Global Gender Gap Report 2010 by Qualifizierungsförderwerk Chemie GmbH

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The

Global Gender Gap Report Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum

2010

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World Economic Forum Geneva, Switzerland 2010

The Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum

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The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 is published by the World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 is the result of collaboration with faculty at Harvard University and the University of California, Berkeley.

AT THE WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM

World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org

Professor Klaus Schwab Founder and Executive Chairman

Saadia Zahidi Director, Constituent Communities Yasmina Bekhouche Project Associate, Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme Marc Cuénod Team Coordinator, Constituent Communities Eimear Farrell Community Manager, Constituent Communities

AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Professor Ricardo Hausmann Director, Center for International Development

AT UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY

Professor Laura D. Tyson S.K. and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management

Thank you to Hope Steele for her superb copyediting work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent interior graphic design and layout. We are very grateful to Kamal Kamaoui and the World Economic Forum’s Publications team for their invaluable collaboration on the production of this Report. In addition we extend a special thank you to Miguel Perez at the World Economic Forum for his vital contribution to programming related to index calculations and country profiles. The terms country and nation as used in this report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The term covers well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. ISBN-92-95044-89-4 ISBN-978-92-95044-89-0

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Contents

Preface.........................................................................................................v by Klaus Schwab and Saadia Zahidi

PART 1: MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP

The Global Gender Gap Index 2010......................................3 by Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum

Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time...........................35 Appendix B: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2010......................................................................39 Appendix C: The Spread of Minimum and Maximum Values by Indicator........................................................................41

PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES

List of Countries .....................................................................45 User’s Guide: How Country Profiles Work........................47 by Yasmina Bekhouche and Marc Cuénod, World Economic Forum

Country Profiles......................................................................52 About the Authors .................................................................................321 Acknowledgements..............................................................................323

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Preface KLAUS SCHWAB, Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum SAADIA ZAHIDI, Director, Constituent Communities, World Economic Forum

We are at a unique turning point in history. Never before has there been such momentum around the issue of gender parity on the global stage. Numerous multinational companies have aligned core elements of their businesses and products to support and provide opportunities for women in the communities in which they are active. The United Nations has created a new entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women. There is a strong movement around greater investment in girls’ education in the developing world. Businesses around the world are starting to take into account the increasing power of women consumers. As women begin to make up more than half of all university graduates in much of the developed world, there is an increased consciousness that this talent must be given the opportunity to lead. Several countries have introduced legislation that mandates minimum requirements for women’s participation, in both business and politics. The World Economic Forum has been among the institutions at the forefront of driving this change in mindset and practice, primarily by emphasizing the message that gender gaps have an impact on competitiveness and by engaging the business community. Measuring the size of the problem is a prerequisite for identifying the best solutions. Through the Global Gender Gap Reports, for the past five years, the World Economic Forum has been quantifying the magnitude of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress over time. By providing a comprehensive framework for benchmarking global gender gaps, the Report reveals those countries that are role models in dividing resources equitably between women and men, regardless of their level of resources. In 2008, we launched our Global Gender Parity Group and Regional Gender Parity Groups in Latin America, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. To date, these multi-stakeholder communities of highly influential leaders— 50% women and 50% men—from business, politics, academia, media and civil society have jointly identified the biggest gaps in each region, based in part on the findings of this Report, and have collectively committed to strategies to improve the use of female talent. The Global Agenda Council on the Gender Gap, an expert council, has used the insights of this Report to propose the creation of an online repository of information on best practices to close gaps in economic participation, education, health and political empowerment. There is also the impact we cannot measure—the countless universities, schools,

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

researchers, media entities, businesses, governments and individuals that use this Report as a resource for their work. We would like to express our deep appreciation to Ricardo Hausmann, Director, Center for International Development, Harvard University and Laura D. Tyson, S.K. and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management University of California, Berkeley, USA for their invaluable contribution to this Report. We would also like to thank Yasmina Bekhouche for her research assistance and Marc Cuénod and Eimear Farrell for their support on this project at the World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Index was created with the specific purpose of being comparable across time. The 2010 Report aggregates five years of data and seeks to reveal country progress in a transparent manner. By doing this, we hope this Report will serve as a call to action to the international community to pool its knowledge and resources and to leverage the current unique window of opportunity so that faster progress can be achieved. Every moment that we wait entails colossal losses to the global society and economy.

Preface

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Part 1 Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 RICARDO HAUSMANN, Harvard University LAURA D. TYSON, University of California, Berkeley SAADIA ZAHIDI, World Economic Forum

The Global Gender Gap Index,1 introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006, is a framework for capturing the magnitude and scope of gender-based disparities and tracking their progress. The Index benchmarks national gender gaps on economic, political, education- and healthbased criteria, and provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across regions and income groups, and over time. The rankings are designed to create greater awareness among a global audience of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities created by reducing them. The methodology and quantitative analysis behind the rankings are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. The first part of this chapter reviews the underlying concepts employed in creating the Global Gender Gap Index and outlines the methods used to calculate the Index. The second part of this chapter presents the 2010 rankings, global patterns and regional performance and calls attention to notable country cases. Next, we provide an overview of the links between gender gaps and the economic performance of countries. In the fourth part of this chapter, we have also provided information on the trends revealed by the Index in the five years that we have been producing it. The Country Profiles contained in Part 2 of this Report give a more detailed picture of the relative strengths and weaknesses of each country’s performance compared with that of other nations. The first page of each profile contains detailed information on over 30 gender-related variables, presenting both the original data used to create the Index and other variables that reflect some of the legal and social factors affecting gender disparity in each country. The second page of the profile, introduced for the first time this year, reveals the trends displayed over the last five years in the indicators used to produce the Global Gender Gap Index.

Measuring the Global Gender Gap Three underlying concepts

There are three basic concepts underlying the Global Gender Gap Index. First, it focuses on measuring gaps

rather than levels. Second, it captures gaps in outcome variables rather than gaps in means or input variables. Third, it ranks countries according to gender equality rather than women’s empowerment. These three concepts are briefly outlined below. For a description of how these concepts are captured by the construction techniques used in the creation of the Index, please see the section below on the Construction of the Index. Gaps vs. levels The Index is designed to measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in individual countries rather than the actual levels of the available resources and opportunities in those countries. We do this in order to make the Global Gender Gap Index independent from countries’ levels of development. In other words, the Index is constructed to rank countries on their gender gaps, not on their development level. For example, rich countries have more education and health opportunities for all members of society and measures of education levels thus mainly reflect this well-known fact, although it is quite independent of the gender-related issues faced by each country at its own level of income. The Global Gender Gap Index, however, rewards countries for smaller gaps in access to these resources, regardless of the overall level of resources. Thus the Index penalizes or rewards countries based on the size of the gap between male and female enrolment rates, but not for the overall levels of education in the country. Outcomes vs. means The second basic concept underlying the Global Gender Gap Index is that it evaluates countries based on outcome variables rather than input measures. Our aim is to provide a snapshot of where men and women stand with regard to some fundamental outcome variables related to basic rights such as health, education, economic participation and political empowerment.Variables related to country-specific policies, culture or customs—factors that we consider to be “input” or “means” variables—are not included in the Index, but they are displayed in the Country Profiles. For example, the Index includes a variable comparing the gap

The Global Gender Gap Index, co-authored by Fiona Greig, Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D.Tyson and Saadia Zahidi, was first introduced in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report 2006. The authors are deeply grateful to Yasmina Bekhouche and Eimear Farrell for their excellent research assistance for this chapter.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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between men and women in high-skilled jobs such as legislators, senior officials and managers (an outcome variable) but does not include data on length of maternity leave (a policy variable). Gender equality vs. women’s empowerment The third distinguishing feature of the Global Gender Gap Index is that it ranks countries according to their proximity to gender equality rather than to women’s empowerment. Our aim is to focus on whether the gap between women and men in the chosen variables has declined, rather than whether women are “winning” the “battle of the sexes”. Hence, the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular variables. The four pillars

The Global Gender Gap Index examines the gap between men and women in four fundamental categories: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival and political empowerment. Table 1 displays all four of these subindexes and the 14 different variables that compose them, along with the sources of data used for each. Economic participation and opportunity This area is captured through three concepts: the participation gap, the remuneration gap and the advancement gap. The participation gap is captured through the difference in labour force participation rates. The remuneration gap is captured through a hard data indicator (ratio of estimated female-to-male earned income) and a qualitative variable calculated through the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey (wage equality for similar work). Finally, the gap between the advancement of women and men is captured through two hard data statistics (the ratio of women to men among legislators, senior officials and managers, and the ratio of women to men among technical and professional workers). Educational attainment In this category, the gap between women’s and men’s current access to education is captured through ratios of women to men in primary-, secondary- and tertiary-level education. A longer-term view of the country’s ability to educate women and men in equal numbers is captured through the ratio of the female literacy rate to the male literacy rate. Health and survival This category attempts to provide an overview of the differences between women’s and men’s health. To do this, we use two variables. The first variable included in this subindex is the sex ratio at birth. This variable aims

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

specifically to capture the phenomenon of “missing women” prevalent in many countries with strong son preference. Second, we use the gap between women’s and men’s healthy life expectancy, calculated by the World Health Organization. This measure provides an estimate of the number of years that women and men can expect to live in good health by taking into account the years lost to violence, disease, malnutrition or other relevant factors. Political empowerment This category includes mainly measures of the gap between men and women in political decision-making at the highest levels. This concept is captured through the ratio of women to men in minister-level positions and the ratio of women to men in parliamentary positions. In addition, we include the ratio of women to men in terms of years in executive office (prime minister or president) in the last 50 years. A clear drawback in this category is the absence of any variables capturing differences between the participation of women and men at local levels of government. Should such data become available at a global level in future years, they will be considered for inclusion in the Global Gender Gap Index. Construction of the Index

The Global Gender Gap Index is constructed using a four-step process, outlined below. Convert to ratios First, all data are converted to female/male ratios. For example, a country with 20% of women in ministerial positions is assigned a ratio of 20 women /80 men = 0.25 on this variable. This is to ensure that the Index is capturing gaps between women’s and men’s attainment levels, rather than the levels themselves. Truncate data at equality benchmark As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the “equality benchmark”. On all variables, except the two health variables, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men. In the case of the sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set to be 0.944,2 and the healthy life expectancy benchmark is set to be 1.06.3 Truncating the data at the equality benchmarks for each variable translates to assigning the same score to a country that has reached parity between women and men and one where women have surpassed men. The type of scale chosen determines whether the index is rewarding women’s empowerment or gender equality.4 To capture gender equality, two possible scales were considered. One was a negative-positive scale capturing the size and direction of the gender gap. This scale essentially penalizes either men’s advantage over women or women’s advantage over men, and gives the highest points

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Table 1: Structure of the Global Gender Gap Index Subindex

Variable

Source

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Ratio: Female labour force participation over male value

International Labour Organization, Key Indicators of the Labour Market, 2009

Wage equality between women and men for similar work (converted to female-over-male ratio)

World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2010

Ratio: Estimated female earned income over male value

United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, 2007 or latest data available

Ratio: Female legislators, senior officials and managers over male value

International Labour Organization, LABORSTA Internet, online database, 2008 or latest data available; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most recent year available between 1999 and 2007

Ratio: Female professional and technical workers over male value

Ratio: Female literacy rate over male value

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2008 or latest data available; World Bank’s World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database, 2008 or latest available data; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, the most recent year available between 1999 and 2007

Ratio: Female net primary level enrolment over male value

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators 2009 or latest data available; World Bank’s World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database, 2009 or latest available data

Ratio: Female net secondary level enrolment over male value

Ratio: Female gross tertiary level enrolment over male value

UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education Indicators, 2009 or latest data available; World Bank’s World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database, 2009 or latest available data

Sex ratio at birth (converted to female-over-male ratio)

Central Intelligence Agency, The CIA World Factbook, data updated bi-weekly, 2010

Ratio: Female healthy life expectancy over male value

World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, data from 2007

Ratio: Women with seats in parliament over male value

Inter-Parliamentary Union – National Women in Parliaments, 31 July 2010; United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2009, as of 28 February 2009

Ratio: Women at ministerial level over male value

Inter-Parliamentary Union, Women in Politics: 2010, up to January 2010

Ratio: Number of years with a female head of state or government (last 50 years) over male value

World Economic Forum calculations, as of 31 June 2010

Educational Attainment

Health and Survival

Political Empowerment

to absolute equality. The second was a one-sided scale that measures how close women are to reaching parity with men but does not reward or penalize countries for having a gender gap in the other direction. Thus it does not reward countries for having exceeded the parity benchmark. We find the one-sided scale more appropriate for our purposes.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Calculate subindex scores The third step in the process involves calculating the weighted average of the variables within each subindex to create the subindex scores. Averaging the different variables would implicitly give more weight to the measure that exhibits the largest variability or standard deviation. We therefore first normalize the variables by

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subindex Standard deviation

Standard deviation per 1% point change

Weight

Ratio: Female labour force participation over male value

0.160

0.063

0.199

Wage equality between women and men for similar work (converted to female-over-male ratio)

0.103

0.097

0.310

Ratio: Estimated female earned income over male value

0.144

0.069

0.221

Ratio: Female legislators, senior officials and managers over male value

0.214

0.047

0.149

Ratio: Female professional and technical workers over male value

0.262

0.038

0.121

Economic Participation and Opportunity Subindex

TOTAL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 Standard deviation

Standard deviation per 1% point change

Weight

Ratio: Female literacy rate over male value

0.145

0.069

0.191

Ratio: Female net primary level enrolment over male value

0.060

0.166

0.459

Ratio: Female net secondary level enrolment over male value

0.120

0.083

0.230

Ratio: Female gross tertiary enrolment over male value

0.228

0.044

0.121

Educational Attainment Subindex

Standard deviation per 1% point change

Weight

Ratio: Female healthy life expectancy over male value

0.023

0.441

0.307

Sex ratio at birth (converted to female over male ratio)

0.010

0.998

0.693

Health and Survival Subindex

Standard deviation per 1% point change

Weight

Ratio: Women with seats in parliament over male value

0.166

0.060

0.310

Ratio: Women at ministerial level over male value

0.208

0.048

0.247

Ratio: Number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value

0.116

0.086

0.443

Political Empowerment Subindex

equalizing their standard deviations. For example, within the educational attainment subindex, standard deviations for each of the four variables are calculated. Then we determine what a 1% point change would translate to in terms of standard deviations by dividing 0.01 by the standard deviation for each variable. These four values are then used as weights to calculate the weighted average of the four variables. This way of weighting variables essentially allows us to make sure that each variable has the same relative impact on the subindex. For example, a variable with a small variability or standard deviation, such as primary enrolment rate, gets a larger weight within the educational attainment subindex than a variable with a larger variability, such as tertiary enrolment rate. Therefore, a country with a large gender gap on primary education (a variable where most countries have achieved near-parity between women and men) will be more heavily penalized. Similarly, within the health and survival subindex, in the case of the sex ratio variable, where most countries have a very high sex ratio and the spread of the data is small, the larger weight will penalize more heavily those countries that deviate from this value. Table 2 displays the values of the weights used in the Global Gender Gap Index 2006.5 Calculate final scores In the case of all subindexes, the highest possible score is 1 (equality) and the lowest possible score is 0 (inequality), thus binding the scores between inequality and equality

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

benchmarks.6 An un-weighted average of each subindex score is taken to create the overall Global Gender Gap Index score. As in the case of the subindexes, this final value is bound between 1 (equality) and 0 (inequality), thus allowing for comparisons relative to ideal standards of equality in addition to relative country rankings.7 The equality and inequality benchmarks remain fixed across time, allowing the reader to track individual country progress in relation to an ideal standard of equality. Furthermore, we hope that the option of roughly interpreting the final Index scores as a percentage value that reveals how much of the gender gap a country has closed makes the Index more intuitively appealing to readers.8

The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 rankings We aim to include a maximum number of countries in the Report every year, within the constraints posed by data availability. To be included in the Report, a country must have data available for a minimum of 12 indicators out of the 14 that enter the Index. Country coverage 2010

In 2010, close to 200 countries were considered for inclusion. Out of the 134 ultimately covered in this Report, there were 17 countries that had one data point missing: Angola (Professional and technical workers); Belize (Wage equality for similar work [survey]); Benin (Professional and

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Figure 1: Global patterns 2010

Economy 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

0.00

Education

Politics

Sample average (0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010; scores are weighted by population.

technical workers); Brunei (Women in parliament); Chad (Professional and technical workers); Cuba (Wage equality for similar work [survey]); Ghana (Professional and technical workers); Guyana (Enrolment in secondary education); Honduras (Enrolment in secondary education); India (Professional and technical workers); Singapore (Enrolment in tertiary education); Sri Lanka (Enrolment in tertiary education); Suriname (Wage equality for similar work [survey]); Syria (Enrolment in tertiary education); Tunisia (Professional and technical workers); Yemen (Wage equality for similar work [survey]); and Zimbabwe (Estimated earned income [PPP US$]). Another 8 countries had two variables missing: Albania (Legislators, senior officials and managers; Professional and technical workers); Bahamas (Wage equality for similar work [survey]); Enrolment in tertiary education); Côte d’Ivoire (Legislators, senior officials, and managers; Professional and technical workers); Fiji (Wage equality for similar work (survey); Women in parliament); Gambia (Legislators, senior officials, and managers; Professional and technical workers); Guatemala (Legislators, senior officials, and managers; Professional and technical workers); Senegal (Legislators, senior officials, and managers; Professional and technical workers); and Tajikistan (Legislators, senior officials, and managers; Professional and technical workers). Because of the lack of recent data, we have not included Uzbekistan or Belarus this year, countries that had been part of the rankings since the first and second editions of the Report, respectively. We have, however, been

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

able to include two new countries—Côte d’Ivoire and Lebanon—thus maintaining a total of 134 countries covered in the 2010 edition of the Report. Of these, 114 have been included in the Report since the first edition and another 12 since the second edition. For these 126 countries, detailed two-page Country Profiles reveal the trends presented by the indicators of the Index over the last four to five years. Global patterns

The detailed rankings from this year’s Index are shown in Tables 3 through 5. Table 3a displays the 2010 rankings and provides comparisons with rankings in 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006. Table 3b displays the complete 2010 rankings, including four subindex scores and ranks. Table 3c provides the yearto-year score changes over the last five years. Out of the 114 countries that have been covered in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, 98 countries (86%) have improved their performance over the last four years, while 16 (14%) have shown widening gaps. Figure 1 shows a global snapshot of the gender gap on the four subindexes. It shows that the 134 countries covered in the Report, representing over 90% of the world’s population, have closed almost 96% of the gap on health outcomes between women and men and almost 93% of the gap on educational attainment. However, the gap between women and men on economic participation and political empowerment remains wide: only 59% of the

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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Table 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 rankings: Comparisons with 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006

Country

Iceland Norway Finland Sweden New Zealand Ireland Denmark Lesotho Philippines Switzerland Spain South Africa Germany Belgium United Kingdom Sri Lanka Netherlands Latvia United States Canada Trinidad and Tobago Mozambique Australia Cuba Namibia Luxembourg Mongolia Costa Rica Argentina Nicaragua Barbados Portugal Uganda Moldova Lithuania Bahamas Austria Guyana Panama Ecuador Kazakhstan Slovenia Poland Jamaica Russian Federation France Estonia Chile Macedonia, FYR Bulgaria Kyrgyz Republic Israel Croatia Honduras Colombia Singapore Thailand Greece Uruguay Peru China Botswana Ukraine Venezuela Czech Republic Tanzania Romania

2010 rank

2010 score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

0.8496 0.8404 0.8260 0.8024 0.7808 0.7773 0.7719 0.7678 0.7654 0.7562 0.7554 0.7535 0.7530 0.7509 0.7460 0.7458 0.7444 0.7429 0.7411 0.7372 0.7353 0.7329 0.7271 0.7253 0.7238 0.7231 0.7194 0.7194 0.7187 0.7176 0.7176 0.7171 0.7169 0.7160 0.7132 0.7128 0.7091 0.7090 0.7072 0.7072 0.7055 0.7047 0.7037 0.7037 0.7036 0.7025 0.7018 0.7013 0.6996 0.6983 0.6973 0.6957 0.6939 0.6927 0.6927 0.6914 0.6910 0.6908 0.6897 0.6895 0.6881 0.6876 0.6869 0.6863 0.6850 0.6829 0.6826

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

2010 rank among 2009 countries

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

2009 rank

2009 score

2008 rank

2008 score

2007 rank

2007 score

2006 rank

2006 score

1 3 2 4 5 8 7 10 9 13 17 6 12 33 15 16 11 14 31 25 19 26 20 29 32 63 22 27 24 49 21 46 40 36 30 28 42 35 43 23 47 52 50 48 51 18 37 64 53 38 41 45 54 62 56 84 59 85 57 44 60 39 61 69 74 73 70

0.8276 0.8227 0.8252 0.8139 0.7880 0.7597 0.7628 0.7495 0.7579 0.7426 0.7345 0.7709 0.7449 0.7165 0.7402 0.7402 0.7490 0.7416 0.7173 0.7196 0.7298 0.7195 0.7282 0.7176 0.7167 0.6889 0.7221 0.7180 0.7211 0.7002 0.7236 0.7013 0.7067 0.7104 0.7175 0.7179 0.7031 0.7108 0.7024 0.7220 0.7013 0.6982 0.6998 0.7013 0.6987 0.7331 0.7094 0.6884 0.6950 0.7072 0.7058 0.7019 0.6944 0.6893 0.6939 0.6664 0.6907 0.6662 0.6936 0.7024 0.6907 0.7071 0.6896 0.6839 0.6789 0.6797 0.6805

4 1 2 3 5 8 7 16 6 14 17 22 11 28 13 12 9 10 27 31 19 18 21 25 30 66 40 32 24 71 26 39 43 20 23 n/a 29 n/a 34 35 45 51 49 44 42 15 37 65 53 36 41 56 46 47 50 84 52 75 54 48 57 63 62 59 69 38 70

0.7999 0.8239 0.8195 0.8139 0.7859 0.7518 0.7538 0.7320 0.7568 0.7360 0.7281 0.7232 0.7394 0.7163 0.7366 0.7371 0.7399 0.7397 0.7179 0.7136 0.7245 0.7266 0.7241 0.7195 0.7141 0.6802 0.7049 0.7111 0.7209 0.6747 0.7188 0.7051 0.6981 0.7244 0.7222 n/a 0.7153 n/a 0.7095 0.7091 0.6976 0.6937 0.6951 0.6980 0.6994 0.7341 0.7076 0.6818 0.6914 0.7077 0.7045 0.6900 0.6967 0.6960 0.6944 0.6625 0.6917 0.6727 0.6907 0.6959 0.6878 0.6839 0.6856 0.6875 0.6770 0.7068 0.6763

4 2 3 1 5 9 8 26 6 40 10 20 7 19 11 15 12 13 31 18 46 43 17 22 29 58 62 28 33 90 n/a 37 50 21 14 n/a 27 n/a 38 44 32 49 60 39 45 51 30 86 35 25 70 36 16 68 24 77 52 72 78 75 73 53 57 55 64 34 47

0.7836 0.8059 0.8044 0.8146 0.7649 0.7457 0.7519 0.7078 0.7629 0.6924 0.7444 0.7194 0.7618 0.7198 0.7441 0.7230 0.7383 0.7333 0.7002 0.7198 0.6859 0.6883 0.7204 0.7169 0.7012 0.6786 0.6731 0.7014 0.6982 0.6458 n/a 0.6959 0.6833 0.7172 0.7234 n/a 0.7060 n/a 0.6954 0.6881 0.6983 0.6842 0.6756 0.6925 0.6866 0.6824 0.7008 0.6482 0.6967 0.7085 0.6653 0.6965 0.7210 0.6661 0.7090 0.6609 0.6815 0.6648 0.6608 0.6624 0.6643 0.6797 0.6790 0.6797 0.6718 0.6969 0.6859

4 2 3 1 7 10 8 43 6 26 11 18 5 20 9 13 12 19 23 14 45 n/a 15 n/a 38 56 42 30 41 62 n/a 33 47 17 21 n/a 27 n/a 31 82 32 51 44 25 49 70 29 78 28 37 52 35 16 74 22 65 40 69 66 60 63 34 48 57 53 24 46

0.7813 0.7994 0.7958 0.8133 0.7509 0.7335 0.7462 0.6807 0.7516 0.6997 0.7319 0.7125 0.7524 0.7078 0.7365 0.7199 0.7250 0.7091 0.7042 0.7165 0.6797 n/a 0.7163 n/a 0.6864 0.6671 0.6821 0.6936 0.6829 0.6566 n/a 0.6922 0.6797 0.7128 0.7077 n/a 0.6986 n/a 0.6935 0.6433 0.6928 0.6745 0.6802 0.7014 0.6770 0.6520 0.6944 0.6455 0.6983 0.6870 0.6742 0.6889 0.7145 0.6483 0.7049 0.6550 0.6831 0.6540 0.6549 0.6619 0.6561 0.6897 0.6797 0.6664 0.6712 0.7038 0.6797

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Table 3a: The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 rankings: Comparisons with 2009, 2008, 2007 and 2006 (cont’d.)

Country

Malawi Paraguay Ghana Slovak Republic Vietnam Dominican Republic Italy Gambia, The Bolivia Brunei Darussalam Albania Hungary Madagascar Angola Bangladesh Malta Armenia Brazil Cyprus Indonesia Georgia Tajikistan El Salvador Mexico Zimbabwe Belize Japan Mauritius Kenya Cambodia Malaysia Maldives Azerbaijan Senegal Suriname United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Zambia Tunisia Fiji Guatemala Bahrain Burkina Faso India Mauritania Cameroon Nepal Lebanon* Qatar Nigeria Algeria Jordan Ethiopia Oman Iran, Islamic Rep. Syria Egypt Turkey Morocco Benin Saudi Arabia Côte d’Ivoire* Mali Pakistan Chad Yemen

2010 rank

2010 score

2010 rank among 2009 countries

2009 rank

2009 score

2008 rank

2008 score

2007 rank

2007 score

2006 rank

2006 score

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

0.6824 0.6804 0.6782 0.6778 0.6776 0.6774 0.6765 0.6762 0.6751 0.6748 0.6726 0.6720 0.6713 0.6712 0.6702 0.6695 0.6669 0.6655 0.6642 0.6615 0.6598 0.6598 0.6596 0.6577 0.6574 0.6536 0.6524 0.6520 0.6499 0.6482 0.6479 0.6452 0.6446 0.6414 0.6407 0.6397 0.6342 0.6318 0.6293 0.6266 0.6256 0.6238 0.6217 0.6162 0.6155 0.6152 0.6110 0.6084 0.6084 0.6059 0.6055 0.6052 0.6048 0.6019 0.5950 0.5933 0.5926 0.5899 0.5876 0.5767 0.5719 0.5713 0.5691 0.5680 0.5465 0.5330 0.4603

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 n/a 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 n/a 129 130 131 132

76 66 80 68 71 67 72 75 82 94 91 65 77 106 93 88 90 81 79 92 83 86 55 98 95 87 101 96 97 104 100 99 89 102 78 112 115 105 107 109 103 111 116 120 114 119 118 110 n/a 125 108 117 113 122 123 128 121 126 129 124 131 130 n/a 127 132 133 134

0.6738 0.6868 0.6704 0.6845 0.6802 0.6859 0.6798 0.6752 0.6693 0.6524 0.6601 0.6879 0.6732 0.6353 0.6526 0.6635 0.6619 0.6695 0.6706 0.6580 0.6680 0.6661 0.6939 0.6503 0.6518 0.6636 0.6447 0.6513 0.6512 0.6410 0.6467 0.6482 0.6626 0.6427 0.6726 0.6198 0.6146 0.6356 0.6310 0.6233 0.6414 0.6209 0.6136 0.6081 0.6151 0.6103 0.6108 0.6213 n/a 0.5907 0.6280 0.6119 0.6182 0.5948 0.5938 0.5839 0.6072 0.5862 0.5828 0.5926 0.5643 0.5651 n/a 0.5860 0.5458 0.5417 0.4609

81 100 77 64 68 72 67 85 80 99 87 60 74 114 90 83 78 73 76 93 82 89 58 97 92 86 98 95 88 94 96 91 61 n/a 79 105 108 101 106 103 n/a 112 121 115 113 110 117 120 n/a 119 102 111 104 122 118 116 107 124 123 125 126 128 n/a 109 127 129 130

0.6664 0.6379 0.6679 0.6824 0.6778 0.6744 0.6788 0.6622 0.6667 0.6392 0.6591 0.6867 0.6736 0.6032 0.6531 0.6634 0.6677 0.6737 0.6694 0.6473 0.6654 0.6541 0.6875 0.6441 0.6485 0.6610 0.6434 0.6466 0.6547 0.6469 0.6442 0.6501 0.6856 n/a 0.6674 0.6220 0.6154 0.6358 0.6205 0.6295 n/a 0.6072 0.5927 0.6029 0.6060 0.6117 0.6017 0.5942 n/a 0.5948 0.6339 0.6111 0.6275 0.5867 0.5960 0.6021 0.6181 0.5832 0.5853 0.5757 0.5582 0.5537 n/a 0.6117 0.5549 0.5290 0.4664

87 69 63 54 42 65 84 95 80 n/a 66 61 89 110 100 76 71 74 82 81 67 79 48 93 88 94 91 85 83 98 92 99 59 n/a 56 105 97 96 101 102 n/a 106 115 117 114 111 116 125 n/a 109 107 108 104 113 119 118 103 120 121 122 123 124 n/a 112 126 127 128

0.6480 0.6659 0.6725 0.6797 0.6889 0.6705 0.6498 0.6421 0.6574 n/a 0.6685 0.6731 0.6461 0.6034 0.6314 0.6615 0.6651 0.6637 0.6522 0.6550 0.6665 0.6578 0.6853 0.6441 0.6464 0.6426 0.6455 0.6487 0.6508 0.6353 0.6444 0.6350 0.6781 n/a 0.6794 0.6184 0.6409 0.6409 0.6288 0.6283 n/a 0.6144 0.5931 0.5912 0.5936 0.6022 0.5919 0.5575 n/a 0.6041 0.6122 0.6068 0.6203 0.5991 0.5903 0.5903 0.6216 0.5809 0.5768 0.5676 0.5656 0.5647 n/a 0.6019 0.5509 0.5381 0.4510

81 64 58 50 n/a 59 77 79 87 n/a 61 55 84 96 91 71 n/a 67 83 68 54 n/a 39 75 76 n/a 80 88 73 89 72 n/a n/a n/a n/a 101 92 86 85 90 n/a 95 102 104 98 106 103 111 n/a n/a 94 97 93 100 n/a 108 n/a 109 105 107 110 114 n/a 99 112 113 115

0.6437 0.6556 0.6653 0.6757 n/a 0.6639 0.6456 0.6448 0.6335 n/a 0.6607 0.6698 0.6385 0.6039 0.6270 0.6518 n/a 0.6543 0.6430 0.6541 0.6700 n/a 0.6837 0.6462 0.6461 n/a 0.6447 0.6328 0.6486 0.6291 0.6509 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.5919 0.6157 0.6341 0.6360 0.6288 n/a 0.6067 0.5894 0.5854 0.6011 0.5835 0.5865 0.5478 n/a n/a 0.6104 0.6018 0.6109 0.5946 n/a 0.5803 n/a 0.5786 0.5850 0.5827 0.5780 0.5242 n/a 0.5996 0.5434 0.5247 0.4595

*New country 2010

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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Table 3b: Detailed rankings, 2010 Overall Country

Iceland Norway Finland Sweden New Zealand Ireland Denmark Lesotho Philippines Switzerland Spain South Africa Germany Belgium United Kingdom Sri Lanka Netherlands Latvia United States Canada Trinidad and Tobago Mozambique Australia Cuba Namibia Luxembourg Mongolia Costa Rica Argentina Nicaragua Barbados Portugal Uganda Moldova Lithuania Bahamas Austria Guyana Panama Ecuador Kazakhstan Slovenia Poland Jamaica Russian Federation France Estonia Chile Macedonia Bulgaria Kyrgyzstan Israel Croatia Honduras Colombia Singapore Thailand Greece Uruguay Peru China Botswana Ukraine Venezuela Czech Republic Tanzania Romania

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment

Health and Survival

Political Empowerment

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

18 3 16 11 9 25 23 1 13 30 78 55 37 39 34 89 31 21 6 8 38 5 24 84 27 22 2 98 87 94 7 56 42 10 17 4 92 93 47 90 12 32 63 19 28 60 35 108 53 50 52 49 61 96 45 20 36 79 62 81 46 29 43 83 80 57 41

0.7540 0.8306 0.7566 0.7695 0.7743 0.7409 0.7438 0.8789 0.7611 0.7267 0.6240 0.6727 0.7138 0.7097 0.7210 0.6008 0.7230 0.7516 0.7992 0.7768 0.7120 0.8113 0.7428 0.6092 0.7386 0.7507 0.8746 0.5787 0.6024 0.5915 0.7870 0.6723 0.7075 0.7707 0.7555 0.8288 0.5952 0.5915 0.6925 0.5985 0.7633 0.7229 0.6526 0.7535 0.7360 0.6610 0.7193 0.5338 0.6775 0.6843 0.6796 0.6883 0.6606 0.5904 0.6941 0.7527 0.7160 0.6209 0.6566 0.6201 0.6927 0.7359 0.7074 0.6145 0.6205 0.6710 0.7081

1 1 28 41 1 1 1 1 1 71 40 43 51 62 1 57 39 1 1 35 50 123 1 1 34 1 59 46 47 24 1 69 107 66 68 1 75 33 55 78 25 36 29 86 26 1 38 42 72 58 48 80 53 30 44 103 84 54 1 89 88 1 23 31 1 114 73

1.0000 1.0000 0.9993 0.9964 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9889 0.9964 0.9962 0.9945 0.9909 1.0000 0.9926 0.9966 1.0000 1.0000 0.9977 0.9947 0.8136 1.0000 1.0000 0.9979 1.0000 0.9919 0.9954 0.9953 0.9996 1.0000 0.9890 0.9218 0.9898 0.9894 1.0000 0.9886 0.9980 0.9934 0.9879 0.9994 0.9977 0.9992 0.9849 0.9994 1.0000 0.9967 0.9963 0.9888 0.9925 0.9953 0.9874 0.9939 0.9991 0.9956 0.9375 0.9855 0.9935 1.0000 0.9796 0.9810 1.0000 0.9996 0.9991 1.0000 0.8716 0.9887

96 91 1 80 91 89 68 1 1 74 63 101 47 44 90 1 91 1 38 47 1 110 73 69 104 67 1 66 1 57 1 71 1 1 1 1 44 43 65 57 1 63 46 1 40 1 50 1 124 40 1 91 1 53 40 100 1 84 1 107 133 125 56 1 38 110 50

0.9696 0.9697 0.9796 0.9729 0.9697 0.9700 0.9743 0.9796 0.9796 0.9738 0.9755 0.9677 0.9784 0.9787 0.9698 0.9796 0.9697 0.9796 0.9792 0.9784 0.9796 0.9612 0.9739 0.9743 0.9671 0.9743 0.9796 0.9747 0.9796 0.9758 0.9796 0.9742 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9787 0.9789 0.9753 0.9758 0.9796 0.9755 0.9785 0.9796 0.9791 0.9796 0.9773 0.9796 0.9551 0.9791 0.9796 0.9697 0.9796 0.9762 0.9791 0.9677 0.9796 0.9712 0.9796 0.9658 0.9290 0.9549 0.9761 0.9796 0.9792 0.9612 0.9773

1 3 2 4 8 7 10 34 17 13 5 9 15 16 22 6 25 31 40 36 30 11 39 18 38 49 124 14 20 19 80 32 29 69 66 115 26 27 48 28 96 70 41 87 85 47 74 21 43 64 65 63 57 35 83 79 94 42 71 37 56 108 105 55 59 33 109

0.6748 0.5614 0.5686 0.4706 0.3792 0.3985 0.3695 0.2128 0.3212 0.3352 0.4258 0.3773 0.3251 0.3244 0.2933 0.4103 0.2883 0.2404 0.1861 0.1959 0.2549 0.3455 0.1917 0.3176 0.1918 0.1673 0.0317 0.3287 0.2976 0.3037 0.1037 0.2328 0.2586 0.1240 0.1283 0.0430 0.2742 0.2674 0.1677 0.2665 0.0799 0.1229 0.1843 0.0967 0.0999 0.1695 0.1138 0.2957 0.1769 0.1372 0.1347 0.1375 0.1417 0.2052 0.1018 0.1076 0.0829 0.1773 0.1227 0.1926 0.1495 0.0597 0.0645 0.1521 0.1403 0.2280 0.0562

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Table 3b: Detailed rankings, 2010 (cont’d.) Overall Country

Malawi Paraguay Ghana Slovakia Vietnam Dominican Republic Italy Gambia, The Bolivia Brunei Darussalam Albania Hungary Madagascar Angola Bangladesh Malta Armenia Brazil Cyprus Indonesia Georgia Tajikistan El Salvador Mexico Zimbabwe Belize Japan Mauritius Kenya Cambodia Malaysia Maldives Azerbaijan Senegal Suriname United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Zambia Tunisia Fiji Guatemala Bahrain Burkina Faso India Mauritania Cameroon Nepal Lebanon* Qatar Nigeria Algeria Jordan Ethiopia Oman Iran, Islamic Rep. Syria Egypt Turkey Morocco Benin Saudi Arabia Côte d’Ivoire* Mali Pakistan Chad Yemen

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment

Health and Survival

Political Empowerment

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

Rank

Score

44 71 15 70 33 64 97 14 91 26 51 48 58 76 117 104 59 66 75 100 54 40 102 110 67 72 101 103 82 68 99 95 73 65 123 120 111 107 88 122 114 109 115 69 128 118 105 112 124 116 86 119 126 74 129 125 130 121 131 127 85 132 106 113 133 77 134

0.6979 0.6373 0.7577 0.6375 0.7212 0.6516 0.5893 0.7588 0.5957 0.7404 0.6808 0.6894 0.6708 0.6296 0.4732 0.5428 0.6690 0.6431 0.6300 0.5750 0.6751 0.7087 0.5534 0.5212 0.6397 0.6362 0.5718 0.5491 0.6151 0.6383 0.5765 0.5907 0.6352 0.6439 0.4495 0.4605 0.5203 0.5369 0.6011 0.4501 0.4983 0.5280 0.4967 0.6383 0.4025 0.4668 0.5414 0.5174 0.4483 0.4829 0.6044 0.4666 0.4225 0.6316 0.4003 0.4257 0.3980 0.4530 0.3856 0.4077 0.6049 0.3351 0.5390 0.5137 0.3059 0.6265 0.1951

112 45 111 1 106 1 49 121 97 56 52 64 98 125 108 1 26 63 77 95 87 113 79 61 105 32 82 76 102 115 65 67 93 122 85 37 100 83 119 94 70 101 60 128 120 118 117 126 91 74 124 99 81 129 90 96 104 110 109 116 133 92 130 131 127 134 132

0.8894 0.9955 0.8915 1.0000 0.9242 1.0000 0.9948 0.8288 0.9592 0.9931 0.9942 0.9900 0.9591 0.7854 0.9139 1.0000 0.9994 0.9904 0.9879 0.9640 0.9813 0.8817 0.9876 0.9910 0.9332 0.9987 0.9860 0.9882 0.9396 0.8655 0.9899 0.9896 0.9671 0.8208 0.9852 0.9977 0.9466 0.9858 0.8472 0.9662 0.9889 0.9453 0.9915 0.7485 0.8369 0.8526 0.8585 0.7806 0.9773 0.9887 0.8072 0.9530 0.9869 0.7003 0.9784 0.9594 0.9363 0.8987 0.9123 0.8607 0.6457 0.9739 0.6923 0.6794 0.7698 0.5091 0.6567

99 57 103 1 127 86 95 1 82 107 131 49 78 1 122 72 130 1 88 105 129 121 1 1 128 1 1 1 101 1 76 110 134 77 70 110 79 110 97 109 1 1 110 98 132 1 110 110 1 126 120 106 87 75 61 83 60 52 61 85 110 53 1 55 122 110 81

0.9683 0.9758 0.9674 0.9796 0.9469 0.9711 0.9697 0.9796 0.9719 0.9658 0.9370 0.9779 0.9732 0.9796 0.9557 0.9741 0.9370 0.9796 0.9701 0.9663 0.9441 0.9559 0.9796 0.9796 0.9458 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9677 0.9796 0.9736 0.9612 0.9287 0.9734 0.9742 0.9612 0.9730 0.9612 0.9690 0.9623 0.9796 0.9796 0.9612 0.9685 0.9312 0.9796 0.9612 0.9612 0.9796 0.9522 0.9607 0.9661 0.9706 0.9737 0.9755 0.9714 0.9756 0.9768 0.9755 0.9712 0.9612 0.9762 0.9796 0.9761 0.9557 0.9612 0.9727

45 75 88 89 72 92 54 62 46 131 97 126 95 24 12 51 106 112 102 58 119 90 73 61 76 131 101 91 98 78 110 118 113 68 53 60 86 114 84 67 121 116 120 77 23 50 93 44 127 131 111 123 117 82 128 129 107 125 99 103 100 131 104 81 52 122 130

0.1742 0.1129 0.0961 0.0941 0.1182 0.0870 0.1523 0.1377 0.1735 0.0000 0.0785 0.0309 0.0821 0.2901 0.3378 0.1611 0.0621 0.0488 0.0690 0.1407 0.0388 0.0929 0.1178 0.1390 0.1110 0.0000 0.0722 0.0909 0.0774 0.1095 0.0517 0.0392 0.0473 0.1274 0.1539 0.1394 0.0969 0.0435 0.0999 0.1278 0.0358 0.0423 0.0376 0.1098 0.2913 0.1621 0.0829 0.1743 0.0283 0.0000 0.0497 0.0350 0.0394 0.1021 0.0256 0.0165 0.0603 0.0311 0.0769 0.0671 0.0757 0.0000 0.0655 0.1026 0.1545 0.0352 0.0165

*New country 2010

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 rankings: Change in scores Country

2010 rank

2010 score

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

2010 rank among 2009 countries

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

2009 rank

2009 score

2008 rank

2008 score

2007 rank

2007 score

2006 rank

2006 score

1 3 2 4 5 8 7 10 9 13 17 6 12 33 15 16 11 14 31 25 19 26 20 29 32 63 22 27 24 49 21 46 40 36 30 28 42 35 43 23 47 52 50 48 51 18 37 64 53 38 41 45 54 62 56 84 59 85 57 44 60 39 61 69 74 73 70 76

4 1 2 3 5 8 7 16 6 14 17 22 11 28 13 12 9 10 27 31 19 18 21 25 30 66 40 32 24 71 26 39 43 20 23 n/a 29 n/a 34 35 45 51 49 44 42 15 37 65 53 36 41 56 46 47 50 84 52 75 54 48 57 63 62 59 69 38 70 81

4 2 3 1 5 9 8 26 6 40 10 20 7 19 11 15 12 13 31 18 46 43 17 22 29 58 62 28 33 90 n/a 37 50 21 14 n/a 27 n/a 38 44 32 49 60 39 45 51 30 86 35 25 70 36 16 68 24 77 52 72 78 75 73 53 57 55 64 34 47 87

4 2 3 1 7 10 8 43 6 26 11 18 5 20 9 13 12 19 23 14 45 n/a 15 n/a 38 56 42 30 41 62 n/a 33 47 17 21 n/a 27 n/a 31 82 32 51 44 25 49 70 29 78 28 37 52 35 16 74 22 65 40 69 66 60 63 34 48 57 53 24 46 81

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 rankings: Change in scores Country

Change in score (2010–2009)

0.0220 0.0177 0.0008 –0.0116 –0.0072 0.0177 0.0091 0.0183 0.0076 0.0136 0.0209 –0.0175 0.0080 0.0344 0.0058 0.0056 –0.0046 0.0013 0.0238 0.0176 0.0054 0.0134 –0.0011 0.0076 0.0072 0.0342 –0.0026 0.0014 –0.0024 0.0175 –0.0060 0.0158 0.0102 0.0056 –0.0043 –0.0050 0.0060 –0.0019 0.0048 –0.0148 0.0043 0.0066 0.0039 0.0024 0.0049 –0.0306 –0.0076 0.0129 0.0046 –0.0089 –0.0086 –0.0061 –0.0004 0.0035 –0.0012 0.0250 0.0003 0.0245 –0.0039 –0.0128 –0.0026 –0.0195 –0.0027 0.0024 0.0061 0.0032 0.0020 0.0087

Change in score (2009–2008)

0.0277 –0.0011 0.0057 0.0000 0.0021 0.0079 0.0090 0.0176 0.0011 0.0066 0.0063 0.0477 0.0055 0.0003 0.0036 0.0032 0.0091 0.0019 –0.0006 0.0060 0.0054 –0.0071 0.0041 –0.0019 0.0026 0.0087 0.0171 0.0069 0.0002 0.0255 0.0048 –0.0038 0.0086 –0.0140 –0.0046 n/a –0.0121 n/a –0.0071 0.0129 0.0037 0.0045 0.0047 0.0032 –0.0007 –0.0010 0.0018 0.0066 0.0036 –0.0005 0.0013 0.0118 –0.0023 –0.0068 –0.0004 0.0039 –0.0010 –0.0064 0.0029 0.0064 0.0029 0.0232 0.0041 –0.0036 0.0019 –0.0271 0.0043 0.0074

Change in score (2008–2007)

0.0164 0.0180 0.0151 –0.0007 0.0210 0.0061 0.0019 0.0242 –0.0061 0.0436 –0.0162 0.0038 –0.0224 –0.0035 –0.0075 0.0141 0.0016 0.0064 0.0177 –0.0063 0.0385 0.0383 0.0037 0.0026 0.0129 0.0016 0.0318 0.0097 0.0227 0.0289 n/a 0.0092 0.0148 0.0071 –0.0012 n/a 0.0092 n/a 0.0141 0.0210 –0.0006 0.0094 0.0194 0.0055 0.0128 0.0518 0.0068 0.0336 –0.0054 –0.0007 0.0392 –0.0064 –0.0243 0.0300 –0.0146 0.0017 0.0102 0.0079 0.0299 0.0336 0.0235 0.0041 0.0065 0.0078 0.0052 0.0100 –0.0097 0.0183

Change in score (2007–2006)

Change in score (2010–2006)

0.0023 0.0065 0.0086 0.0014 0.0140 0.0122 0.0057 0.0271 0.0113 –0.0073 0.0125 0.0069 0.0094 0.0120 0.0076 0.0031 0.0133 0.0242 –0.0039 0.0034 0.0062 n/a 0.0040 n/a 0.0147 0.0115 –0.0090 0.0078 0.0153 –0.0108 n/a 0.0037 0.0036 0.0044 0.0157 n/a 0.0074 n/a 0.0019 0.0448 0.0054 0.0097 –0.0046 –0.0089 0.0096 0.0303 0.0064 0.0027 –0.0015 0.0215 –0.0088 0.0076 0.0066 0.0178 0.0041 0.0059 –0.0016 0.0107 0.0058 0.0005 0.0082 –0.0100 –0.0006 0.0133 0.0006 –0.0069 0.0062 0.0044

0.0683 0.0410 0.0302 –0.0109 0.0299 0.0439 0.0257 0.0871 0.0139 0.0565 0.0235 0.0410 0.0005 0.0431 0.0095 0.0259 0.0194 0.0338 0.0370 0.0207 0.0556 n/a 0.0108 n/a 0.0374 0.0560 0.0373 0.0258 0.0358 0.0610 n/a 0.0249 0.0372 0.0032 0.0055 n/a 0.0105 n/a 0.0138 0.0639 0.0127 0.0302 0.0235 0.0023 0.0266 0.0505 0.0074 0.0558 0.0013 0.0113 0.0231 0.0069 –0.0205 0.0445 –0.0122 0.0364 0.0079 0.0367 0.0348 0.0276 0.0320 –0.0021 0.0072 0.0199 0.0139 –0.0208 0.0029 0.0388 (Cont’d.)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 rankings: Change in scores Country

Paraguay Ghana Slovak Republic Vietnam Dominican Republic Italy Gambia, The Bolivia Brunei Darussalam Albania Hungary Madagascar Angola Bangladesh Malta Armenia Brazil Cyprus Indonesia Georgia Tajikistan El Salvador Mexico Zimbabwe Belize Japan Mauritius Kenya Cambodia Malaysia Maldives Azerbaijan Senegal Suriname United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Zambia Tunisia Fiji Guatemala Bahrain Burkina Faso India Mauritania Cameroon Nepal Lebanon* Qatar Nigeria Algeria Jordan Ethiopia Oman Iran, Islamic Rep. Syria Egypt Turkey Morocco Benin Saudi Arabia Côte d’Ivoire* Mali Pakistan Chad Yemen Belarus Uzbekistan

2010 rank

2010 score

2010 rank among 2009 countries

2009 rank

2009 score

2008 rank

2008 score

2007 rank

2007 score

2006 rank

2006 score

69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 n/a n/a

0.6804 0.6782 0.6778 0.6776 0.6774 0.6765 0.6762 0.6751 0.6748 0.6726 0.6720 0.6713 0.6712 0.6702 0.6695 0.6669 0.6655 0.6642 0.6615 0.6598 0.6598 0.6596 0.6577 0.6574 0.6536 0.6524 0.6520 0.6499 0.6482 0.6479 0.6452 0.6446 0.6414 0.6407 0.6397 0.6342 0.6318 0.6293 0.6266 0.6256 0.6238 0.6217 0.6162 0.6155 0.6152 0.6110 0.6084 0.6084 0.6059 0.6055 0.6052 0.6048 0.6019 0.5950 0.5933 0.5926 0.5899 0.5876 0.5767 0.5719 0.5713 0.5691 0.5680 0.5465 0.5330 0.4603 n/a n/a

69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 n/a 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 n/a 129 130 131 132 n/a n/a

66 80 68 71 67 72 75 82 94 91 65 77 106 93 88 90 81 79 92 83 86 55 98 95 87 101 96 97 104 100 99 89 102 78 112 115 105 107 109 103 111 116 120 114 119 118 110 n/a 125 108 117 113 122 123 128 121 126 129 124 131 130 n/a 127 132 133 134 34 58

0.6868 0.6704 0.6845 0.6802 0.6859 0.6798 0.6752 0.6693 0.6524 0.6601 0.6879 0.6732 0.6353 0.6526 0.6635 0.6619 0.6695 0.6706 0.6580 0.6680 0.6661 0.6939 0.6503 0.6518 0.6636 0.6447 0.6513 0.6512 0.6410 0.6467 0.6482 0.6626 0.6427 0.6726 0.6198 0.6146 0.6356 0.6310 0.6233 0.6414 0.6209 0.6136 0.6081 0.6151 0.6103 0.6108 0.6213 n/a 0.5907 0.6280 0.6119 0.6182 0.5948 0.5938 0.5839 0.6072 0.5862 0.5828 0.5926 0.5643 0.5651 n/a 0.5860 0.5458 0.5417 0.4609 0.7141 0.6913

100 77 64 68 72 67 85 80 99 87 60 74 114 90 83 78 73 76 93 82 89 58 97 92 86 98 95 88 94 96 91 61 n/a 79 105 108 101 106 103 n/a 112 121 115 113 110 117 120 n/a 119 102 111 104 122 118 116 107 124 123 125 126 128 n/a 109 127 129 130 33 55

0.6379 0.6679 0.6824 0.6778 0.6744 0.6788 0.6622 0.6667 0.6392 0.6591 0.6867 0.6736 0.6032 0.6531 0.6634 0.6677 0.6737 0.6694 0.6473 0.6654 0.6541 0.6875 0.6441 0.6485 0.6610 0.6434 0.6466 0.6547 0.6469 0.6442 0.6501 0.6856 n/a 0.6674 0.6220 0.6154 0.6358 0.6205 0.6295 n/a 0.6072 0.5927 0.6029 0.6060 0.6117 0.6017 0.5942 n/a 0.5948 0.6339 0.6111 0.6275 0.5867 0.5960 0.6021 0.6181 0.5832 0.5853 0.5757 0.5582 0.5537 n/a 0.6117 0.5549 0.5290 0.4664 0.7099 0.6906

69 63 54 42 65 84 95 80 n/a 66 61 89 110 100 76 71 74 82 81 67 79 48 93 88 94 91 85 83 98 92 99 59 n/a 56 105 97 96 101 102 n/a 106 115 117 114 111 116 125 n/a 109 107 108 104 113 119 118 103 120 121 122 123 124 n/a 112 126 127 128 23 41

0.6659 0.6725 0.6797 0.6889 0.6705 0.6498 0.6421 0.6574 n/a 0.6685 0.6731 0.6461 0.6034 0.6314 0.6615 0.6651 0.6637 0.6522 0.6550 0.6665 0.6578 0.6853 0.6441 0.6464 0.6426 0.6455 0.6487 0.6508 0.6353 0.6444 0.6350 0.6781 n/a 0.6794 0.6184 0.6409 0.6409 0.6288 0.6283 n/a 0.6144 0.5931 0.5912 0.5936 0.6022 0.5919 0.5575 n/a 0.6041 0.6122 0.6068 0.6203 0.5991 0.5903 0.5903 0.6216 0.5809 0.5768 0.5676 0.5656 0.5647 n/a 0.6019 0.5509 0.5381 0.4510 0.7113 0.6921

64 58 50 n/a 59 77 79 87 n/a 61 55 84 96 91 71 n/a 67 83 68 54 n/a 39 75 76 n/a 80 88 73 89 72 n/a n/a n/a n/a 101 92 86 85 90 n/a 95 102 104 98 106 103 111 n/a n/a 94 97 93 100 n/a 108 n/a 109 105 107 110 114 n/a 99 112 113 115 n/a 36

0.6556 0.6653 0.6757 n/a 0.6639 0.6456 0.6448 0.6335 n/a 0.6607 0.6698 0.6385 0.6039 0.6270 0.6518 n/a 0.6543 0.6430 0.6541 0.6700 n/a 0.6837 0.6462 0.6461 n/a 0.6447 0.6328 0.6486 0.6291 0.6509 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.5919 0.6157 0.6341 0.6360 0.6288 n/a 0.6067 0.5894 0.5854 0.6011 0.5835 0.5865 0.5478 n/a n/a 0.6104 0.6018 0.6109 0.5946 n/a 0.5803 n/a 0.5786 0.5850 0.5827 0.5780 0.5242 n/a 0.5996 0.5434 0.5247 0.4595 n/a 0.6886

*New country 2010

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Part1_r3 (November correx)_Document 7 11/29/10 10:03 AM Page 15

Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 rankings: Change in scores (cont’d.) Country

Change in score (2010–2009)

–0.0064 0.0078 –0.0067 –0.0026 –0.0085 –0.0033 0.0010 0.0058 0.0224 0.0125 –0.0158 –0.0019 0.0358 0.0176 0.0060 0.0050 –0.0040 –0.0064 0.0035 –0.0082 –0.0063 –0.0343 0.0074 0.0056 –0.0100 0.0077 0.0007 –0.0013 0.0073 0.0012 –0.0030 –0.0180 –0.0013 –0.0319 0.0199 0.0196 –0.0038 –0.0017 0.0033 –0.0158 0.0028 0.0081 0.0081 0.0004 0.0050 0.0002 –0.0130 n/a 0.0153 –0.0225 –0.0067 –0.0133 0.0071 0.0012 0.0094 –0.0146 0.0037 0.0047 –0.0159 0.0076 0.0062 n/a –0.0181 0.0007 –0.0087 –0.0006 n/a n/a

Change in score (2009–2008)

0.0489 0.0025 0.0021 0.0023 0.0115 0.0010 0.0130 0.0026 0.0132 0.0010 0.0012 –0.0003 0.0321 –0.0005 0.0002 –0.0059 –0.0042 0.0012 0.0107 0.0026 0.0120 0.0064 0.0062 0.0032 0.0026 0.0335 0.0047 –0.0035 –0.0059 0.0025 –0.0019 –0.0230 n/a 0.0051 –0.0022 –0.0008 –0.0002 0.0106 –0.0062 n/a 0.0137 0.0209 0.0052 0.0091 –0.0014 0.0091 0.0271 n/a –0.0041 –0.0059 0.0008 –0.0093 0.0080 –0.0023 –0.0182 –0.0109 0.0029 –0.0025 0.0168 0.0061 0.0114 n/a –0.0257 –0.0090 0.0126 –0.0055 0.0042 0.0008

Change in score (2008–2007)

–0.0279 –0.0046 0.0027 –0.0110 0.0039 0.0290 0.0200 0.0093 n/a –0.0094 0.0136 0.0274 –0.0002 0.0216 0.0019 0.0027 0.0100 0.0172 –0.0077 –0.0011 –0.0038 0.0023 0.0000 0.0021 0.0183 –0.0021 –0.0022 0.0039 0.0116 –0.0002 0.0151 0.0075 n/a –0.0120 0.0036 –0.0254 –0.0051 –0.0084 0.0012 n/a –0.0072 –0.0003 0.0117 0.0124 0.0095 0.0098 0.0367 n/a –0.0093 0.0217 0.0042 0.0072 –0.0124 0.0057 0.0117 –0.0035 0.0023 0.0085 0.0082 –0.0075 –0.0110 n/a 0.0098 0.0040 –0.0091 0.0154 –0.0015 –0.0016

Change in score (2007–2006)

Change in score (2010–2006)

0.0103 0.0072 0.0040 n/a 0.0065 0.0042 –0.0027 0.0239 n/a 0.0078 0.0033 0.0076 –0.0005 0.0044 0.0097 n/a 0.0094 0.0092 0.0009 –0.0035 n/a 0.0016 –0.0021 0.0004 n/a 0.0008 0.0160 0.0023 0.0062 –0.0065 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.0265 0.0251 0.0068 –0.0071 –0.0006 n/a 0.0077 0.0037 0.0059 –0.0075 0.0187 0.0053 0.0097 n/a n/a 0.0018 0.0050 0.0094 0.0045 n/a 0.0101 n/a 0.0023 –0.0082 –0.0151 –0.0123 0.0405 n/a 0.0022 0.0075 0.0134 –0.0085 n/a 0.0035

0.0248 0.0129 0.0022 n/a 0.0135 0.0309 0.0314 0.0416 n/a 0.0119 0.0023 0.0328 0.0673 0.0432 0.0177 n/a 0.0112 0.0212 0.0074 –0.0102 n/a –0.0241 0.0115 0.0114 n/a 0.0077 0.0192 0.0014 0.0191 –0.0030 n/a n/a n/a n/a 0.0477 0.0185 –0.0022 –0.0066 –0.0023 n/a 0.0171 0.0324 0.0309 0.0143 0.0318 0.0245 0.0606 n/a n/a –0.0049 0.0034 –0.0060 0.0073 n/a 0.0130 n/a 0.0113 0.0026 –0.0060 –0.0061 0.0471 n/a –0.0316 0.0031 0.0082 0.0008 n/a n/a (Cont’d.)

