” Colours can change their meanings over time with fashion, changing social awareness and familiarity. For instance, many road-safety signs have been changed from yellow to fluorescent yellow or bright yellowgreen to attract attention. Colour’s most important function is to provide Colour is only beautiful when it information, both visual and psychological. This influence on the viewer’s perception allows the artists, means something. architects, and designers to impart their messages to Robert Henri, 2007 be aesthetic, commercial or political. We have significant psychological reactions to colours, which are important to consider when we design restaurants, hospitals, retail store, etc. A universal application of colour ensures that places and spaces are accessible and usable by all people regardless of visual impairments. Our reaction to colours is unique, and colour and light can be used as diagnostic tools in some therapies. Providing range of studies including subjects on human colour perception, history of colour theory and the psychological effects of colour. The data in this book helps to support the decision that has been made to design projects when using colours.

Heavenly love Cleanliness

Easter Purity

Colour of the firmament

Ascension

White

Christmastide

ISLAM

Green

Islam

Unveiling the truth

CHRISTIANITY

Holiness of life

Trinity

the grave

Black Suffering of Hussein

Figure 2.6 Colour symbols in Religion Figure illustrated by author

Royalty

Blue Blessed virgin Advent Ordinations

Red

Dedications

Love Blood Church anniversaries

BUDDHISM Shugendo

Yellow White Purity Taoism

Thanksgiving

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Colour for Architecture Today © Tom Porter and Bryon Mikellides 2009

The impetus for using colour in modern architecture came from painting. Architects needed to discover ways of combining colour and space without regressing to associations with the decorative and the ornamental – which had been so firmly jettisoned in modernism’s radical new departure. According to Le Corbusier, colour should not be used to conceal actual spatial proportions. He coloured entire wall surfaces so that the walls as individual elements became carriers of colour but would not disturb the overall spatial effect of his architecture. The planes of colour, in a palette of mostly earth and natural tones selected for associative purposes – such as pale blue for sky – were used for their perceptual capacity to affect space. Colour is being used not to generate or manipulate, but to control space.

The painter calls the space that appears actual fact, whereas he designates the physical space of the canvas factual fact. Josef Albers, 1975

Modernist legacy of treating colour as a resource in the creation of space, and in addition we use colour to imbue places with sensual character and memorable qualities. The use of polychromy in architecture is so intrinsic that each building is not imaginable without its colour. We are interested in an architecture that engages the user and the passer-by, and that, in addition to performing excellently on a functional level, captures their imaginations. We believe that this can be reached through the handling of the surface to achieve a visual richness, a kind of optical layering. This book helps me to comprehend the character and influence of colour in urban spaces with the combination of real examples from practice and colour theory. Topics including how and why we perceive colour, methods in the documentation of conventional colours, the development of new urban palettes, dramatic colour effects achievable with light which assists in my design process.

Figure 2.7 Screen-printed enamel on mechanically operated glass louvres provides an ever-changing architectural persona on Sauerbruch and Hutton’s Boehringer Ingleheim Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Biberach

sauerbruchhutton. (2002) Pharmacological Research Laboratories. http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/bib (Accessed: 15 November 2019)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 2.8 Take Your Time Eliasson Exhibition Eliasson, O. (2008) Take Your Time: Olafur Eliasson. https://olafureliasson.net/archive/exhibition/EXH101098/take-your-time-olafureliasson (Accessed: 16 November 2019)

Abstract: The Art of Design Documentary Episode 1 Olafur Eliasson

Olafur Eliasson’s art is driven by his interests in perception, movement, embodied experience and feelings of self. Most of his work strives to make a great impact relating his work to the society. One of his work, “Room for all colours” exploring the way that colour is ‘produced’ by the manipulation of visual phenomena within an environment. He uses a projection screen to divide a room from floor to ceiling by litting a matrix of red, green and blue filter foils using a grid of white lights mounted to a wall. By adjusting the intensity of the light behind the filters and diffusing it through the projection screen, the work can produce any colour, presenting visitors with one homogeneous hue. Through this experiment, visitors are reminded not only our experience of colour is closely related to our experience of light, but also that it is influenced by cultural habit and physical environment. I feel that his idea was brilliant on how many people trying to search for other colours and making them to appreciate colour.

‘Over the years, in making art, I have constantly explored issues dealing with space, time, light, and society. I am particularly interested in how the light of a space determines how we see that space and similarly, in how light and colour are actually phenomena within us, within our own eyes.’ Olafur Eliasson, 2018

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The Gray Cloth

This novel is an adventurous read about a journey of a Swiss architect, Edgar Krug travel around the world with his wife, constructing variety of coloured-glass buildings. Interesting fact that is the architect was afraid of his architecture is challenged by the colourfulness of women’s clothing, he required that his wife to be dressed up in all grey clothing. This unusual request brings him fame for his international building campaign. Interested in wildly varied coloured-glass buildings to be incorporated in design proposal, this book shows the methods on discovering new knowledge and sorting them. Author surveys on Scheerbart’s career and role in German modern-day setting, as well as his architectural social philosophies. Discovering the integration of spiritual and romantic learnings in the modern world with the use of glass architecture. Scheerbart sketches everything he see when travelling different places. In addition to discussing the novel’s reception and its rediscovery by contemporary architects and critics, Stuart shows fiction to be a resource for the study of architecture and places The Gray Cloth in the context of German expressionism. This novel is an eye-opening discovery of the alternative ways during that period of time where phones did not exist in recording what we see. The way of sketching and water colour is effective to express the feeling of the real situation. Colours are interpreted as a medium to deliver messages to others. People are able to imagine even they are not there to experience it.

Figure 2.9 llustration by Scheerbart- colossal walls were made completely out of coloured glass, with coloured ornaments, so that only subdued daylight shone into the interior (Scheerbart, 1914)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The Interaction of Color © Josef Albers 1975

The book “Interaction of Color” is a record of an experimental way of studying colour and of teaching colour. In visual perception a colour is almost never seen as it really is -- as it physically is. This fact makes colour the most relative medium in art. Through this book, I found out that in order to use colour effectively it is necessary to recognize that colour deceives continually. Colour should be learned that one and the same colour evokes innumerable readings. Instead of mechanically applying or merely implying laws and rules of colour harmony, distinct colour effects are produced by making, for instance, 2 very different colours look alike, or nearly alike. This book aims such study is to develop through experience by trial and error. This means, specifically, seeing colour action as well as feeling colour relatedness. This book, therefore, does not follow an academic conception of “theory and practice”. It reverses this order and places practice before theory, which after all, is the conclusion of practice. As such, practical exercise demonstrates through colour deception (illusion) the relatively and instability of colour. And experience teaches that in visual perception there is a discrepancy between physical fact and psychic effect. The practice of interaction of colour will lead from a visual realization of the interaction between colour and colour to an awareness of the independence of colour with form and placement; with quantity; with quality and with pronouncement. Each exercise is explained and illustrated -- not to give specific answer, but to suggest a way of study.

Figure 2.10 Colour mixture in paper - illusion of transparence (Albers, 1975, p. 26)

The Bezold Effect One of the colour illusion called “optical mixture”. Instead 2 (or more) colours changing each other, “pulling” or “pushing” each other into different appearances. Here 2 colours, perceived simultaneously, are seen combined and thus merged into 1 new colour. In this process, the 2 original colours are first annulled and made invisible, and then replaced by a substitute called optical mixture. Bezold Effect, named after its discoverer, Wilhelm von Bezold (1837-1907). He recognized this effect when searching for a method through which he could change the colour combinations of his rug designs entirely by adding or changing one colour only. Apparently, there is so far no clear recognition of the optical perceptual conditions involved.

Figure 2.11 (Albers, 1975, p. XIII-1)

The Architectonic Colour:

polychrmy in the purist architecture of le corbusier © Jan de Heer 2009

‘Colour in architecture - a means as powerful as the ground plan and section. Or better: polychromy, a component of the ground plan and the section itself.’ Corbusier, 1930 As part of the dilemma between the individual choice of wallpaper and the law of architecture, the Salubra collection palette are introduced. ‘The life of a painter is a permanent struggle against “the innumerable” and by consequence against the indefinite, the imperceptible; these “innumerable” are the limitless combinations that solicit his interest, it is the seduction of all possible unchecked variations (Corbusier, ‘Polychromie architecture’ p. 220). In general, one assumes that the colour palette for paintings, as established in the three gammas, was also used in architecture. Every customer has freedom to choose the colour he or she wishes, while, on the other, the laws of architecture restrict this choice. Colour must be used with wisdom, he concluded with understanding of requirements of architecture.

Figure 2.12 The 63 architectural colours Les Couleuers. (2020) The 63 architectural colours. https://www.lescouleurs.ch/en/thecolours/63-colours/ (Accessed: 5 December 2019)

Salubra keybaord 1931 The collection of wallpaper comprises forty-three differently coloured samples, all of them with a uniform colour. A choice-instrument, conceived by Le Corbusier and consisting of twelve colour keyboards that accommodated the forty-three colours, was supplied to this collection. Le Corbusier claimed to have solved the dilemma between the unlimited free choice of the customer and the laws of architecture with the creation of these keyboards. The three fundamental tones of the keyboard are uniform colour strips, mutually in harmony, separated from one another by two identical strips with colour keys. The three fundamental tones, differing in colour and lightness, give the keyboards their own timbre, their own character. They are decisive in distinguishing one keyboard from one another. The individual keyboards were assigned a name: Space, Sky, Velvet, Wall, Sand and Landscape. Each keyboard had a fixed pattern of fundamental tones and colour keys. As a result of the design of the keyboard, in other words, of the choice and ordering of the fundamental tones and the colour keys Le Corbusier determined that certain combinations could occur while others could not.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 2.13 Salubrabehangcollectie 1931, kleurenpalet (Heer, 2009, pp. 154-156)

1. Space

2. Sky

4. Sand I

3. Velvet I

5. Velvet II

6. Wall I

7. Sand II

8. Landscape

9. Wall II

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Research-Based Design

Building for Children in Theory and Practice (2) © Natascha Meuser 2019

The kindergarten is the first building whose architecture is firmly engraved in their memory other than an individual’s own home. In kindergarten, children gain their first experience of themselves as active members of society, away from home (Meuser, 2019). So it is important to design kindergarten with careful thoughts. As human spend more time indoors, there is always an effect on human beings in a designed space both mentally and physically. This aim of this research was to provide a cultural-historical account of the development of educational buildings for children, to define design tasks, and to formulate quality standards. A few students’ projects in this research showed how design is developed through guided research and methodical design as well as model making. The requirements of the building mean that planning parameters have to adapt to the scales and habits of both children and adults are listed and can be used as a guideline in designing the minimum requirement of the spaces. Also, there are a few analysis of existing buildings, regularities and trends can be discerned, which may be relevant as reference on the final design. This research is best to reference when it comes to designing internal layout for the program - type of spaces required and the minimum area for each space (Refer to Table 1). Examples of students’ work give a rough idea on how and what to incorporate in my final design.

