The invisible outline of Matera the development and transformation of cave space
XIN LIU 19023469
M A T E R A
Field trip in Matera（photograph by the author，2019）
C O N T E N T Introduction
Chapter 1
Matera
- Context of Matera - Historical perspective - Current condition
Chapter 2
Cave Forms
- DescriptionďźšMatera caves - Case studyďźšother cave habitats
Chapter 3
Develop Guide
Conclusion
Critique of World Heritage status
ABSTRACT Matera is a wounded city with a rich history dating back to the Paleolithic era, from being seen as a shame in Italy for its pre-historic age and ‘backwardness’ to becoming the latest European cultural city. Matera has a unique urban charm; in this "white stone city", (Cardinale T et al, 2014) each cave has its unique era. Matera's masterpiece, Sassi is presumed to be the earliest human settlement in Italy. Sassi's unique caves were initially used as a natural sanctuary for inclement weather. This cave city was developed during the Paleolithic era when humans used local materials for tools to dig holes in the mountains. Formed by the characteristic sub-surface geology, they were constructed using natural resources. Residential streets of Matera （by Photographer Adrian Baias） Prehistoric has made Matera, Matera carries a sizeable urban footprint, Sassi was also named UNESCO World Heritage in 1993, and Matera was nominated as the European Capital of Culture in 2019, this brought Matera an opportunity and a crisis at the same time. It began to be known by more and more people and began to bear the side effects brought by tourism-the loss of the original culture. The theses will pass the history of Matera. The introduction of background and current situation expresses its importance and uniqueness, present and potential future crises for the entire site, and analysis of the internal structure of cave and the unique forms, using methods, existing contradictions, and equivalent case studies in comparable cave cities to understand the underlying structures of living in cave cities. Historically people have modified them to provide a basis for future use and reconstruction of caves and subsequent restoration work, this work will attempt to give guidance and help protect Matera as much as possible. This new cultural system slows down or even avoids the loss of culture.
INTRODUCTION O n October 17, 2014, a charming town in southern Italy was named European Capital of Culture 2019, a town called Matera, and this thesis, the invisible outline of Matera, looks at Matera's hidden subterranean cave space (Figure 1) and how it has evolved. The main content includes a full understanding of the original topography and landscape of Matera by reviewing and refining its history, as well as the impact of historical development issues on today's Matera.
Fig.1. Sketch showing a idealized section of a settlement along a valley cliff at Matera, Basilicata region (after LAUREANO, 1993)
The development of the city promotes the rapid change of the town, and the development trajectory is also moving closer to the modern city. The ancient town with the original city elements and unique city memory is particularly prominent (Figure 2). And Matera was chosen for this study, not only because of its long history but also because of its unique landforms and urban forms. As a cave city, Matera is one of the oldest cities in the world. The remaining 70% of the tunnels and caves that are hidden, you may encounter a cave that existed 9,000 years ago, and a unique water supply system. Surprising elements are everywhere. It is noted (Tony Perrottet, 2014)that this small town in the south of Italy is the least populated, least visited and least known region of Italy. It is often forgotten and isolated from the rest of the Basilicata. Even in the 19th century, few travellers ventured through its arid, inhospitable region. Although the living conditions of the town are poor due to these uncontrollable factors (Figure 3), the isolation of the area has also made the original structure of the town well preserved and of historical value.
Fig.2. Cave life in Matera was basic ďźˆJTB Photo / Getty F i g . 3 . E x a m p l e o f a n a b a n d o n e d v i c i n a t o . F r o m Images Matera. Amerigo Restucci. Einaudi 1991.
WO R L D H ER ITA G E Vi c i n a t o s p o n t a n e u s jo in in g s y s t e m
Fig.4. Exterior of a cave church （photograph by the author，2019）
Fig.5. Underneath the arches … frescoes in a rock church. Photograph: Getty Images
I n 1993, Sassi was listed as a World Heritage Site（Varriale，2019）. It is the most outstanding and
complete example of a rabbit warren like human settlement in the Mediterranean region, fully adapted to its terrain and ecosystem. The first settlement began in the Paleolithic period, and subsequent solutions illustrate many essential stages in human history, much of what remains is old. The robust rainwater collection system (Figure 4 and Figure 7) is one of the reasons why Sassi was selected as a World Heritage Site. In a water-scarce environment, water resources management can be said to be the basis of urban development.