*New country 2010

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

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Table 3c: The Global Gender Gap Index 2009 rankings: Change in scores (cont’d.) Number of countries

2009 to 2010

Widening gaps Narrowing gaps Improving (%) Deteriorating (%)

2008 to 2009

54 78 59% 41%

Total

2007 to 2008

43 87 67% 33%

132

2006 to 2007

41 87 68% 32%

130

2006 to 2010

24 91 79% 21%

128

16 98 86% 14%

115

114

Table 4: Rankings by income group, 2010 LOW INCOME

LOWER MIDDLE INCOME

Country

Overall score

Overall rank

Mozambique Uganda Kyrgyz Republic Tanzania Malawi Ghana Gambia, The Madagascar Bangladesh Tajikistan Zimbabwe Kenya Cambodia Zambia Burkina Faso Mauritania Nepal Ethiopia Benin Mali Chad

0.7329 0.7169 0.6973 0.6829 0.6824 0.6782 0.6762 0.6713 0.6702 0.6598 0.6574 0.6499 0.6482 0.6293 0.6162 0.6152 0.6084 0.6019 0.5719 0.5680 0.5330

22 33 51 66 68 70 75 80 82 89 92 96 97 106 111 113 115 121 128 131 133

UPPER MIDDLE INCOME

Country

Overall score

Overall rank

Lesotho Philippines Sri Lanka Mongolia Nicaragua Moldova Guyana Ecuador Honduras Thailand China Ukraine Paraguay Vietnam Bolivia Angola Armenia Indonesia Georgia El Salvador Belize Maldives Senegal Tunisia Guatemala India Cameroon Nigeria Jordan Syria Egypt Morocco Côte d’Ivoire* Pakistan Yemen

0.7678 0.7654 0.7458 0.7194 0.7176 0.7160 0.7090 0.7072 0.6927 0.6910 0.6881 0.6869 0.6804 0.6776 0.6751 0.6712 0.6669 0.6615 0.6598 0.6596 0.6536 0.6452 0.6414 0.6266 0.6238 0.6155 0.6110 0.6055 0.6048 0.5926 0.5899 0.5767 0.5691 0.5465 0.4603

8 9 16 27 30 34 38 40 54 57 61 63 69 72 76 81 84 87 88 90 93 99 101 107 109 112 114 118 120 124 125 127 130 132 134

HIGH INCOME

Country

Overall score

Overall rank

South Africa Cuba Namibia Costa Rica Argentina Lithuania Panama Kazakhstan Jamaica Russian Federation Chile Macedonia Colombia Uruguay Peru Botswana Venezuela Romania Dominican Republic Albania Brazil Mexico Mauritius Malaysia Azerbaijan Suriname Fiji Lebanon* Algeria Iran, Islamic Rep. Turkey Bulgaria

0.7535 0.7253 0.7238 0.7194 0.7187 0.7132 0.7072 0.7055 0.7037 0.7036 0.7013 0.6996 0.6927 0.6897 0.6895 0.6876 0.6863 0.6826 0.6774 0.6726 0.6655 0.6577 0.6520 0.6479 0.6446 0.6407 0.6256 0.6084 0.6052 0.5933 0.5876 0.6983

12 24 25 28 29 35 39 41 44 45 48 49 55 59 60 62 64 67 73 78 85 91 95 98 100 102 108 116 119 123 126 50

Country

Overall score

Overall rank

Iceland Norway Finland Sweden New Zealand Ireland Denmark Switzerland Spain Germany Belgium United Kingdom Netherlands Latvia United States Canada Trinidad and Tobago Australia Luxembourg Barbados Portugal Bahamas Austria Slovenia Poland France Estonia Israel Croatia Singapore Greece Czech Republic Slovakia Italy Brunei Darussalam Hungary Malta Cyprus Japan United Arab Emirates Korea, Rep. Kuwait Bahrain Qatar Oman Saudi Arabia

0.8496 0.8404 0.8260 0.8024 0.7808 0.7773 0.7719 0.7562 0.7554 0.7530 0.7509 0.7460 0.7444 0.7429 0.7411 0.7372 0.7353 0.7271 0.7231 0.7176 0.7171 0.7128 0.7091 0.7047 0.7037 0.7025 0.7018 0.6957 0.6939 0.6914 0.6908 0.6850 0.6778 0.6765 0.6748 0.6720 0.6695 0.6642 0.6524 0.6397 0.6342 0.6318 0.6217 0.6059 0.5950 0.5713

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 23 26 31 32 36 37 42 43 46 47 52 53 56 58 65 71 74 77 79 83 86 94 103 104 105 110 1 122 129

*New country 2010 Note: Income classifications are taken from the World Bank, which classifies economies into four income categories based on GNI per capita: high income, upper middle income, lower middle income and low income.

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Part1_r3 (November correx)_Document 7 11/29/10 10:03 AM Page 17

Table 5: Rankings by subindex, 2010 ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION AND OPPORTUNITY Country

Score

Rank

Lesotho Mongolia Norway Bahamas Mozambique United States Barbados Canada New Zealand Moldova Sweden Kazakhstan Philippines Gambia, The Ghana Finland Lithuania Iceland Jamaica Singapore Latvia Luxembourg Denmark Australia Ireland Brunei Darussalam Namibia Russian Federation Botswana Switzerland Netherlands Slovenia Vietnam United Kingdom Estonia Thailand Germany Trinidad and Tobago Belgium Tajikistan Romania Uganda Ukraine Malawi Colombia China Panama Hungary Israel Bulgaria Albania Kyrgyz Republic Macedonia Georgia South Africa Portugal Tanzania Madagascar Armenia France Croatia Uruguay Poland Dominican Republic Senegal Brazil Zimbabwe

0.8789 0.8746 0.8306 0.8288 0.8113 0.7992 0.7870 0.7768 0.7743 0.7707 0.7695 0.7633 0.7611 0.7588 0.7577 0.7566 0.7555 0.7540 0.7535 0.7527 0.7516 0.7507 0.7438 0.7428 0.7409 0.7404 0.7386 0.7360 0.7359 0.7267 0.7230 0.7229 0.7212 0.7210 0.7193 0.7160 0.7138 0.7120 0.7097 0.7087 0.7081 0.7075 0.7074 0.6979 0.6941 0.6927 0.6925 0.6894 0.6883 0.6843 0.6808 0.6796 0.6775 0.6751 0.6727 0.6723 0.6710 0.6708 0.6690 0.6610 0.6606 0.6566 0.6526 0.6516 0.6439 0.6431 0.6397

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Country

Score

Rank

Country

Score

Rank

Cambodia Burkina Faso Slovakia Paraguay Belize Azerbaijan Ethiopia Cyprus Angola Chad Spain Greece Czech Republic Peru Kenya Venezuela Cuba Benin Nigeria Argentina Zambia Sri Lanka Ecuador Bolivia Austria Guyana Nicaragua Maldives Honduras Italy Costa Rica Malaysia Indonesia Japan El Salvador Mauritius Malta Cameroon Côte d’Ivoire* Kuwait Chile Guatemala Mexico Korea, Rep. Nepal Mali Fiji Bahrain Qatar Bangladesh Mauritania Algeria United Arab Emirates Egypt Tunisia Suriname Lebanon* Iran, Islamic Rep. Jordan Morocco India Oman Syria Turkey Saudi Arabia Pakistan Yemen

0.6383 0.6383 0.6375 0.6373 0.6362 0.6352 0.6316 0.6300 0.6296 0.6265 0.6240 0.6209 0.6205 0.6201 0.6151 0.6145 0.6092 0.6049 0.6044 0.6024 0.6011 0.6008 0.5985 0.5957 0.5952 0.5915 0.5915 0.5907 0.5904 0.5893 0.5787 0.5765 0.5750 0.5718 0.5534 0.5491 0.5428 0.5414 0.5390 0.5369 0.5338 0.5280 0.5212 0.5203 0.5174 0.5137 0.4983 0.4967 0.4829 0.4732 0.4668 0.4666 0.4605 0.4530 0.4501 0.4495 0.4483 0.4257 0.4225 0.4077 0.4025 0.4003 0.3980 0.3856 0.3351 0.3059 0.1951

Australia Bahamas Barbados Botswana Cuba Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic France Iceland Ireland Latvia Lesotho Luxembourg Malta New Zealand Norway Philippines Slovakia United Kingdom United States Uruguay Ukraine Nicaragua Kazakhstan Armenia Russian Federation Finland Poland Honduras Venezuela Belize Guyana Namibia Canada Slovenia United Arab Emirates Estonia Netherlands Spain Sweden Chile South Africa Colombia Paraguay Costa Rica Argentina Kyrgyz Republic Italy Trinidad and Tobago Germany Albania Croatia Greece Panama Brunei Darussalam Sri Lanka Bulgaria Mongolia Bahrain Mexico Belgium Brazil Hungary Malaysia Moldova Maldives

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9996 0.9996 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9993 0.9992 0.9991 0.9991 0.9987 0.9980 0.9979 0.9977 0.9977 0.9977 0.9967 0.9966 0.9964 0.9964 0.9963 0.9962 0.9956 0.9955 0.9954 0.9953 0.9953 0.9948 0.9947 0.9945 0.9942 0.9939 0.9935 0.9934 0.9931 0.9926 0.9925 0.9919 0.9915 0.9910 0.9909 0.9904 0.9900 0.9899 0.9898 0.9896

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 24 25 26 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

Country

Score

Rank

Lithuania Portugal Fiji Switzerland Macedonia Romania Qatar Austria Mauritius Cyprus Ecuador El Salvador Israel Jordan Japan Kuwait Thailand Suriname Jamaica Georgia China Peru Oman Lebanon* Saudi Arabia Azerbaijan Tunisia Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Bolivia Madagascar Algeria Korea, Rep. Guatemala Kenya Singapore Syria Zimbabwe Vietnam Uganda Bangladesh Turkey Egypt Ghana Malawi Tajikistan Tanzania Cambodia Morocco Cameroon Mauritania Zambia India Gambia, The Senegal Mozambique Nigeria Angola Nepal Pakistan Burkina Faso Ethiopia Côte d’Ivoire* Mali Yemen Benin Chad

0.9894 0.9890 0.9889 0.9889 0.9888 0.9887 0.9887 0.9886 0.9882 0.9879 0.9879 0.9876 0.9874 0.9869 0.9860 0.9858 0.9855 0.9852 0.9849 0.9813 0.9810 0.9796 0.9784 0.9773 0.9739 0.9671 0.9662 0.9640 0.9594 0.9592 0.9591 0.9530 0.9466 0.9453 0.9396 0.9375 0.9363 0.9332 0.9242 0.9218 0.9139 0.9123 0.8987 0.8915 0.8894 0.8817 0.8716 0.8655 0.8607 0.8585 0.8526 0.8472 0.8369 0.8288 0.8208 0.8136 0.8072 0.7854 0.7806 0.7698 0.7485 0.7003 0.6923 0.6794 0.6567 0.6457 0.5091

*New country 2010

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

(Cont’d.)

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Part1_r3 (November correx)_Document 7 11/29/10 10:03 AM Page 18

Table 5: Rankings by subindex, 2010 (cont’d.) HEALTH AND SURVIVAL

POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT

Country

Score

Rank

Angola Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Brazil Cambodia Chile Côte d’Ivoire* Croatia El Salvador Fiji Finland France Gambia, The Guatemala Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lebanon* Lesotho Lithuania Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Philippines Slovakia Sri Lanka Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Uruguay Venezuela Czech Republic United States Bulgaria Colombia Russian Federation Guyana Austria Belgium Poland Canada Germany Hungary Estonia Romania Egypt Honduras Saudi Arabia Mali Ukraine Ecuador Nicaragua Paraguay Syria Oman Turkey Slovenia Spain Panama Costa Rica Luxembourg

0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9796 0.9792 0.9792 0.9791 0.9791 0.9791 0.9789 0.9787 0.9787 0.9785 0.9784 0.9784 0.9779 0.9773 0.9773 0.9768 0.9762 0.9762 0.9761 0.9761 0.9758 0.9758 0.9758 0.9756 0.9755 0.9755 0.9755 0.9755 0.9753 0.9747 0.9743

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 38 38 40 40 40 43 44 44 46 47 47 49 50 50 52 53 53 55 56 57 57 57 60 61 61 63 63 65 66 67

Country

Score

Rank

Country

Score

Rank

Denmark Cuba Suriname Portugal Malta Australia Switzerland Ethiopia Malaysia Senegal Madagascar Korea, Rep. Sweden Yemen Bolivia Iran, Islamic Rep. Greece Morocco Dominican Republic Jordan Cyprus Ireland United Kingdom Israel Netherlands New Zealand Norway Italy Iceland Zambia Burkina Faso Malawi Singapore Kenya South Africa Ghana Namibia Indonesia Algeria Brunei Darussalam Peru Tunisia Bahrain Benin Cameroon Chad Kuwait Maldives Mozambique Nepal Tanzania United Arab Emirates Nigeria Tajikistan Bangladesh Pakistan Macedonia Botswana Qatar Vietnam Zimbabwe Georgia Armenia Albania India China Azerbaijan

0.9743 0.9743 0.9742 0.9742 0.9741 0.9739 0.9738 0.9737 0.9736 0.9734 0.9732 0.9730 0.9729 0.9727 0.9719 0.9714 0.9712 0.9712 0.9711 0.9706 0.9701 0.9700 0.9698 0.9697 0.9697 0.9697 0.9697 0.9697 0.9696 0.9690 0.9685 0.9683 0.9677 0.9677 0.9677 0.9674 0.9671 0.9663 0.9661 0.9658 0.9658 0.9623 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9612 0.9607 0.9559 0.9557 0.9557 0.9551 0.9549 0.9522 0.9469 0.9458 0.9441 0.9370 0.9370 0.9312 0.9290 0.9287

68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 91 91 91 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 101 103 104 105 106 107 107 109 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 120 121 122 122 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Spain Sri Lanka Ireland New Zealand South Africa Denmark Mozambique Bangladesh Switzerland Costa Rica Germany Belgium Philippines Cuba Nicaragua Argentina Chile United Kingdom India Angola Netherlands Austria Guyana Ecuador Uganda Trinidad and Tobago Latvia Portugal Tanzania Lesotho Honduras Canada Peru Namibia Australia United States Poland Greece Macedonia Nepal Malawi Bolivia France Panama Luxembourg Mauritania Malta Pakistan Suriname Italy Venezuela China Croatia Indonesia Czech Republic United Arab Emirates Mexico Gambia, The Israel Bulgaria Kyrgyz Republic Lithuania Tunisia

0.6748 0.5686 0.5614 0.4706 0.4258 0.4103 0.3985 0.3792 0.3773 0.3695 0.3455 0.3378 0.3352 0.3287 0.3251 0.3244 0.3212 0.3176 0.3037 0.2976 0.2957 0.2933 0.2913 0.2901 0.2883 0.2742 0.2674 0.2665 0.2586 0.2549 0.2404 0.2328 0.2280 0.2128 0.2052 0.1959 0.1926 0.1918 0.1917 0.1861 0.1843 0.1773 0.1769 0.1743 0.1742 0.1735 0.1695 0.1677 0.1673 0.1621 0.1611 0.1545 0.1539 0.1523 0.1521 0.1495 0.1417 0.1407 0.1403 0.1394 0.1390 0.1377 0.1375 0.1372 0.1347 0.1283 0.1278

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

.Country

Score

Rank

Senegal Moldova Slovenia Uruguay Vietnam El Salvador Estonia Paraguay Zimbabwe Burkina Faso Cambodia Singapore Barbados Mali Ethiopia Colombia Zambia Russian Federation Korea, Rep. Jamaica Ghana Slovakia Tajikistan Mauritius Dominican Republic Cameroon Thailand Madagascar Kazakhstan Albania Kenya Turkey Benin Japan Cyprus Morocco Côte d’Ivoire* Ukraine Armenia Syria Botswana Romania Malaysia Nigeria Brazil Azerbaijan Kuwait Bahamas Guatemala Jordan Maldives Georgia Bahrain Fiji Chad Algeria Mongolia Egypt Hungary Lebanon* Oman Iran, Islamic Rep. Yemen Belize Brunei Darussalam Qatar Saudi Arabia

0.1274 0.1240 0.1229 0.1227 0.1182 0.1178 0.1138 0.1129 0.1110 0.1098 0.1095 0.1076 0.1037 0.1026 0.1021 0.1018 0.0999 0.0999 0.0969 0.0967 0.0961 0.0941 0.0929 0.0909 0.0870 0.0829 0.0829 0.0821 0.0799 0.0785 0.0774 0.0769 0.0757 0.0722 0.0690 0.0671 0.0655 0.0645 0.0621 0.0603 0.0597 0.0562 0.0517 0.0497 0.0488 0.0473 0.0435 0.0430 0.0423 0.0394 0.0392 0.0388 0.0376 0.0358 0.0352 0.0350 0.0317 0.0311 0.0309 0.0283 0.0256 0.0165 0.0165 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

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Figure 2: Regional performance on the Global Gender Gap Index 2010

Gender Gap Index score (0.00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1.00)

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 Middle East and North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Latin America and the Caribbean

Europe and Central Asia

North America

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

economic outcomes gap and only 18% of the political outcomes gap has been closed. Table 4 shows the rankings of countries by income group and Table 5 shows the rankings of countries by subindex. Table B2 in Appendix B displays the income group categories used. In 2010, in the high-income group, the Nordic countries lead the way; in the upper-middleincome group, South Africa and Cuba rank highest; in the lower-middle-income group, Lesotho and the Philippines come out on top; and in the lower-income group, Mozambique and Uganda are the strongest performers. In 2010, 22 countries have fully closed the gap on educational attainment, compared with 25 countries in 2009, 24 in 2008 and 15 in 2007. Thirty-seven countries have closed the gap on health and survival, compared with 37 in 2009, 36 in 2008 and 32 in 2007. Among these, 8 countries have closed the gap on both subindexes. Regional trends

Table 6 displays the rankings within each regional category. In Europe, the Nordic countries again come out on top; in North America, the United States now leads the way. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Costa Rica and Argentina are among the best performers. In the Middle East and North Africa, Israel holds the top position; in the Arab World, the United Arab Emirates leads the way, followed by Kuwait, Tunisia and Bahrain. In Asia and the Pacific, New Zealand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Australia are ranked highest. In

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

sub-Saharan Africa, Lesotho, South Africa and Namibia hold the highest positions. Figure 2 displays the regional performance on the overall Index score, while Figures 3 through 6 display regional performance on each of the four subindexes.9 All scores were weighted by population to produce the regional averages. Table B1 in Appendix B displays the regional categories used.10 In the overall Index scores, North America holds the top spot, followed closely by Europe and Central Asia. Both regions have closed over 70% of the gender gap. They are followed by Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific and subSaharan Africa; these regions have closed between 60% and 70% of the gender gap. Finally, the Middle East and North Africa region occupies the last place, having closed a little over 58% of its gender gap. Top 10 The four Nordic countries that have consistently held the highest positions in previous editions of the Global Gender Gap Index continue to hold these privileged positions, but the top rankings have been reallocated again this year. Iceland (1) still holds the top spot while Norway (2) takes back 2nd place from Finland (3). Iceland shows further gains in the area of political empowerment because of an increase in the number of women ministers, a near genderbalanced parliament and the continued tenure of a female prime minister. Iceland continues to hold 1st position on both educational attainment and political empowerment, and womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s labour force participation in Iceland is

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Table 6: Rankings by region, 2010 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA

LATIN AMERICAN AND THE CARIBBEAN

Country

Score

Rank

Country

Score

Rank

Country

Score

Rank

New Zealand Philippines Sri Lanka Australia Mongolia Singapore Thailand China Vietnam Brunei Darussalam Bangladesh Indonesia Japan Cambodia Malaysia Maldives Korea Rep. Fiji India Nepal Iran, Islamic Rep. Pakistan

0.7808 0.7654 0.7458 0.7271 0.7194 0.6914 0.6910 0.6881 0.6776 0.6748 0.6702 0.6615 0.6524 0.6482 0.6479 0.6452 0.6342 0.6256 0.6155 0.6084 0.5933 0.5465

5 9 16 23 27 56 57 61 72 77 82 87 94 97 98 99 104 108 112 115 123 132

Iceland Norway Finland Sweden Ireland Denmark Switzerland Spain Germany Belgium United Kingdom Netherlands Latvia Luxembourg Portugal Moldova Lithuania Austria Kazakhstan Slovenia Poland Russian Federation France Estonia Macedonia Bulgaria Kyrgyz Rep. Croatia Greece Ukraine Czech Republic Romania Slovak Republic Italy Albania Hungary Malta Armenia Cyprus Georgia Tajikistan Azerbaijan Turkey

0.8496 0.8404 0.8260 0.8024 0.7773 0.7719 0.7562 0.7554 0.7530 0.7509 0.7460 0.7444 0.7429 0.7231 0.7171 0.7160 0.7132 0.7091 0.7055 0.7047 0.7037 0.7036 0.7025 0.7018 0.6996 0.6983 0.6973 0.6939 0.6908 0.6869 0.6850 0.6826 0.6778 0.6765 0.6726 0.6720 0.6695 0.6669 0.6642 0.6598 0.6598 0.6446 0.5876

1 2 3 4 6 7 10 11 13 14 15 17 18 26 32 34 35 37 41 42 43 45 46 47 49 50 51 53 58 63 65 67 71 74 78 79 83 84 86 88 89 100 126

Trinidad and Tobago Cuba Costa Rica Argentina Nicaragua Barbados Bahamas Guyana Panama Ecuador Jamaica Chile Honduras Colombia Uruguay Peru Venezuela Paraguay Dominican Republic Bolivia Brazil El Salvador Mexico Belize Suriname Guatemala

0.7353 0.7253 0.7194 0.7187 0.7176 0.7176 0.7128 0.7090 0.7072 0.7072 0.7037 0.7013 0.6927 0.6927 0.6897 0.6895 0.6863 0.6804 0.6774 0.6751 0.6655 0.6596 0.6577 0.6536 0.6407 0.6238

21 24 28 29 30 31 36 38 39 40 44 48 54 55 59 60 64 69 73 76 85 90 91 93 102 109

among the highest in the world. However, there is still a significant difference between men’s and women’s salaries in Iceland. The extensive preschool and day-care system provided by most municipalities, a legal right for parents to return to their jobs after childbirth and a generous parental leave system are major contributors to Iceland’s ranking. In March 2010 the Icelandic parliament adopted a legislative reform to promote gender equality on the boards of publicly owned companies and public limited companies having at least 50 employees; these companies must have at least 40% of both genders represented on their boards by September 2013. Moreover, companies with 25 or more employees are required to disclose the number of men and women employed as well as the number of men and women in management positions.

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Norway moves to the 2nd spot due to small improvements on labour force participation of women (from 75% to 76%), on the perception of wage equality and on the estimated earned income. Finland improves relative to its own score in 2009 but Norway’s greater relative advance puts it further ahead in this year’s rankings. Sweden (4) completes the Nordic countries’ sustained dominance of the top four. With an impressive score, Sweden held the number one spot in 2006 and 2007, but since its gap has remained either unchanged or widened slightly over the last three years, it has fallen behind. The remaining Nordic country—Denmark (7)—continues to hold a place among the top 10 and its score remains unchanged, rounding off the Nordic countries’ record as top performers. While no country has yet achieved gender

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,Table 6: Rankings by region 2010 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

NORTH AMERICA

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Country

Score

Rank

Country

Score

Rank

Israel United Arab Emirates Kuwait Tunisia Bahrain Mauritania Lebanon* Qatar Algeria Jordan Oman Syria Egypt Morocco Saudi Arabia Yemen

0.6957 0.6397 0.6318 0.6266 0.6217 0.6152 0.6084 0.6059 0.6052 0.6048 0.5950 0.5926 0.5899 0.5767 0.5713 0.4603

52 103 105 107 110 113 116 117 119 120 122 124 125 127 129 134

United States Canada

0.7411 0.7372

19 20

equality, all of the Nordic countries, with the exception of Denmark, have closed over 80% of the gender gap and thus serve as models and useful benchmarks for international comparisons. While many global indexes tend to be tied to income levels, thus providing an advantage to the rich Nordic economies, the Global Gender Gap Index is disassociated from the income and resource level of an economy and instead seeks to measure how equitably the available income, resources and opportunities are distributed between women and men. Despite this feature of the Index, these countries emerge as top performers and true leaders on gender equality. All Nordic countries reached 99–100% literacy for both sexes several decades ago and display gender parity at both primary- and secondary-level education. At the tertiary level, in addition to very high levels of enrolment for both women and men, the gender gap has been reversed and women now make up the majority of the high-skilled workforce. In Norway, Sweden and Iceland there are over 1.5 women for every man enrolled in tertiary education, and in Finland and Denmark women also make up the majority of those in tertiary education. The Nordic countries also exhibit very high healthy life expectancies for both women and men, with women living on average three to four healthy years longer than men. While many developed economies have succeeded in closing the gender gap in education, few have succeeded in maximizing the returns from this investment. The Nordic countries are leaders in this area—all five countries

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country

Score

Rank

Lesotho South Africa Mozambique Namibia Uganda Botswana Tanzania Malawi Ghana Gambia, The Madagascar Angola Zimbabwe Mauritius Kenya Senegal Zambia Burkina Faso Cameroon Nigeria Ethiopia Benin Cote d'Ivoire* Mali Chad

0.7678 0.7535 0.7329 0.7238 0.7169 0.6876 0.6829 0.6824 0.6782 0.6762 0.6713 0.6712 0.6574 0.6520 0.6499 0.6414 0.6293 0.6162 0.6110 0.6055 0.6019 0.5719 0.5691 0.5680 0.5330

8 12 22 25 33 62 66 68 70 75 80 81 92 95 96 101 106 111 114 118 121 128 130 131 133

feature in the top 30 of the economic participation and opportunity subindex. This occurs because of a combination of factors: the labour force participation rates for women are among the highest in the world; salary gaps between women and men are among the lowest in the world, although not non-existent; and women have abundant opportunities to rise to positions of leadership. These patterns vary across the Nordic countries, but on the whole these economies have made it possible for parents to combine work and family, resulting in high female participation rates, more shared participation in childcare, more equitable distribution of labour at home, better work-life balance for both women and men and in some cases a boost to declining fertility rates. Policies applied in these countries include mandatory paternal leave in combination with maternity leave, generous federally mandated parental leave benefits provided by a combination of social insurance funds and employers, tax incentives and post-maternity re-entry programmes. Together these policies have also led to relatively higher and rising birth rates occurring simultaneously with high female workforce participation in the Nordic countries, as compared with the situation in other OECD economies such as Germany, Japan, Italy and Spain where both birth rates and participation are lower. The Nordic experience points to fewer problems with ageing in the future, as well as higher labour activity and a more robust economy. Finally there has also been success with a top-down approach to promoting women’s leadership—in Norway, publicly listed

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Figure 3: Regional performance on the economic participation and opportunity subindex

1.0

Subindex score (0.00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1.00)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 Middle East and North Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Latin America and the Caribbean

Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe and Central Asia

North America

Latin America and the Caribbean

North America

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

Figure 4: Regional performance on the educational attainment subindex

1.0

Subindex score (0.00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1.00)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East and North Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Europe and Central Asia

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

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Figure 5: Regional performance on the health and survival subindex

1.0

Subindex score (0.00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1.00)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 Asia and the Pacific

Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East and North Africa

Europe and Central Asia

Latin America and the Caribbean

North America

Europe and Central Asia

Asia and the Pacific

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

Figure 6: Regional performance on the political empowerment subindex

1.0

Subindex score (0.00â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1.00)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 Middle East and North Africa

Latin America and the Caribbean

Sub-Saharan Africa

North America

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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companies are required to have 40% of each sex on their boards since 2008 and other countries are adopting similar measures. The Nordic countries were early starters in providing women with the right to vote (Sweden in 1919, Norway in 1913, Iceland and Denmark in 1915, Finland in 1906). In Denmark, Sweden and Norway, political parties introduced voluntary gender quotas in the 1970s, resulting in high levels of female political representatives over the years. In Denmark, in fact, this quota has since been abandoned as no further stimulus is required. Today, Sweden has among the highest percentage of women in parliament in the world (47%) while the other Nordic countries are also successful in this respect. These countries have a similarly strong record on the percentage of women in ministerial level positions (Iceland 45%, Norway 53%, Finland 63%, Sweden 45% and Denmark 42%). New Zealand (5) retains its privileged position in the rankings while showing an absolute decrease in scores for economic participation, political empowerment and health. Ireland (6) improves its performance relative to its own score in previous years and also gains two spots in the rankings. Lesotho (8), which gains two places, is once again the only country in sub-Saharan Africa to have no gap in both education and health. Lesotho holds the 1st place on the literacy rate and secondary enrolment indicators. It is also the highest-ranking country among the 134 countries on the economic participation subindex. The female estimated earned income increases this year, whereas men’s estimated earned income decreases compared to last year’s data. The Philippines (9) remains the highestranking country from Asia in the Index. It ranks 1st on both education and health and is also a very strong performer on economic participation (13) and political empowerment (17). The Philippines is the only country in Asia this year to have closed the gender gap on both education and health, and is among only eight countries in the world to have done so. Switzerland (10) moves up three places to enter the top 10 ranking for the first time in the five years that the Index has been in existence. Over the past five years, it has made fairly steady progression up the ranks, from 40th to 10th place, mainly because of a greater representation of women in parliament and in the government. While it is not covered in this year’s Report (our data are from July), as of the elections held in September 2010, Switzerland has a majority female cabinet, brushing aside Switzerland’s history as one of Europe’s last nations to grant women full suffrage. The result puts Switzerland alongside Finland, Norway, Spain and Cape Verde as countries identified by the Inter-Parliamentary Union as having a majority of women in government. However, there is still some progress to be made regarding the equity between women and men in professional life: wage disparities remain a significant cause for concern, maternity leave policies in Switzerland are among the least generous in Europe,

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

women are rarely found on Swiss corporate boards and they hold far fewer senior management positions than men.11 Europe and Central Asia Seven European countries are among the 10 highestranked countries in the world, as noted in the section above, and 13 are among the top 20. Following the Nordic countries, Ireland and Switzerland, these include Spain (11), Germany (13), Belgium (14), the United Kingdom (15), the Netherlands (17) and Latvia (18). Spain moves up six places in the overall report rankings, improving its scores across all subindexes to regain the same overall position it held in 2006. It records some small gains in the category of women’s economic participation and opportunity (increases in female labour force participation, wage equality and estimated earned income, as well as in the numbers of female professional and technical workers). Spain’s strengths include the number of women in ministerial positions, an area where Spain is among the countries with the highest percentage out of the 134 countries covered. However, Spain still ranks towards the very bottom on wage equality, assuming 117th position. Improvements to Spain’s performance in terms of women’s economic participation may be expected in the future following the recent introduction of a law that obligates all companies with more than 250 employees to create gender equality plans and the largest companies to have 40-percent female boards of directors by 2015. The new law also grants 15 days’ paternity leave to new fathers. In addition, women must take up at least 40 percent of the lists of candidates that parties field in elections, under the new law. Germany follows next at 13th place. There are improvements in labour force participation of women (69% to 71%), perceptions of wage equality, estimated earned income and the percentage of women in parliament. Despite these gains, Germany falls in the rankings for the fifth consecutive year, as other countries have improved by a larger margin. Belgium moves up to 14th position because of improvements across all four subindexes. Within the subindex on economic participation and opportunity, there are slight increases in women’s labour force participation and in wage equality, accompanied by a larger increase in women’s estimated earned income. There is also an improvement in women’s political empowerment—this advance is caused primarily by a change in government, which led to a 10% increase in the number of female ministers. During the period covered by the Report, there has also been a 4% increase in the number of female parliamentarians. The United Kingdom is next, holding firmly onto its position of 15th place. The United Kingdom is followed by the Netherlands, which slips down six places to 17th position and by Latvia, which loses four places to occupy the 18th spot.

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Next in the region’s rankings is Luxembourg (26), gaining several places because of an improvement in the category of estimated earned income, where both women and men have crossed the US$ 40,000 benchmark. While there is a slight decrease (5%) among the numbers of female members of parliament, there is a small increase in the proportion of women ministers. Portugal (32) reverses its downward trend of the past few years to move up to 32nd place from 46th last year, primarily due to gains in labour force participation and women in ministerial level positions. Next in the rankings for the region are Moldova (34), Lithuania (35), Austria (37) and Kazakhstan (41). Slovenia follows in 42nd position, gaining 10 places relative to last year’s rankings. This boost is mostly the result of improved performance in the health and survival category (an increase in female life expectancy), as well as in the political empowerment subindex (an increase in the number of female ministers). There is also a small increase in the ratio of female-to-male ministers in parliament, although women are still severely under-represented in this area. Poland comes next at 43 (up seven places from last year), closely followed by the Russian Federation (45), which moves up six places in the overall Index. While the Russian Federation slips from 24th to 28th place in terms of economic participation, it remains a strong performer in this area. Over the last five years there have also been improvements in the proportion of women in parliament and in ministerial level positions. France slips down to 46th place on the Index (a loss of 28 places since last year, approaching close to its 2007 level). This drop is mainly because of its poor performance across the subindex of women’s political empowerment, with France slipping from 16th place to 47th on this variable. The evidence reveals that gender disparities in French politics remain persistent, despite legislation that mandates an equal number of men and women candidates on political party lists. During 2008–09, following President Sarkozy’s entry into government, there was a highly publicized rise in the number of women holding ministerial positions. However, during the period covered by this year’s Report, two of these female ministers have departed the cabinet while the overall size of the cabinet has grown, leading to a considerable change in proportion. There is, however, a very slight increase in the numbers of women in the parliament since last year, and small gains in female representation are seen in the categories of legislators, senior officials, and managers (France ranks 20th overall in this category), as well as among professional and technical workers. However, women are still under-represented at management level and these discrepancies in the workplace have fomented a debate about whether to enforce gender quotas. Over the last three years, there has also been an increasing perception that French women do not earn the same salary as men for similar work. At 127th

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

position, France now ranks near the very bottom on this indicator. Estonia falls 10 places, to 47th place overall. Its rankings are significantly lower this year on the health and survival subindex as well as the political empowerment subindex. However, there is an increase in the number of female legislators, senior officials and managers, and wage equality also advances by a small amount, although Estonia still has one of the widest gender pay gaps in the European Union (EU) area and ranks 87th on this indicator. Macedonia, FYR (49) follows next, gaining four places. At 50th place, Bulgaria ranks as the lowest uppermiddle-income country and drops 12 places relative to last year. Kyrgyz Republic (51) and Croatia (53) follow in the rankings. Greece (58) moves up 27 places from 85th place last year. The number of female legislators, senior officials and managers increases slightly, but the most marked improvements are in the numbers of female professional and technical workers—with Greece almost achieving gender parity—and in the area of political empowerment, with an increase in the number of women holding ministerial positions and an accompanying increase in the number of female parliamentarians. Ukraine (63), Czech Republic (65), Romania (67), Slovakia (71), Italy (74) and Albania (78) follow next. Italy continues to be one of the lowest-ranking countries in the EU and deteriorates further over the last year. Hungary (79) slips 14 places this year. The most noticeable drop for Hungary is in the area of political empowerment, with the proportion of women ministers falling from 21% to 0%. At 83rd place, Malta is among the lowest-ranked EU countries in the overall rankings. Armenia comes next and gains six places to take the 84th spot in the rankings. It is closely followed by Cyprus (86), Georgia (88) and Tajikistan (89), all of which fall in this year’s rankings. Azerbaijan falls 11 places to take the 100th position in the Index. While there is a small increase in the femaleto-male ratio for labour force participation, perceived wage equality decreases and estimated earned income also falls. Finally, Turkey rounds up the rankings for Europe and Central Asia, moving up three places from last year to assume the 126th position. With a labour force participation rate of 26%, with women’s wages only about a quarter of men’s wages and with only 10% women in legislative, senior official and managerial positions, Turkey will need to consider better integration of its female human capital, particularly as women begin to make up almost 80% of university-level students. North America The United States (19) makes a leap in the rankings this year, up from the 31st place in 2009 to enter the top 20 for the first time. The United States has a demonstrated strength in educational attainment, with very high levels of literacy for both women and men and very high levels of women’s enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary

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education, with women outstripping men in tertiary-level education. The United States places 6th in the world in terms of economic participation and opportunity. Women’s labour force participation stands at 68% while men’s is 80%. While new data show an increase in the female estimated earned income—up from US$ 25,613 to US$ 34,996 (PPP)—leading to some of the increase in the US ranking, the perceived wage inequality for similar work remains high, placing the United States at 64th in the world on this variable. Another core strength of the United States is the prominent numbers of women in legislative, senior official and managerial positions as well professional and technical worker positions. While political empowerment has not been a key strength of the United States in previous years, there have been some gains in the percentage of women in ministerial level positions in the current administration, up from 24% to 33%. Canada (20) gains five places in the rankings and shows improvement on all four subindexes. Like the United States, Canada’s strength lies in educational attainment and economic participation. Women’s labour force participation rate is 75% while men’s is 83%. The estimated earned income gap places Canada at 33rd in the world for this indicator; the perception of the wage gap for similar work places Canada at 18th in the world for this variable. Thirty-six percent of legislators, senior officials and managers and 57% of professional and technical workers positions are occupied by women. Latin America and the Caribbean Thirteen countries in the Latin America and Caribbean region have fully closed their gender gaps in the heath and survival subindex, and five countries have fully closed gaps in educational attainment. The remaining gaps are thus most concentrated in the economic participation and political empowerment subindexes. Once again, Trinidad and Tobago (21) holds the highest spot in the region, supported in particular by high proportions of women among legislators, senior officials and managers (43%) as well as in professional and technical worker positions (53%), and almost 30% women in parliament and 34% women in ministerial positions. Cuba (24) holds the 2nd spot in the region, supported by very high levels of enrolment in primary, secondary and tertiary education for both women and men, and 43% women in parliament and almost 60% of professional and technical worker positions are occupied by women. Costa Rica (28) and Argentina (29) follow next. Argentina slips five spots in the rankings compared with last year, driven by small losses in economic participation and political empowerment. Argentina’s strong points are health, near parity on education and a good performance on political empowerment. However, economic participation, particularly labour force participation, wage gaps and participation of women in senior positions remain weaknesses.

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Nicaragua (30), Barbados (31), Bahamas (36), Guyana (38), Panama (39), Ecuador (40) and Jamaica (44) follow next in the rankings. Chile (48) is the secondhighest ranked of the region’s big economies, after Argentina, gaining 16 places in the rankings since last year. Chile’s strengths lie in the area of political empowerment, driven particularly by the tenure of ex-President Michelle Bachelet and a high proportion of women ministers, as well as in educational attainment with near balanced education for both sexes. Chile also holds the top spot on health and survival. Chile’s main drawback is the continued low levels of women’s labour force participation (47% for women as compared with 78% for men), low levels of estimated earned income for women in comparison with men and very low perceived wage equality. Honduras (54), Colombia (55), Uruguay (59) and Peru (60) occupy the next four spots in the rankings. Venezuela (64) gains five places in the rankings relative to 2009, followed by Paraguay (69), Dominican Republic (73) and Bolivia (76). While there is a slightly higher number of women in ministerial positions in Venezuela, this is mainly offset by the losses in women’s labour force participation. Venezuela’s main strengths lie in the areas of educational attainment and health. Brazil (85) falls further in the rankings this year, from 81st to 85th place, driven by small losses in education and political empowerment as well as gains by other countries in the relative rankings. Enrolment in primary education for girls, while high, remains below that of boys (93% for girls compared with 95% for boys). Women’s labour force participation, at 64%, is still well below that of men (85%). Women’s estimated earned income is a little under two thirds that of men (US$ 7,190 for women as compared with US$ 12,006 for men). The perception of wage equality for similar work is among the worst in the world (123rd place) and has been decreasing steadily for the last three years. Finally, with women holding only 9% of parliamentary positions and only 7% of ministerial level positions, Brazil ranks very low on these indicators (108th and 102nd, respectively). However, as this Report goes to print, Brazil may be on the verge of electing its first female president. El Salvador (90), Mexico (91), Belize (93) and Suriname (102) occupy some of the last positions in the region. Mexico gains seven places relative to last year, primarily because of the combined effect of small gains in women’s labour force participation (44% to 46%), estimated earned income (US$ 7,311 to US$ 8,375) and enrolment in tertiary education (26% to 27%). However, with the labour force participation rate of women still nearly only half that of men and a high wage gap, Mexico remains towards the bottom of the rankings. Guatemala (109), the lowest-ranking country in the Latin America and Caribbean region, remains disadvantaged in the rankings because of a high gap on education,

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low political empowerment and low labour force participation. Middle East and North Africa Israel (52) continues to hold the top spot in the Middle East and North African region, buoyed by a higher-thanaverage performance on the economic participation and opportunity subindex. However, Israel loses seven places relative to its position last year. There are small losses on all four subindexes, driven particularly by a widening wage gap and a smaller proportion of women in ministerial level positions. The United Arab Emirates (103) gains nine places to attain 1st position among the Arab countries. The labour force participation rate of women has increased from 41% to 43% and the wage gap narrows relative to the US$ 40,000 maximum value for men. New data show that literacy rates for women are now higher than those of men, there are small gains in primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment data, and the proportion of women holding ministerial level positions has increased. Kuwait (105), Tunisia (107), Bahrain (110) and Mauritania (113) follow next in the rankings, favoured by higher-than-average performances on educational attainment. Compared with last year, Kuwait’s ranking does not change, Tunisia gains two spots and Bahrain gains six places. Bahrain’s improvements are mainly driven by significant improvements in the proportion of women legislators, senior officials and managers and the proportion of women holding ministerial level positions. The highest-ranking economies of the region have invested large amounts of resources in increasing women’s education levels—in many, the tertiary education enrolment rates of women are higher than those of men— and these countries will now need to better integrate these women into the economy to reap the benefits of this investment. Lebanon (116), Qatar (117), Algeria (119) and Jordan (120) follow next in the rankings. Lebanon enters the Index for the first time this year. While Lebanon performs well on health, it lags behind on the other subindexes, in particular economic participation. Qatar’s strength lies in education, although gains in labour force participation and wage equality have boosted Qatar’s overall ranking by eight places. Algeria loses two positions relative to last year while Jordan falls seven places. While there have been notable gains in labour force participation of women in Jordan, new data show new estimates of earned income that place Jordan lower than previously reported. Jordan’s key strength continues to lie in the area of education where primary, secondary and tertiary enrolment rates of girls are higher than those of boys Oman (122), Syria (124), Egypt (125), Morocco (127), Saudi Arabia (129) and Yemen (134) occupy the bottom half of the region’s rankings. Egypt gains one spot relative to last year but continues to be one of the lowest-performing countries from the region on educa-

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

tional attainment. Saudi Arabia’s performance over the last five years puts it among the highest climbers of the 114 countries that have been included in the Report since 2006. Between 2009 and 2010, the labour force participation rate of women has climbed from 20% to 22%, the perception of the wage gap for similar work has improved, literacy rates have improved and women’s enrolment in tertiary education has increased from 35% to 37%. Saudi Arabia remains the lowest-ranking country in the region on political empowerment, with the lowest possible score of zero. Finally, Yemen continues to occupy the last place in the region as well as in the overall rankings of 134 countries. It remains the only country in the world to have closed less than 50% of its gender gap, and it deteriorates further this year relative to its own performance in 2008. Asia and the Pacific New Zealand (5) and the Philippines (9) lead the way in the region and are the only two countries from the region to hold places in the top 10 of the global rankings. Sri Lanka (16) is distinctive for being the only South Asian country in the top 20 for the fourth consecutive year. Sri Lanka’s performance remains steady as it maintains the same rank as 2009. In addition to higher-than-average performance in education and health, Sri Lanka continues to hold a privileged position regarding political empowerment. Australia (23) follows next, driven by high levels of education, economic participation and political empowerment.12 The next places in the region are occupied by Mongolia (27), Singapore (56) and Thailand (57). China (61) loses one place relative to last year from the combined effect of lower scores on labour force participation, perceived wage equality and the sex ratio at birth—down this year from 0.91 girls for every boy to 0.88 girls for every boy. China becomes the second-last ranking country on the health and survival subindex (133), the result of its disproportionate sex ratio at birth, which contributes to China’s “missing women” phenomenon.13 China is followed by Vietnam (72) in the region’s rankings. Brunei Darussalam (77), Bangladesh (82) and Indonesia (87) take the next spots in the rankings. Bangladesh is a leader in the region on political empowerment, but it still has much progress to make on women’s economic participation (particularly in high-skilled or senior positions), on wage gaps, in women’s life expectancy and in women’s tertiary enrolment rates. Indonesia’s situation is similar to that of Bangladesh, with higher-thanaverage levels of political empowerment but low scores on aspects of economic participation, educational attainment and health. Japan (94), Cambodia (97), Malaysia (98), Maldives (99), Korea (104) and Fiji (108) follow next in the rankings. Japan and Korea continue to be among the lowest-ranking OECD countries. Japan shows progress this year by gaining

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seven places overall, driven by small increases on all four aspects of the Index, in particular a rise in the estimated earned income of women and the percentage of women in parliament. Women make up about 54% of those receiving tertiary education but only about 9% of those occupying senior leadership positions, indicating an inefficient use of the female talent available in the country. Korea also shows a strong upward movement in the rankings (rising from 115 in 2009 to 104 in 2010 overall), driven primarily by gains in the female primary and tertiary enrolment rates and increases in the proportion of women in parliament and in ministerial level positions. India (112), Nepal (115), the Islamic Republic of Iran (123) and Pakistan (132) occupy the last places in the regional rankings. India and Pakistan perform above average on the political empowerment of women, particularly India, but lag behind in the other three categories. In particular, the persistent health, education and economic participation gaps will be detrimental to India’s growth; India is the lowest ranked of the BRIC economies featured in the Index. Sub-Saharan Africa The sub-Saharan Africa region performs well on the economic participation and opportunity subindex, ranking ahead of Latin America and the Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific and the Middle East and North Africa. In fact, of the top 10 performers on the labour force participation gender gap indicator, six countries are from the region. However, poor enrolment rates and low levels of life expectancy continue to pose major challenges. Lesotho (8) reassumes the top spot in the region after having lost it last year, and is once again the only country from the region to have no gap in education and health. Lesotho is followed by South Africa (12) as the only other African country in the top 20. Although South Africa holds the top spot in the region on political empowerment, the percentage of female ministers fell from 45% to 34% this year. Updated data from the World Health Organization regarding healthy life expectancy shows that the difference between female and male healthy life expectancy continues to narrow. Mozambique (22) moves up in the rankings, gaining four places as female enrolment in secondary school increases from 2% to 6% and women’s percentage in parliament moves up from 35% to 39%. Mozambique holds the second-best position on the labour force participation indicator overall. Namibia (25) moves up seven places from 32nd place last year, followed by Uganda (33). Botswana (62) loses 23 places in the rankings in 2010, mainly because the latest data reveal a worsening gap in the economic participation and opportunity subindex. However, Botswana, in addition to Lesotho, is one of two countries from the region that has achieved gender parity on education. Botswana is followed in the rankings by Tanzania (66) and Malawi (68).

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Ghana (70) gains 10 places in the rankings this year. This is partly the result of an improvement in the health and survival subindex and partly the result of an increase in the percentage of ministerial level positions held by women (from 16% to 22%). Gambia (75) holds the same position this year as last, despite a small improvement in its score relative to its performance last year. Madagascar occupies the 80th position on the Index, followed by Angola (81). Zimbabwe (92) moves up three spots compared with last year’s rankings but continues to hold the last position on the healthy life expectancy indicator, with women living two years less than men at an average healthy life expectancy of only 38 years. Mauritius (95), Kenya (96), Senegal (101) and Zambia (106) hold the next spots in the region’s rankings. Burkina Faso (111) moves up nine spots, driven by gains in economic, education and political empowerment. Cameroon holds the 114th position on the Index. Nigeria (118) falls 10 places in the rankings because of a widening gap in all four subindexes. Ethiopia holds the 121st position in this year’s rankings and the last position on the literacy rate indicator. In Benin (128), female labour force participation increases this year from 60% to 69%, boosting its overall score. Côte d’Ivoire (130) enters the Index for the first time this year. Mali (131) slips down four spots relative to its performance last year; improvements on the health and survival subindex were offset by a weaker performance in the economic participation subindex. Mali is one of the three countries—along with Iran and Saudi Arabia—to have poor or no legislation punishing acts of violence against women, according to the OECD. Chad (133) continues to occupy the lowest overall position on the Index in the region and on the educational attainment subindex.

The link with the economic performance of countries The most important determinant of a country’s competitiveness is its human talent—the skills, education and productivity of its workforce. And women account for one-half of the potential talent base throughout the world. While closing gender gaps is a matter of human rights and equity, it is also one of efficiency. Figure 7 shows a plot of the Global Gender Gap Index 2010 scores against the Global Competitiveness Index 2010–2011 scores and Figure 8 plots the Global Gender Gap Index 2010 scores against GDP per capita. We have produced these two graphs in all previous editions of the Report; both graphs once again confirm a correlation between gender equality and the level of competitiveness and GDP per capita. This year we have added Figure 9, showing the relationship between the Global Gender Gap Index and the Human Development Index to supplement the graphs linking gender gaps with competitiveness and gender gaps with income with a graph linking gender gaps to a measure of human development.

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Figure 7: Relationship between the Global Competitiveness Index 2010–2011 and the Global Gender Gap Index 2010

Global Competitiveness Index 2010–2011 score (1–7 scale)

6 United States

Mexico

Brazil

Sweden Japan Norway

China

Saudi Arabia

Iceland

India South Africa Sri Lanka

4 Philippines Pakistan

Lesotho

3 Chad

2 0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

Global Gender Gap Index 2010 score (0.00–1.00 scale)

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010 and Global Competitiveness Index 2010–2011.

Figure 8: Relationship between GDP per capita and the Global Gender Gap Index 2010 scores

100

GDP per capita (current US$ in thousands)

Norway

80 United States

60 Sweden

Iceland

Japan

40 Russian Federation Mexico Brazil

Saudi Arabia

Yemen

South Africa Lesotho

Pakistan

0 0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65 India

0.70 China

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

Philippines

Global Gender Gap Index 2010 score (0.00–1.00 scale)

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010 and the World Bank's World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database 2008, accessed July 2010. Notes: Luxembourg is not visible on this graph as it is an outlier on the income dimension. Global Gender Gap Index scale has been truncated to enhance readability.

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Figure 9: Relationship between the Human Development Index 2007 and the Global Gender Gap Index 2010

United States

1.0

Sweden

Human Development Index 2007 values

Japan

Iceland Norway

Brazil

Saudi Arabia

Russian Federation

0.8 Sri Lanka Philippines South Africa

China India

0.6 Yemen

Pakistan Lesotho

0.4 0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

Global Gender Gap Index 2010 score (0.00–1.00 scale)

Source: UNDP, Human Development Report 2009 and Global Gender Gap Index 2010

The correlation is evident despite the fact that, as opposed to other gender indexes, the Global Gender Gap Index explicitly eliminates any direct impact of the absolute levels of any of the variables (e.g., life expectancy, educational attainment, labour force participation) on the Index. While correlation does not prove causality, it is consistent with the theory and mounting evidence that empowering women means a more efficient use of a nation’s human talent. This theory is given further weight by the numerous studies during the last decade that have confirmed that reducing gender inequality enhances productivity and economic growth. There are several interconnected areas that may serve as conduits for the demonstrated link between gender equality and productivity, growth and development. • Girls’ education: Research demonstrates that investment in girls’ education has significant multiplier effects: it reduces high fertility rates, lowers infant and child mortality rates, lowers maternal mortality rates, increases women’s labour force participation rates and earnings and fosters educational investment in children.14 These outcomes not only improve the quality of life, they also foster faster economic growth and development. A substantial body of literature has shown investing in girls’ education to be one of the highest-return investments that a developing economy can make. Out of the world’s 130 million out-of-school youth, 70 percent are girls;15 even where there is parity in enrolment, there are discrepancies between the quality

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

of boys’ and girls’ education. Education remains the key for many of the low-ranking countries covered in this Report. • Women’s labour force participation: According to recent research, a reduction in the male-female employment gap has been an important driver of European economic growth in the last decade.16 Closing this gap would have huge economic implications for developed economies, boosting US GDP by as much as 9%, euro zone GDP by as much as 13% and Japanese GDP by as much as 16%. Greater economic opportunity for women in these countries could also play a key role in addressing the future problems posed by ageing populations and mounting pension burdens. Moreover, in countries in which it is relatively easy for women to combine work with having children, female employment and female fertility both tend to be higher. A report by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Countries found that restricting job opportunities for women is costing the region between US$ 42 and US$ 46 billion a year.17 Research by the World Bank demonstrates that similar restrictions have also imposed massive costs throughout the Middle East, where decades of substantial investment have dramatically reduced the gender gap in education but the gender gap in economic opportunity remains the widest in the world.

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• Women as consumers: There is new research on the growing “power of the purse” and how this will be among the drivers of growth in the post-crisis economy. The combined impact of growing gender equality, the emerging middle class and women’s spending priorities will lead to rising household savings rates and shifting spending patterns that are likely to benefit sectors such as food, healthcare, education, childcare, apparel, consumer durables and financial services, particularly in emerging markets.18 The study predicts that over the next five years, these effects will be seen most clearly in China and Russia, and to a lesser extent in Vietnam, Mexico, Brazil and Indonesia. In the subsequent decade (2015–25), these dynamics are likely to remain strong in Mexico and Russia, and to continue to strengthen in China, Indonesia, Vietnam, India and the Philippines. India’s middle class will see rapid growth off a very low base, but the shifts in spending that we outline are likely to remain constrained by women’s relatively low status, at least for the next 10 to 15 years. • Women and spending decisions: Research has shown that women are likely to invest a larger proportion of their household income than men would in the education and health of their children. There is some evidence from India to suggest that women in local government roles also make decisions with better outcomes for communities when charged with budget decisions;19 they also appear to be more competent representatives than men, obtaining more resources for their constituencies despite having significantly lower education and relevant labor market experience.20 • Women and leadership: Innovation requires new, unique ideas—and the best ideas flourish in a diverse environment. This implies that companies benefit by successfully integrating the female half of the available talent pool across their internal leadership structures. This is particularly relevant in many developed countries, where women now account for more than half of the college and university graduates. As they begin to take up half of entry-level positions in several industries, it is a loss for companies if these high-skilled women are forced into a choice between work and family at later stages of their career as evident in the data from several OECD countries.21 Studies exploring the link between women in leadership positions and business performance have shown a positive correlation between gender diversity on top leadership teams and a company’s financial results.22 Over the last two years, in the midst of the global economic downturn, several new themes have emerged about gender equality in the workplace and its impact. Biologists, behavioural economists and psychologists have contributed to discussions on some

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

of the decisions and excesses that led to the financial crisis and have suggested that more diverse teams make better informed decisions, leading to less risktaking and more successful outcomes for companies. Over time, therefore, a nation’s competitiveness depends significantly on whether and how it educates and utilizes its female talent. To maximize its competitiveness and development potential, each country should strive for gender equality—that is, to give women the same rights, responsibilities and opportunities as men. It has been shown through our own research as well as that of others that the current economic participation of women, even in countries where they are as healthy and as educated as men, is far from optimal. Business leaders and policy-makers must ensure that barriers to women’s entry to the workforce are removed and put in place practices and policies that will provide equal opportunities for rising to positions of leadership within companies. Such practices will ensure that all existing resources are used in the most efficient manner and that the right signals are sent regarding the future flow of talent.