Room Programme for 105 Children

Table 1 Functional Programme: An Introduction to Space (Meuser, 2019, p. 41)

sqm per room total sqm

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The Effects of Architectural Design of the Kindergarten Space on the Children’s Intelligence and Creativity © Samanesh Safaripoor 2016

This journal is about a study on the concepts of creativity and intelligence and to propose new techniques to be applied to the architectural space of playschools in order to encourage children’s intelligence and creativity. A study being carried out that can be used as a supportive evidence to include in architectural ideas. Through this journal it is discovered that learning through experiencing surrounding environment or outdoor is more effective and desirable. Different environments particularly outdoor surroundings potentially encourage children to discover and be more creative. Kids are more open to create a social circumstance in their mind. Following are some environmental considerations that play the role of stimulating creativity: • Natural factors of environment: creating a natural landscape of the environment that is affective in the growth creativity. According to Shibatana and Suzuki, the existence of the plants in educational spaces has the stimulating effect on the process of creativity (McCoy and Evans, 2002) • Colour: light colours and the use of coordinated colours for creating light space are effective on the growth of the creativity. Many researchers believe that the use of desirable colourful and exciting pictures can be the main motivation for all creativities (Shafaei, 2009, p. 116) The conclusion of this research shows that colour and lighting play an influential part in the development of creativity and intelligence. This is proved by using a regression model for data analysis (Safaripoor, 2016, p.13). The practice of using colours such as red and orange on walls of the learning schoolrooms encourages the attentiveness of the kids and inspires their mind. Appropriate lighting in the learning rooms must not be so reflective that makes the eyes of the users drained. The use of artificial lights instead of the natural lights, and the use of light amusements by the colourful glasses and creating dark-lights in the kindergarten space making the space dreamy and endorse the inspiration of kids and escalates their creativity.

Conclusion The main aspects that I have learnt from all the literature review are as follow: • Human colour perception, history of colour theory and the psychological effects of colour. • A visual realization of the interaction between colour and colour to an awareness of the independence of colour with form and placement. • Embodied experience and feelings of self in design. • Combining colour and space without regressing to associations with the decorative and the ornamental. Considering on the psychological effects of colour is useful to decide on the colour used in every space - lunch room, sleep room and classroom. Also, using colour to form spaces by creating boundary and to create a specific mood.

Research Methodology Taken together all the data that I have collected through the research on existing colour theories, its history and anthropologist studies on the perception of colour, this research would be exploring further through various research methods, such as through precedent studies, case studies and physical models. Precedent studies such as physical building (architecture) and on- screen presentation (films), aims to compare how human perceive colour through visual presentation and in real life. Thus, leading to my research on identifying the mood response throughout different virtual side. Likewise, to study how colours has been used in these two unique media along the years, to identify the role of colour that is ultimately part of the community but colour is most of the time being undervalued. “Cinema soon proved to be a critical means for transmitting both political and architectural ideas” (Scheerbart, 2003). Another method of exploring my research which is physical modelmaking is an important methodology for me to experiment the different outcome of my research. It enables me to physically study how colour works and the possibilities for me in applying the colour theories into my design. “Perception comes from the reception of visual stimulation, processing and evoked response to hormonal system.” (Vernon, 1971)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

List of Figures Figure 2.1

Timeline of History Colour Theory 19

Figure 2.2

Additive Colour Mixing 20

Figure 2.3

Subtractive Colour Mixing 20

Figure 2.4

The 75 most fascinating shades, dyes and hues 21

Figure 2.5

Colour adds dimension to pattern 22

Figure 2.6

Colour symbols in Religion 23

Figure 2.7

Screen-printed enamel on mechanically operated glass louvres 25 provides an ever-changing architectural persona on Sauerbruch and Hutton’s Boehringer Ingleheim Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Biberach

Figure 2.8

Take Your Time Eliasson Exhibition

Figure 2.9

Illustration by Scheerbart - colossal walls were made completely out of coloured glass, with coloured ornaments, so that only subdued daylight shone into the interior

Figure 2.10

Colour mixture in paper -- illusion of transparence 30

Figure 2.11

The Bezold Effect

Figure 2.12

The 63 architectural colours

Figure 2.13

Salubrabehangcollectie 1931, kleurenpalet

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

31 33 35

Colours, like features, follow the changes of the emotions Pablo Picasso, Chromaphilia: The Story of Colour in Art (1930)

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Precedents & Case Studies Colours in architecture 43 Colours on the screen 53

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.1 The Blue City, Chefchaouen, Morocco Kwan, M. (2015) Mac Kwan. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mac_kwan/19279282038 (Accessed: 11 April 2020)

Colours in Architecture

Study on how colours used in architecture and understanding the reasons why and the impact it has on the users. Every colour symbolises different meaning in architecture.

Chefchaouen is a small town in Morocco known for its beautiful surroundings and architecture, but what makes it more stand out are the striking and varying shades of blue walls. The shades of blue are unique to this town and there are different reasons cited for the striking blue walls. The colour blue is representative of the sky according to Jewish belief (Arch20, 2012). The practice of painting walls blue was introduced by the Jews to stick to their religious practice. Some residents believe that the blue shades repel mosquitoes as insects do not like being in the water. The blue walls almost look like flowing water, thus, keeping away the mosquitoes. Another reason is that the shades of blue keep their houses cool in warmer months. Some locals believe that the painting was done to remind themselves of the life-sustaining water from Ras el-Maa Waterfall. There are also some locals feels that blue represents happiness and optimism according to the Islamic culture. Whatever the original reason for painting the city in blue, it brings a lot of benefits to the town. Chefchaouen became a picturesque place for tourists. From this city, there is a different perception towards the colour of blue and how it changes the whole city’s image, making it unique compared to other cities.

Figure 3.2 The Blue City, Chefchaouen, Morocco Kwan, M. (2015) Mac Kwan. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mac_kwan/19279282038 (Accessed: 11 April 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Jaipur: The Pink City, India Most of the architecture in Jaipur are painted in pink. This is believed that the ruler of Jaipur dates back to 1876 had the city painted pink - a colour that symbolizes hospitality (Petsko, 2018) to welcome his guests. Since then, it became a law to have all buildings and homes painted in pink. Thus, pink has become the city’s identity in terms of the heritage and culture. The colour pink in the city is more closely appeared to be light maroon, but not one person seemed to against to the city’s new signature. The pigment was brought in from Kanota, and mines were also dug closer to Jaipur to extract the stone needed to make more pink paint (Petsko, 2018). The use of its lovable ‘pinkness’ makes it a visual delight. Not only the visual, the pink city creates its own vibes and flavors which blends to perfection and brings a completely different exposure to the tourist as well as the localities. This precedent shows how significant a colour can make an impact to a city from the point of visitors and even the locals. It helps me to decide on the choices of colour depending on the message that I needed the users to experience. It is important to realise how a colour can blend into the city so well.

Figure 3.3 Hawa Mahal - Wind Palace facade Moroni, A. (2015) Andrea Moroni. https://www.flickr.com/photos/bandytam/22584080016 (Accessed: 11 April 2020)

Figure 3.4 Overview of Jaipur pink city Flashpacking Kerala. (2020) Mac Kwan. https://www.flashpackingkerala.com/india-travel/places-to-visit-in-jaipur-in-3-days-itinerary/ (Accessed: 11 April 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.5 The Leather Tanneries of Fez, Morocco Tour de Lust. (2017) 10 Day Morocco Itinerary. http://tourdelust.com/10-day-morocco-itinerary/ (Accessed: 11 April 2020)

Fez is well-known for its leather bazaar where most leather products comes from. The place where they produce leather known as tanneries-composed of numerous stone vessels filled with a vast range of dyes and various liquids spread out like a tray of watercolours (Patowary, 2014). All work is done manually by loads of men without using any modern machinery. Products produced such as coats, shoes, bags and slippers from the skin of cows, sheep, goats and camels. This pots of coloured dyes has become part of the city’s identity and culture. It is not only a source of living to the locals, but also created a place to visit for the tourist. The products created by using these coloured dyes give a visual to the city as well. Through this precedent, makes me realised colours are not used in purpose but how the colours are also part of the city. The use of colour would help to enhance the user’s experience being part in the existing neighbourhood. Figure 3.6 Rainbow Street Art, Fez Hensen, M. (2019) A Magical Journey Through Morocco. https:// onceuponajrny.com/travel-photography/morocco-gallery/ (Accessed: 12 April 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion, built in 1914 demonstrated the various ways glass could be used in a building, but also indicated how the material might be used to strategize on human emotions and assist in the construction of a spiritual utopia. The glazed walls were topped by a dome of reinforced concrete ribs and a double skin of glass: reflecting glass on the outside and coloured prisms inside. In the interior, the colour effects produced by sunlight were enhanced by the reflections of the pool and water cascade on the lower level, visible through a circular opening in the floor. Two flight of glass steps enclosed with glass walls produced the sensation of descending to the lower level ‘as if through sparkling water’ (Coulthart, 2011). The cascade was made of yellow glass, while the pool was of its complementary colour, violet. A mechanical kaleidoscope overhead projected images, and early version of a light show, intensifying the overall impression on the visitor. With this precedent, it shows that coloured glass how we can use to improve and also offer an additional feature to the architecture. The way of how he perceived colour can be developed a plastic outcome and reflecting a precise appeal on an urban scape, also refining it into the neighboring scenery. He uses colour to widen the interpretation of drive in architecture, in understanding of crafting shape to create a pleasant structure improved by a human’s artistic aspect.

Figure 3.7 Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion Coulthart, J. (2011) Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion. http://www.johncoulthart.com/feuilleton/2011/08/24/bruno-tauts-glasspavilion/ (Accessed: 12 November 2019)

Figure 3.8 Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion Architektenmoebelgalerie. (2005) Design is fine. History is mine. https://www.design-is-fine.org/post/84721638984/bruno-taut-glasshouse-or-pavillon-for-the (Accessed: 12 November 2019)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.9 Casa Gilardi Schielke, T. (2018) How Luis Barragán Used Light to Make Us See Color. https://www. archdaily.com/898028/how-luis-barragan-used-light-to-make-us-see-color (Accessed: 12 November 2019)

How Luis Barragán make us see colour by using light? In Luis Barragán’s poetic imagination colour plays significant a role as dimension or space. He would design “emotional architecture”, places where people could feel and think. He would integrate sensuous colours into his designs to give dimension to space and add “a touch of magic” (Schielke, 2018).

