P R I S M A MAGAZINE ON LIGHT QUALITIES
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by Ping Xiu Gan - Representation II
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ELEVATIONS
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3D VIEWS
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SITE ANALYSIS
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LUMINOSITY
Site Plan and Measurements
Maths Building | Engineering Building | Barr Smith Library
S TA G E
Arial and Ground Views
Suncast 3D Models | Access Movement | Photographic Study | Social and Cultural Qualities
Linguistic Defination | Philosophical Meaning | Meaning In Architecture
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Fluid Luminosity
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SITE MODEL
S TA G E
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CONCEPT 01 Concept | Site Plan | Section | Spatial Diagram
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CONCEPT 02 Concept | Site Plan | Section | Spatial Diagram
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PRECEDENT 01 Pespective Views | Precedent
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PRECEDENT 02 Pespective Views | Precedent
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REFLECTION Linguistic Defination | Philosophical Meaning | Meaning In Architecture - Guggenheim Museum Bilbao
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3D VIEWS
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ACCESS ABD MOVEMENT
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INTERNAL VIEWS
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OPACITY
Arial and Ground Views
S TA G E
Approach | Access | Movement
Show how light define spaces
Linguistic Defination | Philosophical Meaning | Meaning In Architecture
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Whiteness in Nordic Countries
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LIGHT PAVILLION Concept | Plan | Section
S TA G E
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AXONOMETRIC STRUCTURE To scale model of the structure of the pavillion
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AXONOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE Exploded perspective showing the composition of the pavillion
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CONSTRUCTION DETAIL Prism Detail | Wall Detail
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INTERNAL VIEWS Showing textures and materials
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FILTRATION Linguistic Defination | Philosophical Meaning | Meaning In Architecture - Ronchamp and Latourette
TheBraggs Molecular
building
s c i e n c e
BarrSmith library
building
Wardli
Ingkarni
Engineering
SCALE 1: 1000
SITE PLAN A scaled diagram of the site with a list of buildings
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ďż˝ Math
BARR SMITH LIBRARY
ENGINEERING & MATHS
INGKARNI WARDLI
At the scale of 1: 1000. The Barr Smith Library is the main library of The University of Adeladie, situated at the North Terrace campus. It was named in honour of Robert Barr Smith, who donated £9000 to buy books.
At the scale of 1: 1000. The School was created at the University of Adelaide in July 2003 by the merger of the National Centre for Petroleum Geology and Geophysics (NCPGG) and the School of Petroleum Engineering and Management (SPEM). The NCPGG, founded in 1986.
At the scale of 1: 1000. Ingkarni Wardli means “place of learning or enquiry”. The building recognises the special relationship the University of Adelaide shares with the Kaurna people, the original custodians of the land on which the University is situated.
E L E V AT I O N S A scaled diagram of the site with a list of buildings
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01
02
PERSPECTIVE VIEWS Different arieal and ground views showing different location of the site
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04
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01
02
01. Winter at 9am
02. Winter at noon
SUNCAST 3D PERSPECTIVES Different arieal and ground views showing different times of the day
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03. Winter at 3pm
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04 Summer at 9am
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05. Summer at noon
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06. Summer at 3pm
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL The open space on the Maths lawn is surrounded by a combination of modern and classical buildings. Mainly social and cultural activities, such as recreation, o’week, clubs, frisbee, open day, picnic, and etc take place within the symmetrical area.
DAY In the morning, the Maths lawn is buzzing with students from crossing from class to class, and from time to time social events occur at the open area. Natural light enhances the architecture of the building surrounding the lawns, like The Braggs creates reflection of other surrounding buildings to create a more open atmosphere.
NIGHT At night, the Maths lawn is relatively quiet and empty. The surrounding buildings and landscape are lit up by artificial lighting
AMBIENT OF LIGHT Study on light, social, and cultural values at the site during day and night
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ACCESS TO BUILDING PEDESTRIAN
BARR SMITH LIBRARY
THE BRAGGS
MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCE
MATHS
INGKARNI WARDLI
The symmetrical open area are common use for students, ocasionally social and cultural events are held at the center of the maths lawn. The benches and tables at the sides are often used by the students.
GATE 6
LAWN
ACCESS TO FROME ST.
ENGINEERING MATHS SCIENCE
Barr Smith Library is listed as a heritage building, therefore the view from Frome Road cannot be obstucted.
S I T E A N A LY S I S Access and Movement, site character
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The Barr Smith Library is not accessible from the Maths lawn.