Tracking the gender gap over time The Global Gender Gap Index was first published in 2006 with a view to creating a comprehensive gender parity index that is able to track gaps over time relative to an equality benchmark, thus providing information on a country’s progress relative to itself as well as other countries. Based on the five years of data available for the 114 countries that have been part of the Report since its inception, we find that, on the whole, much of the world has made progress on closing gender gaps. Figure A1 in Appendix A displays changes over time within the four subindexes, while Figure A2 displays changes over time on the Index score across different regions. In 2006, 14% of the global political empowerment gap had been closed; in 2010, almost 18% of this gap has been closed. In 2006, 56% of the economic participation gap had been closed; in 2010, more than 59% of this gap has been closed. In 2006, almost 92% of the educational attainment gap had been closed; in 2010, over 93% of this gap has been closed. On health and survival, however, there has been a small deterioration between 2006 and 2010. The Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and North America regional categories have displayed improvement over the last five years on the Index score; the Middle East and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa and Europe and Central Asia have deteriorated. Table A2 in Appendix A displays the full list of 114 countries covered between 2006 and 2010 ordered according to the percentage change in their score, relative to their score in 2006. Figure A3 displays these countries in a scatter plot divided into four quadrants: countries that were performing above the median score in 2006 and have

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shown progress between 2006 and 2010, countries that were performing above the median score in 2006 and have regressed between 2006 and 2010, those that were performing below the median score in 2006 and have shown progress between 2006 and 2010 and those that were performing below the median score in 2006 and have regressed between 2006 and 2010. Finally, newly expanded Country Profiles allow readers to explore trends over the last five years on the overall Index score, subindex scores and 12 critical individual variables that are used in the Index. It is important to note that there are gaps in international databases and not all countries have information available for all variables across all five years, nor are all data updated on an annual basis for each country by the international organizations that serve as our primary source of data. We were able to calculate the Global Gender Gap Index backwards to the year 2000 for a limited set of countries in order to take a longer-term look at trends. Table A1 in Appendix A displays the Global Gender Gap Index 2000–2010 for 39 countries where the relevant data were available. In all countries there was a net improvement in scores across the 10 years, with the exception of the Slovak Republic. Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Finland and Ireland show the largest absolute increases in score, amounting to relative changes of more than 14% when compared to their performance in the year 2000.

Conclusion The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 continues to provide a snapshot of current performance as in previous reports and introduces valuable new insights regarding progress over the last five years. On average, over 96% of the gap on health outcomes, 93% of the gap on educational attainment, 59% of the gap on economic participation and 18% of the gap on political empowerment have been closed. No country in the world has achieved gender equality. The four highest-ranking countries—Iceland, Norway, Finland, Sweden—have closed a little over 80% of their gender gaps, while the lowest ranking country— Yemen—has closed only around 46% of its gender gap. The Global Gender Gap Index was developed in 2006 partially to address the need for a consistent and comprehensive measure for gender equality that can track a country’s progress over time. The fifth edition of The Global Gender Gap Report reveals the trends observed in the data over the past five years and seeks to call attention to the need for more rapid progress in closing gender gaps. Out of the 114 countries covered in 2006–2010, 98 countries (86%) have improved their performance, while 16 of them (14%) have widening gaps. In some countries, progress is occurring in a relatively short time—this is not limited to rich countries or to countries already near the top of the rankings. Countries such as Iceland, Switzerland and France have made much progress relative to their

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

positions in 2006. So have Singapore, Saudi Arabia, Lesotho, Nepal and Bangladesh, relative to their own situations and, in some cases, relative to other countries. The same is true of those countries that have lost ground over the last five years. While there have been minor losses in high-ranking countries such as Sweden, there have also been significant regressions in countries such as Mali, Benin and Morocco that were already at the lower end of the rankings. The Index points to potential role models by revealing those countries that—within their region or their income group—are leaders in having divided resources more equitably between women and men as compared with other countries, regardless of the overall level of resources available. In Europe, the Nordic countries are the best performers; in North America, the United States is now the leader. Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Costa Rica and Argentina are the top-ranking countries in Latin America and the Caribbean; Israel ranks the highest in the Middle East and North Africa; and in the Arab World, the United Arab Emirates is followed by Kuwait, Tunisia and Bahrain. In Asia and the Pacific, New Zealand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Australia are ranked highest. Lesotho, South Africa and Namibia are the leaders in sub-Saharan Africa. Among income groups, the Nordic countries lead the way in the high-income group; in the upper-middle-income group, the leaders are South Africa and Cuba. Lesotho and the Philippines are the highest-ranking countries of the lower-middle-income group; and Mozambique and Uganda are the strongest performers in the lower-income group. The detailed Country Profiles allow users to understand not only how close each country lies relative to the equality benchmark in each of the four critical areas, but also provide a snapshot of the legal and social framework within which these outcomes are produced. This year, the expanded two-page profile also allows users to see progress on the Index, the subindexes and 12 individual critical indicators over the last five years. The Index continues to track the strong correlation between a country’s gender gap and its national competitiveness. The most important determinant of a country’s competitiveness is its human talent—the skills, education and productivity of its workforce—and women account for one-half of the potential talent base throughout the world. Over time, therefore, a nation’s competitiveness depends significantly on whether and how it educates and utilizes its female talent. This Report highlights the message to policy-makers that, in order to maximize competitiveness and development potential, each country should strive for gender equality— that is, to give women the same rights, responsibilities and opportunities as men. The Index does not seek to set priorities for countries but rather to provide a comprehensive set of data and a clear method for tracking gaps on critical indicators so that countries may set priorities within their own economic, political and cultural context. We are

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hopeful that the information contained in the Global Gender Gap Report series will also serve as a basis for further research to develop a clearer understanding of the policies that are successful and those that are not, particularly as increasing numbers of policy-makers, employers and civil society seek out best practices and role models as they incorporate gender equality into their practices and policies.

20 Munshi and Rosensweig, The Efficacy of Parochial Politics. 21 See Ibarra and Zahidi, The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010. 22 Catalyst, “The Bottom Line”.

References Bartlett, L A, Mawji, S, Whitehead, S, Crouse, C, Dalil, S, Ionete, D, Salama, P and the Afghan Mortality Study Team. Where Giving Birth is a Forecast of Death: Maternal Mortality in Four Districts of Afghanistan, 1999–2002. In The Lancet, 2005, 365 (9462): 864–870.

1 See Greig et al. “The Gender Gap Index 2006”.

Beaman, L, Chattopadhyay, R, Duflo, E, Pande, R, and Topaloya, P. Powerful Women: Does Exposure Reduce Bias? http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/3122.

2 This ratio is based on what is considered to be a “normal” sex ratio at birth: 1.06 males for every female born. See Klasen and Wink, “Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate”.

Catalyst. The Bottom Line: Connecting Corporate Performance and Gender Diversity. 2004. http://www.catalyst.org/publication/82/ the-bottom-line-connecting-corporate-performance-and-gender-diversity.

3 This ratio is based on the standards used in the UN’s Gender-Related Development Index, which uses 87.5 years as the maximum age for women and 82.5 years as the maximum age for men.

Centre for Work Life Policy.

4 A first attempt to calculate the gender gap was made by the World Economic Forum in 2005; see Lopez-Claros and Zahidi, Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap. The 2005 Index, which was attempting to capture women’s empowerment, used a “feminist” scale that rewarded women’s supremacy over men (highest score is assigned to the country with the biggest gap in favour of women).

Coale, A J. Excess Female Mortality and the Balance of the Sexes in the Population: An Estimate of the Number of Missing Females. In Population and Development Review, 1991, 17 (3): 517–523.

Notes

5 The weights derived for the 2006 Index were used again this year and will be used in future years to allow for comparisons over time.

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). The CIA World Factbook, 2010.

Daly, K. Gender Inequality, Growth and Global Ageing. Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper No. 154, April 2007. Dervarics, C. Closing the Gap in Male-Female Schooling. Population Reference Bureau, 2004. http://www.prb.org/Articles/2004/ ClosingtheGapinMaleFemaleSchooling.aspx [accessed October 2009].

6 This is not strictly accurate in the case of the health variable, where the highest possible value a country can achieve is 0.9796. However, for purposes of simplicity we will refer to this value as 1 throughout the chapter and in all tables, figures and Country Profiles.

Duflo, E. Gender Equality in Development. BREAD Policy Paper No. 001, December 2005.

7 Because of the special equality benchmark value of 0.9796 for the health and survival subindex, it is not strictly accurate that the equality benchmark for the overall index score is 1. This value is in fact (1 + 1 + 1 + 0.9796) / 4 = 0.9949. However, for purposes of simplicity, we will refer to the overall equality benchmark as 1 throughout this chapter.

ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific). Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific 2007: Surging Ahead in Uncertain Times. New York: United Nations, 2007.

8 Since the variables in the subindexes are weighted by the standard deviations, the final scores for the subindexes and the overall Index are not a pure measure of the gap vis-à-vis the equality benchmark and therefore cannot be strictly interpreted as percentage values measuring the closure of the gender gap. However, for ease of interpretation and intuitive appeal, we will be using the percentage concept as a rough interpretation of the final scores. 9 A population-weighted average of all scores within each region was taken to produce these charts. 10 Please note that we have modified our regional classifications from those used in previous editions of the Report. 11 The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010. 12 Please note that these data do not take into account the recent election of Australia’s first female prime minister. 13 Sen, “Missing Women”, British Medical Journal and Klasen and Wink, “Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate”. 14 On the impact of female education on labour force participation and the educational attainment of the next generation, see Hausmann and Székely, “Inequality and the Family in Latin America”. On educational investment in children, see Summers, The Most Influential Investment, 132. 15 United Nations Foundations, Why Invest in Adolescent Girls, 1. 16 See Daly, “Gender Inequality, Growth and Global Ageing”.

http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/799.

Falkingham, J. The Impact of Maternal Health on Poverty. In id21 Health, id21 Research Highlight, 2 August 2007. http://www.id21.org/zinter/ id21zinter.exe?a=0&i=InsightsHealth11art3&u=4ae36338. Gertler, P, Martinez, S, Levine, D and Bretozzi, S. “Lost Presence and Presents: How Parental Death Affects Children“. Princeton University, 2004. The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011. 2010. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute. The Power of the Purse: Gender Equality and Middle-Class Spending. 5 August 2009. Greig, F, Hausmann, R, Tyson, L D and Zahidi, S. The Gender Gap Index 2006: A New Framework for Measuring Equality. In The Global Gender Gap Report 2006. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2006. Hausmann, R and Székely, M. Inequality and the Family in Latin America. In Population Matters: Demographic Change, Economic Growth, and Poverty in the Developing World, edited by N. Birdsall, A C Kelley, and S Sinding. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Ibarra, H and Zahidi, S. The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2010. ILO (International Labour Organization), International programme on the elimination of child labour, World Day 2009. Give Girls a Chance: End Child Labour, 2009. Available at http://www.ilo.org/ipec/ Campaignandadvocacy/WDACL/WorldDay2009/lang—en/index.htm [accessed 18 October 2009]. ———. LABORSTA Internet, online database, 2008. Inter-Parliamentary Union. National Women in Parliaments, 31 July 2010.

17 ESCAP, Economic and Social Survey of Asia and the Pacific. 18 Goldman Sachs Global Markets Institute. “The Power of the Purse”. 19 See Beaman et al. Powerful Women”.

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Jütting, J P, Morrisson, C, Dayton-Johnson, J and Drechsler, D. Measuring Gender (In)equality: Introducing the Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base (GID). Working Paper No. 247. OECD Development Centre, March, 2006. http://www.oecd.org/ dataoecd/17/49/36228820.pdf. Kilpatrick, S J, Crabtree, K E, Kemp, A and Geller, S. Preventability of Maternal Deaths: Comparison between Zambian and American Referral Hospitals. In Obstetrics & Gynecology, 2002, 100: 321–326. Klasen, S and Wink, C. Missing Women: Revisiting the Debate. In Feminist Economics, 2003, 9 (2–3): 263–299. Lopez-Claros, A and Zahidi, S. Women’s Empowerment: Measuring the Global Gender Gap. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2005. Mathers, C D, Iburg, K M, Salomon, J A, Tandon, A, Chatterji, S, Ustün, B and Murray, C J L..Global Patterns of Healthy Life Expectancy in the Year 2002. In BioMed Central Public Health, 2004, 4: 66. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/4/66. Matthews, Z. Improving the Health of Mothers and Babies. In id21 insights, health # 11, University of Sussex. http://www.id21.org/ insights/insights-h11/art00.html/ Munshi, K and Rosensweig, R. The Efficacy of Parochial Politics: Caste, Commitment, and Competence in Indian Local Governments. Center Discussion Paper No. 964. Economic Growth Center, Yale University, September 2008. http://www.econ.yale.edu/growth_pdf/cdp964.pdf. Nardo, M, Saisana, M, Saltelli, A, Tarantola, and Hoffmann, A and Giovannini, E. Handbook on Constructing Composite Indicators: Methodology and User Guide, OECD Statistics Working Papers, 2005/3, OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/533411815016. Nike Foundation. The Girl Effect: Not Just about Girls: Engaging Men and Boys Is Key to Girls’ Ability to Achieve their Full Potential, 2009. http://www.nikefoundation.com/media_room.html [accessed October 2009]. PLAN. Girls in the Global Economy: Adding It All Up, 2009. Sen, A. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ———. Missing Women. In British Medical Journal, 1992, March 7, 304 (6827): 587–588. Sen, G, George, A, and Ostlin, P (eds). Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity. Boston: MIT Press, 2002. Summers, L. The Most Influential Investment. In Scientific American, 1992, August: 132.

UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). The State of the World’s Children 2009: Maternal and Newborn Health. New York: UNICEF, December 2008. http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/ SOWC09-FullReport-EN.pdf. ———. The State of the World’s Children 2004. http://www.unicef.org/ sowc04/sowc04_girls_left_out.html [accessed October 2009]. United Nations Foundations. Why Invest in Adolescent Girls. http://www.unfoundation.org/global-issues/women-and-population/ investing-adolescent-girls.html. United Nations Secretariat, Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpp/ [accessed October 2009]. Varkey, S, Gupta, S S. How Gender (In)Sensitive Are the Gender-Related Indices? In Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2005, 83 (12): 954–956. Wessel, H, Reitmaier, P, Dupret, A, Rocha, E, Cnattingius, S, Bergströmm, S. Deaths among Women of Reproductive Age in Cape Verde: Causes and Avoidability. In Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 1999, 78 (3): 225–232; 2009: 2. World Bank. World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database 2008, accessed July 2010. ———. Gender and Development in the Middle East and North Africa: Women in the Public Sphere. 2004. Washington, DC: World Bank. ———. Engendering Development through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources and Voice. World Bank Policy Research Report No. 21776. 2001. Washington, DC: World Bank. ———. Girl’s Education. Washington, DC: World Bank http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION/ 0,,contentMDK:20298916~menuPK:617572~pagePK:148956~piPK: 216618~theSitePK:282386,00.html [accessed October 2009]. WHO (World Health Organization). World Health Report: Working Together for Health. April 2006, Geneva: WHO; p.xxiv in Merlin: All Mothers Matter. http://www.merlin.org.uk/images/libimages/1755.pdf [accessed October 2009]. ———. The World Health Report 2007. 2007. Geneva: WHO. ———. Global Health Observatory database, data from 2007. ———. The World Health Report 2001, Statistical Annex: Explanatory Notes. 2001. Geneva: WHO.

Switlick, N, Geeta, K and Lule E. Acceleration Progress Towards Achieving the MDG to Improve Maternal Health: A Collection of Promising Approaches. April, 2005. Washington, DC: World Bank. UNAIDS and WHO. AIDS Epidemic Update 2005. Joint Annual Report. December, 2005. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and WHO. http://www.unaids.org/epi/ 2005/doc/report_pdf.asp. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Human Development Report 2009. Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. ———. Human Development Report 2006. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. ———. Technical Note: Computing the Indices. In Human Development Report 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2000/en/. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). Gender and Education for All: The Leap to Equality. Summary Report, 2003. Paris: UNESCO. UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund). Safe Motherhood: Facts about Safe Motherhood, 2008. http://www.unfpa.org/mothers/facts.htm [accessed October 2009]. ———. State of World Population 2004: Maternal Health. http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2004/english/ch7/page2.htm.

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Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time

The five-year dataset for the Global Gender Gap Index indicates progress across regions (Figure A1) and across subindexes (Figure A2). Table A1 shows the biggest gainers

and losers out of the 114 countries covered in the Report between 2006 and 2010. The numbers shown are the changes in absolute score values between 2006 and 2010.

Figure A1: Global Gender Gap Index by subindex, 2006–2010

1.0

Subindex score (0.00–1.00)

0.8

■ ■ ■ ■ ■

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 Political empowerment

Economic participation and opportunity

Educational attainment

Health and survival

Source: Global Gender Gap Indexes, 2006–2010; scores are weighted by population. Population data are from the World Bank's World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database 2008, accessed July 2010.

Global Gender Gap Index score (0.00–1.00)

Figure A2: Global Gender Gap Index by region, 2006–2010

0.8

■ ■ ■ ■ ■

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0 Middle East and North Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Asia and the Pacific

Latin America and the Caribbean

North America

Europe and Central Asia

Source: Global Gender Gap Indexes, 2006–2010; details of regional classifications in Appendix B.

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Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time (cont’d.)

Table A1: Change in score (2006–2010) as a percentage of 2006

Country

Lesotho Angola Nepal Ecuador Nicaragua Saudi Arabia Iceland Chile Luxembourg Trinidad and Tobago Switzerland United Arab Emirates France Bangladesh Honduras Bolivia Belgium Malawi Ireland South Africa Greece Singapore Bahrain Uganda Mongolia Namibia Mauritania Uruguay Burkina Faso United States Argentina Madagascar Norway China Gambia, The Italy Latvia Slovenia Peru Cameroon New Zealand Russian Federation Finland Paraguay Costa Rica Sri Lanka Portugal Poland Denmark Kyrgyz Republic Cyprus Spain Cambodia Mauritius Korea, Rep. Venezuela Canada Guatemala Malta Netherlands India Iran, Islamic Rep. Czech Republic

2006 score

Change in score (2006–2010)

0.6807 0.6039 0.5478 0.6433 0.6566 0.5242 0.7813 0.6455 0.6671 0.6797 0.6997 0.5919 0.6520 0.6270 0.6483 0.6335 0.7078 0.6437 0.7335 0.7125 0.6540 0.6550 0.5894 0.6797 0.6821 0.6864 0.5835 0.6549 0.5854 0.7042 0.6829 0.6385 0.7994 0.6561 0.6448 0.6456 0.7091 0.6745 0.6619 0.5865 0.7509 0.6770 0.7958 0.6556 0.6936 0.7199 0.6922 0.6802 0.7462 0.6742 0.6430 0.7319 0.6291 0.6328 0.6157 0.6664 0.7165 0.6067 0.6518 0.7250 0.6011 0.5803 0.6712

0.0871 0.0673 0.0606 0.0639 0.0610 0.0471 0.0683 0.0558 0.0560 0.0556 0.0565 0.0477 0.0505 0.0432 0.0445 0.0416 0.0431 0.0388 0.0439 0.0410 0.0367 0.0364 0.0324 0.0372 0.0373 0.0374 0.0318 0.0348 0.0309 0.0370 0.0358 0.0328 0.0410 0.0320 0.0314 0.0309 0.0338 0.0302 0.0276 0.0245 0.0299 0.0266 0.0302 0.0248 0.0258 0.0259 0.0249 0.0235 0.0257 0.0231 0.0212 0.0235 0.0191 0.0192 0.0185 0.0199 0.0207 0.0171 0.0177 0.0194 0.0143 0.0130 0.0139

Measuring the Global Gender Gap

Percent change relative to 2006 score

12.8 11.1 11.1 9.9 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.1 8.1 7.7 6.9 6.9 6.6 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.6 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.5 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.2 2.1

Country

Dominican Republic Panama Egypt Ghana Philippines Kazakhstan Albania Mexico Zimbabwe Brazil Bulgaria Chad Austria Australia United Kingdom Ethiopia Japan Thailand Indonesia Estonia Ukraine Israel Lithuania Pakistan Algeria Moldova Turkey Romania Hungary Jamaica Slovak Republic Kenya Macedonia, FYR Yemen Germany Botswana Kuwait Tunisia Malaysia Nigeria Jordan Morocco Zambia Benin Sweden Georgia Colombia Croatia Tanzania El Salvador Mali

2006 score

0.6639 0.6935 0.5786 0.6653 0.7516 0.6928 0.6607 0.6462 0.6461 0.6543 0.6870 0.5247 0.6986 0.7163 0.7365 0.5946 0.6447 0.6831 0.6541 0.6944 0.6797 0.6889 0.7077 0.5434 0.6018 0.7128 0.5850 0.6797 0.6698 0.7014 0.6757 0.6486 0.6983 0.4595 0.7524 0.6897 0.6341 0.6288 0.6509 0.6104 0.6109 0.5827 0.6360 0.5780 0.8133 0.6700 0.7049 0.7145 0.7038 0.6837 0.5996

Change in score (2006–2010)

0.0135 0.0138 0.0113 0.0129 0.0139 0.0127 0.0119 0.0115 0.0114 0.0112 0.0113 0.0082 0.0105 0.0108 0.0095 0.0073 0.0077 0.0079 0.0074 0.0074 0.0072 0.0069 0.0055 0.0031 0.0034 0.0032 0.0026 0.0029 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0014 0.0013 0.0008 0.0005 –0.0021 –0.0022 –0.0023 –0.0030 –0.0049 –0.0060 –0.0060 –0.0066 –0.0061 –0.0109 –0.0102 –0.0122 –0.0205 –0.0208 –0.0241 –0.0316

Percent change relative to 2006 score

2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 –0.3 –0.4 –0.4 –0.5 –0.8 –1.0 –1.0 –1.0 –1.1 –1.3 –1.5 –1.7 –2.9 –3.0 –3.5 –5.3

Note: This table contains only those 114 countries that were covered consistently between 2006 and 2010.

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Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time (cont’d.)

countries for which we were able to find complete data as far back as the year 2000. For a more detailed analysis by subindex and the calculation method, please refer to the Global Gender Gap Index 2007.

Figure A3 plots the percentage change in score, relative to the actual score in 2006 for the same set of countries. Finally, Table A2 presents the historical calculations made for the Index between 2000 and 2005, along with calculations from the published Index in recent years, for 39

Figure A3: Percentage change relative to the Global Gender Gap Index 2006 score

Median score

Percentage change in score (%)

Countries below median score and improving

Countries above median score and improving

Lesotho Nepal

France

Saudi Arabia UAE Bangladesh

Iceland

Switzerland United States

Bahrain

0 0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Countries below median score regressing –5

0.5

0.6

0.7

El Salvador

0.8 Sweden 0.9

Tanzania

Countries above median score regressing

Mali

Global Gender Gap Index 2006 score (0.00–1.00)

Source: Global Gender Gap Index 2010 and Global Competitiveness Index 2010–2011.

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Appendix A: Tracking the Gender Gap over Time (cont’d.)

Table A2: Overview of historical data scores, 2000–2010 (selected countries)

Country

Switzerland Belgium Spain Finland Ireland Costa Rica Iceland Chile Norway Trinidad and Tobago Bangladesh Denmark Netherlands Korea, Rep. Greece Panama Italy Sweden New Zealand Latvia Portugal Australia Turkey Japan Canada Mexico Slovenia Israel Malaysia Croatia Colombia El Salvador Poland United Kingdom Romania Czech Republic Lithuania Hungary Slovak Republic

GGG Index 2000

GGG Index 2001

GGG Index 2002

GGG Index 2003

GGG Index 2004

GGG Index 2005

GGG Index 2006

GGG Index 2007

GGG Index 2008

GGG Index 2009

GGG Index 2010

Difference (2010 score– 2000 score)

0.6356 0.6414 0.6518 0.7240 0.6798 0.6246 0.7632 0.618 0.7581 0.6600 0.5963 0.7007 0.6737 0.5645 0.6212 0.6402 0.6147 0.7424 0.7213 0.6853 0.6609 0.6737 0.5350 0.6005 0.6882 0.6123 0.6701 0.6657 0.6184 0.6660 0.6656 0.6336 0.6784 0.7222 0.6616 0.6670 0.6984 0.6697 0.6845

0.6398 0.6432 0.6544 0.7246 0.6850 0.6282 0.7633 0.6233 0.7596 0.6598 0.6082 0.7114 0.6862 0.5637 0.6234 0.6412 0.6160 0.7505 0.7246 0.6976 0.6619 0.6823 0.5456 0.6007 0.6887 0.6172 0.6751 0.6668 0.6171 0.6666 0.6700 0.6341 0.6778 0.7224 0.6617 0.6663 0.7018 0.6644 0.6822

0.6647 0.6646 0.6575 0.7672 0.6918 0.6589 0.7871 0.6451 0.7728 0.6644 0.6133 0.7609 0.7045 0.5773 0.6274 0.6570 0.6262 0.7933 0.7651 0.6983 0.6721 0.6942 0.5472 0.6047 0.7070 0.6235 0.6799 0.6708 0.6219 0.6724 0.7215 0.6382 0.6870 0.7371 0.6751 0.6670 0.7131 0.6982 0.6850

0.6717 0.6719 0.6672 0.7699 0.6888 0.6497 0.7890 0.6443 0.7763 0.6633 0.6096 0.7616 0.7074 0.6019 0.6315 0.6636 0.6279 0.7982 0.7890 0.6984 0.6659 0.7078 0.5447 0.6097 0.7062 0.6212 0.6783 0.6715 0.6252 0.6884 0.7236 0.6315 0.6883 0.7614 0.6833 0.7037 0.7111 0.6993 0.6860

0.6785 0.6838 0.6734 0.7731 0.7031 0.6705 0.7870 0.6452 0.7859 0.6726 0.6203 0.7666 0.7093 0.5916 0.6400 0.6784 0.6398 0.7891 0.7614 0.6996 0.6726 0.7137 0.5808 0.6224 0.7112 0.6310 0.6796 0.6758 0.6131 0.6980 0.7184 0.6409 0.6841 0.7362 0.6818 0.6586 0.6927 0.6878 0.6791

0.7016 0.6862 0.6727 0.7754 0.7105 0.6868 0.7903 0.6448 0.7842 0.6740 0.6183 0.7709 0.7167 0.5898 0.6449 0.6793 0.6391 0.8031 0.7715 0.6986 0.6763 0.7125 0.5711 0.6280 0.7128 0.6309 0.6771 0.6713 0.6401 0.6882 0.7181 0.6387 0.6787 0.7402 0.6821 0.6649 0.6973 0.6869 0.6855

0.6997 0.7078 0.7319 0.7958 0.7335 0.6936 0.7813 0.6455 0.7994 0.6797 0.6270 0.7462 0.7250 0.6157 0.6540 0.6935 0.6456 0.8133 0.7509 0.7091 0.6922 0.7163 0.5850 0.6447 0.7165 0.6462 0.6745 0.6889 0.6509 0.7145 0.7049 0.6837 0.6802 0.7365 0.6797 0.6712 0.7077 0.6698 0.6757

0.6924 0.7198 0.7444 0.8044 0.7457 0.7014 0.7836 0.6482 0.8059 0.6859 0.6314 0.7519 0.7383 0.6409 0.6648 0.6954 0.6498 0.8146 0.7649 0.7333 0.6959 0.7204 0.5768 0.6455 0.7198 0.6441 0.6842 0.6965 0.6444 0.7210 0.7090 0.6853 0.6756 0.7441 0.6859 0.6718 0.7234 0.6731 0.6797

0.7360 0.7163 0.7281 0.8195 0.7518 0.7111 0.7999 0.6818 0.8239 0.7245 0.6531 0.7538 0.7399 0.6154 0.6727 0.7095 0.6788 0.8139 0.7859 0.7397 0.7051 0.7241 0.5853 0.6434 0.7136 0.6441 0.6937 0.6900 0.6442 0.6967 0.6944 0.6875 0.6951 0.7366 0.6763 0.6770 0.7222 0.6867 0.6824

0.7426 0.7165 0.7345 0.8252 0.7597 0.7180 0.8276 0.6884 0.8227 0.7298 0.6526 0.7628 0.7490 0.6146 0.6662 0.7024 0.6798 0.8139 0.7880 0.7416 0.7013 0.7282 0.5828 0.6447 0.7196 0.6503 0.6982 0.7019 0.6467 0.6944 0.6939 0.6939 0.6998 0.7402 0.6805 0.6789 0.7175 0.6879 0.6845

0.7562 0.7509 0.7554 0.8260 0.7773 0.7194 0.8496 0.7013 0.8404 0.7353 0.6702 0.7719 0.7444 0.6342 0.6908 0.7072 0.6765 0.8024 0.7808 0.7429 0.7171 0.7271 0.5876 0.6524 0.7372 0.6577 0.7047 0.6957 0.6479 0.6939 0.6927 0.6596 0.7037 0.7460 0.6826 0.6850 0.7132 0.6720 0.6778

0.1206 0.1095 0.1036 0.1020 0.0975 0.0948 0.0864 0.0833 0.0823 0.0753 0.0739 0.0712 0.0707 0.0697 0.0696 0.0670 0.0618 0.0600 0.0595 0.0576 0.0562 0.0534 0.0526 0.0519 0.0490 0.0454 0.0346 0.0300 0.0295 0.0279 0.0271 0.0260 0.0253 0.0238 0.0210 0.0180 0.0148 0.0023 -0.0067

Notes: Countries are ordered by score difference, in descending order. GGG Index = Global Gender Gap Index.

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Appendix B: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2010

The following regional classifications were used for creating the regional performance tables in the chapter. Table B1: Regional Classifications, 2010 Asia and the Pacific

Latin America and the Caribbean

Middle East and North Africa

North America

Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe and Central Asia

Australia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China Fiji India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Japan Korea Rep. Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam

Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Chile Columbia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Uruguay Venezuela

Algeria Bahrain Egypt Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Mauritania Morocco Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen

Canada United States

Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Cameroon Chad Côte d’Ivoire Ethiopia Gambia, The Ghana Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom

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Appendix B: Regional and Income Group Classifications, 2010 (cont’d.)

Table B2: Income classifications, 2010 Low Income (US$995 or Less)

Lower Middle Income (US$996–3,945)

Upper Middle Income (US$3,946–12,195)

High Income (US$12,196 or More)

Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Cambodia Chad Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Kenya Kyrgyz Republic Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Nepal Tajikistan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe

Angola Armenia Belize Bolivia Cameroon China Côte d'Ivoire* Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Georgia Guatemala Guyana Honduras India Indonesia Jordan Lesotho Maldives Moldova Mongolia Morocco Nicaragua Nigeria Pakistan Paraguay Philippines Senegal Sri Lanka Syria Thailand Tunisia Ukraine Vietnam Yemen

Albania Algeria Argentina Azerbaijan Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Fiji Iran, Islamic Rep. Jamaica Kazakhstan Lebanon* Lithuania Macedonia Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Namibia Panama Peru Romania Russian Federation South Africa Suriname Turkey Uruguay Venezuela

Australia Austria Bahamas Bahrain Barbados Belgium Brunei Darussalam Canada Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Japan Korea, Rep. Kuwait Latvia Luxembourg Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Oman Poland Portugal Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States

Note: Income classifications are taken from the World Bank, which classifies economies into four income categories based on GNI per capita: high income, upper middle income, lower middle income and low income. * New country 2010

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Appendix C: Spread of Minimum and Maximum Values by Indicator

The chart below shows the spread of the minimum and maximum values for each of the 14 variables of the Global Gender Gap Index. Each indicator is presented with its own scale of the minimum possible value and maximum possible value. For wage equality for similar work this is a scale of 1 (worst value for women) to 7 (best value for women). For estimated earned income the maximum value is 40,000 US dollars; this is the benchmark used in the calculation of the Index. For sex ratio at birth (female/male) the maximum value is a ratio of 0.944; this is the benchmark used in the calculation of the Index. For healthy life expectancy the maximum value listed is that

of the country with the best performance on this indicator (Japan; 78 years); this is not the benchmark used in the calculation of the Index. For years as head of state the minimum value is 0 years and the maximum value is 50 years. All other variables are expressed as percentages with a minimum value of 0% and a maximum value of 100%. Male values are represented with black bars while female values are represented with blue bars. In the case of variables with a value that represents a combined measure of the male and female situations (wage equality for similar work and sex ratio at birth) a grey bar is used.

Labour force participation

Wage equality for similar work

Estimated earned income

Legislators, senior officials, and managers

Professional and technical workers

Literacy rate

Enrolment in primary education

Enrolment in secondary education

Enrolment in tertiary education

Sex ratio at birth (f/m)

Healthy life expectancy

Percentage in parliament

Percentage in ministerial positions

Figure C1: Female and male ranges for Global Gender Gap Index 2010 indicators

100

40,000

100

0.994

100

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Part 2 Country Profiles

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List of Countries

Country

Page

Country

Page

Country

Page

Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chad Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gambia, The

52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140

Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guyana Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nepal Netherlands

142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224 226 228 230

New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Senegal Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

232 234 236 238 240 242 244 246 248 250 252 254 256 258 260 262 264 266 268 270 272 274 276 278 280 282 284 286 288 290 292 294 296 298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316 318

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Country Profiles

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User’s Guide: How Country Profiles Work YASMINA BEKHOUCHE MARC CUÉNOD World Economic Forum

Albania 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.673

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................3.14 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.35 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................5.66 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................3,911

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years)..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1920 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97

Key Indicators The first section presents the following indicators:

Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.681

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................81 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................24 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................83 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.73 0.75 0.54 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.994

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................60 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................90 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 1.00 0.98 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

131

0.937

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................128 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.91 1.00

0.92 1.04

0.079

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................73 Women in ministerial positions...............................107 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.20 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

56 — 4,954 — —

76 — 9,143 — —

0.73 0.75 0.54 — —

99 91 73 23

99 91 75 15

0.99 1.00 0.98 1.57

— 64

0.91 1.00

16 7 0

84 93 50

0.20 0.07 0.00

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................60 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................13 Length of maternity leave ........................................365 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..........80% prior to birth and for 150 days after birth, and 50% for the rest of the leave period Provider of maternity coverage ..................Social insurance system Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................92 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....13

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................28 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................19 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................33 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.14

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................56 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................41

Basic Rights and Social Institutions ** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles: Current year The first page of the Country Profiles presents a compilation of selected data for each individual country included in The Global Gender Gap Report 2010.

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

• The Global Gender Gap Index 2010 gives each country’s overall performance in closing the gender gap on a 0-to-1 scale and its rank out of 134 reviewed countries. • Population (in millions of inhabitants): Source is the World Bank’s World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database (accessed July 2010). • Population growth (annual percentage): Source is the World Bank’s World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database (accessed July 2010). • GDP (constant 2000 US$, in billions of US dollars): Source is the World Bank’s World dataBank: World Development Indicators & Global Development Finance, online database (accessed July 2010). • GDP per capita in US dollars (constant) adjusted for purchasing power parity: Sources are the World Bank’s World Development Indicators Online (accessed July 2010 or latest available). • Mean age of marriage for women (years): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN Statistics Division (accessed July 2010). • Fertility rate (births per woman): Source is the World Health Organization’s Global Health Observatory, Demographic and Socioeconomic Statistics (accessed July 2010). • Year women received the right to vote: Source is the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)’s Human Development Report 2009. Data refer to the year in which the right to vote or stand for election on a universal and equal basis was recognized. Where two years are shown, the first figure refers to the first partial recognition of the right to vote or stand for election (accessed July 2010).

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

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• Overall population sex ratio (male/female): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UN Statistics Division (accessed July 2010). • The spider chart in the upper right-hand side compares the country’s score for each of the four subindexes of The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 with the average score across all 134 countries. The centre of the chart corresponds to the lowest possible score (0), while the outermost corners of the chart correspond to the highest possible score (1), or equality. Please note that the equality benchmark is 1 for all variables except sex ratio at birth (0.944) and healthy life expectancy (1.06). Therefore, the equality benchmark of 1 for the health and survival subindex is not strictly accurate.

Gender Gap Subindexes This section gives an overview of each country’s rankings and the scores on the four subindexes of the Global Gender Gap Index 2010. • For each of the variables that enter into the Global Gender Gap Index 2010, column one in this section displays country rankings, column two displays the country scores, column three displays the populationweighted sample average (134 countries), column four displays the female value, column five displays the male value and, finally, column six displays the female-to-male ratio. To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the equality benchmark of 1 (for more details, please refer to the chapter) and thus the highest score possible is 1 for all variables except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944) and the healthy life expectancy (1.06). In the case of countries where women surpass men on particular variables, the reader can refer to the exact female and male values as well as the female-to-male ratio to understand the magnitude of the female advantage. • The bar charts visually display the female-to-male ratio for each of the 14 variables, allowing the reader to see clearly when the female-to-male ratio is above or below the equality benchmark. Values above 1 (the equality benchmark) favour women and values below 1 favour men. Please note that the equality benchmark is 1 for all variables, except sex ratio at birth (0.944) and healthy life expectancy (1.06). Therefore, the equality benchmark of 1 in the bar charts for these two variables is not strictly accurate. Finally, in the few cases where the ratio exceeds the scale of the bar chart (which ends at 1.5), the reader should refer to the number under the “female-to-male ratio” column for the actual value. • The female and male percentages are displayed without decimals for visual clarity.

Country Profiles

Economic Participation and Opportunity

• The age group for the labour force participation rate indicator is 15 to 64 years. • The source of the wage equality for similar work value is the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey 2010. It has been carried out between January and May 2010. • The source of the estimated earned income value is the UNDP’s Human Development Report 2009. According to the UNDP, because of a lack of gender-disaggregated income data, female and male earned income figures are crudely estimated on the basis of data on the ratio of the female non-agricultural wage to the male non-agricultural wage, the female and male shares of economically active population, the total female and male population and the GDP per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) US dollars. The wage ratios used in this calculation are based on data for the most recent year available between 1999 and 2007. Before 2008, the PPP was derived from the 1993 International Comparison Program Surveys. In 2008 the World Bank released the results of the 2005 survey. • For the purposes of calculating their index, the UNDP scales the female and male values downward to reflect the maximum values of adult literacy (99%), gross enrolment ratios (100%) and GDP per capita (40,000) (PPP US$). • For the legislators, senior officials and managers and the professional and technical workers variables, we have previously reported Major Group 1 (Totally and Economically Active Population) and Major Sub-Group 1D (Economically Active Population, by occupation and status in employment) from the International Labour Organization (ILO)’s International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-88). We continue to use Major Group 2 (Employment) and Major SubGroup 2C (Total Employment, by Occupation) in order to remain consistent with the data obtained from the UNDP. • Estimates for countries that have implemented the ISCO-88 are not strictly comparable with those for countries using the previous classification (ISCO-68). Educational Attainment

• For estimation purposes, a value of 99% literacy rate is used for developed countries. The reason for this is that these countries no longer use the traditional measure of literacy, on which the UNESCO Institute of Statistics literacy data are based, which is derived from the individual or household response to the question “Can you read and write” on a national census or household survey. Many countries are now undertaking

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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literacy assessments in order to measure functional levels of literacy. Health and Survival

• Updated data (2007 instead of 2003) have become available and have been used for the healthy life expectancy indicator. This has accounted for significant changes in certain countries.

Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal health (accessed July 2010). • Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged15–19): Source is the World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal health (accessed July 2010). Education and Training

Political Empowerment

• The Inter-Parliamentary Union has updated the Women in Politics data upon which the female and male percentages of ministers are based. This has accounted for significant changes in certain countries’ scores and rankings. • The abbreviation “female head of state” is used to describe an elected female head of state or government.

Additional Data This section compiles a selection of internationally available data that may be relevant for the country’s gender gap. These data were not used for the purposes of calculating of the Global Gender Gap Index 2010. The indicators in this section are displayed in four broad categories: maternity and childbearing, education and training, employment and earnings and, finally, basic rights and social institutions. Maternity and Childbearing

• Births attended by skilled health staff (%): Source is the World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Maternal health (accessed July 2010). • Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%): Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men (accessed July 2010). • Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births): Source is the World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, Health-related Millennium Development Goals, Child mortality (accessed July 2010).

• Female teachers in primary education (%), female teachers in secondary education (%) and female teachers in tertiary education (%): Source is UNESCO, Institute of Statistic’s Education Statistics, online database, 2009 or latest available data. Employment and Earnings

• Female and male adult unemployment rates (%): Source is the World Bank’s World dataBank: World Development Indicators, online database, 2008 or latest available data. • Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force): Source is the United Nations Millennium Goals Indicators, 2008 or latest available data and the World Bank’s World Development Indicators, 2007 or latest available data. • Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership: Source is the World Economic Forum’s Executive Opinion Survey 2010. Survey question is as follows: “In your country, do businesses provide women the same opportunities as men to rise to positions of leadership? (1 = no, women are unable to rise to positions of leadership; 7 = yes, women are often in management positions)”. Basic Rights and Social Institutions

• Paternal versus maternal authority, female genital mutilation, polygamy and the existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women: Source of all these variables is the OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base 2009 (accessed July 2010). The numbers are on a 0-to-1 scale, where 1 is the worst possible score and 0 the best possible score.

• Length of maternity leave (% of wages paid) and provider of maternity coverage: Source is the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, Statistics and Indicators on Women and Men (accessed July 2010). The data presented refer to laws and regulations in force at the time of the compilation of information (between 2004 and 2009). Last updated in June 2010. • Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births): Source is the World Health Organization, Global Health

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

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Albania 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 78

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.660

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.659

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.668

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.661

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................56 2008 .................55 2007 .................55 2006 .................49

76 77 75 76 70

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.70

2010 .................91 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................94 2006 .................95

91 94 94 94 96

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................73 2009 .................72 2008 .................72 2007 .................73 2006 .................73

75 74 74 75 75

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.54 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.56

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................20

15 15 15 15 13

Male

9,143 7,599 6,930 6,492 5,836

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 .......................................5.23 2009 .......................................4.75 2008 .......................................4.76 2007 .......................................5.41 2006 .......................................4.98

2010 ............4,954 2009 ............4,171 2008 ............3,728 2007 ............3,487 2006 ............3,266

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.57 1.60 1.60 1.57 1.56 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................16 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

84 93 93 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

93 93 93 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Women in ministerial positions

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................98 2008 .................99 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

Country Profiles: Evolution 2006–2010 The second page of the Country Profiles shows selected data over a five-year period, presenting an overview of trends for countries included in the Global Gender Gap Index over the years 2006–2010. It shows the evolution of each country’s ranking, score, subindex and indicators. Only countries with at least four years of consecutive data (including 2010) have been analysed in this section. For any countries not fulfilling these conditions, the second page of the Country Profile has been left blank. The health and survival subindex (sex ratio at birth and healthy life expectancy) does not figure in this analysis of evolution over time because the data source for this particular subindex has been updated only in 2010 and therefore it is not yet possible to discern any significant trends. For the 12 indicators analyzed in this year’s edition, raw data from 2006 to 2010 (female values, male values and female-to-male ratio) have been identified. Page 2 of the Country Profiles covers only the indicators that constitute the Index. It does not include the Key Indicators or the Additional Data that are contained in the Country Profiles page 1. The evolution of the data from 2006 to 2010 is presented by subindex.

The first section presents the following information: • The evolution of the overall performance of countries in the Global Gender Gap Index from 2006 to 2010, measured by changes in rank and score on a 0-to-1 scale. • A graph depicting the evolution of countries’ performance across the four subindexes on a 0-to-1 scale.

The second section provides a more detailed analysis of evolution in each country’s female value, male value and female-to-male ratio across the 12 indicators selected from The Global Gender Gap Report over the past five years. • For each of the variables included in this section, column one displays the year, column two displays the female value, column three shows the male value and column four displays the female-to-male ratio. • The bar charts visually display the female and male values for each of the 12 variables, allowing the reader to clearly identify whether the female-to-male ratio is above or below the equality benchmark and how each value has evolved over time. All indicators are measured on a scale from 0 to 100 except for wage equality for similar work, which is based on a 1-to-7 scale, and estimated earned income, which has a scale of 0 to 40,000 US dollars. A maximum of US$40,000 has been designated as the cut-off point in order to be consistent with the Index methodology.

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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• In the ratios, values above 1 (the equality benchmark) favour women and values below 1 favour men. Please note that the equality benchmark is set at 1 for all variables except for sex ratio at birth (0.944) and healthy life expectancy (1.06). • For all enrolment indicators: in some cases, data were available for the overall female-to-male ratio but not for the separate male and female values. • Tertiary education: In the very rare cases where male or female enrolment rates are below 0.5%, the male and female values may appear as 0. • Heads of state: In cases when a female head of state was elected for a period shorter than six months, the female value appears as 0 due to rounding. However, the female-to-male ratio may differ from 0. This was the case for Bulgaria during the period 2006 to 2010, for example. The data displayed are the latest available data during the year of publication; data have not been updated retrospectively. In some cases, a static situation (no progress or deterioration) may indicate the current situation in a particular country; in other cases, it may indicate that data for that country were not regularly renewed and instead the latest available data were reported over multiple years in international databases.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

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Albania 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.673

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1920 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.681

0.590

0.73 0.75 0.54 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.994

0.929

0.99 1.00 0.98 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

131

0.937

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................128 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.91 1.00

0.92 1.04

0.079

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................73 Women in ministerial positions...............................107 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.20 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

56 — 4,954 — —

76 — 9,143 — —

0.73 0.75 0.54 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 91 75 15

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 1.00 0.98 1.57 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

0.91 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 91 73 23

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

16 7 0

84 93 50

0.20 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Albania 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 78

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.660

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.659

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.668

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.661

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................56 2008 .................55 2007 .................55 2006 .................49

76 77 75 76 70

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.73 0.73 0.72 0.72 0.70

2010 .................91 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................94 2006 .................95

91 94 94 94 96

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................73 2009 .................72 2008 .................72 2007 .................73 2006 .................73

75 74 74 75 75

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.54 0.55 0.54 0.54 0.56

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................20

15 15 15 15 13

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

9,143 7,599 6,930 6,492 5,836

0.98 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,954 2009 ............4,171 2008 ............3,728 2007 ............3,487 2006 ............3,266

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.57 1.60 1.60 1.57 1.56 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................16 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

84 93 93 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

93 93 93 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................98 2008 .................99 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

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Algeria 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

119

0.605

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................34.37 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.51 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................75.28 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................7,421

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................29 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1962 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

119

0.467

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................119 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................40 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................117 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........122 Professional and technical workers ........................93

0.47 0.71 0.36 0.05 0.55

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.953

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................115 Enrolment in primary education................................97 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.79 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

106

0.966

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................113

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

123

0.035

0.179

Women in parliament................................................114 Women in ministerial positions...............................125 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.08 0.04 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

39 83 — — 4,081 11,331 5 95 35 65

0.47 0.71 0.36 0.05 0.55 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

81 96 65 20

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.79 0.99 1.06 1.40 Female-to-male ratio

— 63

— 62

0.95 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

64 94 68 28

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

8 4 0

92 96 50

0.08 0.04 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................95 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................61 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................36 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................180 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......4

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................18 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................13 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................13 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.37

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................53 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................49 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................35

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 55

Algeria 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 119

0.605

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

117

0.612

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

111

0.611

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

108

0.607

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.602

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................38 2008 .................39 2007 .................38 2006 .................36

83 81 84 84 80

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.47 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.44

2010 .................94 2009 .................95 2008 .................94 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

96 96 96 98 98

Year

2010 .......................................4.97 2009 .......................................5.09 2008 .......................................5.13 2007 .......................................4.49 2006 .......................................5.18 1

Female

Male

2010 .................68 2009 .................68 2008 .................68 2007 .................68 2006 .................68

65 65 65 65 65

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.31

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................24 2007 .................24 2006 .................20

20 20 19 17 19

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

1.06 1.06 1.06 1.05 1.05

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,081 11,331 2009 ............3,797 10,972 2008 ............3,546 10,515 2007 ............3,259 9,888 2006 ............2,896 9,244

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.40 1.40 1.26 1.37 1.08 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

95 95 95 94 94

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................35 2009 .................35 2008 .................35 2007 .................28 2006 .................28

65 65 65 72 72

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

92 92 92 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.55 0.55 0.55 0.39 0.39

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................4 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

96 89 89 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.04 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................65 2008 .................66 2007 .................60 2006 .................60

81 84 84 80 78

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.79 0.66 0.79 0.76 0.76

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 56

Angola 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.671

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................18.02 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.62 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................24.10 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................5,249

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................19 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1975 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.630

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................40 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................48 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................50 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............94 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.86 0.69 0.64 0.18 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

125

0.785

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................120 Enrolment in primary education..............................129 Enrolment in secondary education ........................122 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................110

0.69 0.86 0.78 0.65

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.290

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................10 Women in ministerial positions.................................27 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.63 0.38 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

76 — 4,212 15 —

89 — 6,592 85 —

0.86 0.69 0.64 0.18 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

83 55 — 1

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.69 0.86 0.78 0.65 Female-to-male ratio

— 47

— 44

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

57 48 — 1

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

39 28 0

61 72 50

0.63 0.38 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................47 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%).................................6 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).......................................130 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..........Social security and employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births).........................1,400 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...165

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................24 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.76

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%) ..........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................30 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................20

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 57

Angola 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 81

0.671

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

106

0.635

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

114

0.603

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

110

0.603

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.604

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................76 2008 .................76 2007 .................76 2006 .................74

89 90 92 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.86 0.85 0.82 0.82 0.81

2010 .................48 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 .................49

55 — — — 57

Year

2010 .......................................4.85 2009 .....................................— 2008 .......................................4.24 2007 .......................................4.24 2006 .......................................4.34 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007..................— 2006 ...................1

1 1 1 — 1

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

6,592 5,504 2,898 2,706 2,897

0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,212 2009 ............3,393 2008 ............1,787 2007 ............1,670 2006 ............1,797

Female-to-male ratio

0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86 0.86

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.65 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

85 85 85 85 85

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................37 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

61 63 85 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.59 0.18 0.18 0.18 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

72 94 94 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................57 2009 .................54 2008 .................54 2007 .................54 2006 .................54

83 83 83 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.69 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 58

Argentina 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.719

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................39.88 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.99 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................394.59 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................13,202

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.20 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1947 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.602

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................85 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................98 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................92 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............80 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.71 0.59 0.51 0.30 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.995

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................93 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.298

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................12 Women in ministerial positions.................................53 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................20

0.63 0.25 0.09

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

58 82 — — 8,958 17,710 23 77 54 46

0.71 0.59 0.51 0.30 1.18 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

98 99 75 54

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.12 1.52 Female-to-male ratio

— 69

— 64

0.95 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 98 84 82

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

39 20 4

61 80 46

0.63 0.25 0.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................65 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................13 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .............100; in addition, a means-tested birth grant is paid in a lump sum Provider of maternity coverage ...................Family allowance funds (financed through state and employer contributions) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................77 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....62

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................45 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.94

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................87 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................52

Basic Rights and Social Institutions ** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 59

Argentina 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 29

0.719 Education Health Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.721

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.721

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.698

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.683

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................58 2009 .................57 2008 .................62 2007 .................61 2006 .................53

82 82 82 82 76

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.71 0.70 0.75 0.74 0.70

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................4.13 2009 .......................................3.96 2008 .......................................3.87 2007 .......................................4.00 2006 .......................................3.60 1

Female

Male

2010 .................84 2009 .................82 2008 .................82 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

75 75 75 76 76

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

0.51 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.37

2010 .................82 2009 .................76 2008 .................76 2007..................— 2006 .................77

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

17,710 15,485 18,686 17,518 17,800

1.12 1.10 1.10 1.07 1.07

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............8,958 2009 ............8,595 2008 ..........10,063 2007 ............9,258 2006 ............6,635

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

54 1.52 52 1.45 52 1.45 — — 51 1.51 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

77 77 77 75 75

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.33 0.33

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................54 2009 .................54 2008 .................54 2007 .................55 2006 .................55

46 46 46 45 45

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

61 60 60 65 65

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.67 0.67 0.54 0.54 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.18 1.18 1.18 1.22 1.22

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................20 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

80 77 77 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

0.25 0.30 0.30 0.09 0.09

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

98 98 98 97 97

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

46 47 48 48 48

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 60

Armenia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.667

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................3.08 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.15 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................4.68 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,794

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.87 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.669

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................49 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................58 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................75 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............77 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.84 0.67 0.57 0.31 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................53 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

130

0.937

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................133 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.88 1.06

0.92 1.04

106

0.062

0.179

Women in parliament................................................103 Women in ministerial positions.................................82 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.10 0.13 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

69 — 4,215 24 65

83 — 7,386 76 35

0.84 0.67 0.57 0.31 1.88 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 83 83 31

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.03 1.06 1.20 Female-to-male ratio

— 63

— 59

0.88 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 86 88 37

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

9 11 0

91 89 50

0.10 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................53 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................21 Length of maternity leave .........................................................140 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................76 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....25

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................14 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................45 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.62

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%).........................................100 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................84 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................47

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 61

Armenia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 84

0.667

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.662

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.668

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.665

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................69 2009 .................65 2008 .................55 2007 .................55 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

83 0.84 76 0.86 66 0.84 66 0.84 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .......................................4.71 2009 .......................................4.75 2008 .......................................4.99 2007 .......................................4.96 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................88 2009 .................88 2008 .................88 2007 .................86 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

7,386 0.57 6,420 0.55 6,150 0.63 5,105 0.63 — —

Female

2010 .................37 2009 .................37 2008 .................34 2007 .................31 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

83 1.06 83 1.06 84 1.04 83 1.03 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,215 2009 ............3,524 2008 ............3,893 2007 ............3,222 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

83 1.03 84 1.04 80 1.05 77 1.05 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................86 2009 .................87 2008 .................84 2007 .................81 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

31 1.20 31 1.20 29 1.18 25 1.22 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................24 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

76 0.31 76 0.31 76 0.31 — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................65 2009 .................65 2008 .................65 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................5 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

91 0.10 92 0.09 91 0.10 95 0.06 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

35 1.88 35 1.88 35 1.88 — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 .................11 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................0 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

89 0.13 94 0.06 94 0.06 100 0.00 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

100 1.00 99 1.00 100 1.00 100 0.99 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 62

Australia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.727

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................21.43 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.69 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................521.54 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................34,259

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................30 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ............................................1902, 1962 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.743

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................44 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................59 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................20 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............25 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.85 0.67 0.72 0.58 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................82

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.192

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................29 Women in ministerial positions.................................40 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.38 0.30 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

70 83 — — 28,759 40,000 37 63 54 46

0.85 0.67 0.72 0.58 1.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 96 87 67

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.02 1.30 Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 72

0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 97 89 87

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

27 23 0

73 77 50

0.38 0.30 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................71 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave.......................................................12 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)....................A lump sum payment is paid for each child Provider of maternity coverage...............................Social assistance system financed by the state Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....15

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................47 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.89

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%) ..........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%).....................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority....................................................— Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy.................................................................................................— Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women...............................................................—

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:49 AM Page 63

Australia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 23

0.727

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.728

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.724

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.720

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.716

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................70 2009 .................69 2008 .................68 2007 .................67 2006 .................56

83 82 81 81 71

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.85 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.80

2010 .................97 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

96 97 96 96 96

Year

2010 .......................................4.70 2009 .......................................4.75 2008 .......................................4.45 2007 .......................................4.85 2006 .......................................4.58 1

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................89 2008 .................88 2007 .................86 2006 .................86

87 87 87 85 85

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.72 0.73 0.70 0.70 0.72

2010 .................87 2009 .................85 2008 .................82 2007 .................80 2006 .................80

67 66 64 65 65

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 38,152 37,414 35,832 34,446

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........28,759 2009 ..........27,866 2008 ..........26,311 2007 ..........24,966 2006 ..........24,827

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.30 1.29 1.28 1.23 1.23 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................37 2009 .................37 2008 .................38 2007 .................37 2006 .................36

63 63 62 63 64

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.58 0.59 0.60 0.59 0.56

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................54 2009 .................57 2008 .................56 2007 .................55 2006 .................55

46 43 44 45 45

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................27 2008 .................27 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

73 73 73 75 75

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.33 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.16 1.30 1.28 1.22 1.22

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

77 76 76 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

0.30 0.32 0.32 0.25 0.25

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 64

Austria 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.709

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................8.34 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.43 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................225.24 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................34,677

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.595

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................45 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............126 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................85 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............66 Professional and technical workers ........................75