In Barragán’s architecture, the casting of shadow into the building is well design and how he also frames views by using just walls with both rough and smooth texture. While overall structure of his walls is kept minimalist, the element of texture and colour create a poetic experience. A few of his projects for example, the chapel for Capuchinas Sacramentaries where he minimizes any direct view to the sky in order to avoid the hot and harsh sunlight into the building. Walls are functioned as shades to contribute a comfortable atmosphere. To achieve that, walls are painted in bright colours with light being filtered through the minimal openings making the spaces looks brighter even with minimum daylight. Barragán’s unique color and texture design introduces a poetic dimension to balance his monumental sets of walls. In his clever way of using colour to achieve the need of human beings for half-light, I have learnt that how colour can be used in a way that light can be imposes a sense of tranquility with the use of colour. The spatial strategy should not be neglected to contribute a comfortable environment within a space.

Figure 3.10 The surreal world in Casa Luis Barragán Eifler, E. (2013) Luis Barragan, Architect of Color. http://blog.colourstudio.com/2013/03/luis-barragan-architect-of-color.html (Accessed: 12 November 2019)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Colours on Screen The Grand Budapest Hotel, 2014: colour creating themes In this film, Wes Anderson used colour in crafting different themes in the movie. The visual illustrations of the characters and the atmosphere added character to the individualities and encouraged character development. Wes Anderson used diverse colour scheme to help in forming the mood for viewers, through the setting and costumes. There’s a distinct use of brown and mustard tone that associate itself with the soft and dissolving theme during the 1960s. This is in contrast to the pastels and rose colours that are signature of the 1930s hotel. The background, he uses muted hues, letting the characters themselves and the key objects have a brighter more pure colours to stand out also highlighting their importance.

Figure 3.11 Screenshots from the movie Muses, M. (2016) The Grand Budapest Hotel: A Dissection of Colour & Style. https:// movietime.guru/the-grand-budapest-hotel-a-dissection-of-colour-style-60203b3eab13 (Accessed: 22 November 2019)

Figure 3.12 Poster of the movie IMDb. (2014) The Grand Budapest Hotel. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2278388/ (Accessed: 22 November 2019)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.13 Cohn, B. (2017) The Color of Melodrama: In The Mood For Love and Julieta. https://medium.com/@ theperksofhavinganemail/the-color-of-melodrama-in-the-mood-for-love-and-julieta-9709ab91a4af (Accessed: 22 November 2019)

Colours, like features, follow the changes of the emotions Pablo Picasso, 1930

The Mood for Love, 2000: the colour of melodrama The Mood of Love directed by Wong karwai has an intensive use of colour to deliver a strong emotion of the characters. The primary colours used signify the strong, singular emotions the characters have. For instance, the use of dark red and blacks to display a painful restraint and emotions in a romantic melodrama. The richness of these colours effectively expressed how absurd their emotions are. Based on my observation, a film maker should think of all aspect when making a movie. Producing movie is like creating a whole new world. And one of the methods is with the use of colour. Through this film, the emotions being captured strongly with colours whether its passion, sadness or yearning, it just makes you follow with the action and moods on screen. On screen film, helps to visualised how colour can be used in a different point of view. Combination of colour to express different feeling where it is beyond our limit to experience them with our own eyes.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.14 Cohn, B. (2017) The Color of Melodrama: In The Mood For Love and Julieta. https://medium.com/@ theperksofhavinganemail/the-color-of-melodrama-in-the-mood-for-love-and-julieta-9709ab91a4af (Accessed: 22 November 2019)

This scene signifies a long moment when Wong’s emotions seems to magically draw out of them. The colour particularly the effect of smoke used in this scene is very particular on focusing the message Wong wants to deliver.

Figure 3.15 Cohn, B. (2017) The Color of Melodrama: In The Mood For Love and Julieta. https://medium.com/@ theperksofhavinganemail/the-color-of-melodrama-in-the-mood-for-love-and-julieta-9709ab91a4af (Accessed: 22 November 2019)

Wong breaks his colour palette, leaving a bright spot of green delivering a contrast and a moment of ending of the story when finally, the characters have left each other.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Precedent Studies Maggie’s Centre, Oxford // Wilkinson Eyre Architects Year of completion: 2014 Maggie’s centres aims to provide programme of support to strengthen the physical and emotional wellbeing of people with cancer and their families and friends. Built in the grounds of NHS cancer hospitals, Maggie’s centres are places with professional staff on hand to offer the support people in need. Spaces and ambience of the rooms are especially important elements in order to make people feel no pressure when they visit the centre. The internal layout of the centre is divided into three wings with the dining space as the central of the building. It is designed to make the patients to feel more like a home when visiting the centre. With this in mind, all rooms are linked to the central welcoming heart of the building where the kitchen, dining table and stove are located. Colour is one of the key elements to create a cozy space and feels supportive to the patients. With the right choices of colours and with having glass connecting the partition walls to the ceiling, it brings in the light into the building. Together, it creates a strong relationship between the internal spaces and the natural surroundings, which offers views and light from every corner of the building.

Figure 3.16 Ground Floor Plan Wilkinson Eyre Architects. (2014) Maggie’s Oxford/Wilkinson Eyre Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/558757/maggie-s-oxfordwilkinson-eyre-architects (Accessed: 30 April 2020)

Figure 3.17 Structure fit among the existing trees - visitors to escape visually into the landscape Arbrams, J. (2014) Maggie’s Oxford/Wilkinson Eyre Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/558757/maggie-s-oxford-wilkinson-eyre-archit ects/5442a00cc07a801fe700054f-maggie-s-oxford-wilkinson-eyre-architects-image?next_project=no (Accessed: 30 April 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Site visit has been carried out to study the spatial experience of the place and how colour used in the Maggie’s give an impact to the users. A place to give comfort to emotional wellbeing, a warm colour scheme is used. According to a caretaker of the place, the ambient of the centre is basically to make people who visit the Centre and feels like home. So, the choices of colour plays an important role in creating a cozy atmosphere. Photographs were taken to examine the use of colour in every corner of the Maggie’s Centre. Through this site visit, I realised that how colour is so powerful to affect the overall experience in the centre. From the selection of material and furniture to the surrounding context, they are all well blend in to make the whole centre feels like a home instead of an ordinary community centre. The centre uses warm colours such as yellow, orange and brown which appear to advance toward the eye, making objects in those colours seem nearer than they actually are. It is important to consider how colour affect the mood of users to make architecture serve their purpose. For instance, the kindergarten is a place for children to play and learn at the same time, colour used should be able to make them feel fun to play and focused when learning.

Figure 3.18 Elevation Sketch Wilkinson Eyre Architects. (2014) Maggie’s Oxford/ Wilkinson Eyre Architects. https:// www.archdaily.com/558757/ maggie-s-oxford-wilkinson-eyrearchitects (Accessed: 30 April 2020)

Figure 3.19 Kitchen & dining; central welcoming heart of the building

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.20 Sitting area; for people to gather and wait

Figure 3.21 Exterior; before approaching the entrance of the building

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.22 Sitting /exterior deck; sitting views out into the trees

Figure 3.23 Installation; decoration on the library wall

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Paimio Sanatorium // Alvar Aalto Year of completion: 1932

Aalto seized the possible of colours to play a “medical role” in the healing progression. With this in mind, he applied them deliberately throughout the building. Built for the treatment of tuberculosis in southwest Finland, every detail of Paimio sanatorium was designed in response to a need - with the goal of creating a space that would be a comprehensive place of healing. The Paimio sanatorium features an array of colours, and Alvar Aalto has said to be very particular about the shades.

Figure 3.24 Yellow floor staircase

“The walls are light and the ceilings darker. This makes the general tone more peaceful from the perspective of lyingdown patient. The general lighting point of the room is above the patient’s head at the interface of the wall and ceiling, which means that it is outside the angle of vision of a lying-down patient.” (Aalto, 1932) Another precedent that best convey on how colour affects mood. Yellow rubber flooring used in the stairwell adds the feeling of brightness and sunlight. Every colour used were planned accordingly by using the ceiling plan. Figure 3.25 Ceiling with colour Kesäläinen, S. (2018) Alvar Aalto and the colors of the Paimio Sanatorium. https://www.finnishdesignshop.com/ design-stories/architecture/alvar-aalto-and-the-colors-ofthe-paimio-sanatorium (Accessed: 24 November 2019)

Figure 3.26 Ceiling plan of the sanatorium – and represents a colour map of the original tones used in different parts of the hospital Kolvu, A. (2016) The Colours of Alvar Aalto. https://www.iittala.com/gb/en/journal-colours-of-aalto (Accessed: 24 November 2019)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.27 Colour used to illuminate different colour lighting through natural sunlight Louisegoingout. (2014) Le site Le Corbusier de Firminy-Vert. http://louisegoingout.fr/le-site-le-corbusier-de-firminy-vert/ (Accessed: 25 November 2019)

Unite d’ Habitation nursery // Le Corbusier Year of completion: 1952 Commonly known as Le Corbusier’s kindergarten, the innovative design at that time is to accommodate living spaces, as well as the public, communal places. The roof, where the kindergarten is located, was the object of observation and subsequent graphic elaboration. It is interesting to note how every child, though with a different sensibility and interest, has perceived and subsequently represented the building’s most significant elements: the large rectangular mass, the pattern of the facade, the liveliness of the balcony colours, the disposition of the service floor plan, the accentuated tapering of the basement pilotis (often schematised as triangles), the spiral of the security staircase, the free articulation of the roof, the reversed cones shape of the chimney and finally, the typical hills of Marseilles which the children see on the horizon as they play on the roof of the building. Realizing that the concept of the kindergarten was soon became the necessity of everyday life. It was then reflected in urban planning in socialist states, which took a lively interest in childcare and preschool education. Proposing a kindergarten in a new housing scheme is the best option as it has become a necessity even on a high-rise building. Figure 3.28 Le Corbusier’s kindergarten, Domus 565, December 1976 Ferrari, G. (2018) Le Corbusier’s kindergarten and other educational experiments in the 1970s. https:// www.domusweb.it/en/events/istanbul-designbiennial/2018/09/10/le-corbusiers-kindergartenand-other-educational-experiments-in-the-1970s. html (Accessed: 25 November 2019)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Yorkville North Kindergarten // IDO Year of completion: 2018 A public kindergarten provides a place to an open teaching concept of “love and fun” for residential community as a supportive facility. Offering different activities and learning for the children such as personality development, getting children to embrace the nature by doing farming as a concept of growing up in a ‘greenhouse’. The separation for unit blocks formed a “neighbourly relationship” and the each of the classrooms were design as a “home” for children where they can build a sense of belonging. The use of material in this project is considered carefully so that each block is more custom-made and recognizable. Playful Space Arrangement: Stimulating Kids to Explore (Han, 2019) Not only meeting the basic teaching needs such as classroom, this project also focuses on outdoor educational activities. Open spaces around the building encouraging them to spend more time outdoors. For instance, they make us of the second floor creating a small stage and became a ‘visual focus’ of the whole building. There is also a central courtyard integrated - a large staircase-shaped bleacher and activity areas are located. Children are able to enjoy having fun in a tree house, a slide and a sloped climbing area.