L
uminosity is the presence of light that in the architecture industry, the term has been studied as intensely as building materials. Luminosity creates different atmosphere, open spaces, and projects based on how you look and feel about them. The mood and ambiance of a space will be transformed when the space is illuminated. In western thoughts, light is often deeply connected with “existence�. It is the invisible medium that disclose information of the world. Platonic light is invisible after much observation from Blumenberg, but to experience the object as visible, it can only be done as a sight with form or an idea which is light as illumination. Light comes from an origin and not just a basis of visibility, that is why the term has been generally associated with metaphorical and visual tool within the art industry. Light was denoted as wisdom, illumination, and objective during the period of Enlightenment, and it came about as a metaphor representing knowledge.
L S
E
E O
Z H
A O by Zaha Hadid
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Z
aha Hadid buildings are remarkable due to her innovative technique of managing tangible materials in relation to her imagination on the medium of light. Her theories on fluidity and fragmentation are the techniques she used for her form-finding. Leeza SOHO has the four qualities of luminosity, reflection, filtration, and opacity. The glass facade on the building reflects the surrounding buildings, and provides an orientation. Filtration occurs because the building which is split into two halves diffuses the natural light that passes through the building and spreads it out. Natural light which filters through the building creates a different kind of atmosphere and ambiance within the atrium space. Throughout the day, light changes as time pass, creating different luminosity in a day. Constructed within the Lize Financial District, Leeza SOHO atrium will be well connected with the city due to the subway interchange which runs beneath the site. Structurally, the luminosity building uses a doubled-insulated, unitized glass curtain. steps the glazing units on each floor at an angle, it allows ventilation registers to pull in outside air through an operable cavity when required due to the
“There are 360 degree so why stick to one.� type of wall system used. The presence of the building by using this scheme is to achieve the LEED gold certificate, by using low e-glazing and being a selfshading atrium to provide a comfortable environment to all individuals. Leeza SOHO atrium will be envisioned as a new indoor public space, and acts as a continuation of the plaza that is currently present. Due to the atrium being connected by a huge central atrium the subway splits the tower into two halves. Orientation of the building was designed according to the diagonal axis through the site defined by the subway tunnel is re-aligned by twisting the volume at 45 degree as the atrium rises to orientate the higher floors with the eastwest axis of Lize Road - one of the main
streets on the west of Beijing. Running up either side of the tower are translucent convex openings that are created by the split shape of the atrium. The twist of the building’s opening allows plenty of natural light in and providing views of the city at the center of the building at each level and within a single cohesive envelope, a double insulated glass facade conjoin the two halves together.
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+ REFLECTED RAYS
= DIFFUSE RAYS
CONCEPT #1 Idea concept design inspired by reflection and refraction of the bragg’s building anf form
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INDIVIDUAL PIECES
+ FIRST STEP
= SECOND STEP
CONCEPT #2 Idea concept design inspired from origami foldings
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THIRD STEP
SCALE PLAN SCALE 1: 1250
AXONOMETRIC SPATIAL DIAGRAM
LONGITUDINAL SECTION-ELEVATION SCALE 1: 100
CONCEPT #1 Scale plan | Axonometric spatial diagram | Longitudinal scetion
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SCALE PLAN SCALE 1: 1250
LONGITUDINAL SECTION-ELEVATION SCALE 1: 100
CONCEPT #2 Scale plan | Axonometric spatial diagram | Longitudinal scetion
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PRECEDENT 01
B
L o u v r e
ased on the interest of the precedent, design concept is proposed with irregular pyramids that mimics the prism characteristics. The intersection of the pyramids allows natural light to come through, and the horizontal openings on the ground provides extra lighting to be reflect and refract on the pyramids.
by
I.M. Pei
T
he Louvre’s additional implementation was a large steel and glass pyramid structure that is surrounded by three smaller triangles that provides light to the space below Cour Napolean. The glass pyramid assigned a symbolic meaning that had figural and historical importance that reinforced the main entry to the building. The appearance of the steel and glass pyramid provides a central focal point that goes hand in hand with the scale and design of the louvre.
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PRECEDENT 02
B
M e c e n a t
ased on the interest of the precedent, design concept 02 is proposed with a diamond design concept that resembles the Mecenat Art Museum’s center structure. Where is allow natural light to be directed and focused at the exhibition main area. Other than that, the design concept was also inspired by how diamonds light bounces off at different angle cuts.
by
Naf Architect
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esigned by Naf Architect & Design, the Mecenat Art Museum in Hiroshima is owned by painter Kanji Kato and was designed to house the work of Kato’s teacher, Japanese painter Kakudo Goami, and introduce Goami’s art work to a greater public. Goami’s artworks are studies in the variables of light – and the architect worked to create spaces which would show the works in a way to reflect this. The concrete structure is designed to eliminate interior columns and include open corners to maximize space and light – the surfaces are linked to create a sound structure with the sense of origami folds. As the location is in an older part of the city, the museum lights create an unexpected beacon at night and the building has become an instant landmark.