0.84 0.47 0.53 0.39 0.87

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................104 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................58

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.274

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................25 Women in ministerial positions...................................9 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.39 0.63 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

68 81 — — 21,380 40,000 28 72 47 53

0.84 0.47 0.53 0.39 0.87 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 97 — 50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 0.95 1.19 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 70

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 98 — 59

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

28 38 0

72 62 50

0.39 0.63 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................51 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............Statutory health insurance, family burden equalization fund, or employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....12

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................47 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.20

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................89 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................32

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 65

Austria 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 37

0.709 Education Health Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.703

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.715

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.706

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.699

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................68 2009 .................67 2008 .................65 2007 .................64 2006 .................50

81 80 77 77 65

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.76

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007..................— 2006..................—

97 97 97 — —

Year

2010 .......................................3.26 2009 .......................................3.34 2008 .......................................3.33 2007 .......................................3.61 2006 .......................................3.45 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.53 0.40 0.46 0.44 0.35

2010 .................59 2009 .................56 2008 .................55 2007 .................54 2006 .................54

50 46 45 46 46

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000

0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........21,380 2009 ..........16,047 2008 ..........18,397 2007 ..........20,032 2006 ..........15,878

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.19 1.20 1.21 1.19 1.19 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................27 2008 .................29 2007 .................28 2006 .................27

72 73 71 72 73

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.39 0.36 0.40 0.39 0.37

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................48 2008 .................48 2007 .................46 2006 .................49

53 52 52 54 51

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................33 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

72 72 67 68 68

Female-to-male ratio

0.39 0.39 0.49 0.47 0.47 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.87 0.92 0.93 0.85 0.96

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................38 2008 .................38 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

62 62 62 65 65

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.63 0.63 0.55 0.55

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

99 1.00 100 1.00 99 1.00 — — — — 0

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 66

Azerbaijan 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

100

0.645

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................8.68 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.14 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................18.50 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................8,752

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.635

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................15 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................36 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................106 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........118 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.91 0.72 0.44 0.08 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.967

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................59 Enrolment in primary education................................98 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................92 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................100

0.99 0.99 0.98 0.83

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

134

0.929

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................132 Healthy life expectancy............................................111

0.89 1.02

0.92 1.04

113

0.047

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................92 Women in ministerial positions...............................127 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.13 0.03 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

65 71 — — 4,836 11,037 7 93 54 46

0.91 0.72 0.44 0.08 1.17 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 97 99 17

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 0.99 0.98 0.83 Female-to-male ratio

— 60

— 59

0.89 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 95 97 14

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

11 3 0

89 97 50

0.13 0.03 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................89 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................51 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................32 Length of maternity leave ........................................126 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................82 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....44

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................44 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.19

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................87 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................66 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................44

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 67

Azerbaijan 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 100

0.645

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.663

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.686

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.678

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................65 2009 .................67 2008 .................67 2007 .................66 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

71 0.91 76 0.87 78 0.86 78 0.85 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .......................................5.06 2009 .......................................5.38 2008 .......................................5.90 2007 .......................................5.06 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................97 2009 .................82 2008 .................76 2007 .................76 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ............4,836 11,037 0.44 2009 ............4,915 7,495 0.66 2008 ............3,960 6,137 0.65 2007 ............3,262 5,096 0.64 2006..................— — —

Female

2010 .................14 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

99 0.98 84 0.97 79 0.96 79 0.97 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Male

Enrolment in secondary education Score

Female

Female-to-male ratio

97 0.99 96 0.99 86 0.97 85 0.98 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................95 2009 .................95 2008 .................83 2007 .................84 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

17 0.83 16 0.88 15 0.94 16 0.90 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................5 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

93 0.08 95 0.05 — — — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................54 2009 .................53 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

89 89 89 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0

Female-to-male ratio

46 1.17 47 1.11 — — — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 .................15 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

97 0.03 93 0.07 93 0.07 85 0.18 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................99 2009 .................98 2008 .................99 2007 .................98 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

100 0.99 99 0.99 100 0.99 99 0.99 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 68

Bahamas 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.713

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.34 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.21 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................6.09 GDP (PPP) per capita .................................................................................—

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.00 Year women received right to vote ............................................1961, 1964 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.829

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................21 Wage equality for similar work (survey).................— Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................21 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............10 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.90 — 0.72 0.76 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 —

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

115

0.043

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................90 Women in ministerial positions...............................128 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.14 0.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

74 83 — — 16,971 23,669 43 57 63 37

0.90 — 0.72 0.76 1.73 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 90 83 —

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.02 1.02 1.05 — Female-to-male ratio

— 68

— 63

0.97 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

97 92 87 —

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

12 0 0

88 100 50

0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................62 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................9 Length of maternity leave ........................................................13 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; benefits by the National Insurance Board are paid for 13 weeks, by the employer for 12 weeks Provider of maternity coverage .......National Insurance Board (2/3) and employer (1/3) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................16 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....43

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership*..................................................................—

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................87 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................70 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Bahrain 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

110

0.622

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.78 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.09 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................13.16 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................32,233

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.30 Year women received right to vote ............................................1973, 2002 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.34 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

115

0.497

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................123 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................15 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................90 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............82 Professional and technical workers ......................114

0.39 0.76 0.51 0.29 0.22

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.991

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................75 Enrolment in primary education................................86 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

120

0.038

0.179

Women in parliament................................................126 Women in ministerial positions.................................84 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.03 0.12 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

34 86 — — 19,873 39,060 22 78 18 82

0.39 0.76 0.51 0.29 0.22 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

92 98 87 18

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.97 0.99 1.05 2.53 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

0.97 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

89 97 92 44

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

3 11 0

98 89 50

0.03 0.12 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................62 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................10 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................45 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................32 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....15

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................10 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.91

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................54 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................41

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Bahrain 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 110

0.622

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

116

0.614

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

121

0.593

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

115

0.593

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

102

0.589

Education Health Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................35 2008 .................31 2007 .................31 2006 .................29

86 86 89 89 88

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.39 0.41 0.35 0.34 0.33

2010 .................97 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

98 98 98 97 96

Year

2010 .......................................5.34 2009 .......................................5.11 2008 .......................................4.67 2007 .......................................4.61 2006 .......................................4.59 1

Female

Male

2010 .................92 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................93 2006 .................93

87 91 91 87 87

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.51 0.43 0.35 0.33 0.31

2010 .................44 2009 .................47 2008 .................47 2007 .................50 2006 .................45

18 19 19 22 25

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

39,060 40,000 29,796 29,107 24,909

1.05 1.05 1.05 1.07 1.07

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........19,873 2009 ..........17,342 2008 ..........10,496 2007 ............9,654 2006 ............7,685

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

2.53 2.46 2.46 2.23 1.84 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................12 2008 .................10 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

78 88 90 90 90

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.29 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.11

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................33 2008 .................19 2007 .................19 2006 .................19

82 67 81 81 81

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................0

98 98 98 98 100

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.22 0.49 0.23 0.23 0.23

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

89 96 96 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.12 0.05 0.05 0.10 0.10

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................86 2008 .................86 2007 .................84 2006 .................84

92 90 90 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.97 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.94

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

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Bangladesh 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.670

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................160.00 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.41 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................73.94 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,288

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................19 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.30 Year women received right to vote ............................................1935, 1972 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

117

0.473

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................82 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............113 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................91 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........109 Professional and technical workers ......................108

0.73 0.53 0.51 0.11 0.28

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

108

0.914

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................109 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................112

0.83 1.00 1.00 0.55

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

122

0.956

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................130

0.94 0.98

0.92 1.04

0.338

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................63 Women in ministerial positions.................................64 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................5

0.23 0.19 0.50

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

62 — 830 10 22

85 — 1,633 90 78

0.73 0.53 0.51 0.11 0.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

60 85 40 9

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.83 1.02 1.05 0.55 Female-to-male ratio

— 55

— 56

0.96 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

50 86 43 5

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

19 16 17

81 84 33

0.23 0.19 0.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................56 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................43 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................570 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...127

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................20 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.99

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................42 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................20 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................18

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 73

Bangladesh 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 82

0.670 Education Health Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.653

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.653

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

100

0.631

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.627

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................60 2008 .................55 2007 .................55 2006 .................53

85 87 88 88 86

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.73 0.69 0.63 0.63 0.61

2010 .................86 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

85 87 87 92 92

Year

2010 .......................................3.74 2009 .......................................3.51 2008 .......................................3.48 2007 .......................................3.39 2006 .......................................2.90 1

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................42 2008 .................42 2007 .................44 2006 .................51

40 39 40 41 45

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.51 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.54

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................4

9 9 8 8 9

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,633 1,567 2,792 2,540 2,289

1.05 1.07 1.04 1.08 1.11

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............830 2009 ...............722 2008 ............1,282 2007 ............1,170 2006 ............1,245

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.04 1.04 1.02 1.03

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.55 0.57 0.53 0.53 0.50 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................23 2008 .................25 2007 .................23 2006 ...................8

90 77 75 77 92

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.31 0.33 0.30 0.09

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................12 2008 .................10 2007 .................12 2006 .................25

78 88 90 88 75

Female

2010 .................19 2009 .................19 2008..................— 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

Male

Female-to-male ratio

81 0.23 81 0.23 — — 85 0.18 85 0.18 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.33

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................16 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

84 92 92 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

0.19 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................47 2008 .................48 2007 .................31 2006 .................31

60 58 59 50 50

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.83 0.81 0.82 0.62 0.62

2010 .................17 2009 .................16 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

33 34 35 35 35

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.43 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 74

Barbados 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.718

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.26 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.26 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................2.45 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................19,189

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................32 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1950 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.94 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.787

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................22 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................27 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................45 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............9 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.90 0.74 0.65 0.77 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.104

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................99 Women in ministerial positions...............................117 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................14

0.11 0.06 0.12

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

76 85 — — 14,735 22,830 43 57 52 48

0.90 0.74 0.65 0.77 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 96 88 34

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.06 2.15 Female-to-male ratio

— 69

— 65

0.99 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 97 93 73

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

10 6 6

90 94 45

0.11 0.06 0.12 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................55 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................10 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ..............National insurance system Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................16 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....51

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................9 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.31

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................79 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................49

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Belgium 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.751

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................10.71 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.78 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................268.82 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................32,357

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................30 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ............................................1919, 1948 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.710

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................52 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................62 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................32 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............41 Professional and technical workers ........................66

0.83 0.66 0.68 0.49 0.96

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.991

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................100 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................58

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.324

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................8 Women in ministerial positions.................................15 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.65 0.50 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

61 73 — — 27,333 40,000 33 67 49 51

0.83 0.66 0.68 0.49 0.96 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 98 89 56

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 0.96 1.26 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 70

0.96 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 99 85 70

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

39 33 0

61 67 50

0.65 0.50 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................75 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................15 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...........................82% for the first 30 days and 75% for the remaining period (up to a ceiling) Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................8 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....10

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................8 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................47 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.89

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................80 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................57 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 77

Belgium 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 14

0.751 Education Health Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.717

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.716

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.720

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.708

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................60 2008 .................58 2007 .................57 2006 .................44

73 73 72 73 60

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.83 0.82 0.80 0.79 0.73

2010 .................99 2009 .................98 2008 .................97 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

98 98 97 99 96

Year

2010 .......................................4.63 2009 .......................................4.29 2008 .......................................4.17 2007 .......................................4.43 2006 .......................................3.99 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................85 2008 .................85 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

89 89 89 97 96

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.52 0.55 0.63 0.54

2010 .................70 2009 .................70 2008 .................70 2007 .................69 2006 .................71

56 55 56 57 57

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 38,338 37,019

0.96 0.96 0.96 1.00 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........27,333 2009 ..........20,683 2008 ..........22,182 2007 ..........24,123 2006 ..........19,951

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.26 1.26 1.25 1.21 1.25 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................31 2008 .................31 2007 .................30 2006 .................31

67 69 69 70 69

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.49 0.46 0.46 0.43 0.45

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................49 2008 .................49 2007 .................48 2006 .................48

51 51 51 52 52

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................35 2008 .................35 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

61 65 65 65 65

Female-to-male ratio

0.65 0.55 0.55 0.53 0.53 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.96 0.96 0.96 0.92 0.92

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

67 77 77 79 79

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.27

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 78

Belize 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.654

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.32 Population growth (%) .............................................................................3.35 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.19 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................6,228

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1954 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.636

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................101 Wage equality for similar work (survey).................— Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................107 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............13 Professional and technical workers ........................60

0.60 — 0.43 0.70 0.99

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................71 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

131

0.000

0.179

Women in parliament................................................129 Women in ministerial positions...............................128 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

50 — 4,021 41 50

83 — 9,398 59 50

0.60 — 0.43 0.70 0.99 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

77 98 61 8

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.09 1.85 Female-to-male ratio

— 63

— 57

0.95 1.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

77 98 66 15

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

0 0 0

100 100 50

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................95 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................34 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................17 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .............Social security or employer (for women who are not entitled to receive benefits from social security) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................52 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....90

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................13 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................38 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership*..................................................................—

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................72 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................49

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 79

Belize 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 93

0.654

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.664

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.661

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.643

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................50 2009 .................49 2008 .................46 2007 .................46 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

83 0.60 84 0.58 85 0.54 85 0.54 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .....................................— 2009 .....................................— 2008 .....................................— 2007 .....................................— 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................66 2009 .................70 2008 .................69 2007 .................73 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ............4,021 9,398 0.43 2009 ............3,817 9,476 0.40 2008 ............4,022 10,117 0.40 2007 ............3,760 9,674 0.39 2006..................— — —

Female

2010 .................15 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................4 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

61 1.09 64 1.09 64 1.08 72 1.02 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Male

Enrolment in secondary education Score

Female

Female-to-male ratio

98 1.00 98 1.00 97 1.01 95 1.01 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................97 2007 .................96 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

8 1.85 2 2.43 2 2.43 2 2.43 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................41 2009 .................41 2008 .................41 2007 .................31 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

59 0.70 59 0.70 59 0.70 69 0.45 — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................50 2009 .................50 2008 .................50 2007 .................52 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................7 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

100 0.00 100 0.00 100 0.00 93 0.07 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.99 50 0.99 50 0.99 48 1.08 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 .................18 2008 .................18 2007 ...................6 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

100 0.00 82 0.22 82 0.22 94 0.07 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................77 2009 .................77 2008 .................77 2007 .................77 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

77 1.00 77 1.00 77 1.00 77 1.01 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 0 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 80

Benin 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

128

0.572

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................8.66 Population growth (%) .............................................................................3.15 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................3.12 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,369

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1956 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.605

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................30 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................26 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................89 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........119 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.88 0.75 0.52 0.08 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

133

0.646

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................131 Enrolment in primary education..............................127 Enrolment in secondary education ........................131 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................128

0.53 0.87 0.49 0.25

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

100

0.076

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................95 Women in ministerial positions.................................71 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.12 0.15 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

69 — 892 7 —

78 — 1,726 93 —

0.88 0.75 0.52 0.08 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

54 99 26 7

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.53 0.87 0.49 0.25 Female-to-male ratio

— 50

0.95 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

28 86 13 2

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

11 13 0

89 87 50

0.12 0.15 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................78 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................17 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................76 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage...........................Social security (1/2) and employer (1/2) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................840 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...114

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................0 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................1 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................24 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.80

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................19 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................12 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) .............................................9

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.17 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 81

Benin 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 128

0.572

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

131

0.564

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

126

0.558

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

123

0.566

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

110

0.578

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................60 2008 .................55 2007 .................55 2006 .................54

78 86 86 87 86

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.69 0.63 0.63 0.62

2010 .................86 2009 .................73 2008 .................73 2007 .................70 2006 .................72

99 87 87 86 93

Year

2010 .......................................5.22 2009 .......................................5.12 2008 .......................................4.78 2007 .......................................5.28 2006 .......................................5.76 1

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007..................— 2006 .................11

26 23 23 — 23

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

0.52 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.69

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................2 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,726 1,706 1,543 1,475 1,316

0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............892 2009 ...............805 2008 ...............732 2007 ...............702 2006 ...............910

Female-to-male ratio

0.87 0.84 0.84 0.81 0.78

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

7 0.25 7 0.25 — 0.29 — — — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

93 93 93 93 93

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................7

89 89 89 92 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.12 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.08 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................22 2008 .................22 2007 .................19 2006 .................19

87 78 78 81 81

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.29 0.29 0.23 0.23

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................27 2008 .................28 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

54 52 53 48 48

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.53 0.52 0.53 0.49 0.49

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 82

Bolivia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.675

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................9.69 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.77 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................11.37 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,013

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.50 Year women received right to vote ............................................1938, 1952 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.596

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................68 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............115 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................57 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............63 Professional and technical workers ........................88

0.77 0.53 0.61 0.41 0.68

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.959

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................100 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................83 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................99

0.90 1.00 0.99 0.84

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.972

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................90

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.173

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................34 Women in ministerial positions.................................53 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................34

0.34 0.25 0.01

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

64 — 3,198 29 40

83 — 5,222 71 60

0.77 0.53 0.61 0.41 0.68 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

96 93 70 42

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.90 1.01 0.99 0.84 Female-to-male ratio

— 59

— 57

0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

86 94 70 35

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

25 20 1

75 80 49

0.34 0.25 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................66 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................61 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................46 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)...........................100% of national minimum wage plus 70% of wages above minimum wage Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................290 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....88

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................38 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.72

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................61 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................53 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................29

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 83

Bolivia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 76

0.675

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.669

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.667

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.657

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.633

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................68 2008 .................65 2007 .................65 2006 .................63

83 84 85 84 84

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.77 0.81 0.77 0.77 0.74

2010 .................94 2009 .................94 2008 .................95 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

93 93 94 94 95

Year

2010 .......................................3.69 2009 .......................................3.15 2008 .......................................3.14 2007 .......................................3.71 2006 .......................................3.32 1

Female

Male

2010 .................70 2009 .................70 2008 .................70 2007 .................72 2006 .................73

70 70 72 73 74

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

0.61 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.45

2010 .................35 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 .................21

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

5,222 5,057 3,584 3,462 3,573

0.99 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............3,198 2009 ............2,924 2008 ............2,059 2007 ............1,983 2006 ............1,615

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

42 0.84 — — — — — — 39 0.55 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................29 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................36 2006 .................36

71 64 64 64 64

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.41 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................40 2006 .................40

60 60 60 60 60

Female

Male

2010 .................25 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

75 83 83 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.34 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.68 0.65 0.67 0.67 0.67

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................20 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

80 76 76 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.25 0.31 0.31 0.07 0.07

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................86 2009 .................85 2008 .................85 2007 .................81 2006 .................81

96 95 95 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.90 0.89 0.90 0.87 0.87

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

49 49 49 49 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 84

Botswana 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.688

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................1.92 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.50 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................8.64 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................11,858

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1965 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.736

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................11 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................13 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................73 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............55 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.92 0.77 0.58 0.44 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

125

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................132

0.94 0.98

0.92 1.04

108

0.060

0.179

Women in parliament................................................113 Women in ministerial positions.................................78 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.09 0.13 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

76 82 — — 9,961 17,307 30 70 55 45

0.92 0.77 0.58 0.44 1.24 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

83 86 62 7

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.02 1.09 1.15 Female-to-male ratio

— 48

— 49

0.97 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

84 88 67 8

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

8 12 0

92 88 50

0.09 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................94 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................44 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................26 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................25 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................380 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....51

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................20 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................15 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................43 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.58

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................80 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................49 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................37

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.33

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 85

Botswana 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 62

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.707

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.684

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.690

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................51 2008 .................48 2007 .................47 2006 .................45

82 64 71 68 67

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.92 0.79 0.67 0.68 0.67

2010 .................88 2009 .................85 2008 .................85 2007 .................83 2006 .................83

86 83 83 83 81

Year

2010 .......................................5.40 2009 .......................................5.48 2008 .......................................5.84 2007 .......................................5.32 2006 .......................................5.33 1

Female

Male

2010 .................67 2009 .................60 2008 .................60 2007 .................58 2006 .................64

62 52 52 51 58

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.67 0.31 0.36 0.61

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................6

7 5 5 5 7

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

17,307 15,240 19,094 14,738 10,816

1.09 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.10

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............9,961 2009 ..........10,275 2008 ............5,913 2007 ............5,322 2006 ............6,617

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.03 1.03 1.00 1.03

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.15 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.85 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................30 2009 .................33 2008 .................31 2007 .................31 2006 .................31

70 67 69 69 69

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.44 0.49 0.45 0.45 0.45

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................51 2008 .................53 2007 .................53 2006 .................53

45 49 47 47 47

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

92 89 89 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.24 1.05 1.13 1.13 1.13

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................12 2009 .................28 2008 .................28 2007 .................27 2006 .................27

88 72 72 73 73

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.38 0.38 0.36 0.36

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................84 2009 .................82 2008 .................83 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

83 82 83 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.02

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 86

Brazil 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.665

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................191.97 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.97 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................853.81 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................9,455

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1932 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.643

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................73 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............123 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................60 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............30 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.75 0.50 0.60 0.56 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.990

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..............................104 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

112

0.049

0.179

Women in parliament................................................108 Women in ministerial positions...............................102 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.10 0.08 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

64 85 — — 7,190 12,006 36 64 52 48

0.75 0.50 0.60 0.56 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

90 95 78 30

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.01 0.98 1.10 1.29 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 62

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

90 93 85 39

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

9 7 0

91 93 50

0.10 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................97 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................77 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................18 Length of maternity leave .........................................................120 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................110 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....56

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.94

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................91 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................68 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................44

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.58

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 87

Brazil 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 85

0.665

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.670

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.674

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.664

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.654

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................64 2008 .................62 2007 .................61 2006 .................57

85 86 83 84 80

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.75 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.71

2010 .................93 2009 .................93 2008 .................95 2007..................— 2006..................—

95 93 93 — —

Year

2010 .......................................3.50 2009 .......................................3.67 2008 .......................................4.04 2007 .......................................3.97 2006 .......................................3.60 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................81 2008 .................83 2007 .................78 2006 .................81

78 73 75 73 73

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

0.60 0.56 0.58 0.57 0.43

2010 .................39 2009 .................34 2008 .................29 2007..................— 2006 .................20

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

12,006 11,521 10,664 10,447 10,963

1.10 1.11 1.11 1.07 1.10

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............7,190 2009 ............6,426 2008 ............6,204 2007 ............6,004 2006 ............4,704

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 1.00 1.02 0.94 0.94

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

30 1.29 26 1.29 22 1.30 — — 19 1.02 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................35 2008 .................34 2007 .................34 2006 .................37

64 65 66 66 63

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.56 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.59

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................53 2008 .................52 2007 .................53 2006 .................62

48 47 48 47 38

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

91 91 91 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.09 1.11 1.08 1.13 1.63

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

93 89 89 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................90 2009 .................90 2008 .................91 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

90 89 90 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 88

Brunei Darussalam 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.675

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.39 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.91 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................6.98 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................47,949

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.10 Year women received right to vote..........................................................— Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.06 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.740

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................62 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................31 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................3 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............34 Professional and technical workers ........................91

0.80 0.73 0.92 0.54 0.58

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.993

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................78 Enrolment in primary education................................65 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

107

0.966

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................115

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

131

0.000

0.179

Women in parliament .................................................— Women in ministerial positions...............................128 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

— 0.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

62 78 — — 36,838 40,000 35 65 37 63

0.80 0.73 0.92 0.54 0.58 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

97 93 87 11

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.97 1.00 1.04 1.99 Female-to-male ratio

— 67

— 66

0.96 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

93 93 90 21

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

— 0 0

— 100 50

— 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%) ..............................— Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of paid maternity leave............................................................— Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................................— Provider of maternity coverage ..........................................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................13 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....26

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................30 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.40

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................75 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................61 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 89

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 90

Bulgaria 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.698

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................7.62 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.48 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................19.59 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................10,746

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ............................................1937, 1945 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.93 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.684

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................41 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............108 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................33 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............42 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.85 0.55 0.68 0.48 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.993

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................62 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................95 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 1.00 0.97 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................102 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.137

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................53 Women in ministerial positions.................................57 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................38

0.26 0.21 0.01

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

62 73 — — 9,132 13,439 32 68 61 39

0.85 0.55 0.68 0.48 1.55 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 96 85 44

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 1.00 0.97 1.30 Female-to-male ratio

— 69

— 63

0.94 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 96 82 58

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

21 18 0

79 82 50

0.26 0.21 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................63 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................9 Length of paid maternity leave ................................................135 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................90 Provider of maternity coverage ....................Public social insurance (the General Sickness and Maternity Fund) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................11 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....38

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................6 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................51 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.73

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................93 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................79 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................47

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 91

Bulgaria 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 50

0.698

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.707

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.708

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.708

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.687

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................58 2008 .................52 2007 .................52 2006 .................41

73 67 62 63 53

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.85 0.87 0.83 0.84 0.78

2010 .................96 2009 .................94 2008 .................92 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

96 95 93 96 96

Year

2010 .......................................3.88 2009 .......................................4.19 2008 .......................................4.48 2007 .......................................4.39 2006 .......................................4.13 1

Female

Male

2010 .................82 2009 .................87 2008 .................88 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

85 89 90 90 90

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.67

2010 .................58 2009 .................55 2008 .................50 2007 .................44 2006 .................44

44 45 41 38 38

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

0.97 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.98

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............9,132 13,439 2009 ............8,219 12,459 2008 ............7,176 11,010 2007 ............6,406 9,855 2006 ............6,212 9,334

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.30 1.22 1.21 1.16 1.16 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................31 2008 .................32 2007 .................33 2006 .................30

68 69 68 67 70

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.46 0.46 0.49 0.43

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................61 2008 .................62 2007 .................61 2006 .................34

39 39 38 39 66

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................22 2008 .................22 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

79 78 78 78 78

Female-to-male ratio

0.26 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.55 1.58 1.61 1.56 0.52

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 .................24 2006 .................24

82 76 76 76 76

Female-to-male ratio

0.21 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 92

Burkina Faso 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

111

0.616

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................15.23 Population growth (%) .............................................................................3.42 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................4.00 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,078

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................19 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1958 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.638

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................32 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................4 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................41 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............98 Professional and technical workers ......................105

0.88 0.81 0.66 0.16 0.35

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

128

0.748

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................128 Enrolment in primary education..............................125 Enrolment in secondary education ........................126 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................119

0.59 0.89 0.74 0.49

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.968

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................104

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.110

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................75 Women in ministerial positions.................................56 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.18 0.22 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

80 — 895 14 26

91 — 1,354 86 74

0.88 0.81 0.66 0.16 0.35 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

37 67 18 5

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.59 0.89 0.74 0.49 Female-to-male ratio

— 43

— 42

0.97 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

22 59 13 2

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

15 18 0

85 82 50

0.18 0.22 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................54 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................17 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................92 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security (if necessary, the employer adds up to the full wage) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................700 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...131

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................13 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.96

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................33 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................17 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) .............................................8

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.77 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 93

Burkina Faso 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 111

0.616

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

120

0.608

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

115

0.603

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

117

0.591

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

104

0.585

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................80 2009 .................80 2008 .................80 2007 .................80 2006 .................78

91 91 90 90 89

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.87

2010 .................59 2009 .................54 2008 .................42 2007 .................40 2006 .................35

67 62 52 50 46

Year

2010 .......................................5.66 2009 .......................................5.68 2008 .......................................5.61 2007 .......................................5.49 2006 .......................................5.37 1

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................12 2008 .................10 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................8

18 16 14 13 11

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.66 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.73

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................2 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

5 4 3 3 3

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,354 1,306 1,458 1,405 1,357

0.74 0.74 0.71 0.70 0.68

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............895 2009 ...............861 2008 ...............966 2007 ...............930 2006 ...............986

Female-to-male ratio

0.89 0.86 0.82 0.79 0.77

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.49 0.50 0.46 0.45 0.29 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

86 86 86 86 86

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................26 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007 .................26 2006 .................26

74 74 74 74 74

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

85 85 85 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.18 0.18 0.13 0.13 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

82 86 86 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.22 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................18 2008 .................22 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

37 34 37 29 29

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.59 0.52 0.59 0.52 0.52

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 94

Cambodia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.648

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................14.56 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.65 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................7.44 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,735

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1955 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.638

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................34 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................23 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................35 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........100 Professional and technical workers ......................101

0.87 0.75 0.68 0.16 0.48

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

115

0.866

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................108 Enrolment in primary education..............................117 Enrolment in secondary education ........................117 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................115

0.83 0.96 0.88 0.54

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.110

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................51 Women in ministerial positions.................................89 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.27 0.11 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

76 — 1,465 14 33

87 — 2,158 86 67

0.87 0.75 0.68 0.16 0.48 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

85 90 36 9

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.83 0.96 0.88 0.54 Female-to-male ratio

— 55

— 51

0.96 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

71 87 32 5

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

21 10 0

79 90 50

0.27 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................44 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................40 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................69 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................50 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................540 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....52

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................44 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.99

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................44 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................32 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................11

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.58

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 95

Cambodia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 97

0.648

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

104

0.641

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.647

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.635

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.629

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................77 2008 .................78 2007 .................78 2006 .................74

87 88 82 81 80

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.87 0.88 0.96 0.96 0.93

2010 .................87 2009 .................87 2008 .................89 2007 .................98 2006 .................96

90 91 91 100 100

0.96 0.96 0.98 0.98 0.96

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................5.23 2009 .......................................5.08 2008 .......................................4.98 2007 .......................................5.10 2006 .......................................5.38 1

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................32 2008 .................28 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

36 36 33 27 30

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.76

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

9 7 6 5 4

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

2,158 1,858 3,149 2,793 2,368

0.88 0.88 0.85 0.84 0.73

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,465 2009 ............1,392 2008 ............2,332 2007 ............2,077 2006 ............1,807

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.54 0.56 0.50 0.46 0.46 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

86 86 86 86 86

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

67 67 67 67 67

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................16 2008 .................20 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

79 84 81 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.19 0.24 0.11 0.11 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.49

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

90 93 93 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................71 2009 .................67 2008 .................68 2007 .................64 2006 .................64

85 86 86 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.83 0.78 0.79 0.76 0.76

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 96

Cameroon 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

114

0.611

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................19.09 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.27 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................13.42 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,020

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................4.60 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

105

0.541

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................90 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................14 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................87 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........107 Professional and technical workers ......................106

0.66 0.77 0.53 0.11 0.32

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

117

0.859

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................114 Enrolment in primary education..............................128 Enrolment in secondary education ........................112 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................102

0.81 0.87 0.91 0.79

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

0.083

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................84 Women in ministerial positions.................................78 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.16 0.13 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

54 — 1,467 10 24

82 — 2,791 90 76

0.66 0.77 0.53 0.11 0.32 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

84 94 — 10

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.81 0.87 0.91 0.79 Female-to-male ratio

— 45

0.97 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

68 82 — 8

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

14 12 0

86 88 50

0.16 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................63 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................29 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................82 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage......National Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..........................1000 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...141

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................22 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.09

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................44 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................26 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................18

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.20 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 97

Cameroon 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 114

0.611

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

118

0.611

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

117

0.602

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

116

0.592

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

103

0.587

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................54 2009 .................53 2008 .................54 2007 .................54 2006 .................52

82 76 81 81 80

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.66 0.70 0.67 0.66 0.65

2010 .................82 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

94 — — — —

Year

2010 .......................................5.38 2009 .......................................4.92 2008 .......................................5.08 2007 .......................................4.88 2006 .......................................4.79 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.53 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.45

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................4

10 8 8 7 6

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

2,791 2,726 3,086 2,921 2,940

0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,467 2009 ............1,359 2008 ............1,519 2007 ............1,435 2006 ............1,310

Female-to-male ratio

0.87 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.79 0.79 0.72 0.66 0.64 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

90 90 90 90 90

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 .................24 2006 .................24

76 76 76 76 76

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

86 86 86 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.10 0.10 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................12 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

88 88 88 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................68 2009 .................60 2008 .................60 2007 .................60 2006 .................60

84 77 77 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.81 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 98

Canada 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.737

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................33.31 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.01 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................872.76 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................34,567

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.60 Year women received right to vote ............................................1917, 1960 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.777

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................19 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................18 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................25 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............31 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.90 0.76 0.71 0.56 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.998

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................86 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.978

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................60

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.196

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................45 Women in ministerial positions.................................25 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................36

0.28 0.42 0.01

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

75 83 — — 28,315 40,000 36 64 57 43

0.90 0.76 0.71 0.56 1.30 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 99 — 53

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 0.99 1.36 Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 71

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 100 — 72

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

22 30 0

78 70 50

0.28 0.42 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................74 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of maternity leave ........................................................17 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)......55% up to a ceiling; benefits paid vary by province and jurisdiction Provider of maternity coverage ...............................Federal and state employment insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................7 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....14

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................6 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................50 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.55

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................68 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................43

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 99

Canada 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 20

0.737

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.720

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.714

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.720

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.716

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

2008

2009

2010

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation Year

2007

Enrolment in primary education

Female

Male

2010 .................75 2009 .................75 2008 .................73 2007 .................73 2006 .................60

83 83 83 83 72

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.84

2010 ...............100 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007..................— 2006 ...............100

99 99 99 — 99

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................5.32 2009 .......................................5.24 2008 .......................................4.99 2007 .......................................5.04 2006 .......................................4.98 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 .................94

— — — — 94

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.71 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.64

2010 .................72 2009 .................72 2008 .................72 2007..................— 2006 .................70

53 53 53 — 51

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 38,374 37,572

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........28,315 2009 ..........26,055 2008 ..........25,448 2007 ..........24,277 2006 ..........23,922

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Female-to-male ratio

1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.36 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................37 2008 .................36 2007 .................36 2006 .................35

64 63 64 64 65

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.56 0.59 0.57 0.56 0.54

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................57 2009 .................56 2008 .................56 2007 .................56 2006 .................54

43 44 44 44 46

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................22 2008 .................21 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

78 78 79 79 79

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26 0.26 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.30 1.29 1.27 1.27 1.17

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................30 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

70 84 84 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

0.42 0.19 0.19 0.30 0.30

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 100

Chad 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

133

0.533

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................10.91 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.70 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................3.02 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,221

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................18 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................6.20 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1958 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.627

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................53 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................54 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................26 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........103 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.82 0.68 0.70 0.15 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

134

0.509

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................133 Enrolment in primary education..............................134 Enrolment in secondary education ........................132 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................130

0.50 0.70 0.33 0.15

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

122

0.035

0.179

Women in parliament................................................122 Women in ministerial positions...............................104 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.05 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

63 — 1,219 13 —

78 — 1,739 87 —

0.82 0.68 0.70 0.15 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

44 72 16 3

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.50 0.70 0.33 0.15 Female-to-male ratio

— 40

0.96 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

22 50 5 0

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

5 7 0

95 93 50

0.05 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................12 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%).................................3 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).......................................124 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................50 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..........................1500 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...193

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).......................................................................6 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.54

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................28 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .......................................5 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) .............................................1

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.36 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

100 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 101

Chad 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 133

0.533

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

133

0.542

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

129

0.529

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

127

0.538

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

113

0.525

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................63 2009 .................72 2008 .................66 2007 .................66 2006 .................66

78 77 77 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.82 0.94 0.86 0.86 0.85

2010 .................50 2009 .................49 2008 .................50 2007 .................50 2006 .................46

72 71 72 72 68

Year

2010 .......................................4.77 2009 .......................................4.83 2008 .......................................4.36 2007 .......................................5.35 2006 .......................................4.67 1

Female

Male

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

16 16 16 16 16

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.70 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.59

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

3 2 2 2 1

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,739 1,775 1,735 2,545 1,525

0.33 0.33 0.31 0.33 0.33

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,219 2009 ............1,169 2008 ............1,126 2007 ............1,644 2006 ...............902

Female-to-male ratio

0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.68

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.17 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

87 87 87 87 87

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

95 95 95 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions\ Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

93 83 83 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.21 0.21 0.13 0.13

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

44 41 41 41 41

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.50 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 101

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 102

Chile 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.701

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................16.80 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.00 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................104.38 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................13,057

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1949 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

108

0.534

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................102 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............124 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................113 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............74 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.60 0.49 0.42 0.32 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.996

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................85 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.296

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................80 Women in ministerial positions...................................4 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................21

0.17 0.83 0.09

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

47 78 — — 8,188 19,694 24 76 51 50

0.60 0.49 0.42 0.32 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 95 84 52

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.03 1.01 Female-to-male ratio

— 72

— 67

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 94 87 52

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

14 45 4

86 55 46

0.17 0.83 0.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................64 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................7 Length of maternity leave ........................................................18 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................16 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....49

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................36 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.70

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................39

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

102 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 103

Chile 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 48

0.701

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.682

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.648

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.645

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................44 2008 .................41 2007 .................41 2006 .................37

78 77 75 76 70

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.60 0.57 0.55 0.54 0.52

2010 .................94 2009 .................94 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

95 95 — — —

Year

2010 .......................................3.46 2009 .......................................3.37 2008 .......................................3.34 2007 .......................................3.51 2006 .......................................3.52 1

Female

Male

2010 .................87 2009 .................87 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

84 84 — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.42 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.39

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................46 2007 .................42 2006 .................42

52 52 47 44 44

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

19,694 18,500 17,293 15,715 14,872

1.03 1.03 1.01 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............8,188 2009 ............7,557 2008 ............6,871 2007 ............6,134 2006 ............5,753

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.97 0.97 0.97

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.00 0.95 0.95 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................24 2008 .................25 2007 .................24 2006 .................24

76 76 75 76 76

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.32 0.32 0.33 0.32 0.32

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................50 2008 .................52 2007 .................52 2006 .................52

50 50 48 48 48

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

86 85 85 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.00 1.08 1.08 1.08

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................41 2008 .................41 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

55 59 59 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.83 0.69 0.69 0.20 0.20

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

99 97 97 96 96

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

46 47 48 49 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 103

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 104

China 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.688

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ................................................................1,324.66 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.51 GDP (US$ billions)..............................................................................2,602.57 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................6,200

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1949 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.08 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.693

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................33 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................45 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................36 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............90 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.88 0.70 0.68 0.20 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.981

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................91 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................96 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.94 1.00 0.97 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

133

0.929

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................134 Healthy life expectancy..............................................74

0.88 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.150

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................49 Women in ministerial positions.................................81 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................22

0.27 0.13 0.08

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

74 — 4,323 17 52

85 — 6,375 83 48

0.88 0.70 0.68 0.20 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

97 — — 22

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.94 1.00 0.97 1.04 Female-to-male ratio

— 68

— 65

0.88 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

91 — — 23

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

21 12 4

79 88 47

0.27 0.13 0.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................87 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................18 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; the social insurance program applies to urban areas and the maternity insurance program covers all employees in urban enterprises, including all state-owned enterprises, regardless of their location Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................45 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......5

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................39 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.64

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.58

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................56 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................45 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................43

104 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 105

China 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 61

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.691

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.664

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.656

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................74 2009 .................77 2008 .................75 2007 .................76 2006 .................69

85 85 88 88 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.91 0.86 0.86 0.84

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

2010 .......................................4.90 2009 .......................................4.99 2008 .......................................5.15 2007 .......................................4.86 2006 .......................................4.27 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.65 0.64 0.64 0.66

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................21 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

22 23 22 21 21

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

6,375 5,646 8,213 7,159 5,976

0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,323 2009 ............3,644 2008 ............5,220 2007 ............4,561 2006 ............3,961

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.04 1.01 0.98 0.85 0.85 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

83 83 83 88 88

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.14 0.14

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................52 2007 .................45 2006 .................45

48 48 48 55 55

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

79 79 79 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.25 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.07 1.08 1.08 0.82 0.82

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................12 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

88 91 91 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.07

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

97 96 96 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.94 0.93 0.93 0.91 0.91

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

47 46 46 48 48

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.03 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 105

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Colombia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.693

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................45.01 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.46 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................134.42 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................8,043

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1954 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.694

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................113 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................99 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................24 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............7 Professional and technical workers ........................62

0.55 0.59 0.71 0.86 0.98

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.996

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................78 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................91

1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................102 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.102

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................99 Women in ministerial positions.................................48 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.11 0.27 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

43 80 — — 7,138 10,080 46 54 50 51

0.55 0.59 0.71 0.86 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

93 90 68 36

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.09 0.99 Female-to-male ratio

— 69

— 64

0.94 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

93 90 75 35

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

10 21 0

90 79 50

0.11 0.27 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................96 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................78 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................16 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................130 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....96

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................15 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................9 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.35

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................50 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................35

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.33

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

106 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 107

Colombia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 55

0.693

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.694

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.694

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.709

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.705

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................69 2008 .................67 2007 .................66 2006 .................61

80 83 85 85 81

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.55 0.84 0.78 0.77 0.76

2010 .................90 2009 .................87 2008 .................88 2007 .................87 2006 .................84

90 87 89 87 83

Year

2010 .......................................4.13 2009 .......................................4.13 2008 .......................................4.25 2007 .......................................4.43 2006 .......................................4.17 1

Female

Male

2010 .................75 2009 .................71 2008 .................68 2007 .................58 2006 .................58

68 64 61 52 52

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.71 0.62 0.63 0.58 0.51

2010 .................35 2009 .................33 2008 .................32 2007 .................29 2006 .................28

36 30 30 27 26

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

1.09 1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............7,138 10,080 2009 ............4,898 7,902 2008 ............5,680 8,966 2007 ............5,356 9,202 2006 ............4,557 8,892

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................46 2009 .................38 2008 .................38 2007 .................38 2006 .................38

54 62 62 62 62

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.86 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................49 2008 .................50 2007 .................50 2006 .................50

51 51 50 50 50

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................8 2006 .................12

90 92 92 92 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.14 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................36 2006 .................36

79 77 77 64 64

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.30 0.30 0.56 0.56

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................93 2009 .................92 2008 .................93 2007 .................93 2006 .................93

93 92 94 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 107

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:50 AM Page 108

Costa Rica 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.719

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.52 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.34 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................23.44 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................10,085

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1949 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.03 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.579

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................104 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................72 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................99 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............57 Professional and technical workers ........................81

0.58 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.77

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.995

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................92 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.975

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................76

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.329

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................11 Women in ministerial positions.................................12 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................41

0.63 0.54 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

49 84 — — 6,788 14,763 30 70 43 57

0.58 0.66 0.46 0.44 0.77 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

96 — 62 23

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.01 0.99 1.08 1.26 Female-to-male ratio

— 71

— 68

0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

96 — 67 28

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

39 35 0

61 65 50

0.63 0.54 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................94 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................80 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................10 Length of maternity leave.........................................................4 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) 100; in cases where the employee does not fulfill the prerequisites to receive social security benefits, the employer shall pay two-thirds of the remuneration Provider of maternity coverage...........................50% social security, 50% employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................30 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....63

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.92

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.33

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................80 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

108 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 109

Costa Rica 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 28

0.719 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.718

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.711

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.701

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.694

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................47 2008 .................50 2007 .................49 2006 .................45

84 83 85 85 81

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.56 0.59 0.57 0.56

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

2010 .......................................4.59 2009 .......................................4.54 2008 .......................................4.56 2007 .......................................4.63 2006 .......................................4.25 1

Female

Male

2010 .................67 2009 .................67 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

62 62 — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.46 0.56 0.53 0.46 0.37

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................28 2007 .................28 2006 .................28

23 23 23 23 23

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

14,763 12,591 13,271 12,878 14,000

1.08 1.07 1.05 1.05 1.05

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............6,788 2009 ............7,073 2008 ............6,983 2007 ............5,969 2006 ............5,236

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.26 1.26 1.26 1.25 1.25 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................30 2009 .................27 2008 .................30 2007 .................26 2006 .................29

70 73 70 74 71

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.44 0.37 0.43 0.35 0.41

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................42 2008 .................42 2007 .................40 2006 .................40

57 58 58 60 60

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................37 2008 .................37 2007 .................39 2006 .................39

61 63 63 61 61

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.58 0.58 0.63 0.63 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.77 0.72 0.71 0.67 0.67

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................35 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

65 71 71 75 75

Female-to-male ratio

0.54 0.42 0.42 0.33 0.33

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................96 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

96 96 96 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 109

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Côte d’Ivoire 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

130

0.569

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................20.59 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.30 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................10.90 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,547

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman)...............................................................— Year women received right to vote ......................................................1952 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.04 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

106

0.539

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................95 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................85 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................119 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.62 0.63 0.34 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

130

0.692

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................119 Enrolment in primary education..............................133 Enrolment in secondary education ........................129 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................117

0.69 0.80 0.57 0.50

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

104

0.065

0.179

Women in parliament................................................107 Women in ministerial positions.................................74 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.10 0.14 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

51 — 852 — —

83 — 2,500 — —

0.62 0.63 0.34 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

64 62 27 11

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.69 0.80 0.57 0.50 Female-to-male ratio

— 48

— 45

0.97 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

44 50 15 6

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

9 13 0

91 88 50

0.10 0.14 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................57 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................72 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................81 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......6

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................21 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.69

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................23 Female teachers, secondary education (%).....................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.45 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

110 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 112

Croatia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.694

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.43 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.05 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................30.13 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................16,227

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1945 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.93 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.661

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................50 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............107 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................39 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............71 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.83 0.56 0.67 0.36 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.994

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................68 Enrolment in primary education................................80 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.142

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................38 Women in ministerial positions.................................65 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.31 0.19 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

59 71 — — 12,934 19,360 27 73 51 49

0.83 0.56 0.67 0.36 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 91 87 42

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.98 0.99 1.02 1.22 Female-to-male ratio

— 70

— 66

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 90 89 52

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

24 16 0

76 84 50

0.31 0.19 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%) ..............................— Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave............................................................1+ year Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).......................100% until the child reaches the age of six months, then at a flat rate determined by the Act on the Execution of the State Budget for the remaining period Provider of maternity coverage......................Health Insurance Fund (until the child reaches the age of 6 months), and the rest is paid from the State Budget Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................7 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....13

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................46 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.96

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

112 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 113

Croatia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 53

0.694

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.694

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.697

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.721

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.714

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................59 2009 .................57 2008 .................58 2007 .................58 2006 .................45

71 71 71 71 60

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.83 0.80 0.82 0.81 0.74

2010 .................90 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

91 91 91 88 88

Year

2010 .......................................3.89 2009 .......................................3.92 2008 .......................................3.87 2007 .......................................4.59 2006 .......................................4.64 1

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................88 2008 .................88 2007 .................86 2006 .................86

87 86 86 84 84

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

0.67 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.56

2010 .................52 2009 .................51 2008 .................49 2007..................— 2006 .................42

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

19,360 17,025 15,687 14,690 14,351

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........12,934 2009 ..........11,753 2008 ..........10,587 2007 ............9,872 2006 ............8,047

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

42 1.22 41 1.23 40 1.23 — — 35 1.19 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................21 2008 .................26 2007 .................23 2006 .................26

73 79 74 77 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.36 0.26 0.34 0.30 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................51 2008 .................51 2007 .................52 2006 .................52

49 49 49 48 48

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

76 79 79 78 78

Female-to-male ratio

0.31 0.26 0.26 0.28 0.28 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.04 1.03 1.04 1.08 1.08

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................16 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

84 76 76 67 67

Female-to-male ratio

0.19 0.31 0.31 0.50 0.50

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

100 99 99 99 99

0.98 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.98

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

50 50 50 47 47

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.06 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 113

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Cuba 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.725

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................11.20 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.00 GDP (US$ billions) .......................................................................................— GDP (PPP) per capita .................................................................................—

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1934 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.609

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................94 Wage equality for similar work (survey).................— Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................96 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............56 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.63 — 0.49 0.44 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................102 Healthy life expectancy..............................................76

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.318

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................3 Women in ministerial positions.................................36 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.76 0.33 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

48 — 4,132 30 60

76 — 8,442 70 40

0.63 — 0.49 0.44 1.48 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 99 82 88

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.01 1.68 Female-to-male ratio

— 71

— 68

0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 99 83 149

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

43 25 0

57 75 50

0.76 0.33 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of maternity leave ........................................................18 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................45 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....42

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................2 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................2 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................43 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership*..................................................................—

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................59

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

114 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 115

Cuba 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 24

0.725 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.718

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.720

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.717

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................48 2009 .................53 2008 .................51 2007 .................51 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

76 0.63 78 0.67 82 0.62 82 0.62 — — 0

Male

Year

Female

2010 .................83 2009 .................85 2008 .................88 2007 .................88 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

8,442 0.49 9,467 0.45 9,489 0.45 — — — —

Female

2010 ...............149 2009 ...............155 2008 ...............110 2007 .................78 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

82 1.01 84 1.01 86 1.03 87 1.02 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,132 2009 ............4,284 2008 ............4,268 2007..................— 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

99 1.00 98 1.00 96 1.01 98 0.98 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................97 2007 .................96 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

88 1.68 92 1.69 67 1.65 46 1.72 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................30 2009 .................29 2008 .................34 2007 .................34 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

70 0.44 71 0.41 66 0.52 66 0.51 — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................60 2009 .................60 2008 .................62 2007 .................62 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 .................43 2009 .................43 2008 .................43 2007 .................36 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

57 0.76 57 0.76 57 0.76 64 0.56 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

40 1.48 40 1.50 38 1.63 38 1.66 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 .................25 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 .................16 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

75 0.33 81 0.23 81 0.23 84 0.19 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 ...............100 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

100 1.00 99 1.00 100 1.00 100 1.00 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 115

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 116

Cyprus 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.664

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.86 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.00 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................12.30 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................26,273

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1960 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.630

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................55 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................83 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................68 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............92 Professional and technical workers ........................67

0.81 0.64 0.58 0.19 0.95

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.988

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................72 Enrolment in primary education................................77 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................93

0.98 0.99 1.00 0.96

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................96

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

102

0.069

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................87 Women in ministerial positions.................................94 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.14 0.10 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

64 80 — — 18,307 31,625 16 84 49 51

0.81 0.64 0.58 0.19 0.95 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 99 95 44

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.98 0.99 1.02 0.96 Female-to-male ratio

— 71

— 69

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

97 98 97 42

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

13 9 0

88 91 50

0.14 0.10 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%) ..............................— Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................18 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).................75; the rate is increased to 80% if claimant has one dependant, to 90% if she has two dependants, and to 100% if she has three dependants Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......6

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.53

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................82 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................40

116 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 117

Cyprus 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 86

0.664

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.671

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.669

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.652

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.643

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................63 2008 .................64 2007 .................63 2006 .................54

80 78 79 80 71

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.81 0.81 0.81 0.79 0.76

2010 .................98 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

99 99 99 96 96

Year

2010 .......................................4.45 2009 .......................................4.18 2008 .......................................4.21 2007 .......................................4.26 2006 .......................................3.76 1

Female

Male

2010 .................97 2009 .................96 2008 .................95 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

95 94 93 92 92

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.47

2010 .................42 2009 .................36 2008 .................34 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

44 36 33 36 36

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

31,625 32,557 27,808 28,891 25,260

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........18,307 2009 ..........19,436 2008 ..........16,805 2007 ..........17,012 2006 ..........11,864

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.96 0.99 1.05 0.98 0.98 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................16 2009 .................15 2008 .................16 2007 .................15 2006 .................18

84 85 84 85 82

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.22

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................48 2008 .................46 2007 .................45 2006 .................47

51 52 54 55 53

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

88 86 86 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.14 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.95 0.93 0.84 0.82 0.89

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................9 2009 .................18 2008 .................18 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

91 82 82 100 100

0.10 0.22 0.22 0.00 0.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................97 2009 .................96 2008 .................97 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

99 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.98 0.97 0.98 0.96 0.96

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 117

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 118

Czech Republic 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.685

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................10.42 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.87 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................79.16 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................22,098

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................29 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1920 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.621

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................66 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............120 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................74 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............67 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.78 0.51 0.57 0.39 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................54

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.140

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................46 Women in ministerial positions.................................57 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.28 0.21 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

61 78 — — 17,706 30,909 28 72 53 47

0.78 0.51 0.57 0.39 1.12 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 88 — 51

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.03 1.03 1.32 Female-to-male ratio

— 72

— 68

0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 91 — 67

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

22 18 0

78 82 50

0.28 0.21 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................72 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave ........................................................28 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................69 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....11

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................6 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................46 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.14

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................66 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................38

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

118 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 119

Czech Republic 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 65

0.685

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.679

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.677

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.672

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.671

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................63 2008 .................64 2007 .................64 2006 .................52

78 78 77 77 68

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.78 0.81 0.84 0.83 0.77

2010 .................91 2009 .................94 2008 .................94 2007..................— 2006..................—

88 91 91 — —

Year

2010 .......................................3.59 2009 .......................................3.81 2008 .......................................3.96 2007 .......................................3.91 2006 .......................................3.60 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.57 0.60 0.51 0.51 0.64

2010 .................67 2009 .................61 2008 .................55 2007 .................45 2006 .................45

51 49 45 41 41

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

30,909 27,585 27,440 26,017 20,051

1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........17,706 2009 ..........16,603 2008 ..........13,992 2007 ..........13,141 2006 ..........12,843

Female-to-male ratio

1.03 1.03 1.03 0.98 0.98

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.32 1.26 1.22 1.10 1.10 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 .................28 2006 .................26

72 71 71 72 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.39 0.40 0.41 0.39 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................53 2008 .................53 2007 .................52 2006 .................52

47 47 47 48 48

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................16 2006 .................16

78 85 85 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.12 1.11 1.11 1.08 1.08

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

82 88 88 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.21 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.12

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 119

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 120

Denmark 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.772

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................5.49 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.59 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................176.94 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................32,252

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................31 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1915 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.744

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................13 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................37 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................11 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............78 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.92 0.72 0.77 0.31 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................78

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.370

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................13 Women in ministerial positions...................................8 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.61 0.73 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

76 83 — — 30,745 40,000 24 76 52 48

0.92 0.72 0.77 0.31 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 95 88 67

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.03 1.41 Female-to-male ratio

— 73

— 70

0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 96 91 94

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

38 42 0

62 58 50

0.61 0.73 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................78 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................52 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage...............Municipality and employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................3 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......6

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.39

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................64 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................48 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

120 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 121

Denmark 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.772

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.763

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.754

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.752

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.746

0.4

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................76 2008 .................74 2007 .................74 2006 .................59

83 83 82 83 70

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.92 0.92 0.90 0.90 0.84

2010 .................96 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................99 2006 ...............100

95 95 95 97 100

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................5.05 2009 .......................................5.00 2008 .......................................4.53 2007 .......................................5.03 2006 .......................................4.63 1

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................91 2008 .................90 2007 .................93 2006 .................94

88 88 88 90 91

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.77 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.73

2010 .................94 2009 .................94 2008 .................93 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

67 67 67 61 61

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 39,288 36,882 36,430

1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........30,745 2009 ..........29,796 2008 ..........28,766 2007 ..........27,048 2006 ..........26,587

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.41 1.41 1.39 1.42 1.42 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................28 2008 .................25 2007 .................25 2006 .................26

76 72 75 75 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.31 0.39 0.33 0.33 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................53 2007 .................52 2006 .................51

48 48 47 48 49

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................38 2008 .................38 2007 .................37 2006 .................37

62 62 62 63 63

Female-to-male ratio

0.61 0.61 0.61 0.58 0.58 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.09 1.07 1.14 1.08 1.04

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................42 2009 .................37 2008 .................37 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

58 63 63 67 67

Female-to-male ratio

0.73 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.50

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 121

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Dominican Republic 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.677

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................9.95 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.41 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................36.06 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................7,658

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1942 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.652

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................92 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................65 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................65 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............54 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.65 0.66 0.59 0.44 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.971

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................93

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.087

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................70 Women in ministerial positions.................................96 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.20 0.10 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

55 — 4,985 31 51

84 — 8,416 69 49

0.65 0.66 0.59 0.44 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

88 80 52 26

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.22 1.59 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 62

0.96 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

88 80 63 41

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

17 9 0

83 91 50

0.20 0.10 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................27 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; if the worker is not entitled to social security benefits, the employer shall cover the full cost of benefit Provider of maternity coverage...........................50% social security, 50% employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................150 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....98

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................25 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................9 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................39 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.55

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................69 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................41

122 Country Profiles

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Dominican Republic 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 73

0.677

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.686

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.674

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.670

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.664

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................60 2008 .................50 2007 .................49 2006 .................46

84 75 84 84 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.65 0.80 0.59 0.58 0.57

2010 .................80 2009 .................79 2008 .................78 2007 .................88 2006 .................87

80 78 76 87 85

Year

2010 .......................................4.61 2009 .......................................4.61 2008 .......................................4.47 2007 .......................................4.17 2006 .......................................4.14 1

Female

Male

2010 .................63 2009 .................65 2008 .................57 2007 .................59 2006 .................54

52 54 47 47 45

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.59 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.36

2010 .................41 2009 .................42 2008 .................42 2007 .................41 2006 .................41

26 27 27 25 25

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

1.22 1.22 1.22 1.24 1.21

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,985 8,416 2009 ............3,692 8,458 2008 ............4,907 11,465 2007 ............4,376 10,461 2006 ............3,608 9,949