Figure 3.29 Viewing the atrium and small stage steps Han, S. (2019) Yorkville North Kindergarten / IDO. hhttps://www.archdaily.com/917972/yorkville-north-kindergarten-ido (Accessed: 15 February 2020)

Figure 3.30 Birdview Han, S. (2019) Yorkville North Kindergarten / IDO. https://www.archdaily.com/917972/yorkville-north-kindergarten-ido (Accessed: 15 February 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.31 Ariel view of kindergarten on site Hjortshõj, R. (2015) Frederiksvej Kindergarten / Cobe. https://www.archdaily.com/781669/frederiksvej-kindergarten-cobe?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all (Accessed: 30 April 2020)

Frederiksvej Kindergarten // Cobe Year of completion: 2016 This project was first started in 2011 as a competition. To mark the completion of project, it was officially launched by the mayor in 2016. The kindergarten intended to build a little township environment for kids in a largescale institutional daycare environment. The architecture of this project is made up of 11 small houses composed together organized in altered placement. The diverse recreation programs in the kindergarten are positioned about two winter parks that occasioned in these minor, personalized spaces where children can create their personal play spaces within the building. According to the founder and Creative Director of COBE, Stubbergaard (2015) a variety rooms were planned to support a diverse type of activities for the children in all seasons. Atriums were used as an informal gathering between children, employees and parents.

Figure 3.32 Atrium

Figure 3.33 Spaces within a space

From this project, it is best interpreted as the modest illustration as a representation of how a child may illustrate a house. The roofline is kept uncluttered and windows are designed to look frameless. It is interesting that the kindergarten adjusts to the diverse scales of the local people and reflects the neighbouring pitched roofs that range in different heights and pitches.

Figure 3.34 Central winter gardens Hjortshõj, R. (2015) Frederiksvej Kindergarten / Cobe. https://www.archdaily.com/781669/ frederiksvej-kindergarten-cobe?ad_ source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all (Accessed: 30 April 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Kaleidoscope Kindergarten // SAKO Architects Year of completion: 2020 The kindergarten located in Tianshui City; China features the main element in using coloured glass throughout the whole building. The colour elements were used on glass doors, windows, handrails of corridors and staircases. The use of coloured glass made this kindergarten special as it forms colourful lights and shadows during the daytime. It evokes kids’ creativity and inspiration when they are in the kindergarten. During the night-time, in contrast, the glowing illuminations from the inside radiate out of the window that produces an inspiring and attractive night scene. Most of the openings in the kindergarten are arched to reflect the surrounding context. The architects position the arched openings in different dimensions with dispersed locations, making this building looks like a birthday cake. This kindergarten inspired the play of light and shadow within a space. The use of coloured glass, making the whole space look like a giant rotating kaleidoscope with constantly changing colours and patterns. It is an important precedent in how to combine colours and architecture together which give an impact to the users. The coloured shadows overlap onto each other to create completely different colours from the original colours used. This ever-changing environment creates a vibrant and exciting experience to the children.

Figure 3.35 Glowing light from the interior creating a beautiful night view CreatAR Images. (2020) YKaleidoscope Kindergarten / SAKO Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/936976/kaleidoscope-in-tianshuisako-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all (Accessed: 1 May 2020)

Figure 3.36 Sunlight emits into the building creates coloured shadow overlapping each other CreatAR Images. (2020) Kaleidoscope Kindergarten / SAKO Architects. https://www.archdaily.com/936976/kaleidoscope-in-tianshui-sakoarchitects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all (Accessed: 1 May 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 3.37 Roof structure Suzuki, K. (2016) Toranoko Nursery / Takashige Yamashita Office. https://www.archdaily.com/805198/toranoko-nursery-takashigeyamashita-office?ad_medium=gallery (Accessed: 9 May 2020)

Toranoka Nursery // TYO Takashige Yamashita Office Year of completion: 2016 A neighbourhood nursery located at a site with a spectacular view of the famed Mount Fuji is made up of just a few houses and farms, giving it a peaceful feel. As a new community space providing a nursery area for the local residents and children. The roof is lightly arranged in different perspectives, opening around all likely orders to allow physical and visual manner from every part of places. Gentle curving of the roofs makes an order of scenery, separating garden, lounge, lunchroom, nursing room and office, while the spaces are still reserved attaching as one. A place for everyone under one roof - kids playing around, the elderly takes a rest and mothers chitchatting with one another. The roof is like an impression of a big tree. Precedent study looking on the construction of the roof. How the architect makes the building stands out from far is a very clever way to draw people’s attention into the building. Accommodating for the not only children but also for the local residents.

Figure 3.38 Roof designed in hopes that this small nursery creates a core space for the community, like a big tree Suzuki, K. (2016) Toranoko Nursery / Takashige Yamashita Office. https://www.archdaily.com/805198/toranoko-nursery-takashigeyamashita-office?ad_medium=gallery (Accessed: 9 May 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Public Nursery in Glyfada // KLab architecture Year of completion: 2017 The individual modules relate to use of the building complex as a kindergarten, and in form and scale take their inspiration from the typical houses all adults are familiar with from children’s drawings. A spatial unit consists of three individual modules. The assembled elements form a new typology – that of an “urban village” (KLab, 2017). All kindergarten rooms are grouped around a central courtyard, and small atriums serve as connective links between the units. Pergolas form constructed using timber material acted as transitional zones between indoors and outdoors and also making the building facades more interesting. The use of colours in the building can be seen paintings on the wall and the selection of furniture giving a more vibrant mood to the spaces. While the play area was designed as part of the landscape for instance, the architect making use of the natural slope as playground slides (Refer to Figure 3.41). From this project, I am able to study on how the architect design for the kids in terms of spaces and furniture used.

Figure 3.39 Light and shadow through skylight

Figure 3.40 Toilet designed for children

Figure 3.41 Landscape as part of the playground Bisti, M. (2017) Public Nursery in Glyfada / KLab architecture. https://www.archdaily.com/881261/public-nursery-in-glyfada-klabarchitecture?ad_medium=gallery (Accessed: 9 May 2020)

View latest precedent studies used for final design proposal in Chapter 5

Figure 3.42 Arrangement of the classrooms is organized around a central courtyard while also formed by smaller atriums Bisti, M. (2017) Public Nursery in Glyfada / KLab architecture. https://www.archdaily.com/881261/public-nursery-in-glyfada-klabarchitecture?ad_medium=gallery (Accessed: 9 May 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Conclusion The case and precedent studies were carefully selected in response to the research question - how can colour enhance children’s experience in the kindergarten? Whether it is through architecture or on screen, colour plays an important role to portray feelings or messages in order for viewers to get the message. From case studies, I have learnt that how different ways where colours can be used as a representation. While the precedent studies as a supportive evidence where I can apply the elements of colours in architecture and the studies on the planning of kindergarten. Thinking in a child’s perspective when designing for children is an important key point during the design development. The use of colour to influence not only the users within the building but also to the outdoor can be considered when designing for my kindergarten.

List of Figures Figure 3.1

The Blue City, Chefchaouen, Morocco

Figure 3.2

The Blue City, Chefchaouen, Morocco 43

Figure 3.3

Hawa Mahal - Wind Palace facade 44

Figure 3.4

Overview of Jaipur pink city

Figure 3.5

The Leather Tanneries of Fez, Morocco

Figure 3.6

Rainbow Street Art, Fez

Figure 3.7

Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion

Figure 3.8

Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion

Figure 3.9

Casa Gilardi

Figure 3.10

The surreal world in Casa Luis Barragán

Figure 3.11

Screenshots from the movie

Figure 3.12

Poster of the movie

Figure 3.13

Mood for Love

Figure 3.14

Mood for Love

Figure 3.15

Mood for Love

Figure 3.16

Ground Floor Plan 58

Figure 3.17

Structure fit among the existing trees - visitors to escape visually into the landscape

Figure 3.18

Elevation Sketch 60

Figure 3.19

Kitchen & dining; central welcoming heart of the building

Figure 3.20

Sitting area; for people to gather and wait

Figure 3.21

Exterior; before approaching the entrance of the building

Figure 3.22

Sitting /exterior deck; sitting views out into the trees

Figure 3.23

Installation; decoration on the library wall

Figure 3.24

Yellow floor staircase

Figure 3.25

Ceiling with colour

Figure 3.26

Ceiling plan of the sanatorium – and represents a colour map of the original tones used in different parts of the hospital

Figure 3.27

Colour used to illuminate different colour lighting through 68 natural sunlight

Figure 3.28

Le Corbusier’s kindergarten, Domus 565, December 1976

Figure 3.29

Viewing the atrium and small stage steps

Figure 3.30

Birdview 71

Figure 3.31

Ariel view of kindergarten on site

Figure 3.32

Atrium

Figure 3.33

Spaces within a space 73

Figure 3.34

Central winter gardens

Figure 3.35

Glowing light from the interior creating a beautiful night view

Figure 3.36

Figure 3.37

Roof structure 76

Figure 3.38

Roof designed in hopes that this small nursery creates a core space for the community, like a big tree

Figure 3.39

Light and shadow through skylight

Figure 3.40

Toilet designed for children

Figure 3.41

Landscape as part of the playground

Figure 3.42

Arrangement of the classrooms is organized around a central 79 courtyard while also formed by smaller atriums

Sunlight emits into the building creates coloured shadow overlapping each other

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 4.1 Map of City of Oxford Googlemap. (2020) Google map. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Oxford/@51.7505018,-1.3176275,12z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48713380adc41faf:0xc820dba8cb547402!8m2!3d51.7520209!4d-1.2577263 (Accessed: 20 January 2020)

Architecture is bound to situation. And I feel like the site is a metaphysical link, a poetic link, to what a building can be. Steven Holl, date unknown

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Site Analysis Site Context 85 Colour Palette 93 Barton Park 95

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 4.2 Site Location Googlemap. (2020) Google map. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Oxford/@51.7505018,-1.3176275,12z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x48713380adc41faf:0xc820dba8cb547402!8m2!3d51.7520209!4d-1.2577263 (Accessed: 20 January 2020)

Barton, suburb of Oxford. Barton is located just outside the Northern By-Pass Road, north of Headington Roundabout where North Way and the Eastern By-pass meet London Road. Built in 1946, the estate was originally developed to provide social housing for residents of Oxford. As of 2011, Barton had 3,700 residents (Oxford City Council, 2020). Barton is a very close-knit community and is appreciated locally as a good place to live. Houses in Barton are mainly made of monotonous scale of orange to brown tone due to the material used for the construction of houses. Landmarks, for instance, the Barton Leisure Centre also is just a plain building.