Matera's transformation also began with being nominated as the European Capital of Culture for 2019（Pepe, 2018）. The history of Sassi's caves (Figure 5 and Figure 6) has also gradually been understood. The main research question in this thesis is Matera's cave development and the unique historical footprint of the cave habitat. I shall explain its evolution in detail. Through the analysis of cave development and historical research, explore future caves—possible problems to achieve the purpose of this study: how to protect Matera's traditional culture and identity from massive touristification while making sure the cave dwellings adapt to modern standards of living and do not become slums or hovels.
Fig.6. Mural (painting) photography of Matera's cave by Federico Scarchilli
Fig.7. Superimposed hypogea of Matera (Drawing by Natalia Tarabella modified by "Giardini di Pietra" by Pietro Laureano 1993, Bollati Boringhieri Editore s.r.l.,Torino)
LOSS OF CULTURE
Pro t e c t u n iq u e c u lt u re s
w hile Sassi was listed as a World Cultural Heritage, it has also developed equal protection and management regulations,
such as a designated buffer zone around Sassi to protect the surrounding area from insensitive development. The state has also produced two urban plans for appropriate uses of the city(https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/670/). To preserve buildings of Sassi and plateau(Figure 8), although the country and the government have implemented protection measures for Matera, it has also brought an inevitable problem to Matera -the loss of culture, which is also reminiscent of the closer connection with Matera .The major of Matera, Raffaello De Ruggieri. A journalist once interviewed by the New York Times stated that he initially did not want Matera to be occupied by too many tourists, as it would lead to the loss of the town's original prehistoric culture and its personality (Pergament, 2018). Matera's leap to become a World Heritage Site as an authentic Italian disgrace is incredible, and looking back on the town's history is full of character. From the brief overview of Matera's history given by UNESCO, I learned that Sasi has a real history of thousands of years, but that most people do not fully understand the history of this ancient city. This reality may be a consequence of less understanding and awareness with the local culture and its preservation. Therefore, if more people are familiar with it, this will provide ways to protect it. After a literature search, I found that it is possible to study and give conservation solutions from two aspects: 1.the internal water and drainage system (Figure 9); 2. the urban structure: the specific materials of the intuitive Matera Cave(Figure 10).
F i g . 8 . T h e c i t y o f M a t e r a i n s o u t h e r n I t a l y. Photograph: bluejayphoto/Getty Images/iStockphoto
Fig.9. Ideal view of the Sasso Barisano basin by Lorenzo Rota.2016
Fig.10. Plan showing the occupation of a vicinato in the 20th century. Extract from Matera. I Sassi. Amerigo Restucci. Einaudi 1991.
M E T H O DO L O GY
M atera's
Fig.11. Inside one of the refurbished cave dwellings. Photograph: Atlantide Phototravel/Getty Images
social protection will become more critical as it develops, and can be studied in two ways. First of all, the change in local culture needs to be used as a starting point to prove the reason why the local culture is lost. Because Sassi, as a world heritage, the government has adopted a certain degree of protection measures. These measures have protected certain areas of Matera, such as: Be vigilant about the development of the buffer zone between Sassi and the modern city of Matera to ensure that there are no adverse effects on the ancient areas. But these protection methods are not enough. I will list and explain the other protections that Matera needs. I will explain the lack of it by applying the theoretical basis of interpretivism (Philosophy) and using qualitative analysis to study the changes in the local culture. The source and trend of changes may be a certain amount of statistical analysis on the mining of local caves(Figure 11) and the use of caves by residents to analyze the impact of changes in residents' lifestyles and tourists (Figure 12) and find out what protection is needed. However, the government has adopted a certain amount of protection. Second, with the development of Matera's tourism industry, the number of people will increase. Undetected seat changes may erupt in the future after many months. The overall protection laws of Matera have been formulated Imperative.