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.03 1.01 1.02

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.59 1.59 1.59 1.64 1.64 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................31 2008 .................32 2007 .................32 2006 .................31

69 69 68 68 69

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.44 0.44 0.47 0.48 0.45

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................51 2008 .................51 2007 .................51 2006 .................49

49 49 49 49 51

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

83 80 80 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.04 1.04 1.04 1.05 0.96

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

91 86 86 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................88 2009 .................89 2008 .................90 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

88 89 89 87 87

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 123

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Ecuador 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.707

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................13.48 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.04 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................23.54 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................7,508

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.60 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1929 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.599

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................100 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................90 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................94 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............69 Professional and technical workers ........................63

0.61 0.61 0.51 0.38 0.97

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.988

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................90 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................69

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.267

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................19 Women in ministerial positions.................................18 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.48 0.48 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

48 — 4,996 28 49

79 — 9,888 72 51

0.61 0.61 0.51 0.38 0.97 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

87 96 61 39

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.94 1.01 1.03 1.15 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 63

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

82 97 62 45

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

32 33 0

68 68 50

0.48 0.48 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................80 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................21 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage...........................75% social security, 25% employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................210 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...100

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................39 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.37

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................70 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................50 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................31

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.17

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

124 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 125

Ecuador 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 40

0.707

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.722

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.709

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.643

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................48 2009 .................54 2008 .................65 2007 .................64 2006 .................60

79 80 86 85 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.61 0.67 0.76 0.75 0.73

2010 .................97 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

96 96 96 97 97

Year

2010 .......................................4.30 2009 .......................................4.40 2008 .......................................3.91 2007 .......................................3.84 2006 .......................................3.49 1

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................60 2008 .................58 2007 .................53 2006 .................53

61 59 57 52 52

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

0.51 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.30

2010 .................45 2009 .................39 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

9,888 9,075 5,572 5,123 5,569

1.03 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,996 2009 ............5,189 2008 ............3,102 2007 ............2,796 2006 ............1,696

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

39 1.15 32 1.22 — — — — — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................28 2007 .................34 2006 .................26

72 72 72 66 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.38 0.38 0.52 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................49 2008 .................49 2007 .................49 2006 .................40

51 51 51 51 60

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................32 2008 .................25 2007 .................25 2006 .................16

68 68 75 75 84

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.48 0.33 0.33 0.19 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.67

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................35 2008 .................35 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

68 65 65 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.55 0.55 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................82 2009 .................91 2008 .................92 2007 .................90 2006 .................90

87 94 94 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.94 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Egypt 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

125

0.590

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................81.53 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.82 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................145.59 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................5,151

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1956 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

121

0.453

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................130 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................3 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................124 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........105 Professional and technical workers ........................97

0.30 0.81 0.27 0.12 0.51

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

110

0.899

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................116 Enrolment in primary education..............................116 Enrolment in secondary education ........................106 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................104

0.77 0.96 0.95 0.77

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.977

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................64

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

125

0.031

0.179

Women in parliament................................................127 Women in ministerial positions.................................92 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.02 0.10 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

24 — 2,286 11 34

79 — 8,401 89 66

0.30 0.81 0.27 0.12 0.51 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

75 95 73 31

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.77 0.96 0.95 0.77 Female-to-male ratio

— 62

— 59

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

58 92 69 24

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

2 9 0

98 91 50

0.02 0.10 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................79 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................60 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................20 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage...........................75% social security, 25% employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................130 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....27

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................19 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................19 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.14

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................56 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................42 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.90 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

126 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Egypt 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 125

0.590

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

126

0.586

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

124

0.583

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

120

0.581

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

109

0.579

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................26 2008 .................22 2007 .................22 2006 .................20

79 75 77 77 73

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.30 0.34 0.28 0.28 0.27

2010 .................92 2009 .................94 2008 .................94 2007 .................94 2006 .................94

95 98 98 97 97

Year

2010 .......................................5.69 2009 .......................................5.67 2008 .......................................5.82 2007 .......................................5.59 2006 .......................................5.30 1

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................78 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 .................77

73 82 — — 81

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.27 0.25 0.23 0.23 0.26

2010 .................24 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

31 — — — —

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

8,401 7,924 7,024 6,817 6,203

0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............2,286 2009 ............1,963 2008 ............1,635 2007 ............1,588 2006 ............1,614

Female-to-male ratio

0.96 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.77 — — — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 .................10 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

89 89 90 91 91

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.12 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................32 2008 .................31 2007 .................30 2006 .................31

66 68 69 70 69

Female

Male

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................2 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

98 98 98 98 98

Female-to-male ratio

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.51 0.48 0.45 0.43 0.45

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

91 94 94 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................58 2009 .................60 2008 .................61 2007 .................59 2006 .................47

75 83 84 83 68

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.77 0.72 0.73 0.71 0.69

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 127

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El Salvador 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.660

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................6.13 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.44 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................16.42 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................6,094

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1939 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.89 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

102

0.553

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................98 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............104 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................101 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............73 Professional and technical workers ........................76

0.61 0.57 0.46 0.33 0.86

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.988

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................92 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.118

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................61 Women in ministerial positions.................................66 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.24 0.18 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

49 — 3,675 25 46

81 — 8,016 75 54

0.61 0.57 0.46 0.33 0.86 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

87 93 54 23

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.93 1.01 1.03 1.09 Female-to-male ratio

— 63

— 58

0.95 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

81 95 56 26

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

19 15 0

81 85 50

0.24 0.18 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................84 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................16 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................75 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security for insured workers, otherwise employer must pay Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................170 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....67

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................9 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.18

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................73 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................52 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................34

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.17

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

128 Country Profiles

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El Salvador 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 90

0.660

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.694

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.685

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.684

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................50 2008 .................51 2007 .................50 2006 .................47

81 82 78 79 76

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.61 0.61 0.66 0.64 0.63

2010 .................95 2009 .................92 2008 .................94 2007 .................93 2006 .................92

93 92 94 93 92

Year

2010 .......................................4.01 2009 .......................................3.98 2008 .......................................3.88 2007 .......................................4.09 2006 .......................................4.13 1

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................56 2008 .................55 2007 .................54 2006 .................49

54 53 53 52 47

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.46 0.50 0.40 0.43 0.44

2010 .................26 2009 .................24 2008 .................23 2007 .................21 2006 .................20

23 20 19 17 17

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

8,016 7,343 7,543 7,074 6,689

1.03 1.05 1.05 1.04 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............3,675 2009 ............3,670 2008 ............3,043 2007 ............3,077 2006 ............2,939

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.09 1.22 1.21 1.23 1.22 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................25 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 .................33 2006 .................32

75 71 71 67 68

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.33 0.40 0.40 0.49 0.47

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................46 2009 .................48 2008 .................48 2007 .................45 2006 .................44

54 52 52 55 56

Female

Male

2010 .................19 2009 .................19 2008 .................17 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

81 81 83 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.24 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.20 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.86 0.92 0.92 0.82 0.79

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................39 2008 .................39 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

85 61 61 65 65

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.64 0.64 0.55 0.55

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................81 2009 .................81 2008 .................83 2007 .................77 2006 .................77

87 87 88 82 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.93 0.93 0.94 0.94 0.94

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 129

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Estonia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.702

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................1.34 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.07 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................9.45 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................16,133

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.86 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.719

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................23 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................87 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................44 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............27 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.89 0.62 0.65 0.57 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.997

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................81 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.977

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................112 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.114

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................40 Women in ministerial positions.................................97 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.29 0.09 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

69 78 — — 16,256 25,169 36 64 68 32

0.89 0.62 0.65 0.57 2.15 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 95 88 48

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.03 1.69 Female-to-male ratio

— 71

— 61

0.94 1.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 94 91 80

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

23 8 0

77 92 50

0.29 0.09 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................70 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of maternity leave ........................................140 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage......................Health Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................25 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....20

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................52 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.06

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................94 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................78 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................48

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

130 Country Profiles

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Estonia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 47

0.702

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.709

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.708

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.701

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.694

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................67 2008 .................65 2007 .................64 2006 .................52

78 73 74 74 65

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.89 0.92 0.88 0.88 0.80

2010 .................94 2009 .................94 2008 .................94 2007 .................94 2006 .................94

95 95 95 94 94

Year

2010 .......................................4.37 2009 .......................................4.17 2008 .......................................4.31 2007 .......................................4.09 2006 .......................................4.07 1

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................91 2008 .................92 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

88 89 90 89 89

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.65 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.64

2010 .................80 2009 .................81 2008 .................82 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

48 50 49 49 49

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

25,169 23,859 19,430 18,285 16,750

1.03 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........16,256 2009 ..........15,122 2008 ..........12,112 2007 ..........11,377 2006 ..........10,745

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.69 1.63 1.67 1.68 1.68 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................34 2008 .................34 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

64 66 66 65 65

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.57 0.51 0.51 0.54 0.54

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................68 2009 .................69 2008 .................68 2007 .................67 2006 .................69

32 31 32 33 31

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................22 2006 .................19

77 79 79 78 81

Female-to-male ratio

0.29 0.26 0.26 0.28 0.23 0

Female-to-male ratio

2.15 2.18 2.16 2.03 2.23

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

92 77 77 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.30 0.30 0.18 0.18

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Ethiopia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

121

0.602

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................80.71 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.59 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................15.32 GDP (PPP) per capita................................................................................848

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1955 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.632

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................14 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................50 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................40 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............93 Professional and technical workers ........................99

0.91 0.69 0.67 0.19 0.49

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

129

0.700

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................134 Enrolment in primary education..............................122 Enrolment in secondary education ........................127 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................127

0.46 0.93 0.64 0.31

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................86

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.102

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................52 Women in ministerial positions...............................101 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.27 0.08 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

83 — 624 16 33

91 — 936 84 67

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

0.91 0.69 0.67 0.19 0.49 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

50 81 31 5

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.46 0.93 0.64 0.31 Female-to-male ratio

— 51

— 49

0.97 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

23 75 20 2

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

21 7 0

79 93 50

0.27 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ..........................................6 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................15 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................69 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ............Employer (for up to 45 days) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................720 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...109

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................23 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................12 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................47 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.83

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................39 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................19 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) .............................................8

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.80 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

132 Country Profiles

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Ethiopia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 121

0.602

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

122

0.595

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

122

0.587

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

113

0.599

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

100

0.595

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................83 2009 .................82 2008 .................74 2007 .................74 2006 .................71

91 92 91 91 89

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.91 0.89 0.81 0.81 0.79

2010 .................75 2009 .................68 2008 .................68 2007 .................59 2006 .................44

81 74 74 64 49

Year

2010 .......................................4.84 2009 .......................................4.47 2008 .......................................4.12 2007 .......................................4.57 2006 .......................................4.57 1

Female

Male

2010 .................20 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

31 29 29 34 31

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.67 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.52

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

5 4 4 4 4

936 873 1,316 944 931

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.70

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............624 2009 ...............529 2008 ...............796 2007 ...............570 2006 ...............487

Female-to-male ratio

0.93 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.89

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.31 0.34 0.34 0.32 0.34 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................16 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................20 2006 .................23

84 84 84 80 77

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.19 0.19 0.19 0.25 0.30

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................30 2006 .................28

67 67 67 70 72

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................22 2008 .................22 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

79 78 78 78 78

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.49 0.49 0.49 0.42 0.40

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

93 90 90 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.11 0.11 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................34 2006 .................34

50 50 50 49 49

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.46 0.46 0.46 0.69 0.69

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 133

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Fiji 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

108

0.626

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.84 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.64 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.84 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,135

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1963 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.03 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

114

0.498

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................116 Wage equality for similar work (survey).................— Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................116 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............1 Professional and technical workers ......................116

0.50 — 0.38 1.00 0.10

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................82 Enrolment in primary education................................79 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

121

0.036

0.179

Women in parliament .................................................— Women in ministerial positions.................................94 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

— 0.10 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

40 — 2,349 51 9

80 — 6,200 49 91

0.50 — 0.38 1.04 0.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

96 90 76 14

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.96 0.99 1.10 1.20 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 60

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

92 89 83 17

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

— 9 0

— 91 50

— 0.10 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%) ..............................— Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................16 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................84 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..........................Flat rate for the normal duration of maternity leave Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................210 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....30

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................12 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................30 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership*..................................................................—

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................55 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................71 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................36

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

134 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Finland 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.826

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................5.31 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.47 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................152.11 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................30,843

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................30 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1906 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.757

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................5 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................38 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................19 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............61 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.96 0.71 0.73 0.42 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................67 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.569

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................6 Women in ministerial positions...................................1 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................9

0.67 1.00 0.26

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

74 77 — — 29,160 40,000 30 71 55 45

0.96 0.71 0.73 0.42 1.24 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 96 96 85

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.01 1.24 Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 70

0.96 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 96 97 105

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

40 63 10

60 37 40

0.67 1.71 0.26 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................77 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave..........................................105 working days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................70; the amount of maternity benefit varies based on income and employment conditions, but there is a minimum flat rate below which entitlement does not fall Provider of maternity coverage ..................Social insurance system Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................7 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......9

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................51 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.37

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................78 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................51

136 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Finland 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.826

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.825

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.820

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.804

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.796

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................74 2009 .................73 2008 .................73 2007 .................73 2006 .................57

77 76 77 77 66

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.86

2010 .................96 2009 .................96 2008 .................97 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

96 96 97 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................5.00 2009 .......................................4.95 2008 .......................................4.77 2007 .......................................4.47 2006 .......................................5.06 1

Female

Male

2010 .................97 2009 .................97 2008 .................96 2007 .................94 2006 .................94

96 97 96 94 94

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.73 0.72 0.71 0.71 0.72

2010 ...............105 2009 ...............104 2008 ...............103 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

85 84 84 82 82

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 38,262 37,739 35,263 32,250

1.01 1.01 1.00 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........29,160 2009 ..........27,667 2008 ..........26,795 2007 ..........24,862 2006 ..........23,211

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.24 1.23 1.22 1.20 1.20 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................30 2009 .................29 2008 .................30 2007 .................28 2006 .................28

71 71 70 72 72

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.42 0.40 0.42 0.39 0.39

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................55 2008 .................55 2007 .................54 2006 .................53

45 45 45 46 47

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................42 2008 .................42 2007 .................42 2006 .................38

60 59 59 58 62

Female-to-male ratio

0.67 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.61 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.24 1.23 1.20 1.17 1.13

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................63 2009 .................58 2008 .................58 2007 .................47 2006 .................47

37 42 42 53 53

Female-to-male ratio

1.71 1.38 1.38 0.89 0.89

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

99 100 99 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................6

40 41 42 43 44

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.26 0.23 0.20 0.16 0.14 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 137

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:51 AM Page 138

France 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.703

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................62.28 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.55 GDP (US$ billions)..............................................................................1,515.00 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................29,578

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................32 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1944 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.661

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................36 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............127 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................48 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............20 Professional and technical workers ........................64

0.87 0.44 0.64 0.63 0.97

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.169

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................62 Women in ministerial positions.................................33 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................32

0.23 0.36 0.02

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

65 75 — — 25,677 40,000 39 61 49 51

0.87 0.44 0.64 0.63 0.97 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 98 98 48

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.02 1.28 Female-to-male ratio

— 76

— 71

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 99 99 61

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

19 26 1

81 74 49

0.23 0.36 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................82 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................8 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......8

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................8 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.54

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................82 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................39

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

138 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:52 AM Page 139

France 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 46

0.703

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.733

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.734

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.682

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.652

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................65 2009 .................64 2008 .................62 2007 .................62 2006 .................48

75 74 73 74 61

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.87 0.87 0.85 0.85 0.79

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

98 98 98 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................3.05 2009 .......................................3.28 2008 .......................................3.53 2007 .......................................3.16 2006 .......................................3.27 1

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

98 97 98 95 95

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.62 0.64 0.64 0.59

2010 .................61 2009 .................62 2008 .................63 2007 .................63 2006 .................63

48 49 50 49 49

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 39,731 37,169 35,922 35,123

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........25,677 2009 ..........24,529 2008 ..........23,945 2007 ..........23,015 2006 ..........20,642

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.28 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................38 2008 .................37 2007 .................37 2006 ...................7

61 62 63 63 93

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.61 0.59 0.58 0.08

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................48 2008 .................47 2007 .................47 2006 .................40

51 52 53 53 60

Female

Male

2010 .................19 2009 .................18 2008 .................18 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

81 82 82 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.23 0.22 0.22 0.14 0.14 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.97 0.94 0.89 0.90 0.67

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................26 2009 .................47 2008 .................47 2007 .................18 2006 .................18

74 53 53 82 82

Female-to-male ratio

0.36 0.88 0.88 0.21 0.21

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

49 49 49 49 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 139

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Gambia, The 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.676

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................1.66 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.73 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................0.62 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,285

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1960 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.759

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................48 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................6 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................52 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.84 0.80 0.63 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

121

0.829

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................126 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................88 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................129

0.60 1.00 0.98 0.23

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.138

0.179

Women in parliament................................................116 Women in ministerial positions.................................21 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.08 0.45 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

71 — 951 — —

85 — 1,499 — —

0.84 0.80 0.63 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

57 67 42 2

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.60 1.07 0.98 0.23 Female-to-male ratio

— 53

— 50

0.97 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

34 71 41 0

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

8 31 0

92 69 50

0.08 0.45 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................57 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................18 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................80 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................690 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...104

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................21 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.79

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.70 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

140 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:52 AM Page 141

Gambia, The 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 75

0.676

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.675

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.662

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.642

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.645

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................71 2009 .................71 2008 .................60 2007 .................60 2006 .................59

85 84 87 87 86

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.84 0.85 0.69 0.70 0.69

2010 .................71 2009 .................69 2008 .................64 2007..................— 2006 .................77

67 64 59 — 73

Year

2010 .......................................5.58 2009 .......................................5.74 2008 .......................................5.90 2007 .......................................5.54 2006 .......................................5.30 1

Female

Male

2010 .................41 2009 .................40 2008 .................37 2007 .................41 2006 .................41

42 40 40 49 49

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.63 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.59

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

2 2 2 2 2

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,499 1,498 2,525 2,615 2,339

0.98 1.00 0.94 0.83 0.83

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............951 2009 ...............804 2008 ............1,327 2007 ............1,378 2006 ............1,391

Female-to-male ratio

1.07 1.09 1.09 1.06 1.06

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.23 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006 .................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006 .................13

92 91 91 91 87

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.15 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................28 2008 .................28 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

69 72 72 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

0.45 0.38 0.38 0.25 0.25

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................35 2008 .................33 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

57 50 48 48 48

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.60 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 141

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Georgia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.660

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.31 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–1.17 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................5.46 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,332

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) .............................................— Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.60 Year women received right to vote ............................................1918, 1921 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.89 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.675

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................70 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................11 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................115 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............37 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.76 0.78 0.38 0.51 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.981

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................47 Enrolment in primary education..............................105 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................98 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.98 0.96 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

129

0.944

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................130 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.89 1.06

0.92 1.04

119

0.039

0.179

Women in parliament................................................118 Women in ministerial positions...............................117 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................38

0.07 0.06 0.01

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

59 — 2,639 34 62

78 — 6,921 66 38

0.76 0.78 0.38 0.51 1.62 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 100 82 31

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.98 0.96 1.19 Female-to-male ratio

— 67

— 62

0.89 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 98 79 37

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

7 6 0

93 94 50

0.07 0.06 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................47 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................26 Length of maternity leave ....................................................................— Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................................— Provider of maternity coverage ..........................................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................66 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....37

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................13 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................14 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................46 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.25

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................82 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................55

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

142 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Georgia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 88

0.660

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.668

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.665

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.666

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.670

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................59 2009 .................59 2008 .................51 2007 .................52 2006 .................50

78 77 76 76 76

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.76 0.76 0.68 0.69 0.66

2010 .................98 2009 .................92 2008 .................91 2007 .................87 2006 .................92

100 95 88 86 93

0.98 0.97 1.03 1.01 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................5.45 2009 .......................................5.73 2008 .......................................5.72 2007 .......................................5.38 2006 .......................................5.73 1

Female

Male

2010 .................79 2009 .................82 2008 .................81 2007 .................72 2006 .................81

82 82 77 72 81

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.38 0.33 0.33 0.37 0.42

2010 .................37 2009 .................39 2008 .................41 2007 .................47 2006 .................42

31 35 36 45 41

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

6,921 6,185 5,188 4,273 3,715

0.96 1.01 1.05 0.99 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............2,639 2009 ............2,044 2008 ............1,731 2007 ............1,561 2006 ............1,566

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.19 1.12 1.13 1.04 1.03 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................34 2008 .................26 2007 .................26 2006 .................28

66 66 74 74 72

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.51 0.51 0.35 0.35 0.39

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................62 2008 .................62 2007 .................63 2006 .................63

38 38 38 37 37

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

93 95 91 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.62 1.62 1.63 1.70 1.70

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................6 2009 .................18 2008 .................18 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

94 82 82 78 78

Female-to-male ratio

0.06 0.21 0.21 0.29 0.29

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

100 99 99 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 143

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:52 AM Page 144

Germany 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.753

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................82.11 Population growth (%)............................................................................-0.19 GDP (US$ billions)..............................................................................2,091.57 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................32,144

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................31 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.714

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................38 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................94 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................47 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............23 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.87 0.61 0.64 0.61 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.995

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................69 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................89 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.978

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................60

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.325

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................17 Women in ministerial positions.................................15 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................15

0.49 0.50 0.11

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

71 82 — — 25,691 40,000 38 62 50 50

0.87 0.61 0.64 0.61 1.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 98 — —

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 71

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 98 — —

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

33 33 5

67 67 45

0.49 0.50 0.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................70 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage..................................Statutory health insurance scheme, state, employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....10

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................37

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

144 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:52 AM Page 145

Germany 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 13

0.753 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.745

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.739

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.762

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.752

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................71 2009 .................69 2008 .................68 2007 .................67 2006 .................51

82 81 79 79 66

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.87 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.77

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007..................— 2006..................—

98 98 98 — —

Year

2010 .......................................4.24 2009 .......................................4.06 2008 .......................................4.00 2007 .......................................4.54 2006 .......................................4.31 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.61 0.58 0.58 0.54

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 39,600 37,461 36,114 36,258

0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........25,691 2009 ..........24,138 2008 ..........21,823 2007 ..........20,851 2006 ..........19,534

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................38 2008 .................38 2007 .................35 2006 .................36

62 62 62 65 64

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.61 0.61 0.61 0.54 0.56

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................51 2008 .................50 2007 .................50 2006 .................50

50 49 50 50 50

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................32 2008 .................32 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

67 68 68 68 68

Female-to-male ratio

0.49 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.47 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.02 1.00 1.00 1.00

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................46 2006 .................46

67 67 67 54 54

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.86 0.86

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................1

45 46 47 48 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.02 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 145

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Ghana 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.678

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................23.35 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.08 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................7.68 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,370

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................4.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1954 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.03 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.758

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................1 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................20 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................13 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............46 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.99 0.76 0.74 0.47 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

111

0.891

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................112 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................111 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................114

0.82 1.00 0.92 0.54

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

103

0.967

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................108

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.096

0.179

Women in parliament................................................111 Women in ministerial positions.................................47 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.09 0.28 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

75 — 1,133 32 —

76 — 1,531 68 —

0.99 0.76 0.74 0.47 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

72 76 49 8

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.82 1.01 0.92 0.54 Female-to-male ratio

— 50

— 49

0.97 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

59 77 45 4

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

8 22 0

92 78 50

0.09 0.28 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................50 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................24 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................51 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................560 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....74

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................10 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................32 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.03

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................33 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................22 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................11

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.20 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.58

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

146 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:52 AM Page 147

Ghana 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 70

0.678

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.670

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.668

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.665

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................75 2009 .................74 2008 .................72 2007 .................72 2006 .................70

76 74 76 76 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.99 0.94 0.95 0.94

2010 .................77 2009 .................73 2008 .................71 2007 .................65 2006 .................58

76 73 73 65 58

Year

2010 .......................................5.30 2009 .......................................5.36 2008 .......................................5.39 2007 .......................................5.95 2006 .....................................— 1

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................43 2008 .................43 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

49 47 47 39 39

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.74 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.75

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................2

8 8 8 7 4

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,531 1,454 2,893 2,611 2,567

0.92 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.91

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,133 2009 ............1,035 2008 ............2,056 2007 ............1,860 2006 ............1,915

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 0.97 0.99 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.54 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.48 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................32 2009 .................32 2008..................— 2007 .................34 2006 .................34

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

68 0.47 68 0.47 — — 66 0.52 66 0.52

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

92 92 89 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.09 0.12 0.12 0.12 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

78 84 84 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.19 0.19 0.13 0.13

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................59 2009 .................57 2008 .................58 2007 .................50 2006 .................50

72 71 72 66 66

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.82 0.80 0.81 0.75 0.75

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 147

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Greece 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.691

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................11.24 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.40 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................172.61 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................26,482

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1952 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.621

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................86 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................86 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................93 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............65 Professional and technical workers ........................65

0.70 0.62 0.51 0.40 0.96

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.994

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................73 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................85 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.971

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................114 Healthy life expectancy..............................................79

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.177

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................69 Women in ministerial positions.................................21 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.21 0.45 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

55 79 — — 19,218 38,002 28 72 49 51

0.70 0.62 0.51 0.40 0.96 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

98 99 91 87

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.98 1.00 0.99 1.10 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 71

0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

96 100 91 95

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

17 31 0

83 69 50

0.21 0.45 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................76 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave .........................................................119 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .................................50% plus a dependent’s supplement (10% for each dependent, up to a maximum of 40%); in addition, a birth grant is paid in lump sum Provider of maternity coverage..................Social security/employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................3 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....11

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.08

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................65 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................35

148 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:52 AM Page 149

Greece 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 58

0.691

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.666

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.665

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.654

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................56 2008 .................57 2007 .................56 2006 .................43

79 79 79 79 65

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.70 0.71 0.72 0.71 0.67

2010 ...............100 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................4.37 2009 .......................................4.32 2008 .......................................4.42 2007 .......................................4.42 2006 .......................................4.27 1

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................91 2008 .................93 2007 .................88 2006 .................88

91 91 92 85 85

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.51 0.53 0.55 0.55 0.45

2010 .................95 2009 .................95 2008 ...............101 2007 .................86 2006 .................86

87 86 89 73 73

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

38,002 40,000 30,184 28,837 27,591

0.99 0.99 1.01 1.04 1.04

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........19,218 2009 ..........21,181 2008 ..........16,738 2007 ..........15,728 2006 ..........12,531

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.10 1.10 1.13 1.17 1.17 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................27 2007 .................27 2006 .................26

72 72 73 73 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.40 0.38 0.36 0.37 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................45 2008 .................49 2007 .................49 2006 .................48

51 55 51 51 52

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

83 85 85 87 87

Female-to-male ratio

0.21 0.17 0.17 0.15 0.15 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.96 0.83 0.96 0.96 0.92

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

69 88 88 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.45 0.13 0.13 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................96 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................94 2006 .................96

98 98 98 98 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.98

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 149

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Guatemala 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

109

0.624

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................13.69 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.46 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................26.09 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,306

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................4.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

109

0.528

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................109 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............101 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................108 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.56 0.58 0.42 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

101

0.945

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................103 Enrolment in primary education..............................111 Enrolment in secondary education ........................107 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................90

0.86 0.97 0.94 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

116

0.042

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................91 Women in ministerial positions...............................128 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.14 0.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

50 — 2,735 — —

90 — 6,479 — —

0.56 0.58 0.42 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

80 97 41 18

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.86 0.97 0.94 1.00 Female-to-male ratio

— 62

— 58

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

69 94 39 18

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

12 0 0

88 100 50

0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................31 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................43 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................29 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................84 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; if the worker is not entitled to social security benefits, the employer shall cover the full cost of benefit Provider of maternity coverage.....2/3 social security, 1/3 employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................290 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....92

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................2 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................2 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................43 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.24

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................65 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................44 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................31

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.67

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

150 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Guatemala 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 109

0.624

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

111

0.621

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

112

0.607

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

106

0.614

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.607

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................47 2008 .................35 2007 .................35 2006 .................34

90 86 85 85 83

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.56 0.54 0.42 0.42 0.41

2010 .................94 2009 .................93 2008 .................92 2007 .................92 2006 .................91

97 97 96 96 95

Year

2010 .......................................4.09 2009 .......................................4.26 2008 .......................................4.33 2007 .......................................4.31 2006 .......................................3.81 1

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................37 2008 .................37 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

41 40 40 35 35

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.42 0.33 0.32 0.32 0.33

2010 .................18 2009 .................18 2008 ...................8 2007..................— 2006 ...................8

18 18 10 — 11

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

6,479 6,557 6,990 6,604 6,197

0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............2,735 2009 ............2,160 2008 ............2,267 2007 ............2,130 2006 ............2,073

Female-to-male ratio

0.97 0.96 0.96 0.95 0.95

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 0.82 0.72 0.72 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................12 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

88 88 88 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

0.14 0.14 0.14 0.09 0.09 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

100 93 93 75 75

0.00 0.07 0.07 0.33 0.33

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................67 2008 .................68 2007 .................63 2006 .................63

80 78 79 75 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.86 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.84

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 151

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Guyana 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.709

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.76 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.09 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................0.84 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,830

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1953 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.06 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.592

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................108 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................46 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................114 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............72 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.57 0.70 0.41 0.34 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.998

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................72 Enrolment in secondary education..........................— Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 — 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................57

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.267

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................22 Women in ministerial positions.................................21 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................27

0.43 0.45 0.05

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

48 — 1,607 25 59

85 — 3,919 75 41

0.57 0.70 0.41 0.34 1.42 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 95 — 10

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 — 1.42 Female-to-male ratio

— 55

— 52

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 95 — 13

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

30 31 2

70 69 48

0.43 0.45 0.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................83 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................34 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................46 Length of maternity leave ........................................................13 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................70; in addition, a maternity grant is paid in lump sum Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................470 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....90

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................15 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................10 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................35 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.11

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................88 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................55

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

152 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Honduras 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.693

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................7.32 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.00 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................10.52 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................3,490

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1955 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................115 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................91 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................118 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............15 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.51 0.61 0.34 0.68 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................55 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education..........................— Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 — 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................65

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.205

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................66 Women in ministerial positions.................................11 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.22 0.56 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

42 — 1,951 41 52

82 — 5,668 59 48

0.51 0.61 0.34 0.68 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

84 96 — 15

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.02 — 1.51 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 61

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

83 98 — 22

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

18 36 0

82 64 50

0.22 0.56 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................67 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................65 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................26 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; if the worker is not entitled to social security benefits, the employer shall cover the full cost of benefit Provider of maternity coverage .............................2/3 social security, 1/3 employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................280 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...108

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................34 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.52

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................75 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................52

154 Country Profiles

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.67

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Honduras 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 54

0.693

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.689

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.696

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.666

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.648

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................42 2009 .................38 2008 .................58 2007 .................57 2006 .................54

82 84 90 91 89

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.51 0.46 0.64 0.62 0.61

2010 .................98 2009 .................94 2008 .................97 2007 .................92 2006 .................92

96 93 96 90 90

Year

2010 .......................................4.28 2009 .......................................4.22 2008 .......................................4.04 2007 .......................................4.85 2006 .......................................3.73 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.34 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.37

2010 .................22 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

15 14 14 13 13

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

5,668 4,863 4,680 3,964 3,877

— — — — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,951 2009 ............2,254 2008 ............2,160 2007 ............1,771 2006 ............1,447

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.02

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.51 1.41 1.41 1.46 1.46 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................41 2009 .................41 2008 .................41 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

59 59 59 78 78

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.68 0.69 0.69 0.28 0.28

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................52 2007 .................36 2006 .................36

48 48 48 64 64

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

82 77 77 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

0.22 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.08 1.08 1.08 0.56 0.56

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

64 76 76 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.56 0.32 0.31 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................83 2009 .................83 2008 .................84 2007 .................80 2006 .................80

84 82 82 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.01

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 155

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Hungary 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.672

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................10.04 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.18 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................62.52 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................16,896

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................30 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ............................................1918, 1945 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.90 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.689

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................61 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............119 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................12 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............26 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.80 0.51 0.75 0.57 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.990

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................49 Enrolment in primary education..............................101 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................84 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.978

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................111 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

126

0.031

0.179

Women in parliament................................................105 Women in ministerial positions...............................128 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.10 0.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

55 68 — — 16,143 21,625 36 64 60 40

0.80 0.51 0.75 0.57 1.52 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 90 91 54

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.98 0.99 1.43 Female-to-male ratio

— 69

— 62

0.94 1.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 89 91 77

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

9 0 0

91 100 50

0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................81 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................6 Length of maternity leave ........................................................24 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................70 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................6 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....20

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................8 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.91

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................96 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................71 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................38

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

156 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Hungary 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 79

0.672

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.687

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.670

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................56 2008 .................54 2007 .................54 2006 .................42

68 68 67 67 58

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.80 0.81 0.81 0.80 0.73

2010 .................89 2009 .................86 2008 .................88 2007 .................88 2006 .................88

90 87 89 90 90

Year

2010 .......................................3.59 2009 .......................................3.67 2008 .......................................3.57 2007 .......................................3.48 2006 .......................................3.62 1

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................90 2006 .................90

91 89 90 91 91

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.75 0.67 0.64 0.64 0.62

2010 .................77 2009 .................82 2008 .................82 2007 .................70 2006 .................70

54 56 56 50 50

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

21,625 21,951 22,098 20,666 18,183

0.99 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........16,143 2009 ..........14,658 2008 ..........14,058 2007 ..........13,311 2006 ..........11,287

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.43 1.46 1.47 1.40 1.40 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................35 2008 .................37 2007 .................34 2006 .................34

64 65 63 66 66

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.57 0.54 0.59 0.52 0.52

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................60 2009 .................60 2008 .................61 2007 .................61 2006 .................61

40 40 39 39 39

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

91 89 89 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.52 1.52 1.55 1.56 1.56

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................0 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

100 79 79 88 88

0.00 0.27 0.27 0.13 0.13

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 157

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Iceland 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.850

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.32 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.86 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................11.86 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................33,980

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.10 Year women received right to vote ............................................1915, 1920 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.06 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.754

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................20 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................29 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................30 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............40 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.90 0.74 0.69 0.50 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................102

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.675

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................4 Women in ministerial positions...................................4 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................3

0.75 0.83 0.53

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

81 90 — — 27,460 40,000 33 67 56 44

0.90 0.74 0.69 0.50 1.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 97 89 52

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.02 1.91 Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 73

0.96 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 98 91 99

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

43 45 17

57 55 33

0.75 0.83 0.53 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%) ..............................— Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................2 Length of maternity leave.........................................................3 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................80 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....14

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................3 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.43

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................80 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................66 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................49

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

158 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Iceland 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.850

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.828

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.800

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.784

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.781

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................81 2009 .................83 2008 .................83 2007 .................83 2006 .................71

90 89 91 91 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.90 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.87

2010 .................98 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................97 2006 .................98

97 97 98 100 100

1.00 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.98

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................5.15 2009 .......................................4.90 2008 .......................................4.71 2007 .......................................4.52 2006 .......................................4.60 1

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................92 2008 .................91 2007 .................89 2006 .................88

89 89 89 87 85

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.69 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.69

2010 .................99 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................88 2006 .................79

52 52 51 48 44

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 38,603 36,908

1.02 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.04

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........27,460 2009 ..........29,283 2008 ..........28,637 2007 ..........27,496 2006 ..........25,411

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.91 1.86 1.87 1.85 1.78 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................30 2008 .................29 2007 .................29 2006 .................29

67 70 71 71 71

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................56 2008 .................56 2007 .................55 2006 .................55

44 44 44 45 45

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................43 2008 .................33 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

57 57 67 67 67

Female-to-male ratio

0.75 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.28 1.25 1.28 1.22 1.22

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................27 2006 .................27

55 64 64 73 73

Female-to-male ratio

0.83 0.57 0.57 0.38 0.38

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 .................17 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................16 2006 .................16

33 34 34 34 34

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.53 0.49 0.47 0.47 0.47 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 159

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India 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

112

0.615

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ................................................................1,139.96 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.34 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................817.94 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,970

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.70 Year women received right to vote ............................................1935, 1950 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.07 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

128

0.403

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................122 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................84 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................122 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........123 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.42 0.63 0.32 0.03 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

120

0.837

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................122 Enrolment in primary education..............................113 Enrolment in secondary education ........................121 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................107

0.68 0.96 0.79 0.70

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

132

0.931

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................130 Healthy life expectancy............................................110

0.89 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.291

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................96 Women in ministerial positions.................................86 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................4

0.12 0.11 0.51

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

35 — 1,304 3 —

85 — 4,102 97 —

0.42 0.63 0.32 0.03 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

75 91 — 16

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.68 0.96 0.79 0.70 Female-to-male ratio

— 57

— 56

0.89 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

51 88 — 11

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

11 10 17

89 90 33

0.12 0.11 0.51 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................47 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................56 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................52 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ...........................Social insurance or employer (for non-covered women) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................450 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....45

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................18 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.55

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................44 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................34 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................40

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.33

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

160 Country Profiles

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India 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 112

0.615 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

114

0.615

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

113

0.606

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

114

0.594

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.601

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................35 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................36 2006 .................34

85 85 84 84 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.41

2010 .................88 2009 .................87 2008 .................87 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

91 90 90 92 92

Year

2010 .......................................4.42 2009 .......................................4.59 2008 .......................................4.70 2007 .......................................4.68 2006 .......................................4.37 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.32 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.38

2010 .................11 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

16 14 14 14 14

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

4,102 3,698 5,194 4,723 4,130

0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,304 2009 ............1,185 2008 ............1,620 2007 ............1,471 2006 ............1,569

Female-to-male ratio

0.96 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.94

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.70 0.72 0.72 0.66 0.66 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

97 97 97 97 97

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008 .................21 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

Male

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

89 89 91 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

0.12 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.09 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — 79 0.27 79 0.27 79 0.27

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

90 90 90 97 97

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.04

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................53 2008 .................54 2007 .................48 2006 .................48

75 76 77 73 73

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.70 0.71 0.65 0.65

2010 .................17 2009 .................16 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

33 34 35 35 35

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.51 0.47 0.43 0.43 0.43 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Indonesia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.661

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................227.35 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.18 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................247.23 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................3,813

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.20 Year women received right to vote ............................................1945, 2003 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

100

0.575

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................99 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................47 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................105 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............85 Professional and technical workers ........................80

0.61 0.70 0.44 0.28 0.81

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.964

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................94 Enrolment in primary education..............................110 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................82 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................94

0.93 0.97 0.99 0.92

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

105

0.966

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................112

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.141

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................65 Women in ministerial positions.................................68 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................23

0.22 0.17 0.07

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

53 — 2,263 22 45

87 — 5,163 78 55

0.61 0.70 0.44 0.28 0.81 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 97 69 22

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.93 0.97 0.99 0.92 Female-to-male ratio

— 61

— 60

0.95 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

89 94 68 20

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

18 14 3

82 86 47

0.22 0.17 0.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................73 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................61 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................31 Length of maternity leave.........................................................3 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................420 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....51

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................32 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.95

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................59 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................47 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................40

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.10 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.67

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

162 Country Profiles

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Indonesia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 87

0.661

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.658

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.647

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.655

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.654

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................52 2008 .................53 2007 .................53 2006 .................51

87 89 87 87 85

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.61 0.58 0.61 0.61 0.60

2010 .................94 2009 .................93 2008 .................94 2007 .................93 2006 .................93

97 97 97 95 95

Year

2010 .......................................4.87 2009 .......................................5.07 2008 .......................................5.21 2007 .......................................5.87 2006 .......................................5.55 1

Female

Male

2010 .................68 2009 .................68 2008 .................59 2007 .................57 2006 .................57

69 67 59 57 57

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.44 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.52

2010 .................20 2009 .................17 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

22 17 19 19 19

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

5,163 4,729 5,280 4,963 4,434

0.99 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.99

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............2,263 2009 ............2,179 2008 ............2,410 2007 ............2,257 2006 ............2,289

Female-to-male ratio

0.97 0.96 0.96 0.98 0.98

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.92 1.00 0.79 0.79 0.79 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................22 2008 .................17 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

78 78 83 83 83

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.28 0.20 0.20 0.20

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................42 2008 .................42 2007 .................42 2006 .................42

55 58 58 58 58

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................17 2008 .................12 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

82 83 88 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.22 0.20 0.13 0.13 0.13 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.81 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

86 89 89 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.17 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................87 2008 .................88 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

95 95 95 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.93 0.92 0.93 0.92 0.92

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

47 47 47 47 47

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Iran, Islamic Rep. 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

123

0.593

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................71.96 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.31 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................151.80 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................10,496

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1963 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.03 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

125

0.426

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................121 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................97 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................121 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........102 Professional and technical workers ........................98

0.44 0.59 0.32 0.15 0.50

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.959

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................102 Enrolment in primary education..............................115 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................81 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.89 0.96 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.971

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................91

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

129

0.017

0.179

Women in parliament................................................125 Women in ministerial positions...............................126 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.03 0.03 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

33 76 — — 5,304 16,449 13 87 33 67

0.44 0.59 0.32 0.15 0.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

87 100 75 34

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.89 0.96 1.00 1.14 Female-to-male ratio

— 62

— 60

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

77 96 75 39

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

3 3 0

97 97 50

0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................97 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................27 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................67 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................140 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....25

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................16 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................9 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................16 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.69

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................63 Female teachers, secondary education (%).....................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................19

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................1.00

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

164 Country Profiles

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Iran, Islamic Rep. 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 123

0.593

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

128

0.584

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

116

0.602

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

118

0.590

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

108

0.580

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................42 2007 .................41 2006 .................39

76 77 76 76 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.44 0.43 0.55 0.54 0.52

2010 .................96 2009 ...............100 2008 ...............100 2007 ...............100 2006 .................88

100 91 91 91 89

0.96 1.10 1.10 1.10 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................4.15 2009 .....................................— 2008 .......................................3.65 2007 .....................................— 2006 .....................................— 1

Female

Male

2010 .................75 2009 .................75 2008 .................75 2007 .................75 2006 .................76

75 79 79 79 80

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.32 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.28

2010 .................39 2009 .................34 2008 .................28 2007 .................25 2006 .................24

34 29 25 23 21

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

16,449 14,150 11,363 10,830 10,856

1.00 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............5,304 2009 ............5,777 2008 ............4,475 2007 ............4,122 2006 ............3,094

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.14 1.15 1.11 1.09 1.11 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................13 2008 .................16 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

87 87 84 87 87

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.15 0.19 0.15 0.15

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................34 2008 .................34 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

67 66 66 67 67

Female

Male

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................4

97 97 97 96 96

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.51 0.51 0.49 0.49

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

97 97 97 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.07 0.07

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................77 2009 .................78 2008 .................79 2007 .................70 2006 .................70

87 89 90 84 84

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.89 0.88 0.88 0.84 0.84

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 165

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Ireland 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.777

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.43 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.57 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................137.64 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................36,712

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................31 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.00 Year women received right to vote ............................................1918, 1928 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.741

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................65 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................43 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................8 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............47 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.78 0.70 0.80 0.47 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................116 Healthy life expectancy..............................................79

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.398

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................83 Women in ministerial positions.................................48 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................2

0.16 0.27 0.63

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

64 81 — — 31,978 40,000 32 68 53 47

0.78 0.70 0.80 0.47 1.15 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 96 86 53

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.02 1.05 1.22 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 71

0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 98 90 64

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

14 21 19

86 79 31

0.16 0.27 0.63 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................75 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................26 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................80, subject to a minimum and maximum amount Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................1 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....17

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.08

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................84 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................38

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

166 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Ireland 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.777

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.760

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.752

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.746

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.733

0.4

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................62 2008 .................63 2007 .................62 2006 .................53

81 81 80 80 72

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.78 0.77 0.79 0.77 0.74

2010 .................98 2009 .................96 2008 .................95 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

96 96 94 96 96

Year

2010 .......................................4.91 2009 .......................................4.99 2008 .......................................4.98 2007 .......................................4.93 2006 .......................................5.00 1

Female

Male

2010 .................90 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

86 86 85 84 84

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.80 0.58 0.53 0.51 0.41

2010 .................64 2009 .................68 2008 .................66 2007 .................66 2006 .................66

53 54 52 51 51

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000

1.05 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.06

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........31,978 2009 ..........23,295 2008 ..........21,076 2007 ..........26,160 2006 ..........22,125

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.22 1.27 1.27 1.28 1.28 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................31 2008 .................31 2007 .................29 2006 .................29

68 69 69 71 71

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.47 0.45 0.44 0.41 0.41

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................53 2008 .................52 2007 .................51 2006 .................50

47 47 48 49 50

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

86 87 87 87 87

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.15 1.13 1.10 1.04 1.00

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

79 79 79 79 79

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 .................19 2009 .................18 2008 .................18 2007 .................17 2006 .................16

31 32 33 33 34

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.59 0.54 0.52 0.47 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Israel 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.696

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................7.31 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.78 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................159.84 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................25,268

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1948 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.688

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................28 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............102 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................49 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............45 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.88 0.58 0.64 0.47 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.987

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................93 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................98

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.138

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................64 Women in ministerial positions...............................107 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................15

0.22 0.07 0.11

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

61 69 — — 20,599 32,148 32 68 52 48

0.88 0.58 0.64 0.47 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 97 85 52

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.93 1.01 1.02 1.31 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 72

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

89 98 88 68

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

18 7 5

82 93 45

0.22 0.07 0.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................68 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....15

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.82

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................72 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.08

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

168 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Israel 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 52

0.696

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.702

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.690

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.696

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.689

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................59 2008 .................59 2007 .................59 2006 .................50

69 67 65 66 59

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.88 0.91 0.89 0.85

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................97 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

97 97 96 97 97

Year

2010 .......................................4.06 2009 .......................................4.17 2008 .......................................3.44 2007 .......................................3.82 2006 .......................................3.81 1

Female

Male

2010 .................88 2009 .................88 2008 .................89 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

85 87 88 89 89

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.55

2010 .................68 2009 .................69 2008 .................65 2007 .................65 2006 .................65

52 52 51 49 49

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

32,148 29,193 31,345 29,714 25,969

1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........20,599 2009 ..........19,635 2008 ..........20,497 2007 ..........19,165 2006 ..........14,159

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.31 1.32 1.29 1.33 1.33 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................30 2008 .................29 2007 .................29 2006 .................29

68 70 71 71 71

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.47 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.41

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................54 2007 .................54 2006 .................54

48 48 46 46 46

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................18 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

82 83 86 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.22 0.21 0.17 0.17 0.17 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.09 1.10 1.18 1.17 1.17

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

93 88 88 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.20

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

95 99 98 98 98

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.93 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.97

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

45 45 45 45 45

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Italy 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.677

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................59.83 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.77 GDP (US$ billions)..............................................................................1,176.14 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................26,578

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................30 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1945 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.589

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................87 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............121 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................95 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............39 Professional and technical workers ........................73

0.70 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.89

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.995

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................61 Enrolment in primary education................................90 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................116 Healthy life expectancy..............................................84

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.152

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................50 Women in ministerial positions.................................45 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.27 0.28 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

52 74 — — 20,152 40,000 33 67 47 53

0.70 0.51 0.50 0.50 0.89 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 99 92 56

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 0.99 1.02 1.41 Female-to-male ratio

— 76

— 73

0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 98 93 79

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

21 22 0

79 78 50

0.27 0.28 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................63 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave.........................................................5 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................80 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................3 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......7

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................44 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.42

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................95 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................67 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................35

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

170 Country Profiles

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Italy 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 74

0.677

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.679

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.650

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.646

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................51 2007 .................50 2006 .................37

74 75 74 74 61

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.70 0.70 0.69 0.67 0.62

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 99 99 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................3.55 2009 .......................................3.60 2008 .......................................3.77 2007 .......................................3.81 2006 .......................................3.68 1

Female

Male

2010 .................93 2009 .................94 2008 .................94 2007 .................93 2006 .................93

92 93 93 92 92

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.50 0.49 0.47 0.46 0.46

2010 .................79 2009 .................80 2008 .................78 2007 .................72 2006 .................72

56 57 56 54 54

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 38,878 39,163 38,902 37,670

1.02 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........20,152 2009 ..........19,168 2008 ..........18,501 2007 ..........18,070 2006 ..........17,176

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.41 1.40 1.38 1.34 1.34 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

67 67 67 79 79

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.50 0.49 0.27 0.27

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................47 2008 .................47 2007 .................45 2006 .................45

53 53 53 55 55

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

79 79 79 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.27 0.27 0.21 0.21 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.89 0.88 0.88 0.82 0.82

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

78 76 76 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.32 0.32 0.09 0.09

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 171

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Jamaica 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.704

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.69 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.43 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................10.20 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................6,909

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................33 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1944 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.754

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................64 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................77 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................70 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............1 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.79 0.64 0.58 1.00 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.985

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..............................112 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.097

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................85 Women in ministerial positions.................................74 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................28

0.15 0.14 0.03

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

61 — 4,469 59 60

78 — 7,734 41 40

0.79 0.64 0.58 1.44 1.50 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

81 82 75 15

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.13 0.97 1.05 2.22 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 62

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

91 79 79 33

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

13 13 2

87 88 49

0.15 0.14 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................97 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................69 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................26 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................The benefit is equal to the national minimum weekly wage and is paid for 8 weeks Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................170 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....58

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................15 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.69

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................89 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................60

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.67

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

172 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:53 AM Page 173

Jamaica 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 44

0.704

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.701

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.698

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.692

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.701

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................60 2008 .................59 2007 .................59 2006 .................54

78 78 78 78 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.79 0.77 0.76 0.76 0.73

2010 .................79 2009 .................87 2008 .................90 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

82 86 90 90 90

Year

2010 .......................................4.50 2009 .......................................4.38 2008 .......................................4.16 2007 .......................................4.47 2006 .......................................3.99 1

Female

Male

2010 .................79 2009 .................79 2008 .................80 2007 .................81 2006 .................81

75 74 76 78 78

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.57 0.56 0.57 0.66

2010 .................33 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007..................— 2006 .................26

15 12 12 — 12

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

7,734 8,191 5,503 5,327 4,944

1.05 1.06 1.05 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,469 2009 ............4,651 2008 ............3,107 2007 ............3,027 2006 ............3,279

Female-to-male ratio

0.97 1.02 1.00 1.01 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

2.22 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................59 2009 .................59 2008 .................60 2007..................— 2006 .................60

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

41 1.44 41 1.44 40 1.50 — — 40 1.47

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................60 2009 .................60 2008 .................60 2007 .................60 2006 .................60

40 40 40 40 40

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

87 87 87 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.13 0.13 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.50 1.50 1.50 1.47 1.47

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................18 2006 .................18

88 89 89 82 82

Female-to-male ratio

0.14 0.13 0.13 0.21 0.21

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................91 2008 .................91 2007 .................86 2006 .................86

81 80 81 74 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.13 1.13 1.13 1.16 1.16

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

49 49 49 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 173

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:53 AM Page 174

Japan 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.652

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................127.70 Population growth (%)............................................................................-0.05 GDP (US$ billions)..............................................................................5,166.28 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................29,688

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................29 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ............................................1945, 1947 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

101

0.572

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................79 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................95 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................86 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........113 Professional and technical workers ........................74

0.73 0.61 0.53 0.10 0.87

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.986

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

101

0.072

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................94 Women in ministerial positions.................................78 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.13 0.13 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

62 84 — — 21,143 40,000 9 91 47 53

0.73 0.61 0.53 0.10 0.87 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 100 98 62

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 Female-to-male ratio

— 78

— 73

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 100 98 54

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

11 12 0

89 88 50

0.13 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................54 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................67; in addition, the employees’ health insurance scheme provides a lump-sum grant Provider of maternity coverage...........Employees’ health insurance scheme or national health insurance scheme (for all those not covered under the employees’ health insurance scheme) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................6 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......5

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.09

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................65 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................31 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................18

174 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:53 AM Page 175

Japan 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 94

0.652

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

101

0.645

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.643

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.645

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.645

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................61 2008 .................61 2007 .................61 2006 .................48

84 84 85 85 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.73 0.72 0.72 0.71 0.66

2010 ...............100 2009 ...............100 2008 ...............100 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

100 100 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................4.24 2009 .......................................4.15 2008 .......................................4.14 2007 .......................................4.29 2006 .......................................4.37 1

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................99 2007..................— 2006 ...............100

98 98 99 — 99

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.53 0.46 0.45 0.44 0.46

2010 .................54 2009 .................54 2008 .................54 2007 .................51 2006 .................51

62 62 61 57 57

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 38,612

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........21,143 2009 ..........18,334 2008 ..........17,802 2007 ..........18,130 2006 ..........17,795

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.88 0.88 0.88 0.89 0.89 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

91 90 90 90 90

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................46 2008 .................46 2007 .................46 2006 .................46

53 54 54 54 54

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

89 91 91 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.87 0.86 0.85 0.85 0.85

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................12 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

88 88 88 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 175

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:57 AM Page 176

Jordan 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

120

0.605

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................5.91 Population growth (%) .............................................................................3.22 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................14.62 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................5,160

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1974 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.05 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

126

0.422

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................129 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................63 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................131 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers ......................103

0.32 0.66 0.19 — 0.41

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.987

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................95 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.971

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................102 Healthy life expectancy..............................................93

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

117

0.039

0.179

Women in parliament................................................120 Women in ministerial positions...............................104 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.07 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

25 — 1,543 — 29

78 — 8,065 — 71

0.32 0.66 0.19 — 0.41 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 89 80 39

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.93 1.02 1.05 1.11 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 62

0.94 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

89 90 84 43

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

6 7 0

94 93 50

0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................57 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................17 Length of maternity leave ........................................................10 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................62 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....28

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................24 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................10 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................16 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.52

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................64 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................24

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

176 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:57 AM Page 177

Jordan 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 120

0.605

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

113

0.618

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

104

0.628

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

104

0.620

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.611

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................25 2009 .................16 2008 .................30 2007 .................29 2006 .................28

78 75 79 80 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.32 0.22 0.37 0.36 0.36

2010 .................90 2009 .................89 2008 .................90 2007 .................92 2006 .................92

89 88 89 90 90

Year

2010 .......................................4.62 2009 .......................................5.04 2008 .......................................5.06 2007 .......................................5.05 2006 .......................................4.23 1

Female

Male

2010 .................84 2009 .................87 2008 .................83 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

80 86 81 80 80

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.19 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.31

2010 .................43 2009 .................42 2008 .................41 2007 .................41 2006 .................41

39 38 37 37 37

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

8,065 6,989 8,270 7,038 6,491

1.05 1.01 1.03 1.02 1.02

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,543 2009 ............2,174 2008 ............2,566 2007 ............2,143 2006 ............2,004

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.11 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.10 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................29 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 .................29 2006 .................29

71 71 71 71 71

Female

Male

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

94 94 94 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

93 85 85 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.17 0.17 0.12 0.12

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................89 2008 .................89 2007 .................85 2006 .................85

95 96 97 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.93 0.92 0.93 0.89 0.89

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 177

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:57 AM Page 178

Kazakhstan 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.706

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................15.67 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.22 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................37.27 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................10,452

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.30 Year women received right to vote ............................................1924, 1993 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.91 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.763

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................17 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................41 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................37 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............21 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.91 0.71 0.68 0.62 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................51 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.080

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................67 Women in ministerial positions...............................120 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.22 0.05 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

73 81 — — 8,831 13,080 38 62 67 33

0.91 0.71 0.68 0.62 2.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 88 88 34

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.02 1.01 1.45 Female-to-male ratio

— 60

— 53

0.95 1.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 90 89 49

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

18 5 0

82 95 50

0.22 0.05 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................51 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................27 Length of maternity leave ........................................126 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................140 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....27

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................50 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.90

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................86 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................63

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

178 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:57 AM Page 179

Kazakhstan 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 41

0.706

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.701

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.698

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.698

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.693

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................73 2009 .................73 2008 .................74 2007 .................74 2006 .................65

81 80 80 80 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.91 0.91 0.93 0.92 0.87

2010 .................90 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................90 2006 .................92

88 90 90 92 93

Year

2010 .......................................4.95 2009 .......................................4.79 2008 .......................................4.63 2007 .......................................4.56 2006 .......................................4.52 1

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................85 2008 .................86 2007 .................91 2006 .................92

88 86 86 92 93

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.68 0.63 0.63 0.64

2010 .................49 2009 .................56 2008 .................61 2007 .................62 2006 .................56

34 39 42 44 40

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

1.01 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.99

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............8,831 13,080 2009 ............8,039 11,782 2008 ............6,141 9,723 2007 ............5,799 9,222 2006 ............5,221 8,217

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.45 1.44 1.44 1.42 1.38 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................38 2008 .................38 2007 .................38 2006 .................34

62 62 62 62 66

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.62 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.52

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................67 2009 .................67 2008 .................67 2007 .................67 2006 .................67

33 33 33 33 33

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

82 84 84 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.22 0.19 0.19 0.12 0.12 0