Figure 4.3 Proportion of people aged 0-15 years, Oxford 2005 by Super Output Area. Data source: Mid-2005 population estimates for Super Output Areas, Office for National Statistics.

According to data by Super Output Area, Barton is one of the cities in Oxford that has the second highest population of people age 0 to 15 years. A new development is currently on-going, the Barton Park is likely to bring a further 3,000 new people into the area. With the new development, it is ideal to propose different community facilities such as kindergarten to serve as a community hub within the city promoting healthy lifestyles (Rowley, 2017) led town.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The reason of choosing Barton as my site is because Barton is one of the more deprived areas of Oxford also tend to have poorer health and learning outcomes for children (Melling, 2013). According to the Oxford city Children and Young People Needs Analysis report, it is noted that Barton, is the most deprived in Oxfordshire on the Child Wellbeing Index. Barton also has statistically higher proportions of low birthweight babies, child hospital admissions due to injury and children below the average level of development at age 5. As Oxford’s younger population is increasing in size - especially in the youngest age groups. Between 2001 and 2011, the number of children and young people aged 0 to 24 in Oxford increased by 13% (Refer to Table 2). The highest percentage growth was in the age groups 0 to 4, 5 to 9 and 15 to 19. Proposing a kindergarten in Barton will help to accommodate this younger generation. To also experiment how important colour affect the mood of overall experience especially the children. Focusing on the development of the child through environment helping them to expose themselves with different thing which helps in the child’s development. Offering a better environment to improve the wellbeing of the community. The proposed site is located within neighbourhood housing area which makes it accessible by just walking for the parents to send their child to the kindergarten.

Indicators are at middle layer super output area level (not aligned to words); ✓ = statistically above England average

Table 2 Areas of Oxford by selected child early development indicators (Melling, 2013, p. 4, Table 1)

Barton is a quiet town with the necessary facilities including the community centre, leisure centre, children and family centre, shops, parks, play area and primary schools. Accessible by bus or walking distance around the town. As of the current town it is quite of the same tone and not any eye pleasing landmark in the town. Proposing a kindergarten with the use of colours will serve as an interesting and new thing for the existing town. Also enables children to experience a different learning and play environment. Barton Park located at the other end of the town showing a major difference between the new and old development. The kindergarten might serve as a transition point for the new and existing town. Adding a more vibrant and robust space to the town.

Figure 4.4 Barton Leisure Centre

Figure 4.5 Primary School

Play area provided but it is empty, and no one is using it. Incorporating landscape as part of the play area in the kindergarten invites people of all ages to come and play. The idea of creating an interactive and contemporary space allows people to feel they are as part of the whole space. Figure 4.6 Children and family Centre

Figure 4.7 Public play area

Figure 4.8 Public transport

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 4.9a

Figure 4.9b

Figure 4.9c

Figure 4.9d

Figure 4.9e

Figure 4.9f

Figure 4.9g

Figure 4.9h

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 4.9i

Figure 4.9j

Figure 4.9k

Figure 4.9a-l Barton Street View Figure 4.9l

Figure 4.10a

Figure 4.10a Figure 4.10b

Figure 4.10b Figure 4.10 a-b Site view

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The study of building elevation colours as a guideline on how the design proposal blends the existing and new development, Barton Park colour together. The colour palette of existing Barton is more dull compared to Barton Park. Site is located between the existing Barton neighbourhood and new development. A splash of colour to indicate the location of site where activities in the building spreading into both neighbourhood.

#B58688

#D4AE91

#D8916B

#BCB19B #BABBBA

#9E9F9B

#99755D

#67463B

#3E3D3B

Site Plan N.T.S.

Figure 4.11 Colour Palette of Barton Neighbourhood

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 4.12a-d Materials and colour of the houses in Barton neighbourhood

Material Figure 4.12a

Figure 4.12b

Most of the houses in the existing neighbourhood are built by using bricks. They consist of dull brick colour and some are of stone colour. From the study of the elevation colour of the houses, the overall Barton neighbourhood is looking dull and not welcoming. Colour is proposed in the neighbourhood to make it more lively and creating a landmark in the neighbourhood. As there will be a new community in the near future, it is important to bring the two communities together.

Figure 4.12c

Figure 4.12d

allotments

Figure 4.13 Site Section

Barton Park, an exciting development of new homes in Oxford. It combines over 800 new homes with food store and recreation facilities providing plenty of green space. It is designed as a sustainable development bringing people together with all conveniences added in the neighbourhood. A new residential neighbourhood that evokes a true sense of community. One that sits perfectly with existing homes and amenities. A new neighbourhood that enhances and revitalises the character and spirit of the area. It is about finding the perfect balance between work and play, between community and independence, between the exciting buzz of the city and the simple pleasures of the countryside Barton Park located 40 minutes by bus from the Oxford City centre. Everywhere is just walking distance within the neighbourhood where it is a good opportunity for people to get to know each other within the community. The location of Barton Park enables people to enjoy the connection with the natural world. The development has been imaginatively designed and landscaped to incorporate historic hedgerows, mature trees and the picturesque Bayswater Brook. People get to enjoy pleasant green spaces quietly. With this new housing scheme, I have decided to propose a kindergarten to accommodate for both existing and new neighbourhood community. As kindergarten being a necessity where children are compulsory to attend in a certain age group. The site chosen was located between the new and existing Barton neighbourhood which also encourages a mix of community.

new housing scheme

main road

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

List of Figures Figure 4.1

Map of City of Oxford 82

Figure 4.2

Site Location

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Barton Leisure Centre 87

Figure 4.5

Primary School

Figure 4.6

Children and family Centre

Figure 4.7

Public play area

Figure 4.8

Public transport 87

Figure 4.9a-l

Barton Street View

Figure 4.10a-b

Site View 91

Figure 4.11

Colour Palette of Barton Neighbourhood 93

Figure 4.12a-d

Materials and colour of the houses in Barton neighbourhood

Figure 4.13

Site section

Proportion of people aged 0-15 years, Oxford 2005 by Super Output Area

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

88-90

Colour in certain places has the great value of making the outlines and structural planes seem more energetic. Antoni Gaudi, Color Studies (1915)

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Design Concept Program Brief 99 Models Exploration 105 Film Manifesto 107

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Set in 2019/20, the proposed program is to create a neighbourhood kindergarten/ daycare nursery. The aim of this project is not only to provide and equip the essential space for learning, but also to ensure that a soothing and secured atmosphere is created by using colour, suitable for both recreation and teaching. Colours as part of the elements used to enhance children’s experience making them to feel happy and energetic. Also, to make them feel more comfortable as children will feel scared as they are being away from their family. To accommodate the activities being carried out in the kindergarten, different rooms provided are as following: -

Program brief

Lunch room

Sleeping space

Play room

Outdoor

Book area

Wet area

•

Giving them appetite

•

Calm space, cool colours

•

Encourages movement

•

Engaging outdoor spaces

•

Wet and messy area

•

Grumpy – cry

•

Furniture- bed

•

Routine of eating

•

Children cannot communicate

To develop children’s spatial awareness, their physicality, sense of balance and their feeling of well-being.

Interaction with indoor and outdoor space

Water table, wet-sand table and dry-sand table

•

Quiet space with soundproof wall, floor material

Playground and courtyard

•

Ample floor space

•

Can be brought outdoor

• • • •

•

Furniture (children size) Bright space to allow them to see what they are eating

•

Warm and cosy place

•

Ceiling design

•

Music

•

Less windows

No toys – avoid distractions

Figure 5.1 Forming spaces with colour

•

Small amount of furniture to support role play, small world play and block play.

• • •

Pavilion Maze Corridor

Situated in a corner away from noise and bustle.

•

Comfortable and attractive space

•

Soft seating, homelike quality

•

Cosy quiet places

Figure 5.2 Concept image transition from the old to the new development by adding colour making Barton a cheerful town.

Art area •

Tools and material readily accessible

•

Creative appetites; recycled and natural materials

•

Creative activity builds children’s confidence and self-esteem

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Outdoor A playground, an interaction within the indoor and outdoor space. Creating a space where children can be entertained. A play area dedicated to leisure and education for children. Swing, slides, spring toys, castles, climbing, rotating jousts are some of the equipment that can be provided in the playground.

Figure 5.3 Outdoor activities incorporate into the nursery

101

Classroom/ playroom A space for learning and feels inspired. Different kind of colours room to influence the children to be more energetic and creative at the space. With no boundary, the childcare room can be incorporate with play space. Colours can be on the wall, floor or the ceiling to define the space.

Figure 5.4 Play and learn overlooking the greens

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Lunchroom Particularly picky client: kids who should be eating lunches regularly when they are at the nursery. Ambience and environment play an important role in affecting the kid’s appetite. Soft lighting and ambient music help in giving them appetite. Furniture choices should be suited for children’s use. There should not be toys to avoid distractions. More window to brighten up the space allowing the kids can see what they are eating.

Figure 5.5 Vibrant colours in lunch room helps children to eat

103

Figure 5.6 Tranquility environment to soothe children to rest

Sleeping room Napping is an important routine in childcare. Setting up contented, anticipated spaces for napping helps children to feel at ease and get the rest they need. A quiet, calming environment will help promote rest. This can be done by using the soundproof wall material and the choices of colour used for the room. By using dimmer lights and playing quiet music help to soothe children to sleep.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Colour vision How people see? Colour is fundamental to our experience of the world around us. But how is it, precisely, that we see these things? When light enters our eyes, it passes through the lenses and hits the retinas. It is cones that are most responsive to colour. Models Exploration

The very first model is to explore the different cues to adjust our perception, like applying a filter over a stage light. Vision itself is not objective, and this realisation can help us begin to see ourselves and our world in a different light. The world would appear different to us if there is changes on our perceptive apparatus. This experiment allows a better understanding on how we see colour can make us reconsider how we constitute the world. Also, understanding on how perception is also a kind a world-making. It makes you see the world in an altered way and makes you appreciate colour as when try to find other colours.

Figure 5.7 Experimenting views in different colour vision

105

Vertical Openings A series of strips of openings to build a linear continuous arrangement of the model. This model is to study on how light and shadow created in the space by using coloured glass. Also, in defining space. Coloured paper are used as glass material mixing with existing materials to experiment on how light and shadow are being formed and creating a dramatic mood. The model also forms a visual sensation which allows children to get inspired, creating a different dimension on how they see things.