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R
eflection occurs when light bounces off an object, it can be divided into three, mirror, specular and diffuse reflection. Specular reflection occurs on a smooth surface, where reflected light travels in the same direction. Diffuse reflection occurs on a rough surface, where reflected light rays hit on an object and scatter in multiple directions.
Reflection can also be a process of questioning and exploring our actions, experiences, perspectives, and attributes to many things. By reflecting on it, a person would deeply consider certain things that might not have been given much thought to it before. It helps us to see and provide an understanding of life skills, by analyzing on actions and events
and considering the consequences in the future and learn to move forward. By gaining this life skill to reflect on academic and professional practice in this way would make a person’s expectations, beliefs, and biases more prominent to a person. Understanding yourself would help carrying out task more successfully, as you will be aware of the assumptions being made automatically or uncritically.
G U G G E N G E I M M U S E U M by Frank Gehry
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D
ub as one of the mist admired works of modern contemporary architecture designed by architect Frank Gehry, built by Ferrovial and located in Bilbao. The museum was to be part of the larger development plan that was meant to modernize and renew the industrial town. Opening in 1997, the presence of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao created an astounding impact in the socio-economic world. Approximately four million tourists visited the museum in the first three years of operation, generating about five hundred million profits. Furthermore, over hundred million in taxes spent by the tourists were collected from hotel, shops, restaurant, and transport; which is more than enough to offset the cost in constructing the building. Set amid rolling green hills, The Guggenheim Museum cuts a scabrous dash on Spain’s northern Atlantic coastline. The building is inspired by the shapes and texture of a fish, seen from the river the form resembles a boat, but when the museum is seen from above it strongly resembles a lotus flower. Despite never to be an actual flower, however, Gehry designed the form of the building to look like one instead. The approach of the museum is through time and space,to get there, visitors must
“The randomness of the curves are designed to catch the light.� pass through both history and geography because the construction and design have coincided during a periodwhen American architecture were lost. Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a threedimensional abstract form that represents something which exists in nature. The museum is mostly made up of organic curves and reflective materials that reflect the free forms of nature and light. But also, the muscular architecture reflects on the success as a nineteenth-century industrialized maritime center, however, to overcome the perilous regional politics and narcotic effects of defunct heavily
industry, the museum has been struggling in the recent years. Before the construction of The Guggenheim Museum, the site was a highly congested river port that was purely an industrial city, such as steel and iron industry, shipbuilding, and chemical factories. Bilbao was the grip of an economic recession and identity was in precipitous decline. Bilbao was not constructed for the sake of having an iconic building, but to resolve problems such as, unemployment rate, violence from extremist Basque separatists, urban deterioration, poor public transport, and pollution. If the Guggenheim Museum was not constructed, new subway line, water/ air clean-up systems and drainage and an airport; leisure, residential, and business complexes will not be built.
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THE PRISM CONCEPT Idea concept design inspired by the reflection and refraction of a prism
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he prism concept idea was inspired by The Bragg’s prism like windows. The elongated prism was trimmed into multiple pyramids of irregular shapes and sizes, accompanied with contoured glass surfaces. It is named the prism concept because the reflectionand refraction of the glass facade of the pyramid is suppose to mimic the characteristic of a prism by allowing light to bounce of from one surface to another and project a sparkle glow within the light pavillion.
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SCALE PLAN SCALE 1: 1250
LONGITUDINAL SECTION-ELEVATION SCALE 1: 100
LIGHT PAVILLION Scale plan | Longitudinal scetion
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01
02
AERIAL & GROUND Aerial and ground views of the prism pavillion
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04
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he approach to the access and moement towards the pavillion is to allow visitors to envision themselves on a slow journey, and distant their minds away from the hustle and bustle of the university. The distance of the access entices the visitors to move forward as the entrance (or the distination) could not yet be seen. Its simplicity of the design to blend into the ground allows the prism like pyrmamids to be the center of attraction as the visitors descend into the light pavillion.
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The design of access and movemnt of the light pavillion floor plan was inspired by the reflective movement when light is reflected off a prism. Greated by the recption at the entrace of the pavillion, the route will be split into two which ultimately leads to the exhibition area, and etc. The plan is like a maze, where every corner has a pocket of activity waiting for the visitors.