Female-to-male ratio

2.02 1.99 1.99 1.99 1.99

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 .................18 2006 .................18

95 94 94 82 82

Female-to-male ratio

0.05 0.06 0.06 0.21 0.21

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Kenya 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.650

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................38.77 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.64 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................17.57 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,426

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................4.90 Year women received right to vote ............................................1919, 1963 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.615

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................29 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................49 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................43 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........121 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.88 0.69 0.65 0.05 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

102

0.940

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................97 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................99 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................106

0.92 1.00 0.96 0.70

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

101

0.968

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................106

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.077

0.179

Women in parliament................................................102 Women in ministerial positions.................................67 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.11 0.18 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

78 — 1,213 5 —

89 — 1,874 95 —

0.88 0.69 0.65 0.05 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

90 81 50 5

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.92 1.01 0.96 0.70 Female-to-male ratio

— 48

— 47

0.98 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

83 82 48 3

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

10 15 0

90 85 50

0.11 0.18 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................42 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................39 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................81 Length of maternity leave.........................................................3 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................560 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...116

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................32 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.53

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................46 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................41 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.40 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.17

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

180 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Kenya 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 96

0.650

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.651

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.655

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.651

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.649

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................78 2009 .................76 2008 .................72 2007 .................71 2006 .................69

89 88 90 90 89

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.86 0.80 0.80 0.78

2010 .................82 2009 .................86 2008 .................76 2007 .................80 2006 .................77

81 86 75 80 76

Year

2010 .......................................4.84 2009 .......................................5.40 2008 .......................................5.85 2007 .......................................4.98 2006 .......................................4.74 1

Female

Male

2010 .................48 2009 .................43 2008 .................42 2007 .................42 2006 .................40

50 47 43 42 43

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.65 0.82 0.83 0.83 0.93

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

5 4 3 4 4

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,874 1,577 1,354 1,242 1,078

0.96 0.91 0.97 1.01 0.93

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,213 2009 ............1,295 2008 ............1,126 2007 ............1,037 2006 ............1,001

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.70 0.57 0.60 0.60 0.60 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

95 95 95 95 95

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

90 90 93 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 .................15 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

Male

Female-to-male ratio

85 0.18 0 0.00 0 — 90 0.11 90 0.11

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................83 2009 .................70 2008 .................70 2007 .................70 2006 .................70

90 78 78 78 78

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.92 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Korea, Rep. 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

104

0.634

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................48.61 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.31 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................750.81 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................25,493

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................29 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.20 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1948 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

111

0.520

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................83 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............116 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................88 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........111 Professional and technical workers ........................87

0.73 0.52 0.52 0.11 0.69

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

100

0.947

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................99 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................97 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................109

1.00 0.98 0.96 0.69

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.973

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................124 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.93 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.097

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................78 Women in ministerial positions.................................74 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................33

0.17 0.14 0.02

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

55 76 — — 16,931 32,668 10 90 41 59

0.73 0.52 0.52 0.11 0.69 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 100 97 115

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.98 0.96 0.69 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 68

0.93 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 98 94 79

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

15 13 1

85 88 49

0.17 0.14 0.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................85 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; the employer pays the first 60 days of leave, for enterprises which do not meet certain criteria Provider of maternity coverage ...........Employment Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................14 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......2

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................3 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.64

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................77 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................54 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................32

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

182 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Korea, Rep. 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 104

0.634

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

115

0.615

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

108

0.615

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.641

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.616

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................54 2008 .................54 2007 .................54 2006 .................50

76 76 77 77 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.73 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.68

2010 .................98 2009 .................93 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

100 100 100 100 100

0.98 0.93 0.99 1.00 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................3.64 2009 .......................................3.83 2008 .......................................3.71 2007 .......................................5.73 2006 .......................................3.43 1

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................94 2009 .................94 2008 .................93 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

97 100 99 90 88

0.96 0.94 0.94 1.00 1.03 0

Estimated earned income (PPP US$)

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.52 0.52 0.40 0.46 0.48

2010 .................79 2009 .................75 2008 .................72 2007 .................69 2006 .................69

115 113 111 110 109

0.69 0.67 0.65 0.62 0.63

Female

Male

32,668 30,143 31,476 28,036 24,167

100

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........16,931 2009 ..........15,781 2008 ..........12,531 2007 ..........12,912 2006 ..........11,698

2010

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................6

90 91 92 93 94

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.06

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................41 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................38 2006 .................39

59 60 60 62 61

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

85 86 86 87 87

Female-to-male ratio

0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.69 0.66 0.67 0.61 0.64

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

88 95 95 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.14 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................99 2009..................— 2008 .................97 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

99 1.00 — — 99 0.98 99 0.98 99 0.97 0

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

49 49 49 49 49

Female-to-male ratio

0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Kuwait 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

105

0.632

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.73 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.41 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................61.44 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................45,539

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.20 Year women received right to vote ......................................................2005 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.46 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

107

0.537

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................110 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................71 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................55 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............99 Professional and technical workers ........................96

0.55 0.66 0.62 0.16 0.52

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.986

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................71 Enrolment in primary education..............................106 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

114

0.043

0.179

Women in parliament................................................115 Women in ministerial positions...............................107 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.08 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

47 84 — — 24,722 40,000 14 86 34 66

0.55 0.66 0.62 0.16 0.52 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 89 80 12

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.98 0.98 1.01 2.14 Female-to-male ratio

— 69

0.96 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

93 87 80 27

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

8 7 0

92 93 50

0.08 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................52 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................9 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................70 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....14

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................23 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.66

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................89 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................27

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

184 Country Profiles

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Kuwait 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 105

0.632

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

105

0.636

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

101

0.636

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.641

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.616

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................44 2008 .................51 2007 .................50 2006 .................49

84 83 86 86 85

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.55 0.54 0.60 0.58 0.58

2010 .................87 2009 .................87 2008 .................83 2007 .................86 2006 .................87

89 89 84 87 85

Year

2010 .......................................4.59 2009 .......................................4.77 2008 .......................................4.98 2007 .......................................5.48 2006 .......................................5.18 1

Female

Male

2010 .................80 2009 .................80 2008 .................78 2007..................— 2006 .................80

80 80 75 — 76

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.62 0.40 0.35 0.37 0.35

2010 .................27 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007 .................25 2006 .................33

12 11 11 11 12

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 36,403 25,847 24,204

1.01 1.01 1.05 1.05 1.05

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........24,722 2009 ..........16,071 2008 ..........12,623 2007 ............9,623 2006 ............8,448

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.97 0.99 0.99 1.03

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

2.14 2.32 2.32 2.19 2.72 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

86 — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

66 — — — —

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................2

92 92 99 97 99

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.02 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.52 — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

93 93 93 100 100

0.07 0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................93 2009 .................91 2008 .................92 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

95 95 95 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.98 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.96

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Kyrgyz Republic 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.697

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................5.28 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.82 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.98 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,073

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.680

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................84 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................51 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................78 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............33 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.72 0.69 0.55 0.54 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.995

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................57 Enrolment in primary education................................89 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.135

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................33 Women in ministerial positions.................................86 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................41

0.34 0.11 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

59 — 1,428 35 62

83 — 2,600 65 38

0.72 0.69 0.55 0.54 1.67 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 84 80 44

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.01 1.36 Female-to-male ratio

— 59

— 55

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 83 81 60

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

26 10 0

74 90 50

0.34 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................48 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................33 Length of maternity leave ........................................126 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)................................100% for the first 10 working days covered by employer; the rest of the maternity leave, 10 times the benchmark amount is paid from social security fund; benefits are adjusted periodically according to changes in the cost of living Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security (employer covers the first 10 working days) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................150 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....28

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................51 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.80

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.58

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................74 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................58

186 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Kyrgyz Republic 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 51

0.697

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.706

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.705

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.665

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.674

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................59 2009 .................58 2008 .................60 2007 .................60 2006 .................55

83 79 78 78 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.72 0.74 0.77 0.77 0.74

2010 .................83 2009 .................84 2008 .................85 2007 .................86 2006 .................90

84 85 86 87 90

Year

2010 .......................................4.83 2009 .......................................4.74 2008 .......................................4.87 2007 .......................................4.51 2006 .......................................4.87 1

Female

Male

2010 .................81 2009 .................81 2008 .................81 2007 .................81 2006..................—

80 80 80 80 —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.55 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.65

2010 .................60 2009 .................48 2008 .................48 2007 .................46 2006 .................43

44 37 38 37 36

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

2,600 2,306 2,455 2,464 2,128

1.01 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,428 2009 ............1,333 2008 ............1,414 2007 ............1,422 2006 ............1,388

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.36 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.19 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................35 2009 .................35 2008 .................30 2007 .................25 2006 .................28

65 65 70 75 72

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.54 0.54 0.43 0.34 0.39

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................62 2008 .................60 2007 .................57 2006 .................64

38 38 40 43 36

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................26 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

74 74 74 100 100

0.34 0.34 0.34 0.00 0.00 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.67 1.67 1.50 1.33 1.75

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

90 81 81 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.23 0.23 0.14 0.14

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

100 99 100 99 99

1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 187

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Latvia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.743

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.27 Population growth (%)............................................................................-0.44 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................13.67 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................12,849

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................29 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.86 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.752

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................27 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................75 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................38 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............12 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.88 0.65 0.67 0.71 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.240

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................46 Women in ministerial positions.................................48 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................11

0.28 0.27 0.19

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

70 79 — — 13,403 19,860 41 59 67 33

0.88 0.65 0.67 0.71 2.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 89 — 48

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.03 1.00 1.89 Female-to-male ratio

— 68

— 59

0.95 1.15 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 92 — 91

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

22 21 8

78 79 42

0.28 0.27 0.19 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................68 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................8 Length of maternity leave ........................................112 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage.......State Social Insurance Agency Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....17

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................53 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.00

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................93 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................81 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................57

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

188 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Latvia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 18

0.743 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.742

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.740

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.733

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.709

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................70 2009 .................67 2008 .................63 2007 .................63 2006 .................49

79 76 72 72 64

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.88 0.88 0.88 0.77

2010 .................92 2009 .................92 2008 .................92 2007..................— 2006..................—

89 89 89 — —

Year

2010 .......................................4.53 2009 .......................................4.61 2008 .......................................4.55 2007 .......................................4.13 2006 .......................................4.40 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.67 0.67 0.65 0.67 0.62

2010 .................91 2009 .................93 2008 .................95 2007 .................94 2006 .................30

48 50 53 55 55

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

19,860 18,704 16,842 14,171 12,886

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........13,403 2009 ..........12,530 2008 ..........10,951 2007 ............9,530 2006 ............8,050

Female-to-male ratio

1.03 1.03 1.03 0.97 0.97

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.89 1.85 1.80 1.72 0.54 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................41 2009 .................41 2008 .................41 2007 .................42 2006 .................40

59 59 59 58 60

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.71 0.70 0.70 0.72 0.67

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................67 2009 .................66 2008 .................64 2007 .................64 2006 .................64

33 34 36 36 36

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 .................19 2006 .................19

78 80 80 81 81

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.25 0.25 0.23 0.23 0

Female-to-male ratio

2.07 1.91 1.78 1.78 1.78

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................22 2008 .................22 2007 .................24 2006 .................24

79 78 78 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.29 0.29 0.31 0.31

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................7

42 42 42 42 43

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.16 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 189

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Lebanon 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

116

0.608

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.19 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.75 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................24.38 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................11,753

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1952 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

124

0.448

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................128 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................74 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................127 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........115 Professional and technical workers ........................69

0.33 0.65 0.25 0.09 0.93

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.977

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................96 Enrolment in primary education..............................100 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.92 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

127

0.028

0.179

Women in parliament................................................124 Women in ministerial positions...............................104 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.03 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

25 75 — — 4,062 16,404 8 92 48 52

0.33 0.65 0.25 0.09 0.93 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

93 91 71 48

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.92 0.98 1.11 1.19 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 60

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

86 89 79 57

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

3 7 0

97 93 50

0.03 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................89 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................58 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................12 Length of maternity leave ..........................................................7 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................150 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....18

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................14 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.47

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................39

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

190 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Lesotho 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.768

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.05 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.87 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.06 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,462

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1965 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.90 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.879

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................10 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................1 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................18 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............1 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.92 0.85 0.73 1.00 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.213

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................36 Women in ministerial positions.................................20 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.32 0.46 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

72 — 1,315 52 58

79 — 1,797 48 42

0.92 0.85 0.73 1.08 1.38 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

83 71 20 3

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.15 1.04 1.58 1.19 Female-to-male ratio

— 41

— 38

0.97 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

95 74 31 4

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

24 32 0

76 68 50

0.32 0.46 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................60 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................37 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................63 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......No legal obligation for paid maternity leave but some employment contracts have provision Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................960 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....98

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................22 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................51 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.92

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................77 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................47

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

192 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Lesotho 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.768

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.750

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.732

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.708

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.681

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................72 2009 .................69 2008 .................49 2007 .................49 2006 .................46

79 76 75 74 72

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.92 0.91 0.65 0.66 0.63

2010 .................74 2009 .................74 2008 .................74 2007 .................89 2006 .................88

71 71 71 84 83

Year

2010 .......................................5.95 2009 .......................................5.25 2008 .......................................4.86 2007 .......................................5.29 2006 .......................................5.22 1

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 .................30 2006 .................28

20 19 19 19 18

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.73 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.39

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007..................— 2006 ...................3

3 3 3 — 2

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,797 1,915 4,480 3,506 3,759

1.58 1.55 1.55 1.56 1.54

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,315 2009 ............1,016 2008 ............2,340 2007 ............1,848 2006 ............1,480

Female-to-male ratio

1.04 1.04 1.04 1.06 1.06

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.19 1.19 1.19 1.27 1.51 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................52 2007 .................— 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

48 1.08 48 1.08 48 1.07 — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................58 2009 .................58 2008 .................58 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................25 2008 .................25 2007 .................24 2006 .................12

76 75 75 77 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.32 0.33 0.33 0.31 0.13 0

Female-to-male ratio

42 1.38 42 1.38 42 1.38 — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................32 2008 .................32 2007 .................28 2006 .................28

68 68 68 72 72

Female-to-male ratio

0.46 0.46 0.46 0.39 0.39

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................95 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................90 2006 .................90

83 74 74 74 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.15 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 193

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Lithuania 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.713

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................3.36 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.52 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................20.14 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................15,013

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1919 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.88 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.756

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................18 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................78 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................27 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............17 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.91 0.64 0.70 0.67 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..............................109 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.128

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................60 Women in ministerial positions.................................68 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................28

0.24 0.17 0.03

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

65 71 — — 14,633 20,944 40 60 67 33

0.91 0.64 0.70 0.67 2.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 93 91 61

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.98 1.02 1.56 Female-to-male ratio

— 68

— 58

0.95 1.17 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 91 92 95

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

19 14 2

81 86 49

0.24 0.17 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................51 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of maternity leave ........................................126 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage............State Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................11 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....19

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................6 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................53 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.11

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................97 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................82 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................55

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

194 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Lithuania 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 35

0.713

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.718

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.722

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.723

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.708

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................65 2009 .................65 2008 .................66 2007 .................66 2006 .................52

71 70 73 72 63

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.91 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.82

2010 .................91 2009 .................90 2008 .................89 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

93 91 90 90 90

Year

2010 .......................................4.49 2009 .......................................4.29 2008 .......................................4.17 2007 .......................................4.48 2006 .......................................4.16 1

Female

Male

2010 .................92 2009 .................92 2008 .................93 2007 .................94 2006 .................93

91 90 92 93 93

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.70 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.68

2010 .................95 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

61 59 60 57 57

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

20,944 18,533 17,349 15,699 14,064

1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........14,633 2009 ..........13,265 2008 ..........12,000 2007 ..........10,839 2006 ............9,595

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.56 1.57 1.56 1.56 1.56 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................38 2008 .................40 2007 .................42 2006 .................39

60 62 60 58 61

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.67 0.62 0.68 0.72 0.64

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................67 2009 .................70 2008 .................71 2007 .................68 2006 .................70

33 30 29 32 30

Female

Male

2010 .................19 2009 .................18 2008 .................23 2007 .................25 2006 .................22

81 82 77 75 78

Female-to-male ratio

0.24 0.22 0.29 0.33 0.28 0

Female-to-male ratio

2.06 2.31 2.45 2.13 2.33

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

86 77 77 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.17 0.30 0.30 0.18 0.18

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

49 49 49 49 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 195

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Luxembourg 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.723

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.49 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.79 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................26.80 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................69,327

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1919 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.751

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................58 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................53 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................1 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............51 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.80 0.68 1.00 0.45 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................116 Healthy life expectancy..............................................60

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.167

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................56 Women in ministerial positions.................................31 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.25 0.36 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

59 74 — — 40,000 40,000 31 69 — —

0.80 0.68 1.00 0.45 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 95 82 9

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.02 1.04 1.12 Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 71

0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 97 85 11

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

20 27 0

80 73 50

0.25 0.36 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%) ..............................— Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................2 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................12 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....10

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................6 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................43 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.93

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................72 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................48 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

196 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:57 AM Page 197

Luxembourg 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 26

0.723

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.689

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.679

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.667

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................59 2009 .................59 2008 .................56 2007 .................56 2006 .................45

74 75 74 75 65

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.80 0.79 0.75 0.74 0.69

2010 .................97 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

95 97 96 91 91

Year

2010 .......................................4.78 2009 .......................................4.87 2008 .......................................4.71 2007 .......................................4.74 2006 .......................................4.56 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................86 2008 .................86 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

82 83 82 77 77

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 0.55 0.51 0.49 0.39

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

9 10 10 11 11

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000

1.04 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.07

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........40,000 2009 ..........21,837 2008 ..........20,446 2007 ..........40,000 2006 ..........40,000

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.12 1.12 1.12 1.18 1.18 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................31 2008 .................31 2007 .................31 2006 .................31

69 69 69 69 69

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................20 2009 .................25 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

80 75 77 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

0.25 0.33 0.30 0.30 0.30 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

73 86 86 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.36 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 197

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Macedonia, FYR 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.700

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.04 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.07 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................4.45 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................8,742

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.677

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................88 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................2 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................97 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............64 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.69 0.81 0.49 0.40 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................76 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................93 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.97 1.00 0.98 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

124

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................126 Healthy life expectancy............................................114

0.93 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.177

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................18 Women in ministerial positions.................................91 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................40

0.48 0.11 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

51 74 — — 5,956 12,247 28 71 51 49

0.69 0.81 0.49 0.40 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 86 82 37

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.97 1.00 0.98 1.20 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 65

0.93 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

95 87 81 44

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

33 10 0

68 90 50

0.48 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................14 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) ........................................— Length of maternity leave.........................................................9 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................................— Provider of maternity coverage......................Health Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................10 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....19

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................34 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................34 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.63

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................72 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................54 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................44

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

198 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Macedonia, FYR 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 49

0.700

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.695

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.691

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.697

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.698

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................49 2008 .................48 2007 .................48 2006 .................41

74 74 73 73 65

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.69 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.63

2010 .................87 2009 .................89 2008 .................92 2007 .................92 2006 .................92

86 89 92 92 92

Year

2010 .......................................5.70 2009 .......................................5.49 2008 .......................................5.25 2007 .......................................5.64 2006 .......................................5.55 1

Female

Male

2010 .................81 2009 .................80 2008 .................80 2007..................— 2006 .................80

82 82 82 — 82

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.49 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.56

2010 .................44 2009 .................40 2008 .................35 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

37 31 25 23 23

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............5,956 12,247 2009 ............5,184 10,643 2008 ............4,676 9,734 2007 ............4,286 8,943 2006 ............4,861 8,725

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.20 1.27 1.38 1.39 1.39 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................29 2008 .................27 2007 .................28 2006 .................27

71 71 73 72 73

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.40 0.41 0.37 0.39 0.37

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................53 2008 .................51 2007 .................53 2006 .................51

49 47 49 47 49

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................28 2008 .................29 2007 .................28 2006 .................28

68 72 71 72 72

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.39 0.41 0.39 0.39 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.06 1.11 1.04 1.13 1.04

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

90 86 86 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.16 0.16 0.20 0.20

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................95 2009 .................95 2008 .................95 2007 .................94 2006 .................94

99 99 99 98 98

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.96

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 199

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Madagascar 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.671

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................19.11 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.69 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................5.20 GDP (PPP) per capita................................................................................952

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................4.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1959 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.671

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................4 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................93 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................23 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............83 Professional and technical workers ........................82

0.96 0.61 0.71 0.28 0.76

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.959

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................105 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................95

0.85 1.00 1.00 0.89

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.973

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................88

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.082

0.179

Women in parliament................................................106 Women in ministerial positions.................................59 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.10 0.21 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

86 — 774 22 43

89 — 1,093 78 57

0.96 0.61 0.71 0.28 0.76 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

77 98 23 4

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.85 1.01 1.05 0.89 Female-to-male ratio

— 53

— 51

0.97 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

65 99 24 3

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

9 17 0

91 83 50

0.10 0.21 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................51 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................27 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................68 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .......................50% social insurance, 50% employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................510 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...154

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................2 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................38 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.70

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................56 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................47 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................31

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

200 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:57 AM Page 201

Madagascar 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 80

0.671

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.674

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.646

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.639

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................86 2009 .................84 2008 .................80 2007 .................80 2006 .................79

89 89 86 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.96 0.94 0.92 0.92 0.92

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................96 2007 .................92 2006 .................89

98 98 96 93 89

Year

2010 .......................................4.25 2009 .......................................4.78 2008 .......................................5.07 2007 .......................................4.29 2006 .......................................4.26 1

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................21 2008 .................18 2007..................— 2006 .................11

23 21 17 — 11

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.59

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

4 3 3 3 3

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,093 1,034 1,090 1,012 1,017

1.05 1.01 1.04 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............774 2009 ...............723 2008 ...............758 2007 ...............704 2006 ...............603

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.89 0.89 0.87 0.89 0.90 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................22 2008 .................22 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................4

78 78 78 96 96

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.28 0.28 0.04 0.04

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................43 2009 .................43 2008 .................43 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

91 91 92 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.07 0

Female-to-male ratio

57 0.76 57 0.75 57 0.75 — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

83 88 88 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.21 0.14 0.14 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................65 2009 .................65 2008 .................65 2007 .................65 2006 .................65

77 77 77 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 201

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Malawi 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.682

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................14.85 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.78 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................2.35 GDP (PPP) per capita................................................................................779

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................19 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.60 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1961 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.698

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................6 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................21 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................15 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............94 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.96 0.75 0.74 0.18 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

112

0.889

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................111 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................109 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................116

0.82 1.00 0.93 0.51

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.968

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................105

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.174

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................53 Women in ministerial positions.................................29 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.26 0.38 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

74 — 646 15 —

78 — 877 85 —

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

0.96 0.75 0.74 0.18 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

80 88 26 1

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.82 1.06 0.93 0.51 Female-to-male ratio

— 44

— 43

0.99 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

66 93 24 0

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

21 27 0

79 73 50

0.26 0.38 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................54 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................41 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................65 Length of maternity leave ..........................................................8 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births).........................1,100 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...178

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................11 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.35

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%) ..........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%).....................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................34

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.18 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

202 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Malawi 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 68

0.682

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.674

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.666

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.648

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.644

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................74 2009 .................76 2008 .................86 2007 .................86 2006 .................85

78 79 90 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.95

2010 .................93 2009 .................90 2008 .................94 2007 .................97 2006 .................98

88 84 88 92 93

Year

Female-to-male ratio

1.06 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.05

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

100

Enrolment in secondary education Score

Year

2010 .......................................5.28 2009 .......................................5.15 2008 .......................................5.06 2007 .......................................4.86 2006 .......................................4.92 1

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................22 2006 .................23

26 25 25 25 27

Estimated earned income (PPP US$)

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............646 2009 ...............596 2008 ...............565 2007 ...............547 2006 ...............486

877 810 771 747 717

0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 0.68

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

1 1 1 1 1

10,000

20,000

30,000

Female-to-male ratio

0.93 0.91 0.93 0.88 0.86 20

Female-to-male ratio

0.51 0.51 0.55 0.54 0.54 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

85 85 85 85 85

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................21 2008 .................13 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

79 79 87 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.26 0.26 0.15 0.16 0.16 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

73 76 76 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.31 0.31 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................66 2009 .................63 2008 .................65 2007 .................54 2006 .................54

80 79 79 75 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.82 0.80 0.82 0.72 0.72

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Malaysia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.648

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................27.01 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.71 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................139.16 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................12,678

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.60 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1957 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.03 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.576

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................105 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................19 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................109 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............75 Professional and technical workers ........................83

0.57 0.76 0.42 0.32 0.71

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.990

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................84 Enrolment in primary education................................70 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................123 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

110

0.052

0.179

Women in parliament................................................101 Women in ministerial positions...............................107 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.11 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

47 82 — — 7,972 18,886 24 76 42 58

0.57 0.76 0.42 0.32 0.71 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

94 96 66 28

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.95 1.00 1.07 1.29 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 62

0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

90 96 70 36

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

10 7 0

90 93 50

0.11 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................55 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................6 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................60 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................62 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....13

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................3 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................39 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.57

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................65 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................50

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

204 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Malaysia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 98

0.648

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

100

0.647

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.644

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.644

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.651

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................47 2008 .................49 2007 .................48 2006 .................47

82 83 83 84 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.57 0.57 0.58 0.57 0.57

2010 .................96 2009 ...............100 2008 ...............100 2007 .................93 2006 .................93

96 100 100 93 93

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................5.31 2009 .......................................5.10 2008 .......................................5.26 2007 .......................................5.60 2006 .......................................5.64 1

Female

Male

2010 .................70 2009 .................72 2008 .................72 2007 .................81 2006 .................81

66 66 66 71 71

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.42 0.44 0.36 0.36 0.47

2010 .................36 2009 .................32 2008 .................32 2007..................— 2006 .................38

28 25 25 — 27

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

18,886 17,301 15,861 15,015 12,869

1.07 1.10 1.10 1.14 1.14

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............7,972 2009 ............7,596 2008 ............5,751 2007 ............5,391 2006 ............6,075

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.29 1.29 1.29 1.41 1.41 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

76 77 77 77 77

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.32 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................42 2009 .................41 2008 .................40 2007 .................40 2006 .................40

58 59 60 60 60

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

90 89 89 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.12 0.12 0.10 0.10 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.71 0.69 0.67 0.67 0.67

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

93 91 91 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.07 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................90 2009 .................89 2008 .................90 2007 .................85 2006 .................85

94 94 94 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.95 0.95 0.95 0.93 0.93

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 205

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Maldives 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.645

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.31 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.42 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.04 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,950

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1932 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.591

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................74 Wage equality for similar work (survey).................— Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................84 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............97 Professional and technical workers ........................68

0.75 — 0.54 0.17 0.95

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.990

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..............................107 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

118

0.039

0.179

Women in parliament................................................119 Women in ministerial positions...............................107 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.07 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

59 — 3,597 14 49

79 — 6,714 86 51

0.75 — 0.54 0.17 0.95 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

98 97 68 0

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.98 1.04 2.40 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

0.95 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 95 71 0

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

6 7 0

94 93 50

0.07 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................76 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................39 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................24 Length of maternity leave ....................................................................— Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................................— Provider of maternity coverage ..........................................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................120 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......8

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................24 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................30 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership*..................................................................—

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................72 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................35 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................67

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

206 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:57 AM Page 207

Maldives 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 99

0.645

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.648

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.650

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.635

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................59 2009 .................56 2008 .................51 2007 .................49 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

79 0.75 78 0.72 73 0.69 73 0.67 — — 0

Male

Year

Female

2010 .................71 2009 .................71 2008 .................70 2007 .................66 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

6,714 0.54 6,528 0.52 7,946 0.50 — — — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

68 1.04 67 1.06 64 1.09 60 1.10 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............3,597 2009 ............3,404 2008 ............3,992 2007..................— 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

97 0.98 96 1.01 97 1.00 79 1.00 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................95 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................79 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0 2.40 0 2.37 0 2.37 0 2.37 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................14 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................15 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

86 0.17 86 0.17 86 0.17 85 0.18 — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................49 2009 .................49 2008 .................49 2007 .................40 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................7 2008 .................12 2007 .................12 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

94 0.07 93 0.07 88 0.14 88 0.14 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

51 0.95 51 0.96 51 0.96 60 0.67 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................7 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................12 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

93 0.07 86 0.17 86 0.17 88 0.13 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................98 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................96 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

98 1.00 97 0.97 97 1.00 96 1.00 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 207

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Mali 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

131

0.568

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................12.71 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.36 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................3.74 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,077

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................18 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1956 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

113

0.514

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................107 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................70 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................103 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............86 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.57 0.66 0.44 0.25 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

131

0.679

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................132 Enrolment in primary education..............................130 Enrolment in secondary education ........................128 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................123

0.52 0.84 0.63 0.41

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................67

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.103

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................98 Women in ministerial positions.................................48 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.11 0.27 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

39 — 672 20 —

68 — 1,517 80 —

0.57 0.66 0.44 0.25 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

35 79 35 8

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.52 0.84 0.63 0.41 Female-to-male ratio

— 43

— 41

0.97 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

18 66 22 3

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

10 21 0

90 79 50

0.11 0.27 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................49 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%).................................8 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).......................................102 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................970 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...190

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................35 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.75

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................27 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................10 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.94 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................1.00

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

208 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 209

Mali 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 131

0.568

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

127

0.586

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

109

0.612

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

112

0.602

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.600

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................38 2008 .................75 2007 .................75 2006 .................72

68 67 84 85 84

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.57 0.57 0.89 0.88 0.86

2010 .................66 2009 .................56 2008 .................54 2007 .................45 2006 .................43

79 70 67 56 50

Year

2010 .......................................4.59 2009 .......................................5.16 2008 .......................................5.90 2007 .......................................5.65 2006 .......................................5.49 1

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

35 — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.44 0.66 0.68 0.67 0.60

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................2 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................1

8 4 4 3 3

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,517 1,284 1,234 1,197 1,247

0.63 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.61

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............672 2009 ...............842 2008 ...............833 2007 ...............800 2006 ...............742

Female-to-male ratio

0.84 0.80 0.79 0.81 0.85

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.41 0.52 0.45 0.47 0.47 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................20 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

80 80 80 80 80

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

90 90 90 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................19 2006 .................19

79 77 77 82 82

Female-to-male ratio

0.27 0.30 0.30 0.23 0.23

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

35 31 31 27 27

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.52 0.50 0.51 0.44 0.44

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 209

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 210

Malta 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.670

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.41 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.71 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................4.35 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................22,053

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1947 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

104

0.543

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................117 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................34 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................102 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............89 Professional and technical workers ........................86

0.50 0.73 0.45 0.21 0.70

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................79

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.161

0.179

Women in parliament................................................109 Women in ministerial positions.................................36 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................17

0.10 0.33 0.11

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

39 78 — — 14,458 31,812 18 82 41 59

0.50 0.73 0.45 0.21 0.70 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

91 91 79 27

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.03 1.01 1.07 1.42 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 71

0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

94 92 85 39

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

9 25 5

91 75 45

0.10 0.33 0.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................86 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................7 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; an employee on maternity leave is entitled to full wages during the first 13 weeks of leave, with the 14th week unpaid; social security pays maternity benefit at a flat rate for a maximum of 13 weeks for those not covered under the Employment and Industrial Relations Act Provider of maternity coverage..................Employer/Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................8 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....17

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................35 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.81

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................57 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................23

210 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 211

Malta 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 83

0.670

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.664

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.663

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.661

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.652

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................40 2008 .................44 2007 .................42 2006 .................34

78 78 79 79 69

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.50 0.51 0.55 0.52 0.49

2010 .................92 2009 .................91 2008 .................91 2007 .................94 2006 .................94

91 92 92 94 94

Year

2010 .......................................5.11 2009 .......................................5.08 2008 .......................................5.01 2007 .......................................5.25 2006 .......................................4.88 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................90 2006 .................90

79 84 84 85 85

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.45 0.53 0.50 0.48 0.39

2010 .................39 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................30 2006 .................30

27 27 27 23 23

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

31,812 28,328 25,623 25,644 25,525

1.07 1.07 1.07 1.06 1.06

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........14,458 2009 ..........15,086 2008 ..........12,834 2007 ..........12,226 2006 ............9,893

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.42 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................18 2009 .................18 2008 .................19 2007 .................16 2006 .................18

82 82 81 84 82

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.21 0.22 0.23 0.19 0.22

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................41 2009 .................41 2008 .................41 2007 .................39 2006 .................39

59 59 59 61 61

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

91 91 91 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.70 0.69 0.69 0.64 0.64

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................25 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

75 85 85 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.33 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................94 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

91 90 90 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.03 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

45 45 45 45 45

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 211

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 212

Mauritania 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

113

0.615

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................3.22 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.40 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.50 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,771

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................4.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1961 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.03 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

118

0.467

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................76 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............125 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................71 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........117 Professional and technical workers ......................111

0.74 0.47 0.58 0.09 0.27

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

118

0.853

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................117 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................116 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................126

0.77 1.00 0.88 0.36

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.162

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................44 Women in ministerial positions.................................41 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.28 0.30 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

61 — 1,405 8 21

82 — 2,439 92 79

0.74 0.47 0.58 0.09 0.27 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

64 74 17 5

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.77 1.07 0.88 0.36 Female-to-male ratio

— 52

— 49

0.97 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

50 79 15 2

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

22 23 0

78 77 50

0.28 0.30 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................61 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%).................................9 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................75 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .........National Social Security Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................820 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....88

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................41 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................25 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................36 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.67

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................37 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................10 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) .............................................4

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.71 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

212 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 213

Mauritania 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 113

0.615

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

119

0.610

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

110

0.612

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

111

0.602

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

106

0.583

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................63 2008 .................57 2007 .................57 2006 .................54

82 81 85 85 84

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.74 0.77 0.66 0.66 0.65

2010 .................79 2009 .................83 2008 .................82 2007 .................72 2006 .................74

74 78 78 72 75

Year

2010 .......................................3.31 2009 .......................................4.00 2008 .......................................4.57 2007 .......................................4.24 2006 .......................................4.55 1

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................16 2008 .................15 2007 .................14 2006 .................13

17 18 16 17 16

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.52 0.50 0.50 0.56

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................2 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

5 5 5 5 5

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

2,439 2,474 2,996 2,601 2,284

0.88 0.88 0.90 0.85 0.82

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,405 2009 ............1,290 2008 ............1,489 2007 ............1,295 2006 ............1,269

Female-to-male ratio

1.07 1.06 1.05 1.00 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.36 0.36 0.36 0.33 0.31 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

92 92 92 92 92

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................21 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007..................— 2006 .................21

Male

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................22 2008 .................22 2007 .................18 2006 ...................4

78 78 78 82 96

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.28 0.28 0.22 0.04 0

Female-to-male ratio

79 0.27 79 0.27 79 0.27 — — 79 0.27

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

77 88 88 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.30 0.14 0.14 0.10 0.10

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................48 2008 .................48 2007 .................43 2006 .................43

64 63 63 60 60

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.77 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.73

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 213

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 214

Mauritius 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.652

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................1.27 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.65 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................6.11 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................11,659

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1956 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

103

0.549

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................106 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................76 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................111 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............81 Professional and technical workers ........................79

0.57 0.64 0.42 0.30 0.81

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.988

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................89 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.091

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................70 Women in ministerial positions.................................86 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.20 0.11 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

45 80 — — 6,686 15,972 23 77 45 55

0.57 0.64 0.42 0.30 0.81 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

90 93 79 24

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.94 1.01 1.02 1.17 Female-to-male ratio

— 65

— 61

0.95 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

85 95 81 28

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

17 10 0

83 90 50

0.20 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................76 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................14 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................15 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....35

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................13 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................37 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.39

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................57 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

214 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 215

Mauritius 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 95

0.652

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.651

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.647

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.649

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.633

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................47 2008 .................47 2007 .................47 2006 .................43

80 83 84 84 79

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.54

2010 .................95 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................96 2006 .................95

93 95 94 94 94

Year

2010 .......................................4.51 2009 .......................................4.62 2008 .......................................4.64 2007 .......................................4.70 2006 .......................................3.96 1

Female

Male

2010 .................81 2009 .................82 2008 .................82 2007 .................82 2006 .................83

79 81 81 81 79

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.42 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.37

2010 .................28 2009 .................15 2008 .................18 2007 .................19 2006 .................20

24 13 16 15 14

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

15,972 14,949 18,098 17,173 16,606

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.04

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............6,686 2009 ............6,228 2008 ............7,407 2007 ............6,948 2006 ............6,084

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.02 1.02 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.17 1.17 1.15 1.26 1.39 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................20 2008 .................22 2007 .................25 2006 .................23

77 80 78 75 77

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.30 0.25 0.28 0.33 0.30

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................45 2008 .................39 2007 .................43 2006 .................38

55 55 61 57 62

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

83 83 83 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.81 0.82 0.64 0.75 0.61

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

90 90 90 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.09

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................84 2008 .................85 2007 .................81 2006 .................81

90 90 90 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.94 0.94 0.94 0.91 0.91

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 215

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Mexico 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.658

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................106.35 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.01 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................701.01 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................12,429

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.20 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1947 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

110

0.521

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................111 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............111 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................112 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............52 Professional and technical workers ........................84

0.55 0.54 0.42 0.44 0.70

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.991

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................77 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................92

0.97 1.00 1.00 0.98

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.139

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................31 Women in ministerial positions.................................85 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.36 0.12 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

46 84 — — 8,375 20,107 31 69 41 59

0.55 0.54 0.42 0.44 0.70 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 98 71 28

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.97 1.00 1.03 0.98 Female-to-male ratio

— 69

— 65

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

91 98 74 27

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

26 11 0

74 89 50

0.36 0.12 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................94 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................71 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................15 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; if the worker is not entitled to social security benefits, the employer shall cover the full cost of benefit Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................60 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....82

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................39 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.80

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................66 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................48 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

216 Country Profiles

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Mexico 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 91

0.658

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.650

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.644

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.644

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.646

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................46 2009 .................44 2008 .................43 2007 .................43 2006 .................40

84 83 83 83 80

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.55 0.53 0.52 0.51 0.50

2010 .................98 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

98 98 98 98 98

Year

2010 .......................................3.79 2009 .......................................3.60 2008 .......................................3.32 2007 .......................................3.69 2006 .......................................3.74 1

Female

Male

2010 .................74 2009 .................72 2008 .................70 2007 .................65 2006 .................65

71 72 71 63 63

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.42 0.42 0.39 0.39 0.38

2010 .................27 2009 .................26 2008 .................25 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

28 28 27 24 24

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

20,107 17,236 15,680 14,202 13,506

1.03 1.00 0.99 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............8,375 2009 ............7,311 2008 ............6,039 2007 ............5,594 2006 ............5,068

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.93 0.93 0.98 0.98 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................31 2008 .................27 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

69 69 73 75 75

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.44 0.45 0.38 0.33 0.33

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................41 2009 .................41 2008 .................42 2007 .................42 2006 .................40

59 59 58 58 60

Female

Male

2010 .................26 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................26

74 77 77 77 74

Female-to-male ratio

0.36 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.35 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.70 0.69 0.72 0.72 0.67

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 .................14 2008 .................16 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

89 86 86 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.12 0.17 0.19 0.10 0.10

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................90 2008 .................91 2007 .................90 2006 .................90

95 94 94 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.97 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.97

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Moldova 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.716

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................3.63 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.93 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................2.10 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,592

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.50 Year women received right to vote ............................................1924, 1993 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.90 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.771

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................9 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................52 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................17 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............22 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.92 0.69 0.73 0.61 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.990

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................65 Enrolment in primary education..............................102 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.124

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................37 Women in ministerial positions...............................119 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................28

0.31 0.06 0.03

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

53 — 2,173 38 66

57 — 2,964 62 34

0.92 0.69 0.73 0.61 1.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 88 82 33

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 0.98 1.04 1.45 Female-to-male ratio

— 63

— 58

0.94 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 87 85 47

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

24 5 2

76 95 49

0.31 0.06 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................68 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................15 Length of maternity leave ........................................126 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................22 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....25

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................3 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................54 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.02

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................97 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................76 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................56

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

218 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 219

Moldova 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 34

0.716

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.710

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.724

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.717

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.713

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 ...................0 2008 .................63 2007 .................65 2006 .................57

57 0 74 76 70

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.92 0.00 0.85 0.86 0.81

2010 .................87 2009 .................87 2008 .................88 2007 .................86 2006 .................86

88 88 88 86 86

Year

2010 .......................................4.80 2009 .....................................— 2008 .......................................6.30 2007 .......................................5.68 2006 .......................................5.31 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................82 2008 .................83 2007 .................77 2006 .................79

82 79 80 75 76

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.73 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.65

2010 .................47 2009 .................48 2008 .................46 2007 .................41 2006 .................43

33 35 33 27 31

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

2,964 2,969 2,608 2,143 1,850

1.04 1.03 1.04 1.03 1.04

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............2,173 2009 ............1,865 2008 ............1,634 2007 ............1,349 2006 ............1,200

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.45 1.39 1.38 1.48 1.36 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................40 2008 .................39 2007 .................39 2006 .................40

62 60 61 61 60

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.61 0.67 0.63 0.64 0.67

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................66 2009 .................68 2008 .................64 2007 .................66 2006 .................66

34 32 36 34 34

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................24 2008 .................22 2007 .................22 2006 .................22

76 76 78 78 78

Female-to-male ratio

0.31 0.31 0.28 0.28 0.28 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.98 2.12 1.78 1.94 1.94

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................5 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

95 89 89 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.06 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................99 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 100 99 99

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

49 49 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 219

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 220

Mongolia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.719

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.64 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.13 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.94 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................3,198

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1924 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.875

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................26 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................5 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................6 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............6 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.88 0.81 0.87 0.90 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.992

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education..............................103 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

124

0.032

0.179

Women in parliament................................................123 Women in ministerial positions...............................102 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.04 0.08 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

71 — 3,019 47 55

80 — 3,454 53 45

0.88 0.81 0.87 0.90 1.20 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

97 89 79 39

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.01 0.98 1.08 1.57 Female-to-male ratio

— 62

— 55

0.95 1.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 88 85 61

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

4 7 0

96 93 50

0.04 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................66 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................33 Length of maternity leave .........................................................120 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................70 Provider of maternity coverage ......................Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................46 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....19

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................3 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................2 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................51 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.25

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................95 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................74 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................57

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.58

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

220 Country Profiles

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Mongolia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 27

0.719

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.722

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.705

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.682

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................71 2009 .................60 2008 .................56 2007 .................56 2006 .................54

80 62 83 83 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.97 0.68 0.67 0.66

2010 .................88 2009 .................89 2008 .................93 2007 .................91 2006 .................84

89 88 90 88 84

Year

2010 .......................................5.66 2009 .......................................5.60 2008 .......................................5.46 2007 .......................................5.33 2006 .......................................5.46 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................85 2008 .................87 2007 .................83 2006 .................88

79 77 77 73 77

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.87 0.60 0.50 0.51 0.66

2010 .................61 2009 .................58 2008 .................58 2007 .................51 2006 .................48

39 37 37 32 29

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

3,454 3,603 2,799 2,730 2,227

1.08 1.11 1.13 1.14 1.14

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............3,019 2009 ............2,172 2008 ............1,413 2007 ............1,379 2006 ............1,478

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.57 1.56 1.57 1.62 1.64 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................48 2008 .................50 2007 .................30 2006 .................30

53 52 50 70 70

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.90 0.92 0.99 0.43 0.43

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................54 2008 .................54 2007 .................66 2006 .................66

45 46 46 34 34

Female

Male

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

96 96 93 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.07 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.20 1.17 1.17 1.94 1.94

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

93 80 80 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.25 0.25 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

97 97 97 98 98

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

50 50 50 49 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Morocco 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

127

0.577

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................31.61 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.21 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................55.16 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,083

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1959 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

127

0.408

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................126 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................79 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................128 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........104 Professional and technical workers ........................92

0.34 0.64 0.24 0.15 0.55

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

116

0.861

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................124 Enrolment in primary education..............................118 Enrolment in secondary education ........................119 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................96

0.64 0.95 0.85 0.89

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.971

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................92

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

103

0.067

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................97 Women in ministerial positions.................................82 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.12 0.13 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

28 — 1,603 13 36

84 — 6,694 87 64

0.34 0.64 0.24 0.15 0.55 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

69 92 37 13

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.64 0.95 0.85 0.89 Female-to-male ratio

— 63

— 61

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

44 87 32 12

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

10 11 0

90 89 50

0.12 0.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................40 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................63 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................32 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................240 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....18

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................10 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................21 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.90

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................49 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................33 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................18

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

222 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Morocco 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 127

0.577

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

124

0.593

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

125

0.576

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

122

0.568

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

107

0.583

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................27 2008 .................29 2007 .................29 2006 .................27

84 83 84 84 81

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.34 0.32 0.34 0.34 0.33

2010 .................87 2009 .................86 2008 .................85 2007 .................83 2006 .................83

92 91 91 89 89

Year

2010 .......................................4.48 2009 .......................................4.22 2008 .......................................4.13 2007 .......................................4.28 2006 .......................................4.53 1

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................32 2008 .................32 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

37 37 37 38 38

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.24 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.40

2010 .................12 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

13 12 13 12 11

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

6,694 6,319 7,297 6,907 5,699

0.85 0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,603 2009 ............1,578 2008 ............1,846 2007 ............1,742 2006 ............2,299

Female-to-male ratio

0.95 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.94

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.89 0.89 0.81 0.85 0.87 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 .................12 2006 .................26

87 88 88 88 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................35 2008 .................35 2007 .................35 2006 .................31

64 65 65 65 69

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

90 90 90 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.55 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.45

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

89 81 81 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.24 0.24 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................44 2009 .................42 2008 .................43 2007 .................40 2006 .................40

69 68 69 66 66

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.62 0.63 0.60 0.60

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 223

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Mozambique 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.733

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................22.38 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.32 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................7.99 GDP (PPP) per capita................................................................................804

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................19 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1975 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.811

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................2 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................81 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................4 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.99 0.64 0.90 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

123

0.814

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................129 Enrolment in primary education..............................121 Enrolment in secondary education ........................108 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................118

0.58 0.94 0.93 0.49

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

0.345

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................9 Women in ministerial positions.................................34 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................13

0.64 0.35 0.13

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

86 — 759 — —

87 — 848 — —

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.64 0.90 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

70 82 6 2

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.58 0.94 0.93 0.49 Female-to-male ratio

— 42

0.98 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

40 77 6 1

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

39 26 6

61 74 44

0.64 0.35 0.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................48 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................17 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................90 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................60 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................520 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...185

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................11 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.74

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................35 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................17 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................21

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

224 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Mozambique 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 22

0.733 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.720

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.727

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.688

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................86 2009 .................89 2008 .................85 2007 .................85 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

87 0.99 77 1.16 83 1.03 83 1.03 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .......................................4.46 2009 .......................................4.87 2008 .......................................5.22 2007 .......................................4.60 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 ...................6 2009 .................23 2008 .................40 2007 ...................6 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

848 0.90 819 0.81 1,378 0.81 1,372 0.81 — —

Female

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

6 0.93 28 0.83 44 0.89 8 0.79 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............759 2009 ...............663 2008 ............1,115 2007 ............1,110 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

82 0.94 79 0.93 79 0.93 82 0.91 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................77 2009 .................73 2008 .................73 2007 .................75 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2 0.49 2 0.49 2 0.49 2 0.46 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

2010 .................39 2009 .................35 2008 .................35 2007 .................35 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

61 0.64 65 0.53 65 0.53 65 0.53 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 .................26 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007 .................13 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

74 0.35 74 0.35 74 0.35 87 0.15 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................40 2009 .................32 2008 .................33 2007 .................33 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

70 0.58 57 0.56 57 0.58 64 0.51 — —

Female

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................3 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

44 0.13 45 0.12 46 0.10 47 0.07 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 225

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Namibia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.724

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.13 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.95 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................5.78 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................5,855

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1989 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.739

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................47 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................33 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................54 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............29 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.84 0.73 0.63 0.57 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.998

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................64 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

104

0.967

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................109

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.192

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................30 Women in ministerial positions.................................38 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.37 0.32 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

53 — 4,006 36 52

64 — 6,339 64 48

0.84 0.73 0.63 0.57 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

89 87 49 8

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 1.05 1.23 1.32 Female-to-male ratio

— 53

— 52

0.97 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

88 91 60 10

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

27 24 0

73 76 50

0.37 0.32 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................81 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................55 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................31 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................210 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....74

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................25 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................19 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................41 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.21

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................67 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................50 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................41

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

226 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 227

Namibia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 25

0.724

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.717

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.714

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.701

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.686

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................50 2008 .................48 2007 .................48 2006 .................47

64 60 64 65 63

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.84 0.83 0.75 0.75 0.74

2010 .................91 2009 .................89 2008 .................79 2007 .................75 2006 .................76

87 84 74 70 71

Year

2010 .......................................5.13 2009 .......................................5.07 2008 .......................................5.17 2007 .......................................4.77 2006 .......................................3.79 1

Female

Male

2010 .................60 2009 .................55 2008 .................40 2007 .................44 2006 .................43

49 44 30 32 32

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.63 0.56 0.57 0.57 0.51

2010 .................10 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007..................— 2006 ...................7

8 6 6 — 6

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

6,339 6,186 9,679 9,455 8,234

1.23 1.23 1.31 1.35 1.35

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............4,006 2009 ............3,487 2008 ............5,527 2007 ............5,416 2006 ............4,201

Female-to-male ratio

1.05 1.06 1.06 1.08 1.08

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.32 0.88 0.88 1.15 1.15 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................30 2006 .................30

64 64 64 70 70

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.57 0.56 0.56 0.43 0.43

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................52 2008 .................52 2007 .................55 2006 .................55

48 48 48 45 45

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................27 2008 .................27 2007 .................27 2006 .................27

73 73 73 73 73

Female-to-male ratio

0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.10 1.08 1.08 1.22 1.22

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................25 2008 .................25 2007 .................19 2006 .................19

76 75 75 81 81

Female-to-male ratio

0.32 0.33 0.33 0.23 0.23

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................88 2009 .................87 2008 .................87 2007 .................83 2006 .................83

89 88 89 87 87

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.96

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 227

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Nepal 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

115

0.608

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................28.81 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.83 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................7.30 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,049

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................19 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1951 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

112

0.517

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................57 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............110 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................59 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........101 Professional and technical workers ......................112

0.81 0.55 0.61 0.16 0.24

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

126

0.781

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................123 Enrolment in primary education..............................126 Enrolment in secondary education ........................113 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................124

0.64 0.87 0.91 0.40

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

0.174

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................16 Women in ministerial positions.................................98 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.50 0.08 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

66 — 794 14 20

82 — 1,309 86 80

0.81 0.55 0.61 0.16 0.24 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

71 84 44 8

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.64 0.87 0.91 0.40 Female-to-male ratio

— 55

0.96 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

45 73 40 3

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

33 8 0

67 92 50

0.50 0.08 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................19 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................48 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................41 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................52 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................830 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...106

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................14 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.77

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................39 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................15 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.58

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

228 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 229

Nepal 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 115

0.608

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

110

0.621

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

120

0.594

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

125

0.558

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

111

0.548

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................66 2009 .................62 2008 .................53 2007 .................53 2006 .................50

82 78 81 81 78

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.81 0.79 0.66 0.65 0.64

2010 .................73 2009 .................78 2008 .................74 2007 .................73 2006 .................73

84 81 84 83 83

Year

2010 .......................................3.83 2009 .......................................3.96 2008 .......................................3.76 2007 .......................................3.96 2006 .......................................3.49 1

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................40 2009 .................40 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 .................90

44 44 — — 116

0.91 0.92 0.77 0.77 0.77 0

Estimated earned income (PPP US$)

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.61 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.51

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

8 8 8 8 8

Female

Male

1,309 1,331 2,072 1,993 1,868

100

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............794 2009 ...............671 2008 ............1,038 2007 ...............995 2006 ...............949

Female-to-male ratio

0.87 0.96 0.87 0.87 0.87

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

10,000

20,000

30,000

Female-to-male ratio

0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................9

86 86 86 92 91

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.09 0.10

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................20 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 .................19 2006..................—

Male

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................17 2006 ...................6

67 67 67 83 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.50 0.49 0.21 0.06 0

Female-to-male ratio

80 0.24 80 0.25 80 0.25 81 0.23 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

92 80 80 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.25 0.25 0.08 0.08

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................42 2008 .................44 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

71 69 70 63 63

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.61 0.62 0.56 0.56

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 229

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Netherlands 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.744

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................16.45 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.39 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................449.07 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................36,358

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................31 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1919 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.723

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................37 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................73 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................10 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............70 Professional and technical workers ........................59

0.87 0.65 0.78 0.38 0.99

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.997

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................82 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................98

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.288

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................5 Women in ministerial positions.................................39 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.69 0.31 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

74 85 — — 31,048 40,000 27 73 50 50

0.87 0.65 0.78 0.38 0.99 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 99 88 58

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.01 1.11 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 72

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 98 89 64

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

41 24 0

59 76 50

0.69 0.31 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................67 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................6 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......4

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................3 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.79

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%) ..........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................46 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................38

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

230 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Netherlands 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 17

0.744 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.749

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.740

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.738

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.725

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................74 2009 .................70 2008 .................70 2007 .................70 2006 .................56

85 82 84 85 73

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.77

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................97 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................4.57 2009 .......................................4.38 2008 .......................................4.22 2007 .......................................4.51 2006 .......................................4.53 1

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................90 2008 .................89 2007 .................90 2006 .................81

88 88 88 89 89

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.78 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.53

2010 .................64 2009 .................63 2008 .................62 2007 .................62 2006 .................62

58 58 58 57 57

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 39,845 39,035 38,389

1.01 1.02 1.01 1.01 0.91

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........31,048 2009 ..........26,207 2008 ..........25,625 2007 ..........24,652 2006 ..........20,512

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.11 1.09 1.08 1.08 1.08 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................28 2008 .................26 2007 .................26 2006 .................26

73 72 74 74 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.38 0.35 0.35 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................50 2008 .................50 2007 .................48 2006 .................48

50 50 50 52 52

Female

Male

2010 .................41 2009 .................41 2008 .................39 2007 .................37 2006 .................37

59 59 61 63 63

Female-to-male ratio

0.69 0.70 0.65 0.58 0.58 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.92

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................36 2006 .................36

76 67 67 64 64

Female-to-male ratio

0.31 0.50 0.50 0.56 0.56

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................96 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 96 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 231

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New Zealand 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.781

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.27 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.96 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................64.01 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................24,872

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1893 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.774

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................42 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................25 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................29 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............18 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.85 0.75 0.69 0.67 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................98

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.379

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................15 Women in ministerial positions.................................26 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................8

0.51 0.40 0.28

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

72 85 — — 22,456 32,375 40 60 55 45

0.85 0.75 0.69 0.67 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 99 90 64

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.03 1.48 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 72

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 100 92 94

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

34 29 11

66 71 39

0.51 0.40 0.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................94 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................75 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage..........................................State funds (universal and social assistance system) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................9 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....29

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.39

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

232 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 233

New Zealand 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.781

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.788

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.786

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.765

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.751

0.4

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................72 2009 .................71 2008 .................72 2007 .................71 2006 .................60

85 84 83 83 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.85 0.85 0.86 0.85 0.82

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 99 99 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................5.22 2009 .......................................5.36 2008 .......................................5.29 2007 .......................................5.09 2006 .......................................4.41 1

Female

Male

2010 .................92 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007..................— 2006 .................96

90 91 91 — 93

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.69 0.72 0.70 0.70 0.68

2010 .................94 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 ...............103 2006 .................74

64 64 64 70 53

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

32,375 29,391 29,479 27,711 26,960

1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........22,456 2009 ..........21,181 2008 ..........20,666 2007 ..........19,264 2006 ..........18,379

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.48 1.49 1.51 1.47 1.40 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................36 2006 .................36

60 60 60 64 64

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.67 0.65 0.66 0.56 0.56

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................54 2008 .................52 2007 .................52 2006 .................52

45 46 48 48 48

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................34 2008 .................33 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

66 66 67 68 68

Female-to-male ratio

0.51 0.51 0.49 0.47 0.47 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.25 1.18 1.08 1.08 1.08

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................29 2009 .................32 2008 .................32 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

71 68 68 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

0.40 0.47 0.47 0.30 0.30

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 .................11 2007 .................10 2006 ...................9

39 39 39 40 41

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.27 0.27 0.25 0.22 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 233

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Nicaragua 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.718

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................5.67 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.28 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................5.13 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,416

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.70 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1950 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.591

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................97 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............109 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................120 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............14 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.61 0.55 0.34 0.70 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................50 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................69

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.304

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................55 Women in ministerial positions...................................9 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................12

0.26 0.63 0.15

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

50 — 1,293 41 51

81 — 3,854 59 49

0.61 0.55 0.34 0.70 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

78 92 42 17

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.16 1.09 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 63