Figure 5.8a

Figure 5.8b Figure 5.8a-b Study models on lights penetrating through coloured glass

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 5.9 Experimenting views in different colour vision

Horizontal Openings Singular horizontal openings create a strip of light casts into the interior. Giving a different mood in the space compared to the vertical openings. Experimenting the blue coloured window particularly for the sleep room which needed to be a calm and soothing environment.

107

Colour affecting mood. Colour is magical in architectural space if used correctly. By magical, Feisner (2014) explains that colour has the power to uplift and make people feel happy or dampened in the mood. Colour as a medium of expression at such that it will make you feel happy, low, hungry, sleepy or relaxed when you’re in a space. Different moods could be created by either how the colours are applied on the objects for example, it could be the coloured glass, paint on the walls, furniture, lights, ceiling and floor. Film Manifesto

How people see. Colour forms when light is being reflected off the surface of an object and into the human eye. Different light intensity exposed on an object under certain conditions, a colour acquires another tint due to the surrounding colours. The same colour in different hue exists under different conditions. The brain works as a mechanism of correction or distortion. Experiencing the changeability and splendour of colours can be stimulating to the human mind in many ways. Colour as a tool. Colours are made of pigments, resulting colours breathe with light - taking on new hues under different lighting conditions (Clair, 2016). Colour touches on so many different aspects of design including words, shapes, materials, spaces and light. There is a choice of large amount of varying hues. As a tool (Feisner, 2014), this can be helpful for designers and architects in terms of creating a poetic experience. Colour choices should not be dependent upon the tastes of preferences of the user or builder, but it is the job of the highly sensitive human eye of a designer. In architecture, colour may possibly add complexity concerning human experiences as well as practical issues. So the question remains, how can colour enhance the children’s experience in the kindergarten.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The use of mix media, from making models to exploring with the use film making, the result was interesting, and it shows different perspective in terms of colour studies. For instance, the changes of different hue during different time. Shadow also plays an important role in creating a specific mood in the space. This shows that colour is ever changing and creates different mood in the space.

Figure 5.10 Footage video by author

109

List of Figures Figure 5.1

Forming spaces with colour 98

Figure 5.2

Concept image - transition from the old to the new development by adding colour making Barton a cheerful town.

Figure 5.3

Outdoor activities incorporate into the nursery 100

Figure 5.4

Play and learn overlooking the greens 101

Figure 5.5

Vibrant colours in lunch room helps children to eat 102

Figure 5.6

Tranquility environment to soothe children to rest 103

Figure 5.7

Experimenting views in different colour vision

104

Figure 5.8a-b

Study models on lights penetrating through coloured glass

105

Figure 5.9

Experimenting views in different colour vision

106

Figure 5.10

Footage video by author

109

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

111

To create, one must first question everything. Eileen Gray, Studio Nicholson (1922)

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Design Development Design Proposals 113 Study models 121 Roof & Landscape design 123 The use of colour in the Kindergarten 125 Precedent studies 127

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Design Proposal

The first design proposal intended to explore the possibilities of application of colours in architecture. Initially, coloured glass was one of the options to design a pavilion in a park as one of the attractions for the visitors. Using coloured glass was intended to create an illusion by making a fun experience for the community. The function of the pavilion is to create an inside outside experience as a walking through path observing the surrounding. During the night time, the pavilion will act as a lighthouse in the park forming an installation. Two semi-circle coloured glass panels are placed opposite to each other creating a circular path. This is to enable people to see different views in a changing colour field.

113

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

115

Design Proposal

As pavilion is a small-scale piece of architecture, it will be part of the nursery. The thought of using colour is by using colour different colour in different rooms. Nursery is also intended to blend the colours between the existing and new development architecture. A nursery designed for the children not only to learn but also to gather and play. The design first initiated from children’s simplistic drawings of home. With different clusters of homes forming a village for the kids. Considering in designing just for the kids, the building height is relatively lower comparing to the surrounding context. Bubble diagram is first used to arrange the basic spaces for the nursery. The layout of the nursery is being reflected from the point of view of a child, worker and the visitors.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Design Proposal

First the orientation of the buildings is placed in a centralised approach within a courtyard to form a visual connectivity between the clusters of buildings. Focusing on views between the spaces, the building is mainly designed to have more curtain walls to also enable more natural sunlight penetrate into the building. It is important to place courtyards among the buildings acting as a transition zone and also to encourage more outdoor activities for the children. The use of colours to define the boundary of spaces according to the colour theories. For instance, blue colour will be painted in the sleeping room to support a soothing and contented feel for the children when using the room. As for the whole nursery will be divided into three main functional programs such as the playing areas for the children, meeting and communication room for the parents and offices for the staffs.

117

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 6.1 Montage of the building on site

The Kindergarten The final design proposal is vastly changed from the original proposal. After studying the theory of colour, this proposal is intended to create a concept of blending in the whole surrounding context by using colour. A project designed around the children being playful and creative while adults will fit in. Colour is used to create a pattern on the roof as the building also being part of the landscape. Children’s activities will not be only restricted inside the building, but they can also run around the building.

119

The influences of the dimensions of colour such as the value, intensity and temperature can impact viewer’s emotions in different way. Temperature affects viewer’s eye interpretation of a composition. For instance, warm hues suggest cheerfulness, aggression, sunlight, heat and stimulation. Warm hues for example red or orange is suitable to use in the lunchroom as warm hues suggest to stimulate hunger. Yellow hue stimulates creativity and cheerfulness suitable to be painted in classrooms and workshop. Also, if the walls of a room are painted intense red, the walls will appear closer, decreasing the apparent size of the room. While cool hues imply water, sky, quietness and lightness, cool colours retreat into distance. Cool colour such that blue, depress both blood pressure and body temperature and slow down metabolism where is more suitable to be painted in a sleeping room. To support the general consensus that blue is calming and red and yellow are stimulating, a study was carried out at the Architectural Digest Home Design Show held in New York City (Sternberg, 2010, p. 41). People reported feeling more hungry and thirsty in the red room, food and beverage consumption was twice as high in the yellow room. People in the blue room reported feeling calm, or used the word “calm”, significantly more often than people in the yellow and red rooms. While some described their moods as “active”, “playful”, “energetic” when in the yellow room (Sternberg, 2010, pp. 41-42).

Figure 6.2 Activities happening around the courtyard.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 6.3a

Figure 6.3b

Figure 6.3c Figure 6.3a-c Design proposal 3 study models

Study model of the impression of children’s simplistic drawings of home. To explore the placement of buildings surrounding around the landscape. Trees and human figures were placed to give a sense of scale.

121

Exploring the organic form of the building designed to be part of the landscape. As children’s energy is overflowing and always active, the outdoor area should be open and accessible for the children to run around. Making use of the roof building as a functional and fun space.

Figure 6.4a

Figure 6.4b Figure 6.4a-c Study models exploration on forms

Figure 6.4c

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Roof montage

Inspired by one of the children’s activities, running. Children see running as getting some place more fun faster. They have boundless energy in bursts and are generally more active. Outdoor play is a fun way to learn where the changing nature of the outdoors makes it an incredibly stimulating and multi-sensory place to play. As the roof being part of the landscape, the idea of making the roof as a running track came to mind where kids are always running. This would also encourage them to spend more time outdoor as it is an opportunity for them to look around and learn. Exploring the nature, different spaces by touching and seeing. The design of the roof proposal is made up from few horizontal strips placed aligned to the plan of the building. Adding in some elements of a kindergarten’s program, what we can found in a kindergarten. Bright colours were use as children perceive these colours better than fainter shades. Bright colours and contrasting colours stand out more in their field of vision (Pancare, 2018). Bright colours look more interesting to them. For example, most of their toys were in bright colours.

Figure 6.5 Roof montage option 1

Figure 6.6 Roof montage option 2

123

Landscape Design

Thoughtful landscape design is the key to creating an outdoor escape. As kids are still developing, outdoors is important for children’s learning and development. This is because, there is plenty to explore compared to when they are indoors. They get to embrace the freedom, allowing them to jump, hop, skip, run around and even shout. Being outside is an exciting sensory experience for children. So, it is important to consider in designing landscape for the children in order for them to spend more time outdoor in a playful and safe environment. Instead of providing an exclusive playground within the kindergarten, the design proposal will make use of the whole landscape around the building as a play area for the children and also the public. The design of the roof is connecting from the ground and making it part of the landscape. Also, scooping in the ground to create sloping landscape where children can run around from the roof to the ground. A mini amphitheater is created using the scoop of the ground for the children or public to gather.

Figure 6.7 Landscape design from the roof to the ground creating fun sloping instead of flatness of ground

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The use of colour in the Kindergarten. Paint on walls A fresh coat of paint complements a design theme. While furniture is one of the most practical factors in contributing to a comfortable setting, the colour of the wall is also influential. Consider how different colours and tones can create a calm, warm or energetic ambiance. For instance, the setting in a classroom is important in affecting the productivity. Hence, colour of the wall should be painted in blue and green. Coloured glass Glass is a welcome addition to modern buildings with architectural flare. Colour glass adds another element to the aesthetic of the building by allowing the interior and exterior to match together. Coloured glass will be installed in the play area where lights diffuse in and casting shadows into the building. Creating a fun and creative environment. Roof material Roof design is the main feature of the design proposal. Roof material can be selected in different kind of design depending on its building programme. Colour can be applied as the roof finishing where a rubber surface comes with a vast selection of colour choices. Furniture While there are some scientific correlations - such as yellow making you feel positive and hopeful or blue making you feel calm and at peace. Choosing furniture helps to enhance on a palette more naturally. If choosing bright colours for chairs, a neutral wall colour is easy to match against. Paint options are infinite, but furniture comes in a specific selection of shapes and colours.

125

Reconstruction of the colours of the spaces in the kindergarten.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Precedent Studies Amdavad ni Gufa // Balkrishna Doshi Year of completion: 1995 The design of the underground gallery was about a response to climate and the benefits of interred spaces. It was also reflected as a sculpture on a landscape. “The form and space of Gufa animate the mysteries of light and memories. Challenges between an artist and an architect give birth to the most unexpected. Searching the uncommon meant raising fundamental questions – what is the meaning of function, space and technology – amidst structure and form” (Doshi, 2018). Materials used such as porcelain mosaic tiles reflects sunlight and mitigate heat, covering the tortoise shell-inspired roof that shelters the undulating cave-like interiors below.