ACCESS AND MOVEMENT Approach, access, and movement inside and outside
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02
03 RECEPTION
SEMINAR ROOMS
B A R R SMITH L I B R A RY
RELAXING AREA
EXHIBITION
TOILETS
MATHS LAWN
STORAGE LIBRARY
ACCESS
INSIDE
ACCESS
OUTSIDE
MOVEMENT
INSIDE
MOVEMENT OUTSIDE
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01
02
INTERNAL VIEWS Show how light define spaces
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03
04
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O N O R D I C A R C H I T E C T U R E
pacity is the characteristic of being in the state of obscurity, inconspicuous, unclear, or difficult to understand. In its literal sense, opacity is often used to describe objects that prevents light to shine through, depending on the state of a body that makes it impervious to the rays of light.
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Opacity can be defined when a person is deliberately baring their soul to the world by showing their true identity or colour to others. In fear of being rejected from society, many tend to hide their essence due to a lack of self-confidence, or fulfilment in life. By hiding behind this veil to conceal their true nature, they are robbing themselves of a happy and content life. Through opacity, people are permitting themselves to connect with their emotions without having the need to rectify or understand it. In a way, opacity allows people the chance to experience their true feeling rather than reflecting on them constantly. Opacity reveals the character of a person; therefore without opacity in our lives, it would create uneasiness within us, developing into internal negative thoughts in the future. Opacity removes those uneasiness feelings and drowns out the internal negative voices; this procedure promotes a positive living within our society.
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The white luminosity that is often present in Scandinavian architecture is, in part, a direct response to the arctic climate. Colours can affect people emotionally, for instance conveying and communicating meanings and messages without speaking. White is an achromatic colour, a colour without hue representing purity, transparency, innocence and minimalism. It is one of the most common colours in nature; the colour of sunlight. Scandinavia has unique light phenomenon due to the extreme changes in weather and daylight. Therefore, to counterbalance the long and dark winter days, many great buildings in Scandinavian countries were designed with white interior surfaces, as a result of Nordic architect’s responses to their local environment by using white as a central aspect in their designs. To maximize the interior brightness during winter periods, white surfaces are used because it offers a higher reflectance, however Plummer’s affection to incorporate whiteness into architecture is also linked to the beauty of snow covered landscapes. The gradation of white light seen in Dybkaer Church are not sensed as one, but many in one. The calm and restful atmosphere differs from the central nave,
“Light originates somewhere, but man does not need to know where. Lighting is not an end in itself. But its meaning is to create a feeling of the infiniteness of eternity.” whose thriving brightness directs the attention to side aisles with differing aspect – the north is indirectly lit and engulfed in a white fog, while the south is side lit and connected to the sun with sharp alterations of shadow and light. The impeccable glow surrounding the altar is inflected to further improvement, while concentrating on the observing eye. Illumination is projected from three different directions: broadly
from the south as a glancing wash, low from the north to emphasise a black steel crucifix, and as a shower directly behind the altar, guided down through a sluice of wall. The nave walls are animated by tiny vibrations – tiny hatchings of scriptlike lines from the holes for acoustic treatment, along with the uneven texture of brickwork. The network of fine lines express contemplative experiences, as the surface turns into a medium compounded of light and shade of filigrees.
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STRUCTURE.
AXONOMETRIC STRUCTURE To scale model of the structure of the pavillion
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01
Prism Structure
02
Prism Glass
03
Ceiling/ Ground Skylight
04
Ground/ Ceiling
05
Wall Wire Fabric Structure
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Base/ Floor
01
Prism Structure
02
Prism Glass
03
Ceiling/ Ground Skylight
04
Ground/ Ceiling
05
Wall Wire Fabric Structure
06
Base/ Floor
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Axonometric projection is a type of orthographic projection used for creating a pictorial drawing of an object, where the lines of sight are perpendicular to the plane of projection, and the object is rotated around one or more of its axes to reveal multiple sides.
AXONOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE Exploded perspective showing the composition of the pavillion
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00.00 Ground Lvl
27.00 Underground Lvl
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01
Prism
02
Ceiling/ Ground
03
Internal Faade Glass
04
Pavillion Wall Structure
05
Base/ Floor
01
Prism
02
Ceiling/ Ground
03
Internal Faade Glass
04
Pavillion Wall Structure
05
Base/ Floor
01 02
03
The prism structure will be constructed with the mero space frame structure. The mero connector was introduced in 1948 by Dr. Mongeringhausen, provided to be extremely popular and has been used for numerous temporary and permanent buildings. Its joint consists of a node that is spherical hot-pressed steel forging with flat facets and tapped holes. Members are circular hollow sections with coneshaped steel forgings welded at the ends. Which accmodate connecting bolts. On ground level, the prism structure is secured by connectors to hold the prism in place.