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

78 92 48 19

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

21 38 7

79 62 43

0.26 0.63 0.15 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................74 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................72 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................23 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................60; if the worker is not entitled to social security benefits, the employer shall cover the full cost of benefit Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................170 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...109

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................38 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.99

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................46

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

234 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 235

Nicaragua 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 30

0.718

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.700

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.675

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.646

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.657

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................40 2008 .................37 2007 .................37 2006 .................36

81 89 88 87 86

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.61 0.45 0.43 0.42 0.41

2010 .................92 2009 .................96 2008 .................90 2007 .................86 2006 .................87

92 95 90 88 89

Year

2010 .......................................3.85 2009 .......................................4.03 2008 .......................................4.10 2007 .......................................3.67 2006 .......................................3.52 1

Female

Male

2010 .................48 2009 .................49 2008 .................47 2007 .................46 2006 .................43

42 42 40 40 38

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.34 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.45

2010 .................19 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007..................— 2006 .................19

17 17 17 — 17

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

3,854 3,703 5,577 5,524 4,512

1.16 1.15 1.16 1.15 1.13

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,293 2009 ............1,182 2008 ............1,773 2007 ............1,747 2006 ............2,018

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.09 1.08 1.08 1.11 1.11 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................41 2009 .................41 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

59 0.70 59 0.70 — — — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................51 2009 .................51 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 .................19 2006 .................21

79 82 82 82 79

Female-to-male ratio

0.26 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.26 0

Female-to-male ratio

49 1.05 49 1.05 — — — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

62 67 67 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.50 0.50 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................78 2009 .................81 2008 .................81 2007 .................77 2006 .................77

78 79 80 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 1.02 1.02 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

43 43 43 43 43

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Nigeria 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

118

0.606

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................151.21 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.34 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................74.18 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,950

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1958 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.604

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................114 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................10 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................110 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.53 0.78 0.42 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

124

0.807

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................121 Enrolment in primary education..............................124 Enrolment in secondary education ........................123 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................108

0.68 0.90 0.77 0.70

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

120

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................102 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

111

0.050

0.179

Women in parliament................................................117 Women in ministerial positions.................................89 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.08 0.11 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

40 — 1,163 — —

75 — 2,777 — —

0.53 0.78 0.42 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

72 64 29 12

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.68 0.90 0.77 0.70 Female-to-male ratio

— 42

0.94 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

49 58 22 8

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

7 10 0

93 90 50

0.08 0.11 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................35 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................15 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................96 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................50 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..........................1100 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...126

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................21 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.92

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................48 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................34 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................17

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.19 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

236 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 237

Nigeria 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 118

0.606

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

108

0.628

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

102

0.634

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

107

0.612

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.610

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................47 2008 .................47 2007 .................39 2006 .................40

85 86 86 72 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.53 0.54 0.54 0.55 0.53

2010 .................58 2009 .................60 2008 .................59 2007 .................81 2006 .................57

64 68 68 95 64

Year

2010 .......................................5.48 2009 .......................................5.70 2008 .......................................6.16 2007 .......................................4.95 2006 .......................................5.64 1

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

29 28 28 29 30

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.42 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

12 12 12 13 13

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

2,777 2,650 1,592 1,628 1,495

0.77 0.82 0.82 0.86 0.83

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,163 2009 ............1,054 2008 ...............652 2007 ...............669 2006 ...............614

Female-to-male ratio

0.90 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.89

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.70 0.67 0.67 0.54 0.54 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................6

93 93 93 93 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

90 77 77 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.30 0.30 0.11 0.11

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................49 2009 .................63 2008 .................64 2007 .................59 2006 .................59

72 79 80 74 74

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.80

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 237

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:58 AM Page 238

Norway 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.840

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.77 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.25 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................202.31 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................47,676

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................32 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1913 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.831

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................8 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................22 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................1 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............49 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.94 0.75 1.00 0.46 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................98

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.561

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................7 Women in ministerial positions...................................1 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................10

0.66 1.00 0.25

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

76 81 — — 40,000 40,000 31 69 51 49

0.94 0.75 1.00 0.46 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 99 96 56

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.62 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 72

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 99 96 91

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

40 53 10

60 47 40

0.66 1.11 0.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................88 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave..................................................46–56 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..........Parental benefits are paid either at 100% for 46 weeks or at 80% for 56 weeks; prior to 1 July 2009, parental benefits paid 100% for 44 weeks 80% for 54 weeks Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................7 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......9

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................2 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................49 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.88

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................73 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................58 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................41

238 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 239

Norway 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.840

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.823

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.824

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.806

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.799

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................75 2008 .................77 2007 .................77 2006 .................63

81 81 83 84 73

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.94 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.87

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................98 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 99 98 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................5.27 2009 .......................................5.15 2008 .......................................5.26 2007 .......................................4.95 2006 .......................................4.61 1

Female

Male

2010 .................96 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

96 97 96 96 96

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.75

2010 .................91 2009 .................94 2008 .................94 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

56 60 61 64 64

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000

1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........40,000 2009 ..........31,663 2008 ..........30,749 2007 ..........33,034 2006 ..........32,272

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.62 1.57 1.54 1.54 1.54 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................32 2008 .................34 2007 .................29 2006 .................30

69 68 66 71 70

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.46 0.47 0.51 0.41 0.43

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................51 2008 .................50 2007 .................50 2006 .................50

49 49 50 50 50

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................38 2006 .................38

60 64 64 62 62

Female-to-male ratio

0.66 0.56 0.56 0.61 0.61 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.06 1.04 1.00 1.00 1.00

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................56 2008 .................56 2007 .................44 2006 .................44

47 44 44 56 56

Female-to-male ratio

1.11 1.25 1.25 0.80 0.80

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

99 100 99 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

40 40 40 40 40

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 239

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 240

Oman 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

122

0.595

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.79 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.14 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................27.20 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................23,333

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.10 Year women received right to vote ............................................1994, 2003 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.29 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

129

0.400

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................127 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................61 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................129 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........112 Professional and technical workers ......................100

0.34 0.67 0.23 0.10 0.49

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.978

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................98 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................87 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.90 1.00 0.99 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................72

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

128

0.026

0.179

Women in parliament................................................129 Women in ministerial positions.................................92 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.00 0.10 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

27 79 — — 7,697 32,797 9 91 33 67

0.34 0.67 0.23 0.10 0.49 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

90 67 79 27

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.90 1.03 0.99 1.18 Female-to-male ratio

— 67

— 64

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

81 69 78 32

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

0 9 0

100 91 50

0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................24 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................10 Length of maternity leave ....................................................................— Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................................— Provider of maternity coverage ..........................................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................64 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....11

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................22 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.92

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................64 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................57 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................33

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

240 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 241

Oman 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 122

0.595

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

123

0.594

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

118

0.596

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

119

0.590

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................27 2009 .................27 2008 .................25 2007 .................24 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

79 0.34 79 0.34 82 0.30 83 0.29 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .......................................4.68 2009 .......................................4.93 2008 .......................................5.39 2007 .......................................4.82 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................78 2009 .................79 2008 .................77 2007 .................76 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

32,797 0.23 32,361 0.20 23,880 0.19 23,676 0.18 — —

Female

2010 .................32 2009 .................28 2008 .................26 2007 .................16 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

79 0.99 78 1.01 77 0.99 75 1.02 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............7,697 2009 ............6,466 2008 ............4,516 2007 ............4,273 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

67 1.03 72 1.02 73 1.02 75 1.01 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................69 2009 .................74 2008 .................75 2007 .................76 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

27 1.18 23 1.18 25 1.04 13 1.22 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

91 0.10 91 0.10 91 0.10 91 0.10 — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................33 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................2 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

100 0.00 100 0.00 100 0.00 98 0.02 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

67 0.49 67 0.49 67 0.49 67 0.49 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 .................10 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

91 0.10 91 0.10 91 0.10 90 0.11 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................81 2009 .................77 2008 .................77 2007 .................74 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

90 0.90 89 0.86 89 0.87 87 0.85 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 241

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 242

Pakistan 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

132

0.546

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................166.11 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.14 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................108.00 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,381

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................4.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1956 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.06 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

133

0.306

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................134 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............106 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................132 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........124 Professional and technical workers ......................109

0.26 0.57 0.18 0.03 0.28

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

127

0.770

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................127 Enrolment in primary education..............................132 Enrolment in secondary education ........................125 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................98

0.60 0.83 0.76 0.85

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

122

0.956

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................130

0.94 0.98

0.92 1.04

0.155

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................43 Women in ministerial positions...............................100 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................19

0.29 0.08 0.10

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

22 — 760 3 22

88 — 4,135 97 78

0.26 0.57 0.18 0.03 0.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

67 72 37 6

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.60 0.83 0.76 0.85 Female-to-male ratio

— 55

— 56

0.95 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

40 60 28 5

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

22 8 5

78 93 45

0.29 0.08 0.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................39 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................30 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................72 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; coverage for employees of industrial, commercial, and other establishments with five or more workers; special systems for public-sector employees, members of the armed forces, police officers, local authority employees, and railway employees Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................320 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....20

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................13 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.88

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.05 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................47 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................51 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................37

242 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 243

Pakistan 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 132

0.546

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

132

0.546

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

127

0.555

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

126

0.551

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

112

0.543

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................22 2008 .................34 2007 .................34 2006 .................33

88 87 85 86 83

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.26 0.25 0.40 0.39 0.39

2010 .................60 2009 .................57 2008 .................57 2007 .................59 2006 .................56

72 73 73 77 76

Year

2010 .......................................3.96 2009 .......................................4.05 2008 .......................................4.06 2007 .......................................4.17 2006 .......................................3.84 1

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................26 2007 .................18 2006..................—

37 37 33 24 —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.18 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.34

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................3

6 6 5 5 4

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

4,135 3,569 3,607 3,403 3,082

0.76 0.76 0.77 0.74 0.73

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............760 2009 ............1,076 2008 ............1,059 2007 ...............977 2006 ............1,050

Female-to-male ratio

0.83 0.78 0.78 0.76 0.73

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.85 0.85 0.85 0.88 0.80 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................2

97 97 97 98 98

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................25 2008 .................26 2007 .................26 2006 .................26

78 75 74 74 74

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

78 78 78 79 79

Female-to-male ratio

0.29 0.29 0.29 0.27 0.27 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.35

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

93 96 96 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................36 2006 .................36

67 68 69 63 63

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.60 0.58 0.59 0.57 0.57

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

45 45 45 45 45

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 243

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 244

Panama 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.707

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................3.40 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.65 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................18.97 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................11,870

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.60 Year women received right to vote ............................................1941, 1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.693

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................96 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............100 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................69 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............5 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.62 0.59 0.58 0.93 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.993

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................66 Enrolment in primary education................................88 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.975

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................74

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.168

0.179

Women in parliament................................................110 Women in ministerial positions.................................31 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................17

0.09 0.36 0.11

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

53 85 — — 8,331 14,397 48 52 53 47

0.62 0.59 0.58 0.93 1.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

94 99 63 35

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 0.99 1.10 1.59 Female-to-male ratio

— 68

— 65

0.96 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

93 98 69 56

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

8 27 5

92 73 45

0.09 0.36 0.11 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................91 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%) ..............................— Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................19 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; if the worker is not entitled to social security benefits, the employer shall cover the full cost of benefit Provider of maternity coverage ......................Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................130 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....85

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.43

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................76 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................47

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.05 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.17

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

244 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Panama 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 39

0.707

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.702

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.710

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.695

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.693

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................52 2008 .................56 2007 .................55 2006 .................51

85 85 83 83 79

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.62 0.62 0.68 0.66 0.64

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 98

Year

2010 .......................................4.10 2009 .......................................4.23 2008 .......................................4.02 2007 .......................................4.14 2006 .......................................4.22 1

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................67 2008 .................67 2007 .................67 2006 .................67

63 61 61 61 61

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.62 0.57 0.56 0.51

2010 .................56 2009 .................56 2008 .................56 2007 .................55 2006 .................57

35 35 35 34 35

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

1.10 1.11 1.11 1.09 1.10

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............8,331 14,397 2009 ............7,728 12,481 2008 ............5,537 9,636 2007 ............5,219 9,300 2006 ............4,597 9,069

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.59 1.61 1.61 1.63 1.59 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................48 2009 .................44 2008 .................45 2007 .................39 2006 .................40

52 56 55 61 60

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.93 0.77 0.82 0.64 0.67

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................52 2008 .................49 2007 .................51 2006 .................50

47 48 51 49 50

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................9 2008 .................17 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

92 92 83 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.09 0.20 0.20 0.20 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.13 1.07 0.96 1.04 1.00

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

73 77 77 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.36 0.30 0.30 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................93 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................91 2006 .................92

94 94 94 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

45 45 45 45 45

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Paraguay 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.680

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................6.24 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.80 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................9.45 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,107

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1961 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.637

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................89 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............114 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................51 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............36 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.67 0.53 0.64 0.52 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.996

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................74 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................69

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.113

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................87 Women in ministerial positions.................................45 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.14 0.28 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

59 — 3,439 34 50

88 — 5,405 66 50

0.67 0.53 0.64 0.52 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

96 90 57 24

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.98 1.00 1.07 1.35 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 63

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

93 90 60 33

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

13 22 0

88 78 50

0.14 0.28 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................88 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................79 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................24 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................50; 9 weeks coverage Provider of maternity coverage ..................Social insurance system Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................150 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....65

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................40 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.04

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................72 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.17

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

246 Country Profiles

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Paraguay 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 69

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.687

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

100

0.638

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.666

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.656

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................59 2009 .................74 2008 .................69 2007 .................69 2006 .................65

88 86 87 87 84

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.67 0.86 0.80 0.79 0.77

2010 .................90 2009 .................95 2008 .................95 2007..................— 2006..................—

90 94 94 — —

Year

2010 .......................................3.71 2009 .......................................3.72 2008 .......................................3.79 2007 .......................................4.08 2006 .......................................3.66 1

Female

Male

2010 .................60 2009 .................59 2008 .................59 2007..................— 2006..................—

57 56 56 — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.60 0.34 0.41 0.33

2010 .................33 2009 .................27 2008 .................27 2007..................— 2006 .................28

24 24 24 — 21

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

5,405 5,021 6,892 6,806 7,000

1.07 1.06 1.06 1.02 1.02

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............3,439 2009 ............3,019 2008 ............2,358 2007 ............2,789 2006 ............2,316

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.01 1.01 0.96 0.96

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.35 1.13 1.13 1.37 1.37 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................35 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

66 65 77 77 77

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.52 0.53 0.30 0.30 0.30

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................50 2008 .................23 2007 .................54 2006 .................54

50 50 77 46 46

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................13 2008 .................10 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

88 88 90 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.14 0.14 0.11 0.11 0.11 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.01 0.30 1.17 1.17

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 .................31 2006 .................31

78 81 81 69 69

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.23 0.23 0.45 0.45

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................93 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................51 2006 .................51

96 94 94 63 63

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.98 0.98 0.99 0.81 0.80

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Peru 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.690

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................28.84 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.14 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................84.24 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................7,841

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.60 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1955 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.620

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................60 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................88 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................64 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............87 Professional and technical workers ........................77

0.80 0.62 0.59 0.24 0.84

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.980

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................101 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

107

0.966

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................115

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.193

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................27 Women in ministerial positions.................................43 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................35

0.38 0.29 0.01

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

62 — 5,828 19 46

78 — 9,835 81 54

0.80 0.62 0.59 0.24 0.84 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 94 75 33

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.89 1.00 1.00 1.06 Female-to-male ratio

— 67

— 66

0.96 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

85 95 75 36

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

28 22 1

73 78 50

0.38 0.29 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................71 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................71 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................22 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage......................Social security system Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................240 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....59

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................8 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................38 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.54

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................65 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................44 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.05 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

248 Country Profiles

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Peru 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 60

0.690

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.702

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.696

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.662

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.662

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................65 2008 .................62 2007 .................61 2006 .................59

78 85 83 84 82

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.72

2010 .................95 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

94 95 96 97 97

Year

2010 .......................................4.34 2009 .......................................4.33 2008 .......................................4.07 2007 .......................................3.85 2006 .......................................3.95 1

Female

Male

2010 .................75 2009 .................77 2008 .................72 2007 .................69 2006 .................69

75 76 72 69 69

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.59 0.56 0.55 0.41 0.27

2010 .................36 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................34 2006 .................34

33 34 34 33 33

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

9,835 9,096 7,791 8,036 8,256

1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............5,828 2009 ............5,059 2008 ............4,269 2007 ............3,294 2006 ............2,231

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.06 1.06 1.06 1.03 1.03 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................19 2009 .................30 2008 .................28 2007 .................19 2006 .................23

81 70 72 81 77

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.24 0.42 0.39 0.23 0.30

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................46 2009 .................46 2008 .................42 2007 .................44 2006 .................47

54 54 58 56 53

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................29 2007 .................29 2006 .................29

73 73 71 71 71

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.41 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.84 0.86 0.72 0.79 0.89

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

78 71 71 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.29 0.42 0.42 0.13 0.13

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................84 2008 .................86 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

95 94 95 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.89 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.88

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 249

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Philippines 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.765

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................90.35 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.82 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................110.71 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................3,216

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1937 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.761

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................93 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................17 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................67 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............1 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.63 0.76 0.58 1.00 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.321

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................56 Women in ministerial positions.................................70 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................6

0.25 0.16 0.46

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

51 — 2,506 55 62

80 — 4,293 45 38

0.63 0.76 0.58 1.21 1.64 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

93 91 55 26

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.01 1.02 1.19 1.24 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 59

0.95 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

94 93 66 32

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

20 14 16

80 86 34

0.25 0.16 0.46 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................60 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................51 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................26 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................60 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................230 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....55

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.70

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................87 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................76 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................56

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.17

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

250 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Philippines 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.765

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.758

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.757

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.763

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.752

0.4

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................51 2008 .................58 2007 .................57 2006 .................55

80 82 85 85 83

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.63 0.62 0.68 0.67 0.66

2010 .................93 2009 .................92 2008 .................92 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

91 90 90 93 93

Year

2010 .......................................5.34 2009 .......................................5.21 2008 .......................................5.27 2007 .......................................5.73 2006 .......................................5.10 1

Female

Male

2010 .................66 2009 .................67 2008 .................66 2007 .................67 2006 .................67

55 56 55 56 56

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.61 0.61 0.60 0.59

2010 .................32 2009 .................32 2008 .................32 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

26 25 25 25 25

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

4,293 3,899 6,375 5,763 5,409

1.19 1.20 1.21 1.20 1.20

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............2,506 2009 ............2,394 2008 ............3,883 2007 ............3,449 2006 ............3,213

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.24 1.24 1.24 1.28 1.28 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................57 2008 .................58 2007 .................58 2006 .................58

45 43 42 42 42

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

1.21 1.33 1.38 1.38 1.38

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................63 2008 .................62 2007 .................61 2006 .................62

38 37 38 39 38

Female

Male

2010 .................20 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................15 2006 .................16

80 80 80 85 84

Female-to-male ratio

0.25 0.26 0.26 0.17 0.19 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.64 1.70 1.63 1.56 1.63

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

86 91 91 75 75

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.10 0.10 0.33 0.33

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................94 2009 .................94 2008 .................94 2007 .................93 2006 .................93

93 93 93 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.01 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00

2010 .................16 2009 .................15 2008 .................14 2007 .................12 2006 .................11

34 35 36 38 39

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.46 0.42 0.38 0.33 0.29 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Poland 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.704

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................38.13 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.01 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................237.21 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................16,705

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.93 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.653

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................56 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............122 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................66 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............28 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.81 0.50 0.59 0.57 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................56 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................109 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.184

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................56 Women in ministerial positions.................................27 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................31

0.25 0.38 0.03

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

56 70 — — 11,957 20,292 36 64 60 40

0.81 0.50 0.59 0.57 1.52 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 95 93 56

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.02 1.40 Female-to-male ratio

— 70

— 64

0.94 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 96 95 78

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

20 28 1

80 72 49

0.25 0.38 0.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................6 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ......................Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................8 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....13

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................8 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................47 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.13

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................84 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

252 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Poland 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 43

0.704

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.700

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.695

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.676

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.680

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................57 2008 .................57 2007 .................58 2006 .................48

70 69 68 69 61

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.81 0.83 0.84 0.84 0.78

2010 .................96 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

95 95 96 97 97

Year

2010 .......................................3.53 2009 .......................................3.15 2008 .......................................2.76 2007 .......................................2.75 2006 .......................................3.29 1

Female

Male

2010 .................95 2009 .................95 2008 .................94 2007 .................92 2006 .................92

93 93 93 89 89

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.59 0.60 0.60 0.59 0.62

2010 .................78 2009 .................78 2008 .................77 2007 .................72 2006 .................72

56 56 55 51 51

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

20,292 18,466 17,493 16,400 14,147

1.02 1.02 1.02 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........11,957 2009 ..........11,084 2008 ..........10,414 2007 ............9,746 2006 ............8,769

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.40 1.40 1.40 1.41 1.41 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................36 2009 .................36 2008 .................35 2007 .................34 2006 .................34

64 64 65 66 66

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.57 0.57 0.55 0.52 0.52

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................60 2009 .................60 2008 .................61 2007 .................61 2006 .................61

40 40 39 39 39

Female

Male

2010 .................20 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

80 80 80 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

0.25 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.26 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.52 1.48 1.56 1.56 1.56

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

72 74 74 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.36 0.36 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................98 2008 .................99 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

49 49 49 49 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Portugal 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.717

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................10.62 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.13 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................121.45 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................20,607

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ............................................1931, 1976 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.94 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.672

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................35 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............103 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................62 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............50 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.87 0.58 0.60 0.45 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................81 Enrolment in primary education................................87 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................121 Healthy life expectancy..............................................56

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.233

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................28 Women in ministerial positions.................................21 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................36

0.38 0.45 0.01

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

69 79 — — 17,154 28,762 31 69 52 48

0.87 0.58 0.60 0.45 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

97 99 84 51

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.96 0.99 1.09 1.22 Female-to-male ratio

— 73

— 69

0.94 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

93 98 92 63

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

27 31 0

73 69 50

0.38 0.45 0.01 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................67 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................3 Length of maternity leave .........................................................120 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................11 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....17

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.15

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................82 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................69 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................43

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

254 Country Profiles

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Portugal 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 32

0.717

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.701

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.705

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.696

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.692

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................68 2008 .................69 2007 .................68 2006 .................56

79 79 80 80 70

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.87 0.86 0.86 0.85 0.79

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................98 2006 .................99

99 99 98 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................4.03 2009 .......................................4.18 2008 .......................................4.52 2007 .......................................4.35 2006 .......................................4.53 1

Female

Male

2010 .................92 2009 .................92 2008 .................86 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

84 84 78 78 78

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.60 0.61 0.59 0.59 0.54

2010 .................63 2009 .................62 2008 .................61 2007 .................65 2006 .................65

51 51 48 49 49

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

28,762 26,061 25,881 24,971 23,829

1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........17,154 2009 ..........15,842 2008 ..........15,294 2007 ..........14,635 2006 ..........12,853

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.22 1.22 1.28 1.32 1.32 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................32 2008 .................33 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

69 68 67 68 68

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.45 0.46 0.49 0.47 0.47

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................51 2008 .................51 2007 .................52 2006 .................52

48 49 49 48 48

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................28 2008 .................28 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

73 72 72 79 79

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.39 0.39 0.27 0.27 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.07 1.03 1.04 1.08 1.08

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

69 88 88 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

0.45 0.14 0.14 0.20 0.20

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................93 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

97 96 97 96 95

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.96 0.96 0.97 0.96 0.95

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 255

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Qatar 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

117

0.606

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................1.28 Population growth (%) ...........................................................................11.87 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................29.27 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................63,151

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................2003 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................3.07 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

116

0.483

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................112 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................80 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................56 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........120 Professional and technical workers ......................113

0.55 0.64 0.61 0.07 0.24

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................80 Enrolment in primary education................................91 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

126

0.952

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................133

0.94 0.97

0.92 1.04

131

0.000

0.179

Women in parliament................................................129 Women in ministerial positions...............................128 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

51 93 — — 24,584 40,000 7 93 20 80

0.55 0.64 0.61 0.07 0.24 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

94 95 67 5

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.96 0.99 1.47 6.05 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 68

0.95 0.97 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

90 94 98 31

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

0 0 0

100 100 50

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................43 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................7 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................50 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................12 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....16

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................13 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................2 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................13 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.83

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................56 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................37

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

256 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Qatar 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 117

0.606

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

125

0.591

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

119

0.595

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

109

0.604

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................51 2009 .................42 2008 .................37 2007 .................37 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

93 0.55 92 0.46 89 0.42 90 0.41 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .......................................4.48 2009 .......................................4.55 2008 .......................................5.12 2007 .......................................4.98 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................98 2009 .................92 2008 .................90 2007 .................89 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ..........24,584 40,000 0.61 2009 ............9,935 40,000 0.25 2008 ............9,211 37,774 0.24 2007..................— — — 2006..................— — —

Female

2010 .................31 2009 .................27 2008 .................33 2007 .................34 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

67 1.47 94 0.98 91 0.99 91 0.98 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Male

Enrolment in secondary education Score

Female

Female-to-male ratio

95 0.99 93 1.00 93 1.01 96 1.00 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................94 2009 .................93 2008 .................94 2007 .................96 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

5 6.05 9 2.87 10 3.41 10 3.37 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 ...................7 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................8 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

93 0.07 93 0.08 92 0.09 92 0.09 — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................20 2009 .................26 2008 .................24 2007 .................24 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

100 0.00 100 0.00 100 0.00 100 0.00 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

80 0.24 74 0.34 76 0.32 76 0.32 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................8 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

100 0.00 92 0.08 92 0.08 92 0.08 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................90 2009 .................90 2008 .................90 2007 .................89 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

94 0.96 90 1.00 90 1.00 89 0.99 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 257

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 258

Romania 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.683

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................21.51 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.15 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................61.20 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................10,796

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ............................................1929, 1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.708

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................63 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................44 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................34 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............62 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.79 0.70 0.68 0.42 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................67 Enrolment in primary education................................76 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................94 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 0.99 0.97 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.977

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................112 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

109

0.056

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................93 Women in ministerial positions...............................112 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.13 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

54 68 — — 10,053 14,808 29 71 56 44

0.79 0.70 0.68 0.42 1.29 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

98 91 74 56

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 0.99 0.97 1.34 Female-to-male ratio

— 68

— 63

0.94 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

97 90 72 75

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

11 6 0

89 94 50

0.13 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................70 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................11 Length of maternity leave ........................................126 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................85 Provider of maternity coverage ......................Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................24 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....35

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................46 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.03

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................67 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................43

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

258 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 259

Romania 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 67

0.683

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.681

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.676

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.686

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.680

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................54 2009 .................55 2008 .................54 2007 .................55 2006 .................50

68 68 67 68 63

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.79 0.81 0.81 0.81 0.80

2010 .................90 2009 .................94 2008 .................93 2007 .................92 2006 .................92

91 94 93 92 92

Year

2010 .......................................4.91 2009 .......................................4.89 2008 .......................................4.52 2007 .......................................4.75 2006 .......................................4.45 1

Female

Male

2010 .................72 2009 .................72 2008 .................73 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

74 74 74 80 80

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.68 0.70 0.69 0.65 0.58

2010 .................75 2009 .................67 2008 .................59 2007 .................45 2006 .................45

56 50 46 36 36

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

14,808 12,286 10,761 10,325 9,261

0.97 0.97 0.98 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........10,053 2009 ............8,648 2008 ............7,443 2007 ............6,723 2006 ............5,391

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.34 1.33 1.30 1.26 1.26 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................29 2009 .................28 2008 .................30 2007 .................29 2006 .................31

71 72 70 71 69

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.42 0.39 0.43 0.41 0.45

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................56 2008 .................57 2007 .................57 2006 .................57

44 44 43 43 43

Female

Male

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 ...................9 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

89 89 91 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.13 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.13 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.29 1.28 1.33 1.33 1.33

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 .................13 2006 .................13

94 100 100 88 88

0.07 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.14

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................97 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

98 98 98 98 98

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.98

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 259

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Russian Federation 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.704

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................141.95 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.11 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................430.12 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................13,554

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1918 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.86 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.736

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................16 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................68 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................46 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............24 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.91 0.66 0.64 0.59 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................102 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.100

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................82 Women in ministerial positions.................................61 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.16 0.20 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

69 76 — — 11,675 18,171 37 63 64 36

0.91 0.66 0.64 0.59 1.80 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 91 — 66

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.36 Female-to-male ratio

— 65

— 55

0.94 1.18 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 91 — 89

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

14 17 0

86 83 50

0.16 0.20 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................9 Length of maternity leave ........................................140 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .......100, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ......................Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................28 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....28

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................81 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................55

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

260 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 261

Russian Federation 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 45

0.704

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.699

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.699

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.687

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.677

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................69 2008 .................67 2007 .................67 2006 .................54

76 76 76 75 68

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.91 0.91 0.89 0.89 0.80

2010 .................91 2009 .................91 2008 .................91 2007 .................92 2006 .................92

91 91 91 91 91

Year

2010 .......................................4.60 2009 .......................................4.64 2008 .......................................4.78 2007 .....................................— 2006 .......................................4.03 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62 0.64

2010 .................89 2009 .................86 2008 .................83 2007 .................79 2006 .................79

66 64 61 58 58

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

18,171 16,474 13,581 12,401 11,429

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........11,675 2009 ..........10,360 2008 ............8,476 2007 ............7,735 2006 ............7,302

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.36 1.35 1.36 1.36 1.36 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................37 2009 .................39 2008 .................39 2007 .................38 2006 .................39

63 61 61 62 61

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.59 0.63 0.64 0.61 0.64

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................64 2008 .................64 2007 .................64 2006 .................64

36 36 36 36 36

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................14 2008 .................14 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

86 86 86 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.11 0.11 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.80 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................17 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

83 90 90 100 100

0.20 0.11 0.11 0.00 0.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 .................99 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 261

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Saudi Arabia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

129

0.571

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................24.65 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.00 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................252.63 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................21,244

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.10 Year women received right to vote..........................................................— Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.21 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

132

0.335

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................132 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................96 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................133 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........116 Professional and technical workers ......................104

0.27 0.60 0.16 0.09 0.37

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.974

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................99 Enrolment in primary education................................95 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.90 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................65

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

131

0.000

0.179

Women in parliament................................................129 Women in ministerial positions...............................128 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

22 82 — — 5,987 36,662 8 92 27 73

0.27 0.60 0.16 0.09 0.37 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

90 85 70 23

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.90 0.99 1.08 1.65 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 61

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

80 84 76 37

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

0 0 0

100 100 50

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................91 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................24 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................18 Length of maternity leave ........................................................10 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .................50% or 100%, depending on the duration of employment Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................18 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......7

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................13 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................15 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.60

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................51 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................53 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................33

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation .....................................................................— Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................1.00

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

262 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 263

Saudi Arabia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 129

0.571

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

130

0.565

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

128

0.554

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

124

0.565

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

114

0.524

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................20 2008 .................19 2007 .................19 2006 .................18

82 82 82 80 78

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22

2010 .................84 2009 .................84 2008 .................87 2007 .................79 2006 .................91

85 85 87 77 62

Year

2010 .......................................4.21 2009 .......................................3.58 2008 .......................................3.52 2007 .......................................3.78 2006 .....................................— 1

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................76 2008 .................72 2007 .................68 2006 .................70

70 70 70 63 54

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.16 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.21

2010 .................37 2009 .................35 2008 .................35 2007 .................34 2006 ...................7

23 23 23 23 22

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

36,662 35,137 25,678 22,617 20,717

1.08 1.08 1.03 1.08 1.31

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............5,987 2009 ............5,938 2008 ............4,031 2007 ............3,486 2006 ............4,440

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 1.00 1.03 1.47

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.65 1.50 1.50 1.47 0.32 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 .................10 2008 ...................9 2007 .................31 2006 .................31

92 90 91 69 69

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.11 0.10 0.45 0.45

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................29 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

73 71 94 94 94

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

100 100 100 100 100

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.37 0.40 0.06 0.06 0.06

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

100 100 100 100 100

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................80 2009 .................78 2008 .................79 2007 .................69 2006 .................69

90 89 89 87 87

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.90 0.88 0.89 0.80 0.80

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 263

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 264

Senegal 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

101

0.641

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................12.21 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.64 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................6.55 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,637

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.00 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1945 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.644

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................80 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................69 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................79 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.73 0.66 0.55 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

122

0.821

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................125 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................124 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................113

0.63 1.00 0.76 0.54

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.973

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................87

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.127

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................41 Women in ministerial positions.................................73 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.29 0.15 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

66 — 1,178 — —

90 — 2,157 — —

0.73 0.66 0.55 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

52 72 28 10

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.63 1.02 0.76 0.54 Female-to-male ratio

— 52

— 50

0.97 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

33 74 22 6

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

23 13 0

77 87 50

0.29 0.15 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................52 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................12 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................57 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................980 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...100

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................14 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................11 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.10

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................29 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................14 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.28 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

264 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Singapore 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.691

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.84 Population growth (%) .............................................................................5.32 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................135.46 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................45,978

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1947 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.753

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................77 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................7 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................7 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............48 Professional and technical workers ........................78

0.74 0.80 0.86 0.46 0.82

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

103

0.937

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................88 Enrolment in primary education..............................123 Enrolment in secondary education ........................104 Enrolment in tertiary education................................—

0.94 0.93 0.95 —

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

100

0.968

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................126 Healthy life expectancy..............................................60

0.93 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.108

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................39 Women in ministerial positions...............................120 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.31 0.05 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

60 82 — — 34,554 40,000 31 69 45 55

0.74 0.80 0.86 0.46 0.82 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

97 — — —

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.94 0.93 0.95 — Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 71

0.93 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

92 — — —

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

23 5 0

77 95 50

0.31 0.05 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................62 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................2 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ..................................100; employer for first 8 weeks, government for last 4 weeks, up to a ceiling; for third and subsequent births, government for the full 12 weeks, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ...............Employer and government Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................14 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......6

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................46 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.79

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................67 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................35

266 Country Profiles

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 267

Singapore 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 56

0.691

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.666

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.663

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.661

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.655

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................60 2009 .................60 2008 .................57 2007 .................57 2006 .................51

82 83 82 83 76

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.74 0.73 0.69 0.68 0.66

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 .................48

— — — — 52

Year

2010 .......................................5.58 2009 .......................................5.56 2008 .......................................5.47 2007 .......................................5.74 2006 .......................................5.64 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 .................49

— — — — 51

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.86 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.51

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 39,150 37,125 32,089

0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........34,554 2009 ..........20,775 2008 ..........20,044 2007 ..........18,905 2006 ..........16,489

Female-to-male ratio

0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................31 2008 .................31 2007 .................26 2006 .................26

69 69 69 74 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.46 0.44 0.45 0.35 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................45 2008 .................44 2007 .................45 2006 .................45

55 55 56 55 55

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................25 2008 .................25 2007 .................25 2006 .................21

77 76 76 76 79

Female-to-male ratio

0.31 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.27 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.82 0.82 0.79 0.82 0.82

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

95 100 100 100 100

0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................92 2009 .................91 2008 .................92 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

97 97 97 97 97

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.94 0.94 0.94 0.92 0.92

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 267

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Slovak Republic 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.678

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................5.41 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.17 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................46.45 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................19,202

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1920 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.94 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.638

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................59 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............112 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................72 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............60 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.80 0.54 0.58 0.42 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.094

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................74 Women in ministerial positions.................................71 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.18 0.15 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

62 77 — — 14,790 25,684 30 70 59 41

0.80 0.54 0.58 0.42 1.45 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 91 — 42

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.01 1.58 Female-to-male ratio

— 70

— 64

0.95 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 92 — 66

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

15 13 0

85 87 50

0.18 0.15 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................80 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................6 Length of maternity leave ........................................................28 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................55 Provider of maternity coverage ......................Social Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................6 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....21

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.61

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................89 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................74 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................44

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

268 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Slovak Republic 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 71

0.678

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.685

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.682

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.676

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................62 2008 .................62 2007 .................62 2006 .................52

77 77 76 76 68

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.80 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.76

2010 .................92 2009 .................92 2008 .................92 2007..................— 2006..................—

91 92 92 — —

Year

2010 .......................................3.75 2009 .......................................3.78 2008 .......................................3.79 2007 .......................................4.17 2006 .......................................3.48 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.58 0.59 0.58 0.58 0.65

2010 .................66 2009 .................61 2008 .................53 2007 .................40 2006 .................38

42 41 38 33 33

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

25,684 22,583 20,218 18,617 16,463

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........14,790 2009 ..........13,311 2008 ..........11,777 2007 ..........10,856 2006 ..........10,681

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.58 1.49 1.42 1.23 1.18 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................30 2009 .................31 2008 .................28 2007 .................32 2006 .................35

70 69 72 68 65

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.42 0.45 0.39 0.47 0.54

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................59 2009 .................58 2008 .................58 2007 .................61 2006 .................61

41 42 42 39 39

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

85 81 81 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.45 1.40 1.38 1.56 1.56

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................13 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

87 87 87 100 100

0.15 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

99 100 99 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 269

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Slovenia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.705

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................2.02 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.16 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................27.86 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................24,807

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................31 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.723

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................24 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................57 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................58 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............32 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.88 0.67 0.61 0.55 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.998

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................74 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.975

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................116 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.123

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................79 Women in ministerial positions.................................43 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.17 0.29 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

67 75 — — 20,427 33,398 35 65 56 44

0.88 0.67 0.61 0.55 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 97 91 71

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.01 1.46 Female-to-male ratio

— 74

— 69

0.94 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 97 92 103

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

14 22 0

86 78 50

0.17 0.29 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................79 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................2 Length of maternity leave ........................................105 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .....................................................State Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................6 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......5

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................98 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................72 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................37

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

270 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Slovenia 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 42

0.705

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.698

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.694

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.684

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.675

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................67 2009 .................66 2008 .................67 2007 .................67 2006 .................54

75 75 76 76 67

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.88 0.89 0.88 0.80

2010 .................97 2009 .................96 2008 .................95 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

97 96 96 98 98

Year

2010 .......................................4.72 2009 .......................................4.71 2008 .......................................4.57 2007 .......................................4.44 2006 .......................................3.95 1

Female

Male

2010 .................92 2009 .................89 2008 .................91 2007 .................95 2006 .................95

91 88 90 94 94

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.61 0.62 0.61 0.61 0.62

2010 ...............103 2009 ...............102 2008 .................99 2007 .................86 2006 .................86

71 70 68 62 62

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

33,398 31,010 27,779 26,129 23,779

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........20,427 2009 ..........19,246 2008 ..........17,022 2007 ..........15,992 2006 ..........14,751

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.46 1.45 1.46 1.38 1.38 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................35 2009 .................34 2008 .................33 2007 .................34 2006 .................33

65 66 67 66 67

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.55 0.53 0.49 0.52 0.49

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................56 2008 .................56 2007 .................57 2006 .................56

44 44 44 43 44

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................13 2008 .................12 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

86 87 88 88 88

Female-to-male ratio

0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.25 1.27 1.27 1.33 1.27

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................18 2008 .................18 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

78 82 82 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.29 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.07

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 271

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South Africa 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.753

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................48.69 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.73 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................183.25 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................9,332

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................28 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.50 Year women received right to vote ............................................1930, 1994 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.673

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................71 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................66 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................61 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............59 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.76 0.66 0.60 0.43 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.996

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................70 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

101

0.968

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................106

0.94 1.02

0.92 1.04

0.377

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................2 Women in ministerial positions.................................14 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.80 0.52 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

51 67 — — 7,328 12,273 30 70 52 48

0.76 0.66 0.60 0.43 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

90 87 70 14

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.98 1.00 1.06 1.21 Female-to-male ratio

— 48

— 47

0.98 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

88 88 74 17

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

45 34 0

56 66 50

0.80 0.52 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................91 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................60 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................48 Length of maternity leave.........................................................4 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)..........Up to a maximum amount of 60% depending on the level of income Provider of maternity coverage ......Unemployment Insurance Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................400 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....54

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................26 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................20 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................44 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.92

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................77 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................53 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

272 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 9:59 AM Page 273

South Africa 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 12

0.753 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.771

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.723

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.719

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.712

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................50 2008 .................49 2007 .................49 2006 .................46

67 62 82 82 79

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.76 0.81 0.60 0.60 0.58

2010 .................88 2009 .................86 2008 .................88 2007 .................87 2006 .................89

87 86 88 87 88

Year

2010 .......................................4.61 2009 .......................................4.66 2008 .......................................4.69 2007 .......................................5.06 2006 .......................................4.47

Female

2010 .................74 2009 .................76 2008 .................66 2007..................— 2006 .................65 1

Male

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.60 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

2010 .................17 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................17 2006 .................17

14 14 14 14 14

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

12,273 12,637 15,446 15,521 14,326

70 1.06 71 1.06 59 1.11 — — 58 1.12

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............7,328 2009 ............5,647 2008 ............6,927 2007 ............7,014 2006 ............6,505

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.21 1.24 1.24 1.20 1.17 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................30 2009 .................34 2008 .................19 2007 .................19 2006 .................19

70 66 81 81 81

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.43 0.51 0.23 0.23 0.23

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................52 2009 .................55 2008 .................47 2007 .................47 2006 .................47

48 45 53 53 53

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................45 2008 .................33 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

56 56 67 67 67

Female-to-male ratio

0.80 0.80 0.49 0.49 0.49 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.10 1.22 0.89 0.89 0.89

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................45 2008 .................45 2007 .................41 2006 .................41

66 55 55 59 59

Female-to-male ratio

0.52 0.81 0.81 0.71 0.71

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................88 2009 .................87 2008 .................87 2007 .................81 2006 .................81

90 89 89 84 84

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.98 0.98 0.98 0.96 0.96

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 273

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Spain 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.755

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................45.56 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.50 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................742.85 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................27,066

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................29 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1931 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.624

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................69 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............117 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................81 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............43 Professional and technical workers ........................61

0.77 0.52 0.55 0.48 0.98

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.996

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................69 Enrolment in primary education................................66 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.975

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................116 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.426

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................14 Women in ministerial positions...................................1 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.58 1.00 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

63 82 — — 21,817 40,000 32 68 50 50

0.77 0.52 0.55 0.48 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

98 100 93 63

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.98 1.00 1.03 1.24 Female-to-male ratio

— 76

— 71

0.94 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

97 100 97 78

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

37 53 0

63 47 50

0.58 1.13 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................66 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................4 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....12

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................13 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................10 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................45 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.80

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................75 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................38

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

274 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Spain 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 11

0.755 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.734

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.728

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.744

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.732

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................63 2009 .................60 2008 .................58 2007 .................57 2006 .................45

82 82 81 81 68

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.77 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.66

2010 ...............100 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

100 100 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................3.62 2009 .......................................3.45 2008 .......................................3.20 2007 .......................................3.60 2006 .......................................3.13 1

Female

Male

2010 .................97 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

93 93 92 95 95

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.55 0.53 0.50 0.50 0.44

2010 .................78 2009 .................76 2008 .................74 2007 .................72 2006 .................72

63 62 61 59 59

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 38,280 36,324 33,648 31,322

1.03 1.03 1.03 1.04 1.04

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........21,817 2009 ..........20,174 2008 ..........18,335 2007 ..........16,751 2006 ..........13,854

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.24 1.24 1.23 1.22 1.22 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................32 2008 .................32 2007 .................32 2006 .................30

68 68 68 68 70

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.47 0.46 0.47 0.43

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................50 2009 .................49 2008 .................48 2007 .................47 2006 .................47

50 51 52 53 53

Female

Male

2010 .................37 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................36 2006 .................36

63 64 64 64 64

Female-to-male ratio

0.58 0.57 0.57 0.56 0.56 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.89

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................44 2008 .................44 2007 .................50 2006 .................50

47 56 56 50 50

Female-to-male ratio

1.13 0.78 0.78 1.00 1.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................97 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

98 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 275

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Sri Lanka 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.746

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................20.16 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.73 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................24.17 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,333

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1931 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.601

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................118 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................32 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................77 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............76 Professional and technical workers ........................72

0.47 0.73 0.56 0.32 0.89

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.993

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................79 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education................................—

0.97 1.00 1.00 —

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.410

0.179

Women in parliament................................................121 Women in ministerial positions...............................114 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................1

0.06 0.06 0.85

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

38 — 3,064 24 47

80 — 5,450 76 53

0.47 0.73 0.56 0.32 0.89 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

92 99 — —

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.97 1.01 1.05 — Female-to-male ratio

— 65

— 61

0.96 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

89 100 — —

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

5 6 23

95 94 27

0.06 0.06 0.85 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................68 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................13 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)................86% of wages for workers paid at a time or piece rate; employees covered by the Shop and Offices Employees Act receive 100% Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................58 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....28

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................8 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................31 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.20

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.33

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

276 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Sri Lanka 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 16

0.746 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.740

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.737

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.723

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.720

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................46 2008 .................38 2007 .................39 2006 .................35

80 79 81 82 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.47 0.58 0.47 0.47 0.45

2010 ...............100 2009 ...............100 2008 ...............100 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................5.13 2009 .......................................5.05 2008 .......................................5.14 2007 .......................................5.15 2006 .......................................4.49 1

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.56 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.51

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

5,450 5,636 6,479 6,158 5,009

1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............3,064 2009 ............2,186 2008 ............2,647 2007 ............2,561 2006 ............2,579

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................24 2008 .................22 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

76 76 78 79 79

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.32 0.31 0.27 0.27 0.27

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................46 2008 .................47 2007 .................46 2006 .................46

53 54 53 54 54

Female

Male

2010 ...................5 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

95 94 94 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.89 0.84 0.89 0.85 0.85

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 .................10 2006 .................10

94 94 94 90 90

Female-to-male ratio

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.11 0.11

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................89 2008 .................90 2007 .................89 2006 .................89

92 93 93 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.97 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.97

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................21 2006 .................21

27 27 27 29 29

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.85 0.86 0.86 0.72 0.72 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Suriname 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

102

0.641

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................0.52 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.93 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.35 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................6,835

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................19 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1948 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

123

0.449

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................103 Wage equality for similar work (survey).................— Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................104 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............68 Professional and technical workers ......................107

0.59 — 0.44 0.39 0.30

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.985

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................85 Enrolment in primary education................................94 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.95 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................122 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.154

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................35 Women in ministerial positions.................................60 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.33 0.20 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

42 72 — — 4,794 10,825 28 72 23 77

0.59 — 0.44 0.39 0.30 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

93 91 55 9

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.95 0.99 1.34 1.71 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 58

0.94 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

88 90 74 16

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

25 17 0

75 83 50

0.33 0.20 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................90 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................42 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................25 Length of maternity leave ....................................................................— Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................................— Provider of maternity coverage ..........................................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................72 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....63

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................10 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................38 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership*..................................................................—

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................93 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................60 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................48

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

278 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 279

Suriname 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 102

0.641

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.673

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.667

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.679

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................42 2009 .................41 2008 .................37 2007 .................37 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

72 0.59 70 0.59 70 0.52 70 0.52 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .....................................— 2009 .......................................4.20 2008 .......................................4.03 2007 .......................................4.46 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................74 2009 .................79 2008 .................79 2007 .................87 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ............4,794 10,825 0.44 2009 ............4,194 10,322 0.41 2008 ............4,426 11,029 0.40 2007..................— — — 2006..................— — —

Female

2010 .................16 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007..................— 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

55 1.34 57 1.38 57 1.38 63 1.39 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Male

Enrolment in secondary education Score

Female

Female-to-male ratio

91 0.99 93 1.02 95 1.03 93 1.04 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................90 2009 .................95 2008 .................98 2007 .................96 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

9 1.71 9 1.62 9 1.62 — — — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................28 2007 .................28 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

72 0.39 72 0.39 72 0.39 72 0.39 — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................23 2009 .................51 2008 .................51 2007 .................51 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 .................25 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007 .................26 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

75 0.33 75 0.34 75 0.34 75 0.34 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

77 0.30 49 1.04 49 1.04 49 1.04 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 .................17 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................12 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

83 0.20 83 0.20 83 0.20 88 0.13 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................88 2009 .................88 2008 .................88 2007 .................87 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

93 0.95 93 0.95 93 0.95 92 0.95 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 279

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Sweden 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.802

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................9.22 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.78 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................297.40 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................32,216

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................32 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ............................................1919, 1921 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.99 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.770

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................7 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................30 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................14 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............44 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.94 0.73 0.74 0.48 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.996

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................84 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.973

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................109 Healthy life expectancy..............................................82

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.471

0.179

Women in parliament....................................................1 Women in ministerial positions...................................6 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.87 0.82 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

77 82 — — 29,476 40,000 32 68 51 49

0.94 0.73 0.74 0.48 1.02 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 95 99 55

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.59 Female-to-male ratio

— 75

— 72

0.94 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 94 99 88

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

46 45 0

54 55 50

0.87 0.82 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)........................................— Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................75 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................2 Length of maternity leave .........................................................480 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................80, up to a ceiling for 390 days; flat rate for remaining 90 days Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................3 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......6

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................7 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................50 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.46

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................59 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................44

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

280 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Sweden 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries)

0.802

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.814

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.814

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.815

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.813

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................77 2009 .................77 2008 .................75 2007 .................75 2006 .................59

82 81 79 79 67

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.94 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.87

2010 .................94 2009 .................94 2008 .................95 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

95 94 95 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................5.14 2009 .......................................5.03 2008 .......................................5.09 2007 .......................................4.64 2006 .......................................4.96 1

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 ...............100 2006 ...............100

99 100 99 97 97

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.03 1.03 0

Estimated earned income (PPP US$)

Enrolment in tertiary education

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.74 0.84 0.81 0.81 0.69

2010 .................88 2009 .................92 2008 .................96 2007 ...............102 2006 ...............102

55 59 62 66 66

Female

Male

40,000 37,067 36,059 32,724 31,722

100

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........29,476 2009 ..........30,976 2008 ..........29,044 2007 ..........26,408 2006 ..........21,842

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

10,000

20,000

30,000

Female-to-male ratio

1.59 1.57 1.55 1.55 1.55 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................31 2008 .................32 2007 .................31 2006 .................30

68 69 68 69 70

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.46 0.48 0.45 0.43

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................51 2009 .................51 2008 .................51 2007 .................51 2006 .................51

49 49 49 49 49

Female

Male

2010 .................46 2009 .................47 2008 .................47 2007 .................47 2006 .................47

54 53 53 53 53

Female-to-male ratio

0.87 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.02 1.03 1.04 1.04 1.04

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................45 2009 .................48 2008 .................48 2007 .................52 2006 .................52

55 52 52 48 48

Female-to-male ratio

0.82 0.91 0.91 1.10 1.10

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Switzerland 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.756

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................7.65 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.27 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................289.63 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................38,027

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................29 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1971 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.95 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.727

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................31 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................67 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................9 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............58 Professional and technical workers ........................70

0.88 0.66 0.79 0.43 0.91

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.989

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................68 Enrolment in secondary education ........................102 Enrolment in tertiary education ................................89

1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.974

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................84

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

0.335

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................23 Women in ministerial positions...................................7 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................26

0.41 0.75 0.05

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

76 87 — — 31,442 40,000 30 70 48 52

0.88 0.66 0.79 0.43 0.91 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 94 87 49

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 Female-to-male ratio

— 76

— 73

0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 94 83 49

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

29 43 3

71 57 48

0.41 0.75 0.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................82 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................4 Length of maternity leave ........................................................14 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .........80, up to a ceiling Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................5 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......4

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.88

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................80 Female teachers, secondary education (%).....................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................35

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

282 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Switzerland 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 10

0.756

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.743

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.736

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.692

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.700

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................75 2008 .................76 2007 .................75 2006 .................60

87 87 87 88 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.86 0.87 0.86 0.80

2010 .................94 2009 .................89 2008 .................89 2007 .................94 2006 .................94

94 89 89 94 94

Year

2010 .......................................4.60 2009 .......................................4.51 2008 .......................................4.29 2007 .......................................4.78 2006 .......................................4.36 1

Female

Male

2010 .................83 2009 .................80 2008 .................80 2007 .................80 2006 .................80

87 84 84 86 86

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.79 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.90

2010 .................49 2009 .................45 2008 .................43 2007 .................42 2006 .................42

49 49 48 52 52

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 32,149

0.96 0.96 0.96 0.93 0.93

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........31,442 2009 ..........26,278 2008 ..........25,056 2007 ..........25,314 2006 ..........28,972

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 0.93 0.90 0.80 0.80 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................30 2009 .................30 2008 .................30 2007 .................27 2006 .................28

70 70 70 73 72

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.43 0.43 0.42 0.37 0.39

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................48 2009 .................46 2008 .................45 2007 .................46 2006 .................45

52 54 55 54 55

Female

Male

2010 .................29 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

71 72 72 75 75

Female-to-male ratio

0.41 0.40 0.40 0.33 0.33 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.91 0.87 0.82 0.85 0.82

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................43 2008 .................43 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

57 57 57 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.75 0.75 0.75 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................2 2008 ...................2 2007 ...................2 2006 ...................1

48 48 48 49 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 283

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Syria 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

124

0.593

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................20.58 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.45 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................27.37 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................4,295

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................25 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.30 Year women received right to vote ............................................1949, 1953 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

130

0.398

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................133 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................82 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................130 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........106 Professional and technical workers ........................85

0.27 0.64 0.20 0.11 0.70

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

104

0.936

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................104 Enrolment in primary education..............................120 Enrolment in secondary education ..........................91 Enrolment in tertiary education................................—

0.86 0.95 0.98 —

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................102 Healthy life expectancy..............................................68

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

107

0.060

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................89 Women in ministerial positions...............................112 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.14 0.07 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

22 — 1,512 10 41

82 — 7,452 90 59

0.27 0.64 0.20 0.11 0.70 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

90 97 68 —

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.86 0.95 0.98 — Female-to-male ratio

— 65

— 62

0.94 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

77 92 67 —

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

12 6 0

88 94 50

0.14 0.07 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................93 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................58 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................14 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................50 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................70 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................130 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....75

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................21 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................8 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................16 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.48

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................66 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................60 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

284 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 285

Syria 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 124

0.593

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

121

0.607

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

107

0.618

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

103

0.622

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................22 2009 .................22 2008 .................41 2007 .................40 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

82 0.27 80 0.27 90 0.45 89 0.45 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .......................................4.45 2009 .......................................4.78 2008 .......................................5.06 2007 .......................................4.59 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................67 2009 .................65 2008 .................61 2007 .................60 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

7,452 0.20 6,261 0.34 5,684 0.34 5,402 0.33 — — 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

68 0.98 67 0.97 64 0.95 64 0.94 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,512 2009 ............2,143 2008 ............1,907 2007 ............1,794 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

97 0.95 97 0.95 97 0.95 — 0.95 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................92 2009 .................92 2008 .................92 2007..................— 2006..................—

2010

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................10 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................— 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

90 0.11 60 0.67 60 0.67 — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................41 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................40 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 .................12 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 .................12 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

88 0.14 88 0.14 88 0.14 88 0.14 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

59 0.70 85 0.17 85 0.18 60 0.67 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................6 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

94 0.07 94 0.07 94 0.07 94 0.07 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................77 2009 .................76 2008 .................76 2007 .................74 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

90 0.86 89 0.85 90 0.85 86 0.86 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 285

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Tajikistan 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.660

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................6.84 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.60 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................1.67 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,791

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.40 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1924 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.709

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................75 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................35 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................42 Legislators, senior officials, and managers ...........— Professional and technical workers........................—

0.75 0.73 0.65 — —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

113

0.882

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................51 Enrolment in primary education..............................114 Enrolment in secondary education ........................115 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................125

1.00 0.96 0.88 0.40

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

121

0.956

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................129

0.94 0.98

0.92 1.04

0.093

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................56 Women in ministerial positions...............................114 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.25 0.06 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

60 — 1,385 — —

81 — 2,126 — —

0.75 0.73 0.65 — — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 99 88 29

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 0.96 0.88 0.40 Female-to-male ratio

— 57

— 58

0.95 0.98 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 95 77 11

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

20 6 0

80 94 50

0.25 0.06 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................83 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................38 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................54 Length of maternity leave ........................................140 calendar days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).....................................— Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................170 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....27

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%)....................................................— Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................37 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.93

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................68 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................49 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................30

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.50

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

286 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 287

Tajikistan 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 89

0.660

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.666

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.654

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.658

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................60 2009 .................59 2008 .................49 2007 .................50 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

81 0.75 70 0.85 66 0.75 66 0.75 — — 0

Male

Year

2010 .......................................5.08 2009 .......................................5.33 2008 .......................................5.11 2007 .......................................5.48 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................77 2009 .................75 2008 .................74 2007 .................73 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

2,126 0.65 2,041 0.58 1,725 0.58 1,530 0.57 — —

Female

2010 .................11 2009 .................11 2008 .................10 2007 ...................9 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

88 0.88 87 0.86 87 0.84 86 0.85 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,385 2009 ............1,182 2008 ...............992 2007 ...............876 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