Figure 6.8 Amdavad ni Gufa Sumner, E. (1994) Balkrishna Doshi, VSF Amdavad Ni Gufa. https:// divisare.com/projects/381260-balkrishna-doshi-vsf-amdavad-nigufa?utm_campaign=journal&utm_content=image-project-id381260&utm_medium=email&utm_source=journal-id-197 (Accessed: 10 March 2020)

127

The Santa Caterina market // EMBT Year of completion: 2005 The market roof is an infinite wavy carpet of coloured hexagonal tiles that silently floats over the urban landscape of Barcelona Ciutat Vella district. The roof design came about from the collages which gave a particular direction and final geometry according to the architect (Belogolovsky, 2016). Colour palette of the roof was chosen from the fruits and vegetables found in the market.

Figure 6.9 The Santa Caterina market roof Cardelus, D. (2013) Santa Caterina Market by EMBT - photos by David Cardelús. https://ryanpanos.tumblr. com/post/51606573268/santa-caterina-market-byembt-photos-by-david (Accessed: 11 March 2020)

Figure 6.10 Roof montage by EMBT Salvetti, M. (2012) Benedetta Tagliabue: a me piace il mix. https://fondazione.ordinearchitetti.mi.it/it/notizie/ dettaglio/6546-benedetta-tagliabue-a-me-piace-il-mix (Accessed: 11 March 2020)

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

List of Figures Figure 6.1

Montage of the building on site 118

Figure 6.2

Activities happening around the courtyard

Figure 6.3a-c

Design proposal 3 study models 120

Figure 6.4a-c

Study models exploration on forms 121

Figure 6.5

Roof montage option 1

Figure 6.6

Roof montage option 2 122

Figure 6.7

Landscape design from the roof to the ground creating fun 123 sloping instead of flatness of ground

Figure 6.8

Amdavad ni Gufa 126

Figure 6.9

The Santa Caterina market roof

127

Figure 6.10

Roof montage by EMBT

127

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

119

122

129

It is not the form that dictates the colour, but the colour that brings out the form. Hans Hofmann, Abstract Expressionists (1950)

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Final Design Proposal Final presentation boards 131 The Kinderhaus 133 Presentation Script 135 Interior renderings analysis 137 Roof to ground connection detail 140 Material 141

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 7.1 Architecture presentation board layout

131

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 7.2 Exterior perspective

133

Figure 7.3 Concept diagrams

The Kinderhaus The objective of the final proposed design to create a neighbourhood kindergarten/ daycare nursery. The slope architecture proposal is to be part of the landscape blending in with the existing context, a hill site. The interior spaces would be mainly design in a kid’s point of view except for the main reception area where visitors are restricted only in that area of the whole building. The building consists of classrooms, lunchroom, outdoor play area, sleeping room, assembly and multipurpose area. The uniqueness of this building design is that kids can make use of the roof of the building as their play area, creating a more fun experience for the kids.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

The Power of Colour As like how colour used in architecture, it could be down to scientific impact that certain colours have on a mood. Colour is more than just decoration, it can be a powerful tool to enhance and improve moods. This area of research is important for architects and designers to address with real-world solutions as architects are responsible for shaping the built environment around which society navigates its daily life. With their exceptional and influential part of the society, it is the architect’s concern to respond to the rising worries of mental health and wellbeing in cities. If colours are able to affect people’s mood in daily life, then it is important to consider when choosing colour for a building depending on its purposes. To support the general consensus colours are stimulating, a study was carried out at the Architectural Digest Home Design Show held in New York City (Sternberg, 2010, p. 41). People reported feeling hungrier and thirstier in the red room, food and beverage consumption was twice as high in the yellow room. People in the blue room reported feeling calm, or used the word “calm”, significantly more often than people in the yellow and red rooms. While some described their moods as “active”, “playful”, “energetic” when in the yellow room (Sternberg, 2010, pp. 41-42). Importance of Colour to Children & School In educational field, colour is important as it is used at some places can cause stress or can have so little stimulating effect that they discourage productivity. Especially for young children, colour appeal to be easier for them to see. Colour has been known to affect their moods and behaviour. Scientific studies conducted by Sinofsky and Knirck (1981, pp. 17-19) that colours affect behaviour, attitude, attention span and learning of students as well as time concept of both the students and teachers. According to this research study, the colour of a classroom can affect the students are able to absorb information. A University of Nevada, Las Vegas, study showed that the combination of natural light, colour and lighting levels greatly affect how students behave (School Construction News, 2015). Studies conducted recently and in the past show that lighter colours are more supportive of learning in comparison to darker ones. Children seek activities and areas of game through which they can let free their anger, emotional concerns and change of moods.

135

Mini Amphitheatre Courtyard is placed within every building to encourage more outdoor activities. Perfect for small events, play areas for children, spaces for relaxing for the visitors and staffs. Offering opportunities for rest and relaxation either for the staffs or the Barton community.

Interior spaces

Entrance Double volume height creating a grand and inviting feeling for the visitors. Coffee area provided for the visitors mainly the parents while they are waiting. Curtain-wall glass panels ability to optimize natural daylight. The warm temperature of this space is achieved through the use of orange-brown tonality. The brown and yellow hues mix in this space he warmth. The natural woods also impart a warm atmosphere. Classroom Classroom is a space where children spend more time when they are indoors. The use of colour is important to increase the productivity of the children and also the staff to ensure they have a good learning environment. Colours used - blue, green and orange are mainly soothing to the eyes and they will be able to focus in the class. Sleeping room Mood of the space is crucial in this area as napping is very important for growing children. Colours takes an important role to make them feel calmer and relax to help them sleep faster. Colour used are blue and wood colour as it creates a home feeling.

Figure 7.4 Sectional perspective expressing the qualities of spaces

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 7.5 Mini Amphitheatre colour analysis

137

Figure 7.6 Entrance colour analysis

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 7.7 Classroom colour analysis

139

Figure 7.8 Sleeping room colour analysis

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Figure 7.9 Technical drawings

Roof to ground connection detail Scale 1:200

Detail 1 Scale 1:10

141

Figure 7.10 Wet Pour Rubber Surface

Figure 7.11 Brick work

Figure 7.12 Curtain wall

To ensure the safety of children, the selection of materials is important. The ‘Wet Pour’ rubber surfacing will be applied to one of the roof surfaces as a finishing layer. It is comfortable underfoot and extremely long lasting as it requires low maintenance. Ideal application for play area in the kindergarten. This surfacing comes with a variety of exciting colour choices as well. Creating a distinctive character for the building. The main building construction uses brick work. As the roof design is the main feature of the building, it is important to consider on the construction method. Roof to ground connection can be referred in Figure 7.9. A large amount of glass is being used in the building to allow natural daylight to enter which helps to reduce energy costs. Glass facade helps to diffuse lighting into the interior where shadow cast into the building to create a poetic effect. Timber is a natural material, warm and comforting. As children spend more time in the kindergarten, it is important to make them feel like home. Timber will be applied to one of the roof materials as it has an outstanding thermal and sound insulation properties. It offers protective and decorative design functions can be used indoors or outdoors.

Figure 7.13 Timber texture

Figure 7.14 Paint on wall

In relation to the research studies, colours are mainly applied through paintings on wall where different rooms having different functions, thus, the choices of colours depends on the functional of the room. For instance, the sleeping room requires a calm and relax, environment, hence, the shade of blue will be the main colour of the room. Not only the paint on walls, but also the selection of furniture will be taken into consideration.

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

List of Figures Figure 7.1

Architecture presentation board layout 131

Figure 7.2

Exterior perspective

Figure 7.3

Concept diagrams 133

Figure 7.4

Sectional perspective expressing the qualities of spaces

Figure 7.5

Mini Amphitheatre colour analysis

Figure 7.6

Entrance colour analysis

Figure 7.7

Classroom colour analysis 138

Figure 7.8

Sleeping room colour analysis 139

Figure 7.9

Technical drawings 140

Figure 7.10

Wet Pour Rubber Surface 141

Figure 7.11

Brick work 141

Figure 7.12

Curtain wall 141

Figure 7.13

Timber texture 141

Figure 7.14

Paint on wall 141

133

135 136

137

Unless otherwise noted, all images are produced by the author.

143

The purest and most thoughtful minds are those which love colour the most. John Ruskin, The Secret Lives of Colour (1851)

Research Question: How can colour positively enhance a child’s learning experience in a kindergarten?

Conclusion

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

This dissertation proposes a new concept on painting the space, selection of furniture and construction materials as an alternative to the kindergarten scenario. This research is about how colour could enhance people’s experience in a space. Colour always has been all around us - the blue of the sky, the green of the grass and the red-oranges of the fire. In the introduction, the research is briefly explained to colour is a very subjective matter and it can only be reacted by understanding in what way we perceive colours in the first place. Through the colour studies of different perspective from philosophers, artists, journalists and designers, colour applications intended to inspire to deliver our own imaginations. Though many studies have been carried out, it is almost limitless variety of examples of how humans have used colour and the use of colour benefits in different aspects in daily life. When used properly, colour that surrounds us can provide clarity statements we wish to convey. In exploring the different application of colours throughout the whole design proposal, it makes me understand more about colour. The selection of colour for each space were being made based on the research from various experiments done by others. A research-based design as a guide is important to create a successful product that users will love. In Chapter 2, colours evidently can be seen on architecture and on screen. How people from the past already used colour as an identity and culture in their town. The walls of the architecture are painted in specific colour making them as part of the tourist attraction benefiting both locals and tourists. While emotions of colours can be studied through films. Colours are strongly used to create different themes able to deliver the emotions of the film. Through all these studies, there have been diverse approaches to pursuing a better understanding of colour and chromatic visualization, depending on the phenomena one needed to clarify. It all started with Isaac Newton discovered the spectrums and deliberate colour wonders as terminologies of physical-optical progressions in nature. In relation to the research studies, the design proposed in using colour to form spaces. Colours are selected according to real life cases and studies like how colours as an identity on architecture. Further, models exploration on how people would view the world differently if the world left with only one colour. From this exploration, it makes us appreciate colour even more.