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AXONOMETRIC MERO NODE
Insulatig glass with be used, more commonly known as double glazing, consists of two or three glass window panes seperated by a vacuum or gas filled space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the structure. 01
Mero System Node
02
Base Structure Connector
03
Member Structure
04
Glass
AXONOMETRIC PRISM
P R I S M D E TA I L Selected construction detailing 01
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BASE STRUCTURE CONNECTOR
Outside
01 02 03
Inside 04
05
3D VIEW
01
Earth
02
Shortcrete With Welded Wire Fabric
03
Insulation
04
Shortcrete With Welded Wire Fabric
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Concrete Screed Finishing
05
Internal Glass Facade Strucutre
06
SECTION
W A L L D E TA I L Selected construction detailing 02
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AXONOMETRIC WALL
01
02
INTERNAL VIEWS Showing textures and materials
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03
04
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F
iltration is a common process in which gaseous or solid particles are removed using a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but retains solid particles. Either the clarified
fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid may be the desired product. Other media, such as electricity, light and sound, also can be filtered. Optical filters can be divided into absorptive and dichroic. The difference between the two does not lie in what they filter, but how they filter. Light that is blocked in an absorptive filter does not reflect off the filter; rather,
it is absorbed into the filter. Absorptive filters are not angle sensitive, where light can be incident upon the filter from a wide range of angles and the filter will maintain its absorption and transmission properties. Conversely, a dichroic filter reflects unwanted wavelengths, while transmitting desired portion of the spectrum. Unlike absorptive filters, dichroic filters are angle sensitive. Therefore, when a dichroic filter is used any angle beyond its intended design, it will not meet the transmission and wavelength specifications indicated.
R O N C H A M P &
L A T O U R E T T E by Le Corbusier | 41 |
T
he way people interact with architecture is deeply informed by light – artificial, natural, and the absence of light. Thus, light has been a vital key in designing a space for Le Corbusier. To create kinetic architecture with daylight, Le Corbusier has successfully mastered with texture, orientation, and openings for his three sacred buildings. As in many different religions, light has been linked with holiness and divinity. Le Corbusier expressed light in his sacred buildings in an exceptional sensitivity for the interaction of colors and light. Through his religious building designs, he used light in multiple ways to demonstrate light is the key to illuminate forms, and these forms will take on emotive power. Le Corbusier used a minimum of two two light sources within a scene in Ronchamp Chapel to create asymmetric balance of light. Glare will only occur when high degree brightness contrast happens among the brightly lit opening and the darker enclosing. However, it can be avoided by allowing natural light to enter a space from at least two directions. Also, Le Corbusier rarely used candid light, because light naturally gets filtered as it enters the space by using various kind of colored glass, calottes, thick walls, and wide aperture
“Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of volumes brought together in light.” openings with splayed reveal. By allowing diffused light and reflected light to enter the Ronchamp Chapel, Le Corbusier hasmanaged to achieve dynamic luminous balance, thus supplying a desirable luminous environment for the visitors. Le Corbusier has skillfully considered and manipulated the balance and adaptation of light into sacred realms. Le Corbusier permit little light entering La Tourette, but managed to balance and apportioned it with care. All the openings
on the façade are carefully positioned and precisely modulated. The darkness is punctuated by four types of openings at the eastern end of the church; a three light-cannons over the wall between the crypt and the church, floor-to-ceiling baffled light slot, three small punctures around the confessional, and two sloths that separate the piano-shaped crypt from the main body of the church. Le Corbusier used similar lighting vocabulary and language to create distinct luminous environment, to define space, and to evoke spiritual emotion in both Ronchamp Chapel and La Tourette. To create a dynamic luminous precinct language, symmetry of light was incorporated into opposite ends to create a rather calm and contemplative atmosphere. It was achieved by introducing an asymmetrical balance
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of light to both eastern end structures. Carefully controlling the balance of light and brightness adaptation in the visual field in both Ronchamp and La Tourette was the key to the sacred light. Aside from the functional role, light as an intangible element had been used together with form and color, as visual cues to signify importance, to direct or attract attention, and to guide movements. Le Corbusier repeatedly used different daylight apertures lighting technique to create a contemplative luminous environment by using concealed light sources to exclude sky glare.
“The symbol of all Art is the Prism. The goal is destructive. To break up white light of objective realism into the secret glories it contains.� - E. E. Cummings