99 0.96 99 0.96 99 0.96 99 0.96 — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................95 2009 .................95 2008 .................95 2007 .................96 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

29 0.40 29 0.38 27 0.37 26 0.35 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007 .................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

2010 .................20 2009 .................18 2008 .................18 2007 .................18 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

80 0.25 83 0.21 83 0.21 83 0.21 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................3 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

94 0.06 94 0.06 94 0.06 97 0.03 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 .................99 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

100 1.00 99 1.00 100 1.00 100 1.00 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 287

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 288

Tanzania 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.683

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................42.48 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.88 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................15.39 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,231

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.60 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1959 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.671

0.590

Labour force participation ...........................................3 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................55 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................16 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............91 Professional and technical workers ........................90

0.97 0.68 0.74 0.20 0.61

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

114

0.872

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................107 Enrolment in primary education................................73 Enrolment in secondary education ........................118 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................120

0.84 1.00 0.86 0.48

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

0.228

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................21 Women in ministerial positions.................................30 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.44 0.37 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

89 — 1,025 16 38

91 — 1,394 83 62

0.97 0.68 0.74 0.20 0.61 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

79 100 28 2

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.84 1.00 0.86 0.48 Female-to-male ratio

— 45

0.97 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

66 99 24 1

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

31 27 0

69 73 50

0.44 0.37 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................46 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................26 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................67 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .........National Social Security Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................950 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...139

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................6 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................31 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.67

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................50 Female teachers, secondary education (%).....................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................18

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.15 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

288 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 289

Tanzania 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 66

0.683

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.707

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.697

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.704

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................89 2008 .................88 2007 .................88 2006 .................86

91 91 91 91 90

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.97 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.95

2010 .................99 2009 .................97 2008 .................97 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

100 98 98 92 87

1.00 0.99 0.99 0.98 1.04

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................4.76 2009 .......................................5.04 2008 .......................................5.29 2007 .......................................5.07 2006 .......................................5.92

Female

2010 .................24 2009 .................24 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................— 1

Male

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.74 0.72 0.73 0.73 0.71

2010 ...................1 2009 ...................1 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

2 2 2 2 2

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,394 1,307 863 781 725

28 0.86 28 0.87 — — — — — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............1,025 2009 ...............947 2008 ...............627 2007 ...............569 2006 ...............516

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.41 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................16 2009 .................17 2008 .................49 2007 .................49 2006 .................49

83 83 51 51 51

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.20 0.96 0.96 0.96

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................38 2009 .................38 2008 .................32 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

62 62 68 68 68

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................30 2008 .................30 2007 .................30 2006 .................30

69 70 70 70 70

Female-to-male ratio

0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.61 0.61 0.47 0.47 0.47

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................27 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

73 79 79 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.37 0.26 0.26 0.18 0.18

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................66 2009 .................65 2008 .................66 2007 .................62 2006 .................62

79 79 79 78 78

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.84 0.83 0.83 0.80 0.80

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 289

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 290

Thailand 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.691

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................67.39 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.61 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................177.92 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................7,258

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1932 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.716

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................51 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................9 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................53 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............79 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.83 0.79 0.63 0.31 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.986

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................83 Enrolment in primary education................................96 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.083

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................86 Women in ministerial positions.................................74 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.15 0.14 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

70 85 — — 6,341 10,018 24 76 56 44

0.83 0.79 0.63 0.31 1.25 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

96 91 68 40

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.96 0.99 1.13 1.24 Female-to-male ratio

— 65

— 59

0.95 1.10 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

92 89 77 49

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

13 13 0

87 88 50

0.15 0.14 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................97 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................81 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................13 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................90 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .............Employer for 45 days at 100%; social insurance for remaining 45 days at 50%; social insurance also pays a lump sum on the birth of the child Provider of maternity coverage ......................................Employer and social insurance system Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................110 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....46

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................1 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................2 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................45 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.38

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................60 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................68

290 Country Profiles

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.50 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.33

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 291

Thailand 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 57

0.691

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.691

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.692

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.682

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.683

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................70 2009 .................70 2008 .................72 2007 .................71 2006 .................66

85 85 85 85 81

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.83 0.82 0.85 0.84 0.81

2010 .................89 2009 .................96 2008 .................94 2007..................— 2006..................—

91 95 94 — —

Year

2010 .......................................5.50 2009 .......................................5.33 2008 .......................................5.39 2007 .......................................5.57 2006 .......................................5.70 1

Female

Male

2010 .................77 2009 .................85 2008 .................75 2007..................— 2006..................—

68 77 68 — —

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.63 0.62 0.62 0.59 0.61

2010 .................49 2009 .................53 2008 .................47 2007 .................45 2006 .................45

40 44 44 41 38

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

1.13 1.11 1.11 1.00 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............6,341 10,018 2009 ............5,860 9,443 2008 ............6,695 10,732 2007 ............6,036 10,214 2006 ............5,784 9,452

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 1.01 0.99 0.96 0.96

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.24 1.21 1.07 1.11 1.20 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................24 2009 .................30 2008 .................29 2007 .................28 2006 .................26

76 70 71 72 74

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.31 0.42 0.41 0.39 0.35

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................56 2009 .................53 2008 .................55 2007 .................53 2006 .................52

44 47 45 47 48

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 ...................9 2006 .................11

87 88 88 91 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.15 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.12 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.25 1.15 1.22 1.13 1.08

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................13 2009 .................10 2008 .................10 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

88 90 90 92 92

Female-to-male ratio

0.14 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................92 2009 .................92 2008 .................93 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

96 96 96 95 95

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.96 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.95

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 291

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 292

Trinidad and Tobago 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.735

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................1.33 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.39 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................14.76 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................23,309

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.60 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.94 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.712

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................78 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................56 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................80 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..............8 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.73 0.68 0.55 0.77 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.995

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................63 Enrolment in primary education................................83 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.255

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................24 Women in ministerial positions.................................13 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................41

0.40 0.53 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

61 83 — — 16,686 30,554 43 57 53 47

0.73 0.68 0.55 0.77 1.14 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 92 71 10

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.99 0.99 1.07 1.28 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 59

0.97 1.08 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 91 76 13

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

29 34 0

71 66 50

0.40 0.53 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................98 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................43 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................31 Length of maternity leave ........................................................13 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid).........100% for 1 month, 50% for 2 months (employer) and a sum depending on the earnings (social security); when the total is less than full pay, the employer pays the difference Provider of maternity coverage ......................................Employer and National Insurance Board Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................45 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....35

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................44 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.99

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.33

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................79 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................63 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................33

292 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 293

Trinidad and Tobago 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 21

0.735

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.730

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.724

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.686

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.680

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................60 2008 .................52 2007 .................51 2006 .................47

83 82 83 83 76

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.73 0.73 0.63 0.62 0.61

2010 .................91 2009 .................93 2008 .................85 2007 .................94 2006 .................92

92 94 85 95 92

Year

2010 .......................................4.73 2009 .......................................4.67 2008 .......................................4.59 2007 .......................................4.53 2006 .......................................4.04 1

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................76 2008 .................66 2007 .................77 2006 .................74

71 71 64 73 70

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.55 0.47 0.46 0.46 0.46

2010 .................13 2009 .................13 2008 .................13 2007 .................14 2006 .................13

10 10 10 11 11

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

30,554 29,699 20,053 16,711 14,807

1.07 1.07 1.04 1.06 1.05

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........16,686 2009 ..........13,840 2008 ............9,307 2007 ............7,766 2006 ............6,792

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.28 1.28 1.28 1.27 1.26 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................43 2008 .................43 2007 .................38 2006 .................38

57 57 57 62 62

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.77 0.77 0.77 0.61 0.61

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................53 2008 .................53 2007 .................54 2006 .................54

47 47 47 46 46

Female

Male

2010 .................29 2009 .................27 2008 .................27 2007 .................19 2006 .................19

71 73 73 81 81

Female-to-male ratio

0.40 0.37 0.37 0.24 0.24 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.14 1.13 1.13 1.17 1.17

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................34 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................18 2006 .................18

66 64 64 82 82

Female-to-male ratio

0.53 0.57 0.57 0.22 0.22

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

99 99 99 99 99

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 293

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Tunisia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

107

0.627

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................10.33 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.00 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................28.34 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................7,512

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................27 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1959 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

122

0.450

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................124 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...................8 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................123 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........114 Professional and technical workers........................—

0.38 0.79 0.28 0.10 —

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.966

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................110 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

109

0.962

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................125 Healthy life expectancy..............................................95

0.93 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.128

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................26 Women in ministerial positions...............................124 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.38 0.04 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

28 74 — — 3,249 11,731 9 91 — —

0.38 0.79 0.28 0.10 — 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

86 97 67 27

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.82 1.01 1.13 1.49 Female-to-male ratio

— 67

— 65

0.93 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

71 98 76 40

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

28 4 0

72 96 50

0.38 0.04 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................90 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................60 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................18 Length of maternity leave ....................................................1–2 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid)...........Social insurance benefits paid to private-sector employees for 30 days at a rate of 67% of average daily wage; 100% for civil servants Provider of maternity coverage .........National Social Security Fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................100 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .......6

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................17 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................13 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................25 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.57

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................54 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................45 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................42

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.25

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

294 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Tunisia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 107

0.627

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

109

0.623

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

103

0.629

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

102

0.628

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.629

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................28 2008 .................32 2007 .................31 2006 .................29

74 74 78 78 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.38 0.38 0.41 0.40 0.38

2010 .................98 2009 .................95 2008 .................97 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

97 95 96 97 97

Year

2010 .......................................5.53 2009 .......................................5.47 2008 .......................................5.83 2007 .......................................5.90 2006 .......................................5.65 1

Female

Male

2010 .................76 2009 .................68 2008 .................68 2007..................— 2006 .................69

67 61 61 — 66

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.28 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.37

2010 .................40 2009 .................37 2008 .................37 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

27 25 26 24 24

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

11,731 10,663 12,924 12,046 10,420

1.13 1.10 1.10 1.04 1.04

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............3,249 2009 ............3,177 2008 ............3,748 2007 ............3,421 2006 ............3,840

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.49 1.51 1.42 1.36 1.36 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

91 91 91 91 91

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

— — — — —

Female

Male

2010 .................28 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

72 77 77 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

0.38 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................7 2008 ...................7 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................7

96 93 93 93 93

Female-to-male ratio

0.04 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................71 2009 .................68 2008 .................69 2007 .................65 2006 .................65

86 86 86 83 83

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.82 0.79 0.80 0.78 0.78

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 295

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Turkey 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

126

0.588

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................73.91 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.24 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................376.87 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................11,202

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1930 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

131

0.386

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................125 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............105 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................125 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........110 Professional and technical workers ........................94

0.35 0.57 0.26 0.11 0.54

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

109

0.912

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................106 Enrolment in primary education..............................108 Enrolment in secondary education ........................114 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................103

0.84 0.98 0.91 0.78

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................72

0.94 1.05

0.92 1.04

0.077

0.179

Women in parliament................................................104 Women in ministerial positions.................................98 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................25

0.10 0.08 0.06

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

26 74 — — 5,352 20,441 10 90 35 65

0.35 0.57 0.26 0.11 0.54 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

96 96 77 43

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.84 0.98 0.91 0.78 Female-to-male ratio

— 67

— 64

0.95 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

81 94 70 34

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

9 8 3

91 92 47

0.10 0.08 0.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................83 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................71 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................20 Length of maternity leave ........................................................16 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ....................................67; 12 weeks coverage Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................44 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....51

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................9 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................9 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................22 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.18

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%) ..........................................— Female teachers, secondary education (%).....................................— Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................40

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

296 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Turkey 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 126

0.588

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

129

0.583

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

123

0.585

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

121

0.577

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

105

0.585

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................26 2009 .................26 2008 .................29 2007 .................29 2006 .................28

74 74 80 80 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.36

2010 .................94 2009 .................91 2008 .................89 2007 .................87 2006 .................87

96 94 93 92 92

Year

2010 .......................................3.98 2009 .......................................4.34 2008 .......................................4.29 2007 .......................................4.88 2006 .......................................4.50 1

Female

Male

2010 .................70 2009 .................64 2008 .................64 2007..................— 2006..................—

77 75 74 — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.26 0.28 0.35 0.35 0.46

2010 .................34 2009 .................31 2008 .................30 2007 .................24 2006 .................24

43 41 39 34 34

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

20,441 17,988 12,368 11,408 9,286

0.91 0.86 0.86 0.75 0.75

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............5,352 2009 ............4,959 2008 ............4,385 2007 ............4,038 2006 ............4,276

Female-to-male ratio

0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.78 0.76 0.75 0.73 0.73 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................7 2006 ...................6

90 90 92 93 94

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.06

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................35 2009 .................33 2008 .................33 2007 .................31 2006 .................30

65 67 67 69 70

Female

Male

2010 ...................9 2009 ...................9 2008 ...................9 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................4

91 91 91 96 96

Female-to-male ratio

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.05 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.54 0.50 0.49 0.45 0.43

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................4

92 96 96 96 96

Female-to-male ratio

0.08 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................81 2009 .................80 2008 .................81 2007 .................80 2006 .................98

96 96 96 95 98

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.84 0.84 0.84 0.84 1.00

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

47 47 47 47 47

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 297

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Uganda 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.717

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................31.66 Population growth (%) .............................................................................3.27 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................11.02 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,105

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................20 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................6.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1962 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.707

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................25 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................12 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................31 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............38 Professional and technical workers ........................95

0.88 0.78 0.69 0.50 0.54

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

107

0.922

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................113 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................110 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................101

0.81 1.00 0.92 0.80

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.259

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................20 Women in ministerial positions.................................19 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.46 0.47 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

80 — 861 33 35

91 — 1,256 67 65

0.88 0.78 0.69 0.50 0.54 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

82 96 22 4

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.81 1.03 0.92 0.80 Female-to-male ratio

— 44

— 41

0.97 1.07 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

67 98 21 3

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

31 32 0

69 68 50

0.46 0.47 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................42 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................24 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................84 Length of maternity leave............................................60 working days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................550 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...159

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................3 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................39 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.51

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................40 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................25 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................22

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.05 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

298 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Uganda 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 33

0.717 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.707

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.698

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.683

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.680

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................80 2009 .................84 2008 .................82 2007 .................81 2006 .................80

91 91 87 87 86

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.88 0.92 0.94 0.93 0.92

2010 .................98 2009 .................96 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

96 93 — — —

Year

2010 .......................................5.44 2009 .......................................5.57 2008 .......................................5.52 2007 .......................................5.20 2006 .......................................5.40 1

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................18 2008 .................14 2007 .................12 2006 .................13

22 20 16 14 16

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.69 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.67

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

4 4 4 4 4

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,256 1,042 1,708 1,741 1,751

0.92 0.90 0.90 0.87 0.81

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............861 2009 ...............735 2008 ............1,199 2007 ............1,216 2006 ............1,169

Female-to-male ratio

1.03 1.03 0.99 0.99 0.99

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.80 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................33 2008 .................14 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

67 67 86 86 86

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.50 0.16 0.16 0.16

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................35 2009 .................35 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

Male

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................31 2008 .................31 2007 .................30 2006 .................30

69 69 69 70 70

Female-to-male ratio

0.46 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.42 0

Female-to-male ratio

65 0.54 65 0.54 — — — — — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................32 2009 .................28 2008 .................28 2007 .................23 2006 .................23

68 72 72 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

0.47 0.39 0.39 0.31 0.31

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................67 2009 .................64 2008 .................66 2007 .................58 2006 .................58

82 81 82 77 77

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.81 0.79 0.80 0.75 0.75

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

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Country Profiles 299

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Ukraine 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.687

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................46.26 Population growth (%)...........................................................................–0.54 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................53.47 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................5,737

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.30 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1919 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.86 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.707

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................39 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................89 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................63 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............19 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.86 0.61 0.59 0.63 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................48 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.976

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................115 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

105

0.064

0.179

Women in parliament................................................112 Women in ministerial positions...............................122 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................24

0.09 0.05 0.06

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

62 — 5,249 39 64

72 — 8,854 61 36

0.86 0.61 0.59 0.63 1.77 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

100 89 84 71

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.01 1.25 Female-to-male ratio

— 64

— 55

0.94 1.16 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

100 89 85 88

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

8 4 3

92 96 47

0.09 0.05 0.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................67 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................14 Length of maternity leave .........................................................126 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage....................................Social security Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................18 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....30

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................6 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................55 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.45

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................99 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................79 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

300 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 301

Ukraine 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 63

0.687

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.690

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.686

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.679

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.680

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................62 2009 .................64 2008 .................63 2007 .................63 2006 .................50

72 72 73 72 63

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.86 0.88 0.86 0.87 0.78

2010 .................89 2009 .................89 2008 .................90 2007 .................83 2006 .................82

89 89 90 83 82

Year

2010 .......................................4.30 2009 .......................................4.49 2008 .......................................4.69 2007 .......................................4.17 2006 .......................................4.54 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................85 2008 .................84 2007 .................77 2006 .................84

84 84 83 82 83

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.59 0.58 0.55 0.53 0.53

2010 .................88 2009 .................85 2008 .................81 2007 .................75 2006 .................71

71 68 65 63 60

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

8,854 8,045 9,067 8,583 7,329

1.01 1.01 1.01 0.94 1.00

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............5,249 2009 ............4,648 2008 ............4,970 2007 ............4,535 2006 ............3,891

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.25 1.24 1.23 1.20 1.19 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................39 2008 .................38 2007 .................43 2006 .................39

61 61 62 57 61

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.63 0.65 0.62 0.75 0.64

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................64 2008 .................64 2007 .................60 2006 .................63

36 36 36 40 37

Female

Male

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................9 2006 ...................9

92 92 92 91 91

Female-to-male ratio

0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.77 1.80 1.78 1.50 1.70

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

96 96 96 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 ...............100 2009 .................99 2008 ...............100 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

100 99 100 100 100

1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................2 2008 ...................1 2007 ...................1 2006 ...................1

47 48 49 49 49

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.06 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 301

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 302

United Arab Emirates 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

103

0.640

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................4.48 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.74 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................113.77 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................52,435

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................24 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.90 Year women received right to vote ......................................................2006 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................2.04 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

120

0.461

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................120 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................42 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................100 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........108 Professional and technical workers ......................110

0.46 0.70 0.46 0.11 0.28

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.998

0.929

Literacy rate ...................................................................1 Enrolment in primary education................................75 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

110

0.961

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................117

0.94 1.00

0.92 1.04

0.139

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................42 Women in ministerial positions.................................61 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.29 0.20 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

43 93 — — 18,361 40,000 10 90 22 78

0.46 0.70 0.46 0.11 0.28 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

89 92 83 17

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.02 0.99 1.02 2.05 Female-to-male ratio

— 68

0.95 1.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

91 91 85 36

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

23 17 0

78 83 50

0.29 0.20 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ......................................100 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................28 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................7 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................45 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...............................100% after one continuous year of employment, 50% for employment less than one year Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................37 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....23

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................85 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................55 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................31

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.30 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

302 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 303

United Arab Emirates 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 103

0.640

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

112

0.620

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

105

0.622

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

105

0.618

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

101

0.592

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................41 2008 .................41 2007 .................39 2006 .................38

93 93 93 92 91

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.46 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.42

2010 .................91 2009 .................90 2008 .................88 2007 .................70 2006 .................70

92 91 88 71 72

Year

2010 .......................................4.91 2009 .......................................5.02 2008 .......................................5.06 2007 .......................................5.20 2006 .......................................4.96 1

Female

Male

2010 .................85 2009 .................84 2008 .................80 2007 .................59 2006 .................64

83 81 78 56 61

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

0.46 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.21

2010 .................36 2009 .................35 2008 .................37 2007..................— 2006 .................39

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 33,555 31,788 —

1.02 1.03 1.02 1.06 1.06

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........18,361 2009 ..........10,177 2008 ............8,329 2007 ............7,630 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

0.99 0.99 1.00 0.97 0.97

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

17 2.05 15 2.32 13 2.81 — — 12 3.24 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................10 2009 .................10 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................8 2006 ...................8

90 90 92 92 92

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.11 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.09

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................21 2008 .................25 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

78 79 75 75 75

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................23 2006 ...................0

78 78 78 78 100

0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.00 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.27 0.33 0.33 0.33

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

83 92 92 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.09 0.09 0.06 0.06

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................91 2009 .................89 2008 .................89 2007 .................82 2006 .................81

89 90 91 76 76

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.02 0.98 0.98 1.07 1.07

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 303

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 304

United Kingdom 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.746

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................61.41 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.67 GDP (US$ billions)..............................................................................1,778.27 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................32,147

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................1.80 Year women received right to vote ............................................1918, 1928 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.96 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.721

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................46 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................60 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................22 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............35 Professional and technical workers ........................71

0.84 0.67 0.71 0.53 0.90

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.970

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................97

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.293

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................46 Women in ministerial positions.................................42 Years with female head of state (last 50) ..................7

0.28 0.29 0.30

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

69 82 — — 28,421 40,000 35 65 47 53

0.84 0.67 0.71 0.53 0.90 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 99 92 48

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.03 1.40 Female-to-male ratio

— 73

— 71

0.95 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 100 95 67

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

22 23 12

78 77 38

0.28 0.29 0.30 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................82 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................5 Length of maternity leave ........................................................52 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ......Statutory maternity leave is paid for a continuous period of up to 39 weeks; 90% for the first 6 weeks and a flat rate for the remaining weeks; from April 2010, paid maternity leave will increases to 52 weeks Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer (92% refunded by public funds) Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)................................8 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....26

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................52 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.77

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................62 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................42

304 Country Profiles

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 305

United Kingdom 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 15

0.746 Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.740

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.737

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.744

0.6

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.736

0.4

0.8

0.2 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................69 2009 .................70 2008 .................70 2007 .................69 2006 .................55

82 83 82 82 69

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.84 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.80

2010 ...............100 2009 .................98 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 97 98 99 99

Year

2010 .......................................4.69 2009 .......................................4.48 2008 .......................................4.33 2007 .......................................4.65 2006 .......................................4.43 1

Female

Male

2010 .................95 2009 .................93 2008 .................94 2007 .................97 2006 .................97

92 90 90 93 93

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.71 0.70 0.66 0.65 0.62

2010 .................67 2009 .................69 2008 .................69 2007 .................70 2006 .................70

48 49 50 51 51

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 38,596 40,000 37,506 33,713

1.03 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........28,421 2009 ..........26,863 2008 ..........26,242 2007 ..........24,448 2006 ..........20,790

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.40 1.40 1.40 1.37 1.37 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................35 2009 .................34 2008 .................34 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

65 66 66 67 67

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.53 0.51 0.53 0.49 0.49

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................47 2009 .................47 2008 .................47 2007 .................46 2006 .................45

53 53 53 54 55

Female

Male

2010 .................22 2009 .................20 2008 .................20 2007 .................20 2006 .................20

78 81 81 80 80

Female-to-male ratio

0.28 0.24 0.24 0.25 0.25 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.90 0.90 0.89 0.85 0.82

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................23 2009 .................23 2008 .................23 2007 .................29 2006 .................29

77 77 77 71 71

Female-to-male ratio

0.29 0.29 0.29 0.40 0.40

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 .................12 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 .................12 2006 .................12

38 39 39 39 39

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 305

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 306

United States 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.741

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) ...................................................................304.06 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.92 GDP (US$ billions)............................................................................11,513.87 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................42,107

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................26 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.10 Year women received right to vote ............................................1920, 1965 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.97 Politics

Score

Sample average

0.799

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................43 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................64 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).........................5 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............11 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.85 0.66 0.87 0.74 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.979

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................54

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.186

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................72 Women in ministerial positions.................................15 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.20 0.50 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Rank

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

68 80 — — 34,996 40,000 43 57 57 43

0.85 0.66 0.87 0.74 1.31 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

99 91 88 69

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.01 1.01 1.40 Female-to-male ratio

— 72

— 68

0.96 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

99 93 89 97

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

17 33 0

83 67 50

0.20 0.50 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................73 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)...........................................7 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....There is no national program; cash benefits may be provided at the state level Provider of maternity coverage ..........................................................— Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................11 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....41

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................5 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................6 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................48 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.97

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................86 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................60 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................46

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

306 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 307

United States 2006â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 19

0.741

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.717

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.718

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.700

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.704

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Contâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................68 2009 .................69 2008 .................70 2007 .................70 2006 .................60

80 81 81 82 73

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.85 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.82

2010 .................93 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................90 2006 .................90

91 92 91 94 94

Year

2010 .......................................4.62 2009 .......................................4.68 2008 .......................................4.83 2007 .......................................4.54 2006 .......................................4.77 1

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................89 2008 .................88 2007 .................91 2006 .................91

88 87 88 88 89

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.87 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62

2010 .................97 2009 .................96 2008 .................96 2007 .................96 2006 .................96

69 68 68 69 69

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000

1.01 1.02 1.00 1.03 1.02

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ..........34,996 2009 ..........25,613 2008 ..........25,005 2007 ..........30,581 2006 ..........29,017

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.02 0.96 0.96

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.40 1.41 1.41 1.39 1.39 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................43 2009 .................43 2008 .................42 2007 .................42 2006 .................46

57 57 58 58 54

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.74 0.74 0.72 0.72 0.85

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................57 2009 .................56 2008 .................57 2007 .................55 2006 .................55

43 44 43 45 45

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................16 2006 .................15

83 83 83 84 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.18 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.31 1.29 1.33 1.22 1.22

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................33 2009 .................24 2008 .................24 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

67 76 76 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.50 0.31 0.31 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................99 2009 ...............100 2008 .................99 2007 .................99 2006 .................99

99 100 99 99 99

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 307

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Uruguay 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.690

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .......................................................................3.33 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.30 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................29.30 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................11,977

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1932 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.93 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.657

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................67 Wage equality for similar work (survey) ...............118 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................82 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............16 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.77 0.52 0.54 0.68 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

1.000

0.929

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.123

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................76 Women in ministerial positions.................................48 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.18 0.27 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

65 85 — — 7,994 14,668 40 60 53 47

0.77 0.52 0.54 0.68 1.13 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

98 97 64 47

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.01 1.00 1.11 1.75 Female-to-male ratio

— 70

— 64

0.96 1.09 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

98 98 71 82

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

15 21 0

85 79 50

0.18 0.27 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................99 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................77 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................14 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .........................100% for private-sector employees; special system for civil servants Provider of maternity coverage......................Social security system Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................20 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....63

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................10 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................5 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................46 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................3.79

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................92 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................72 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

308 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 309

Uruguay 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 59

0.690

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.694

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.691

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.661

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.655

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................65 2009 .................64 2008 .................67 2007 .................66 2006 .................56

85 85 86 86 78

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

0.77 0.76 0.78 0.77 0.72

2010 .................98 2009 .................97 2008 ...............100 2007..................— 2006..................—

97 97 100 — —

1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Year

2010 .......................................3.62 2009 .......................................3.49 2008 .......................................3.28 2007 .......................................3.56 2006 .......................................3.36 1

Female

Male

2010 .................71 2009 .................71 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

64 64 — — —

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.54 0.57 0.56 0.55 0.53

2010 .................82 2009 .................82 2008 .................58 2007..................— 2006 .................53

47 47 35 — 26

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

14,668 13,097 12,890 12,240 10,950

1.11 1.11 1.13 1.13 1.13

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............7,994 2009 ............7,456 2008 ............7,203 2007 ............6,764 2006 ............5,763

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.75 1.75 1.68 2.04 2.04 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................35 2006 .................35

60 60 60 65 65

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.68 0.68 0.65 0.54 0.54

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................53 2009 .................53 2008 .................53 2007 .................53 2006 .................53

47 47 47 47 47

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................12 2008 .................12 2007 .................11 2006 .................11

85 88 88 89 89

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.12 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13 1.13

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 .................21 2009 .................29 2008 .................29 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

79 71 71 100 100

0.27 0.40 0.40 0.00 0.00

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................98 2009 .................98 2008 .................98 2007 .................98 2006 .................98

98 97 98 98 97

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 309

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Venezuela 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.686

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................27.94 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.63 GDP (US$ billions).................................................................................166.62 GDP (PPP) per capita...........................................................................11,190

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.50 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.01 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.615

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................91 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................92 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................98 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............53 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.66 0.61 0.48 0.44 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

0.999

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................58 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ............................1 Enrolment in tertiary education ..................................1

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.980

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.94 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.152

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................68 Women in ministerial positions.................................34 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.21 0.35 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

55 83 — — 7,924 16,344 31 69 64 36

0.66 0.61 0.48 0.44 1.81 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 90 66 59

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 1.00 1.12 1.69 Female-to-male ratio

— 68

— 64

0.95 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

95 90 74 99

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

17 26 0

83 74 50

0.21 0.35 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................95 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................70 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................16 Length of maternity leave ........................................................18 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) .....................................67 Provider of maternity coverage ................................Social insurance Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)..............................57 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....91

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................8 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................7 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................42 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.62

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................81 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................34

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.42

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

310 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 311

Venezuela 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 64

0.686

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.684

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.688

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.666

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................55 2009 .................55 2008 .................64 2007 .................62 2006 .................57

83 84 86 86 83

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.66 0.65 0.74 0.72 0.69

2010 .................90 2009 .................90 2008 .................91 2007 .................92 2006 .................92

90 90 91 91 92

Year

2010 .......................................4.26 2009 .......................................4.38 2008 .......................................4.38 2007 .......................................4.47 2006 .......................................4.37 1

Female

Male

2010 .................74 2009 .................74 2008 .................71 2007 .................67 2006 .................66

66 66 62 59 57

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.48 0.54 0.53 0.51 0.42

2010 .................99 2009 .................41 2008 .................41 2007..................— 2006 .................41

59 38 38 — 38

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

1.12 1.12 1.14 1.15 1.15

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............7,924 16,344 2009 ............7,781 14,397 2008 ............4,560 8,683 2007 ............4,083 7,982 2006 ............2,890 6,929

Female-to-male ratio

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.01 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

1.69 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................27 2008 .................27 2007 .................27 2006 .................27

69 73 73 73 73

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.44 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................64 2009 .................61 2008 .................61 2007 .................61 2006 .................61

36 39 39 39 39

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................19 2008 .................19 2007 .................19 2006 .................18

83 81 81 81 82

Female-to-male ratio

0.21 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0

Female-to-male ratio

1.81 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................26 2009 .................21 2008 .................21 2007 .................14 2006 .................14

74 79 79 86 86

Female-to-male ratio

0.35 0.27 0.27 0.16 0.16

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................95 2009 .................93 2008 .................93 2007 .................93 2006 .................87

95 93 93 93 94

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.93

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 311

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Vietnam 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.678

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................86.21 Population growth (%) .............................................................................1.23 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................55.80 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,681

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................23 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................2.10 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1946 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.98 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.721

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................12 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................39 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................28 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............84 Professional and technical workers ..........................1

0.92 0.71 0.69 0.28 1.00

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

106

0.924

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................86 Enrolment in primary education..............................119 Enrolment in secondary education ........................101 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................105

0.95 0.95 0.96 0.73

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

127

0.947

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..............................129 Healthy life expectancy................................................1

0.90 1.06

0.92 1.04

0.118

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................32 Women in ministerial positions...............................123 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.35 0.04 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

74 — 2,131 22 51

81 — 3,069 78 49

0.92 0.71 0.69 0.28 1.05 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

95 96 71 11

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.95 0.95 0.96 0.73 Female-to-male ratio

— 66

— 62

0.90 1.06 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

90 91 68 8

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

26 4 0

74 96 50

0.35 0.04 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................88 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................79 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................12 Length of maternity leave ....................................................4–6 months Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage .......................Social insurance fund Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................150 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....35

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................2 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................2 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................40 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.83

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................77 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................64 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................45

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................0.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

312 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

cp_r8 (November correx)_cp 11/29/10 10:00 AM Page 313

Vietnam 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 72

0.678

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.680

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.678

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.689

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

—

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

2010 .................74 2009 .................75 2008 .................77 2007 .................77 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

81 0.92 81 0.92 82 0.94 82 0.94 — — 0

Male

96 — — — —

Year

2010 .......................................5.00 2009 .......................................5.21 2008 .......................................5.03 2007 .......................................5.36 2006 .....................................—

Female

2010 .................68 2009 .................68 2008 .................68 2007 .................68 2006..................— 1

Male

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

3,069 0.69 2,761 0.71 3,604 0.70 3,220 0.71 — —

Female

2010 ...................8 2009 ...................8 2008 ...................8 2007 .................13 2006..................— 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

71 0.96 71 0.96 71 0.96 71 0.96 — —

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ............2,131 2009 ............1,962 2008 ............2,540 2007 ............2,271 2006..................—

Female-to-male ratio

0.95 — — — —

100

Wage equality for similar work Year

Female

2010 .................91 2009..................— 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006..................—

2010

Male

Female-to-male ratio

11 0.73 11 0.74 11 0.72 19 0.71 — — 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

2010 .................22 2009 .................22 2008 .................22 2007 .................22 2006..................—

Male

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

78 0.28 78 0.28 78 0.28 78 0.28 — —

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

2010 .................51 2009 .................51 2008 .................51 2007 .................51 2006..................—

Male

Female

2010 .................26 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007 .................27 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

74 0.35 74 0.35 74 0.35 73 0.38 — — 0

Female-to-male ratio

49 1.05 49 1.05 49 1.04 49 1.05 — —

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

2010 ...................4 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 .................12 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

96 0.04 96 0.04 96 0.04 89 0.13 — —

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................90 2009 .................87 2008 .................87 2007 .................87 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

95 0.95 94 0.93 94 0.93 94 0.93 — —

Female

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006..................— 0

100

Male

Female-to-male ratio

50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 50 0.00 — — 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Country Profiles 313

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Yemen 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

134

0.460

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................22.92 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.87 GDP (US$ billions)...................................................................................12.86 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................2,243

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................22 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.20 Year women received right to vote ............................................1967, 1970 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.02 Politics

Gender Gap Subindexes

Rank

Score

Sample average

Economic Participation and Opportunity

134

0.195

0.590

Labour force participation .......................................131 Wage equality for similar work (survey).................— Estimated earned income (PPP US$).....................126 Legislators, senior officials, and managers..........125 Professional and technical workers ......................115

0.28 — 0.25 0.02 0.18

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

132

0.657

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................130 Enrolment in primary education..............................131 Enrolment in secondary education ........................130 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................122

0.54 0.83 0.53 0.42

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.973

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy..............................................89

0.94 1.04

0.92 1.04

130

0.016

0.179

Women in parliament................................................128 Women in ministerial positions...............................114 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.00 0.06 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

21 — 921 2 15

74 — 3,715 98 85

0.28 — 0.25 0.02 0.18 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

79 79 49 14

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.54 0.83 0.53 0.42 Female-to-male ratio

— 55

— 53

0.95 1.04 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

43 66 26 6

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

0 6 0

100 94 50

0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................36 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................28 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................53 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................60 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................430 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) .....80

Female adult unemployment rate (%) ................................................— Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................13 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).......................................................................6 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership*..................................................................—

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................20 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................21 Female teachers, tertiary education (%) ...........................................17

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

314 Country Profiles

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Yemen 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 134

0.460

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

134

0.461

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

130

0.466

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

128

0.451

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

115

0.459

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................21 2009 .................23 2008 .................31 2007 .................31 2006 .................30

74 67 77 78 75

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.28 0.34 0.40 0.40 0.39

2010 .................66 2009 .................65 2008 .................65 2007 .................63 2006 .................63

79 85 85 87 87

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................26 2009 .................26 2008 .................26 2007..................— 2006 .................21

49 48 48 — 46

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.25 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.31

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................5 2008 ...................5 2007 ...................5 2006 ...................5

14 14 14 14 14

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

3,715 3,454 1,422 1,346 1,349

0.53 0.53 0.53 0.46 0.46

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............921 2009 ............1,038 2008 ...............424 2007 ...............397 2006 ...............413

Female-to-male ratio

0.83 0.76 0.76 0.73 0.73

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.42 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.38 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................4 2008 ...................4 2007 ...................4 2006 ...................4

98 96 96 96 96

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.02 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

85 85 85 85 85

Female

Male

Female-to-male ratio

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

100 100 100 100 100

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................6 2009 ...................6 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................3 2006 ...................3

94 94 94 97 97

Female-to-male ratio

0.06 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.03

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

2010 .................43 2009 .................39 2008 .................40 2007 .................30 2006..................—

Male

Female-to-male ratio

Year

79 0.54 76 0.51 77 0.53 71 0.43 — — 0

100

Female

Male

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Zambia 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

106

0.629

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................12.62 Population growth (%) .............................................................................2.46 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................4.89 GDP (PPP) per capita.............................................................................1,297

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................5.80 Year women received right to vote ......................................................1962 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................1.00 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.601

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................72 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................16 Estimated earned income (PPP US$).......................76 Legislators, senior officials, and managers............88 Professional and technical workers ......................102

0.76 0.76 0.56 0.23 0.46

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

119

0.847

0.929

Literacy rate ...............................................................118 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................120 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................121

0.76 1.00 0.82 0.46

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

0.969

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................103

0.94 1.03

0.92 1.04

0.100

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................81 Women in ministerial positions.................................61 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.16 0.20 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

60 — 980 19 31

79 — 1,740 81 69

0.76 0.76 0.56 0.23 0.46 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

81 95 47 3

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.76 1.01 0.82 0.46 Female-to-male ratio

— 40

— 39

0.97 1.03 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

61 96 39 2

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

14 17 0

86 83 50

0.16 0.20 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................47 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................41 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................92 Length of maternity leave ........................................................12 weeks Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................830 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...146

Female adult unemployment rate (%).................................................11 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ....................................................14 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................22 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................5.13

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................50 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................45 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................1.00 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.00 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.75

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

316 Country Profiles

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Zambia 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 106

0.629

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

107

0.631

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

106

0.620

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

101

0.629

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.636

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................60 2009 .................60 2008 .................68 2007 .................68 2006 .................66

79 81 92 92 91

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.76 0.75 0.74 0.75 0.73

2010 .................96 2009 .................94 2008 .................94 2007 .................89 2006 .................80

95 94 90 89 80

Year

2010 .......................................5.34 2009 .......................................5.31 2008 .......................................5.24 2007 .......................................5.29 2006 .......................................6.03 1

Female

Male

2010 .................39 2009 .................38 2008 .................25 2007 .................23 2006 .................21

47 44 31 29 27

Year

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.56 0.54 0.55 0.55 0.56

2010 ...................2 2009 ...................1 2008..................— 2007..................— 2006 ...................1

3 3 — — 3

Male

100

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

1,740 1,650 1,319 1,216 1,130

0.82 0.87 0.80 0.80 0.78

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010 ...............980 2009 ...............897 2008 ...............725 2007 ...............670 2006 ...............629

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.03 1.00 1.00

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female-to-male ratio

0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................19 2009 .................19 2008 ...................6 2007 ...................6 2006 ...................6

81 81 94 94 94

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.23 0.23 0.06 0.06 0.06

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................31 2009 .................31 2008 .................32 2007 .................32 2006 .................32

69 69 68 68 68

Female

Male

2010 .................14 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

86 85 85 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.16 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.46 0.45 0.47 0.47 0.47

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................17 2009 .................17 2008 .................17 2007 .................25 2006 .................25

83 83 83 75 75

Female-to-male ratio

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.33 0.33

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................60 2008 .................60 2007 .................60 2006 .................60

81 76 76 76 76

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.76 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Zimbabwe 2010 Gender Gap Index 2010

0.657

(out of 134 countries)

(0.00 = inequality, 1.00 = equality)

Key Indicators Total population (millions) .....................................................................12.46 Population growth (%) .............................................................................0.11 GDP (US$ billions).....................................................................................5.62 GDP (PPP) per capita................................................................................185

Economy

country score sample average

1.00 0.80

0.00 = inequality 1.00 = equality

0.60 0.40 0.20

Health

Education

0.00

Mean age of marriage for women (years) ..............................................21 Fertility rate (births per woman) ............................................................3.40 Year women received right to vote ............................................1919, 1957 Overall population sex ratio (male/female)..........................................0.94 Politics

Rank

Score

Sample average

0.640

0.590

Labour force participation .........................................54 Wage equality for similar work (survey) .................28 Estimated earned income (PPP US$) ......................— Legislators, senior officials, and managers............94 Professional and technical workers ........................89

0.81 0.74 — 0.18 0.67

0.69 0.65 0.53 0.27 0.64

105

0.933

0.929

Literacy rate .................................................................87 Enrolment in primary education..................................1 Enrolment in secondary education ........................103 Enrolment in tertiary education ..............................111

0.94 1.00 0.96 0.62

0.86 0.98 0.92 0.86

128

0.946

0.955

Sex ratio at birth (female/male) ..................................1 Healthy life expectancy............................................134

0.94 0.95

0.92 1.04

0.111

0.179

Women in parliament..................................................77 Women in ministerial positions.................................55 Years with female head of state (last 50) ................44

0.18 0.23 0.00

0.22 0.18 0.15

Gender Gap Subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity

Female

Male

Female-tomale ratio

Female-to-male ratio

61 — — 15 40

75 — — 85 60

0.81 0.74 — 0.18 0.67 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Educational Attainment

94 89 39 5

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

1.00 = EQUALITY

1.50

0.94 1.01 0.96 0.62 Female-to-male ratio

— 38

— 40

0.97 0.95 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Political Empowerment

1.50

Female-to-male ratio

89 91 37 3

0.00 = INEQUALITY

Health and Survival

1.00 = EQUALITY

Female-to-male ratio

15 19 0

85 81 50

0.18 0.23 0.00 0.00 = INEQUALITY

Additional Data Maternity and Childbearing

Employment and Earnings

Births attended by skilled health staff (%) ........................................69 Contraceptive prevalence, married women (%)...............................60 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births).........................................62 Length of maternity leave ...........................................................98 days Maternity leave benefits (% of wages paid) ...................................100 Provider of maternity coverage..............................................Employer Maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births)............................880 Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women aged 15–19) ...101

Female adult unemployment rate (%)...................................................4 Male adult unemployment rate (%) ......................................................4 Women in non-agricultural paid labour (% of total labour force).....................................................................22 Ability of women to rise to positions of enterprise leadership* ...............................................................4.81

Education and Training Female teachers, primary education (%)...........................................51 Female teachers, secondary education (%) .....................................40 Female teachers, tertiary education (%)...........................................—

Basic Rights and Social Institutions** Paternal versus maternal authority .................................................0.50 Female genital mutilation...................................................................0.05 Polygamy ..............................................................................................1.00 Existence of legislation punishing acts of violence against women ............................................................0.67

*Survey data, responses on a 1-to-7 scale (1 = worst score, 7 = best score) **Data on a 0-to-1 scale (1 = worst score, 0 = best score)

318 Country Profiles

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

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Zimbabwe 2006–2010 Rank

Score (0.000 = inequality, 1.000 = equality)

Gender Gap Index 2010 (out of 134 countries) 92

0.657

Gender Gap Index 2009 (out of 134 countries)

0.652

Gender Gap Index 2008 (out of 130 countries)

0.649

Gender Gap Index 2007 (out of 128 countries)

0.646

Gender Gap Index 2006 (out of 115 countries)

0.646

Education Education Health Health Economics Economics Politics

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2006

Gender Gap Subindexes

2007

2008

2009

Economic Participation and Opportunity

Educational Attainment (Cont’d.)

Labour force participation

Enrolment in primary education

Year

Female

Male

2010 .................61 2009 .................61 2008 .................65 2007 .................65 2006 .................64

75 81 86 85 84

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.81 0.76 0.75 0.76 0.76

2010 .................91 2009 .................88 2008 .................88 2007 .................82 2006 .................82

89 87 87 81 81

Year

2010 .......................................5.19 2009 .......................................5.04 2008 .......................................5.11 2007 .......................................4.92 2006 .......................................4.94 1

Female

Male

2010 .................37 2009 .................36 2008 .................36 2007 .................33 2006 .................33

39 38 38 35 36

100

Year

Female-to-male ratio

— — — — 2,585 0.58 2,613 0.58 3,042 0.58 0

10,000

20,000

30,000

100

Female-to-male ratio

Enrolment in tertiary education

Male

0.96 0.96 0.96 0.93 0.91

Estimated earned income (PPP US$) Female

Enrolment in secondary education Score

2010..................— 2009..................— 2008 ............1,499 2007 ............1,527 2006 ............1,751

Female-to-male ratio

1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01

100

Wage equality for similar work

2010

Female

Male

2010 ...................3 2009 ...................3 2008 ...................3 2007..................— 2006 ...................3

5 4 4 — 5

Female-to-male ratio

0.62 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0

40,000

Legislators, senior officials, and managers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................15 2008 .................15 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

85 85 85 85 85

Political Empowerment

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18

Women in parliament Year

100

Professional and technical workers Year

Female

Male

2010 .................40 2009 .................40 2008 .................40 2007 .................40 2006 .................40

60 60 60 60 60

Female

Male

2010 .................15 2009 .................15 2008 .................14 2007 .................17 2006 .................16

85 85 87 83 84

Female-to-male ratio

0.18 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.19 0

Female-to-male ratio

0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67

Women in ministerial positions Year

100

Female

Male

2010 .................19 2009 .................16 2008 .................16 2007 .................15 2006 .................15

81 84 84 85 85

Female-to-male ratio

0.23 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.17

Educational Attainment

Years with female head of state

Literacy rate Year

Female

Male

2010 .................89 2009 .................88 2008 .................88 2007 .................87 2006 .................86

94 94 94 94 94

Female-to-male ratio

Year

Female

Male

0.94 0.93 0.94 0.93 0.92

2010 ...................0 2009 ...................0 2008 ...................0 2007 ...................0 2006 ...................0

50 50 50 50 50

100

Female-to-male ratio

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0

Note: Blue bars indicate female values and white bars indicate male values.

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About the Authors

Ricardo Hausmann is Director of Harvard’s Center for International Development and Professor of the Practice of Economic Development at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. Previously, he served as the first Chief Economist of the Inter-American Development Bank (1994–2000), where he created the Research Department. He has served as Minister of Planning of Venezuela (1992–93) and as a member of the Board of the Central Bank of Venezuela. He also served as Chair of the IMF–World Bank Development Committee. He was Professor of Economics at the Instituto de Estudios Superiores de Administracion (IESA) (1985–91) in Caracas, where he founded the Center for Public Policy. He holds a PhD in Economics from Cornell University. Professor Hausmann’s research interests include issues of growth, macroeconomic stability, international finance and the social dimensions of development. He did pioneering work on the causes of macroeconomic volatility in developing countries and studied its effects on growth, poverty and inequality. He also studied the role of budgetary and political institutions in achieving fiscal balance and the role of foreign currency debts in causing economic crises. Professor Hausmann has made important contributions to the study of the “resource curse”. More recently, his growth diagnostics methodology, designed to identify the binding constraints to growth in countries, has been adopted widely by multilateral organizations, and his breakthrough research on the patterns of change in productive structures is informing countries’ industrial policies around the world. Professor Hausmann developed the methodology of the World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap index, which looks into areas of health, education, economic participation and political power; he is also the co-author of the annual Global Gender Gap Report.

Global Gender Gap Report 2010

Laura D’Andrea Tyson is the S.K. and Angela Chan Professor of Global Management at the Haas School of Business at the University of California Berkeley. She served as Dean of the London Business School from 2002 to 2006, and as Dean of the Haas School of Business, University of California at Berkeley, from 1998 to 2001. Dr. Tyson is a member of President Obama’s Economic Recovery Advisory Board. She served in the Clinton Administration and was the Chair of The Council of Economic Advisers (1993–95) and the President’s National Economic Adviser (1995–96). She is a Senior Advisor at the McKinsey Global Institute, Credit Suisse Research Institute, and The Rock Creek Group. She is a Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress and a member of the MIT Corporation and National Academies Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy. Dr. Tyson is on the Advisory Council of the Brookings Institution Hamilton Project and is an Advisory Board member of Newman’s Own, Generation Investment Management and H&Q Asia Pacific. She is also a Special Advisor to the Berkeley Research Group and a member of the Committee on Capital Markets Regulation and the National Academies Committee on Research Universities. Dr. Tyson serves as a member of the Boards of Directors of Eastman Kodak Company, Morgan Stanley, AT&T, Silver Spring Networks, CB Richard Ellis, the Peter G. Peterson Institute of International Economics and the New America Foundation. She has written books and articles on industrial competitiveness and trade. She has also written opinion columns for many publications, including BusinessWeek, The New York Times and the Financial Times and she has made numerous television appearances on economic issues. Saadia Zahidi is Director of Constituent Communities and Head of the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme at the World Economic Forum. Her responsibilities include the engagement of women leaders, gender parity groups, religious leaders, NGOs and labour leaders. The Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme aims to create awareness and catalyze change by benchmarking the global gender gap, promoting dialogue and engaging leaders—women and men—to address the challenges and opportunities involved in narrowing gender gaps. Zahidi instigated and is co-author of the Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report series. She was previously an Economist with the Forum’s Global Competitiveness Programme, where her responsibilities included economic analysis for the Global Competitiveness Reports, Arab World Competitiveness Reports and other topical and regional studies. Zahidi holds a cum laude BA degree in Economics from Smith College, Massachusetts, USA and an M.Phil in International Economics from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland.

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Project Team Yasmina Bekhouche is Project Associate for the Women Leaders and Gender Parity Programme at the World Economic Forum. Her responsibilities include the production of The Global Gender Gap Report and regional gender gap reviews as well as organizing community activities at the World Economic Forum’s annual meetings and regional summits. She previously worked at the Foreign Affairs Division of the Swiss Federal Administration. Bekhouche holds a Master in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. Her interests include social issues, diversity and diplomacy. Marc Cuénod is the Team Coordinator of the Constituent Communities at the World Economic Forum. His responsibilities include the coordination among the following communities at the Forum: women leaders, gender parity groups, religious leaders, NGOs and labour leaders. Cuénod has previously contributed to The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010, The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 and The India Gender Gap Review 2009. He formerly worked in the hotel management industry in Madagascar and as an assistant consultant in a hospitality consulting company. Cuénod holds a Bachelor of Science in International Hospitality Management from the Ecole Hôtelière de Lausanne, Switzerland. Eimear Farrell is a Community Manager with the Constituent Communities Team at the World Economic Forum and contributed to The Corporate Gender Gap Report 2010. Farrell formerly worked as an Assistant to the European Group of Human Rights Institutions and has held several positions in the NGO sector. She has also worked at the Irish Department of Justice and in the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, as well as spending short periods at the European Commission and in the European Parliament. She holds a BA in English and French from Trinity College Dublin and a Master of Arts in European Studies from University College Dublin. In addition, she has studied at the European Inter-University Centre for Human Rights and Democratisation in Venice and at the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Human Rights in Vienna.

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The World Economic Forum would like to thank Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company, Booz & Company, Coca-Cola, Ernst & Young, HCL, Heidrick & Struggles, Manpower Inc., McKinsey & Company, NIKE, the Olayan Group and the RenaultNissan Alliance for their invaluable support of the Women Leaders Programme and this Report.

Bahrain Mumtalakat Holding Company is the investment arm of the Kingdom of Bahrain. Established in June 2006 by Royal Decree, Mumtalakat now manages a portfolio of around US$ 10 billion, focused primarily in Bahrain. Mumtalakat is an active shareholder and investor in diverse business and industry sectors in 35 commercial enterprises, nationally and internationally, from aluminium production to property development, tourist sites to food production and transport to telecommunication. www.mumtalakat.bh

Booz & Company is a leading global management consulting firm, helping the world’s top businesses, governments and organizations. Its founder, Edwin Booz, defined the profession when he established the first management consulting firm in 1914. Today, with more than 3,300 people in 60 offices around the world, Booz & Company brings foresight and knowledge, deep functional expertise and a practical approach to building capabilities and delivering real impact. Booz & Company works closely with its clients to create and deliver essential advantage through strategic insight and operational fitness. www.booz.com

The world's largest beverage company. Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the world's most valuable brand, the Company markets four of the world's top five soft drink brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta and Sprite, and a wide range of other beverages, including diet and light soft drinks, waters, juices and juice drinks, teas, coffees, energy and sports drinks. Through the world's largest beverage distribution system, consumers in over 200 countries buy the company's beverages at a rate exceeding 1.6 billion servings each day. www.coca-cola.com

Ernst & Young is a global leader in assurance, tax, transaction and advisory services. Worldwide, its 144,000 people are united by their shared values and an unwavering commitment to quality. Ernst & Young makes a difference by helping its people, its clients and its wider communities achieve their potential. www.ey.com

HCL is a US$ 5 billion leading global technology and IT enterprise that comprises two companies listed in India—HCL Technologies and HCL Infosystems. Founded in 1976, HCL is one of India’s original IT garage start-ups, a pioneer of modern computing and a global transformational enterprise today. Its range of offerings spans product engineering, custom and package applications, BPO, IT infrastructure services, IT hardware, systems integration and distribution of ICT products across a wide range of focused industry verticals. The HCL team comprises over 60,000 professionals of diverse nationalities, who operate from 26 countries including over 500 points of presence in India. HCL has global partnerships with several leading Fortune 1000 firms, including leading IT and technology firms. www.hcl.in

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Heidrick & Struggles is the leadership advisory firm providing senior-level executive search and leadership consulting services, including succession planning, executive assessment, talent retention management, executive development, transition consulting for newly appointed executives, and M&A human capital integration consulting. For almost 60 years, they have focused on quality service, building strong leadership teams through relationships with clients and individuals worldwide. Today, Heidrick & Struggles’ leadership experts operate from principal business centres in North America, Latin America, Asia Pacific and Europe, Middle East & Africa. www.heidrick.com

Manpower Inc. (NYSE: MAN) is a world leader in innovative workforce solutions; creating and delivering services that enable its clients to win in the changing world of work. With over 60 years’ experience, Manpower offers employers a range of services for the entire employment and business cycle including permanent, temporary and contract recruitment; employee assessment and selection; training; outplacement; outsourcing and consulting. Manpower’s worldwide network of 4,000 offices in 82 countries and territories enables the company to meet the needs of its 400,000 clients per year, including small and medium size enterprises in all industry sectors, as well as the world’s largest multinational corporations. The focus of Manpower’s work is on raising productivity through improved quality, efficiency and cost-reduction across their total workforce, enabling clients to concentrate on their core business activities. Manpower Inc. operates under five brands: Manpower, Manpower Professional, Elan, Jefferson Wells and Right Management. www.manpower.com

McKinsey & Company is a management consulting firm that helps leading corporations and organizations make distinctive, lasting and substantial improvements in their performance. Over the past eight decades, the firm’s primary objective has remained constant: to serve as an organization’s most trusted external adviser on critical issues facing senior management. With consultants deployed from more than 90 offices in more than 40 countries, McKinsey advises companies on strategic, operational, organizational and technological issues. The firm has extensive experience in all major industry sectors and primary functional areas as well as in-depth expertise in high-priority areas for today’s business. www.mckinsey.com

NIKE, based near Beaverton, Oregon, is the world’s leading designer, marketer and distributor of authentic athletic footwear, apparel, equipment and accessories for a wide variety of sports and fitness activities. Wholly owned Nike subsidiaries include Converse, which designs, markets and distributes athletic footwear, apparel and accessories; Cole Haan, which designs, markets and distributes luxury shoes, handbags, accessories and coats; Umbro, a leading United Kingdom-based global football (soccer) brand; and Hurley International, which designs, markets and distributes action sports and youth lifestyle footwear, apparel and accessories. www.nike.com

324 Acknowledgements

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The Olayan Group is a private, multinational enterprise made up of more than 50 companies and affiliated businesses. Founded in 1947 by Suliman S. Olayan, the Group has spent more than 60 years building its reputation on a bedrock of dedication, integrity, teamwork, continual improvement and growth. In Saudi Arabia, where the Group originated, Olayan engages in product distribution, manufacturing, services and investment, often alongside leading multinational and regional partners. Internationally, the Group invests in public and private equities, including real estate, and in other asset classes. Olayanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mission is straightforward: to be a leading diversified Saudi enterprise, a major global investor and the company of choice for its partners, customers and employees. www.olayangroup.com

The Renault-Nissan Alliance, created in 1999, is a unique partnership of five brands that sold more than six million units and achieved a 9.8% global share in 2009. The Alliance employs 350,000 employees and is active in 190 markets. Renault and Nissan are run as separate companies but united through cross-shareholding, a shared focus on results-driven synergies, cross-cultural management and respect for individual brand and corporate identities. In 2010, the alliance launches the first of eight planned electric vehicles, leading the drive toward sustainable zero-emission mobility. With five battery production plants and electric vehicle manufacturing in six countries, the Alliance intends to be the first to mass market a full range of zero-emission vehicles. The Alliance has agreements with over 60 cities, states and countries that are working to establish the infrastructure and market conditions that will help make electric vehicles affordable and convenient. www.renault.com

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tional organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging leaders in partnerships to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Incorporated as a foundation in 1971, and based in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Economic Forum is impartial and not-for-profit; it is tied to no political, partisan or national interests. www.weforum.org

The Global Gender Gap Report 2009

The World Economic Forum is an independent interna-

Global Gender Gap Report Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum

2009