145

Different models have been made to study on how the scale of openings affecting the light diffused into the space. Thus, it would affect the spatial effect of the space either through painting or the materials used. Colours were applied through paintings on wall, material used for building construction, coloured glass. The interrelation of technique, paint and support generates a dynamic spatial condition, an interface that shows how colour works and misleads. The customization of the tool and transformation of paint aim to open up options to the broad but very much disciplined manufactures offer, trying to look beyond its domestication and limitation. As an answer to kindergarten colour code, it foresees an uncertain and subtle definition of it. It deals with the subjective and perceptual properties of colour, adopting different types of paint and light. Exploring colour through study models help us begin to reconsider how we constitute the world. The process of perceiving a colour does not merely refer to the act of seeing, to the vision – it involves a neurological process of recognition and interpretation. It makes us see the world in an altered way and makes us appreciate colour. Study on a few scientific experiments which helps as evidence to the general consensus of how colour being used. The project contributes to the creation of ambiance by offering diverse level of luminosity while the tectonic of paint and its gradient enhances various chromatic condition, such as transparency, opacity, visual blurriness, irregular intensity. It dwells the space as a second skin, forming surprising and various visual effects. I consider this project tackles the issue of the hidden potential of industrial paint. The application of colour in rooms can lead to unexpected solutions. This is achieved by manipulating tool and paint, in order to enhance their evocative power and open up re-interpretation of the way colour is designed and applied whether to interiors or exteriors. As I mentioned colour is more than just decoration in my dissertation title, focusing on what it is that colour can do, and not only what it can mean. Colour can be controlled with techniques to accomplish specific works, for example, colour can create effects of movement if combined with another, it can camouflage or en-light with its aura. However, there are a few limitations when conducting this study. To begin with, being in an unfamiliar country, it took me quite some time to select a

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

suitable site for my project. Every place has its own characteristic, finding the most appropriate place is challenging as there is time restriction. Next, as my project is to propose a kindergarten, it is tough for me to personally collect data from children which are my main user group. Hence, the data collected are only from my colleagues, friends, family and base on my experience. Assumptions were being made by using communications and research studies on the perception of colour in architecture. Colour is also a very subjective matter and there are a lot of studies in the past. I have to consider what is it so special about colour and how it gives an impact the society. Colour is conceived as an innate concept among human beings, but also as merely sensation (Saunders 2002). It seems to be too many things at once; maybe that is why generalizing, and universal frameworks are constantly created for colours. In conclusion, this project engages the viewer by bringing him/her in an immersive and unclear space, where the atmosphere created by colour itself strengthens the attention to the matter of architecture. It is primarily important of how colour affecting people’s experience when using the space. With the right choices of colour and lighting, it enhances visitor’s experience being able to enjoy the kindergarten whether its indoor or outdoor. Colour has the potential to change the physical parameters of a space and influence our mood.

147

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Bibliography Abstract: The Art of Design. (2019). [Online]. Directed by Scott Dadich. New York: RadicalMedia [Viewed 25 October 2019]. Available from Netflix. Albers, J. (1975). Interaction of Color. United States of America: Yale University Press. Arch20. (2012) Why The City of Chefchaouen in Morocco is Entirely Blue?. [Online] Available at: https://www.arch2o.com/why-city-chefchaouenmorocco-entirely-blue/ [Accessed: 24 November 2019] Belogolovsky, V. (2016). Interview with Benedetta Tagliabue: Looking at Buildings as if They Were Decomposing and Becoming New Sketches. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/776892/interview-with-benedetta-tagliabue-looking-at-buildings-as-if-they-were-decomposing-and-becoming-new-sketches?ad_medium=gallery [Accessed 16 April 2020]. Clair, K. (2017). The Secret Lives of Colour. Hodder & Stoughton. Cohn, B. (2017) The Color of Melodrama: In The Mood For Love and Julieta. [Online] Available at: https://medium.com/@theperksofhavinganemail/ the-color-of-melodrama-in-the-mood-for-love-and-julieta-9709ab91a4af (Accessed: 22 November 2019) Coulthart, J. (2011). Bruno Taut’s Glass Pavilion. [Online] Available at: http://www.johncoulthart.com/feuilleton/2011/08/24/bruno-tauts-glass-pavilion/ [Accessed 12 November 2019]. Feisner, E. and Reed, R. (2014). Color Studies. New York: Fairchild Books. Doshi, B. (2018). Amdavad Ni Gufa. [Online] Available at: https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/amdavad-ni-gufa_o [Accessed 16 April 2020]. Eifler, E. (2013) Luis Barragan, Architect of Color. [Online] Available at: http://blog.colourstudio.com/2013/03/luis-barragan-architect-of-color.html [Accessed: 12 November 2019]. Eleanor Chance, Christina Colvin, Janet Cooper, C J Day, T G Hassall, Mary Jessup and Nesta Selwyn, ‘The City of Oxford: Introduction’, in A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 4, the City of Oxford, ed. Alan Crossley and C R Elrington (London, 1979), pp. 1-2. British History Online http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol4/pp1-2 [Accessed 8 December 2019].

149

Ferrari, G. D. (2018) Le Corbusier’s kindergarten and other educational experiments in the 1970s. [Online] Available at: https://www.domusweb. it/en/events/istanbul-design-biennial/2018/09/10/le-corbusiers-kindergarten-and-other-educational-experiments-in-the-1970s.html [Accessed 20 December 2019]. Han, S. (2019) Yorkville North Kindergarten / IDO. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/917972/yorkville-north-kindergarten-ido [Accessed 10 March 2020]. Heer, J. d. (2009). The Architectonic Colour: Polychormy in the Purist architecture of Le Corbusier. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers. Hensen, M. (2019) A Magical Journey Through Morocco. [Online] Available at: https://onceuponajrny.com/travel-photography/morocco-gallery/ [Accessed: 12 April 2020]. In the Mood for Love (2000). [Online]. Directed by Wong Kar-Wai. Hong Kong: Paradis Films [Viewed 26 October 2019]. Available from Youtube. Kesäläinen, S. (2018) Alvar Aalto and the colors of the Paimio Sanatorium. [Online] Available at: https://www.finnishdesignshop.com/design-stories/ architecture/alvar-aalto-and-the-colors-of-the-paimio-sanatorium [Accessed: 24 November 2019]. Kolvu, A. (2016) The Colours of Alvar Aalto. [Online] Available at: https:// www.iittala.com/gb/en/journal-colours-of-aalto [Accessed: 24 November 2019]. Koolhaas, J, Urhahn, D. (2014). How painting can transform communities. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iCXfJVCg1LA [Accessed 28 October 2019]. Markus, E. (2017). Municipal Kindergarten in Glyfada by KLab Architecture. [Online] Available at: https://www.detail-online.com/blog-article/municipal-kindergarten-in-glyfada-by-klab-architecture-31236/ [Accessed: 9 May 2020] Markus, E. (2017). Small kindergarten with a large roof: Toranoko nursery school by TYO. [Online] Available at: https://www.detail-online.com/blog-article/small-kindergarten-with-a-large-roof-toranoko-nursery-school-bytyo-30198/ [Accessed: 9 May 2020]

The Role of Colour in Kindergartens - More than just decoration

Melling, M. (2013) ‘Development, learning and employment’, Oxford city Children and Young People Needs Analysis, pp. 26-35. Meuser, N. (2019). Research-Based Design Building for Children in Theory and Practice (2). Dessau: Dessauer International Architecture Graduate School. Mikellides, B. and Porter, T. (2009). Colour for architecture today. New York: Taylor & Francis. Muses, M. (2016) The Grand Budapest Hotel: A Dissection of Colour & Style. [Online] Available at: https://movietime.guru/the-grand-budapest-hotel-adissection-of-colour-style-60203b3eab13 [Accessed: 22 November 2019] Olafur Eliasson’s ‘Room for one colour’. (2017). [Online]. Directed by -. London: The National Gallery [Viewed 5 November 2019]. Available from Youtube. Oxford City Council (2017) Architectural students from twinned city of Grenoble visit Barton housing development. Available at: https://www.oxford.gov. uk/news/article/537/architectural_students_from_twinned_city_of_grenoble_ visit_barton_housing_development [Accessed: 23 January 2020]. Pancare, R. (2018). How Do Bright Colors Appeal to Kids?. [Online] Available at: https://sciencing.com/do-bright-colors-appeal-kids-5476948.html [Accessed 2 May 2020]. Patowary, K. (2014). The Leather Tanneries of Fez, Morocco. [Online] Available at: https://www.amusingplanet.com/2014/08/the-leather-tanneries-of-fez-morocco.html [Accessed 3 April 2020]. Petsko, E. (2018). Why Jaipur’s King Painted His City Pink to Impress the Prince of Wales. [Online] Available at: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/542269/why-jaipurs-king-painted-his-city-pink-impress-prince-wales [Accessed 2 April 2020]. Pressman, L, Semple, S, Wright, A. (2017). 02.05 Colour. [podcast] The It’s Nice That Podcast: What is colour?. Available at: https://radiowolfgang.com/s/ the-it’s-nice-that-podcast/colour/ [Accessed 28 Oct. 2019]. Safaripoor, S. (n.d). The Effects of Architectural Design of the Kindergarten Space. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Issue 2016, pp. 2211-2223.

151

Scheerbart, P and Stuart, J. a. (2003). The Gray Cloth. Cambridge: The MIT Press. Schielke, T. (2018). How Luis Barragán Used Light to Make Us See Color. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/898028/how-luis-barraganused-light-to-make-us-see-color [Accessed 12 November 2019]. SchoolConstructionNews. (2005). Color Concerns: It is Not Just Personal Preference. [Online] Available at: http://schoolconstructionnews.com/2005/12/10/ color-concerns-it-not-just-personal-preference/ [Accessed 28 April 2020]. Sinofsky, E.R. & Knirck, F.G. (1981). “Choose the Right Color for your Learning Style.” Instructional Innovator, 26(3), 17-19. Sternberg, E. (2010). Healing Spaces: The Science of Place and Well-being. London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Sumner, E. (1994) Balkrishna Doshi, VSF Amdavad Ni Gufa. [Online] Available at: https://divisare.com/projects/381260-balkrishna-doshi-vsfamdavad-ni-gufa?utm_campaign=journal&utm_content=image-project-id381260&utm_medium=email&utm_source=journal-id-197 [Accessed: 10 March 2020] Sylva, K. (2014) The role of families and pre-school in educational disadvantage, Oxford Review of Education, 40:6, 680-695, DOI: 10.1080/03054985.2014.979581 Teo, Stephen (2005) Wong Kar-wai. London: British Film Institute. The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014). [Online]. Directed by Wes Anderson. California: Fox Searchlight Pictures [Viewed 26 October 2019]. Available from Youtube. Tuan, Ti-Fu (1974) Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes and Values.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice H. Vernon, M. d. (1971). The psychology of perception. 2 ed. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd. Wilkinson Eyre Architects. (2014). Maggie’s Oxford / Wilkinson Eyre Architects. [Online] Available at: https://www.archdaily.com/558757/maggie-s-oxford-wilkinson-eyre-architects [Accessed 14 November 2019].

The Role of Colour in Kindergarten

Articles inside

Bibliography

Conclusion

Frederiksvej Kindergarten

Program Brief

Toranoka Nursery

Unite d’ Habitation nursery

Maggie’s Centre, Oxford

and Practice (2) The Effects of Architectural Design of the Kindergarten Space on the

Colours in architecture

Colours on the screen

Colour for Architecture Today

The Interaction of Color

Abstract

The Gray Cloth

Introduction