F R AM E W O R K Fig.12. Ristorante La Talpa, in the caves of Matera, where locals once lived and which have been turned into hotels and dining establishments, in the Basilicata region of Italy, Nov. 23, 2017. The southern region of Basilicata, its people poor and its food and history rich, has been named Europe’s Capital of Culture for 2019. (Susan Wright/The New York Times)
The entire thesis will be divided into four main sections: The first part will provide an overview of the city of Matera, as well as a description of the main methodologies used in the theses. The second part integrates and analyzes the changing history and existing forms in the urban context of Matera. The third part is an analysis of cave forms in Sassi, Matera's old town, including a case study of other cave cities of the same type, as well as an explanation of Matera's unique building materials and unique water storage and distribution system. The fourth part is to explain the world heritage status for discussion.
C H A P T E R
1
CONTEXT OF MATERA
L O C AT I O N
M atera was divided into three areas and have their distinctive
features: the stone houses of Sassi, Civita and Piano carved f r o m c l i ff s i n t o c a v e s a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e h i g h e s t a r e a o f central Sassi (Bonomo et al, 2019). The focus of this study is Sassi, and Sassi is two regions. To the north of Sassi is Barisano, mainly composed of structured and partially carved houses; Sasso Caveoso, located in the lowest area south of Sassi, is primarily characterised by carved houses. From the perspective of the city's history, the old town of Sassi is the oldest part of the town Surrounded by the Gravina River, the lifestyle of the residents in the cave was manifested as spatial stratification. the two districts of Sassi, Sassi Caveoso and Sasso Barisano, are built on natural caves that have been excavated and extended over thousands of years: the oldest castle, Civita, can be seen due to its morphology It is a natural fortress: the medieval Renaissance area sits on Piano and the plains on the outskirts of Sassi. These areas hide priceless secrets: hundreds of frescoed churches, an intricate network of houses, cisterns and tunnels. Since Matera was named UNESCO World Heritage, Matera's history line has gradually become clear. For more than two thousand years uninterrupted, residents have been living in Sassi, and 80 small rock villages were distributed throughout the area. Traces of different historical periods of Sassi were also engraved in these caves. In different historical periods, these caves functions are continually being redefined, such as houses, churches, and so on. Due to the unique geographical location of the entire region, there is little communication with other cities, and it does not develop simultaneously with other neighbouring t o w n s , s o d i ff e r e n t d e v e l o p m e n t t r a j e c t o r i e s h a v e b e e n generated, which also makes Sassi's original topography, landforms, and road structures still clearly visible.
M AT ER A
SASSO BAR ISIAN O SASSI
C IVITA PIAN O SASSO C AVEOSO
B A S I L I C ATA
ITALY
MATERA'S TRANSITION L ess than 70 years ago, Matera, this
is the most impoverished and most backward area in Italy. About 15,000 p e o p l e (mai n l y f a r m e r s ) s t i l l l i ve i n the caves, which can be traced back to Matera's prehistoric era. 1,500 cave houses honeycomb the sides of steep ravine (https://suitcasemag.com/ articles/city-reborn-new-dawn-matera). In the Paleolithic Age, countless natural caves were gradually deepened and were expanded into living spaces by farmers and artisans throughout the classical and medieval periods. The original caves (Figure 13) of the old town in Sassi were free of damp houses with natural light, ventilation, flowing water and electricity, a family crowded in a bed with livestock next to the bed, such living conditions caused disease. Matera is now telling in an extraordinary way how to transform from the past grime and poverty into the 21st century Matera.
Matera was considered to be the third-largest continuously inhabited settlement in the world. When you see Matera now, you can’t help but marvel at the magic of nature, but the history behind this city is cruel and realistic.
W i t h a t h o u s a n d y e a r s o f h i s t o r y, t h e change of culture and the change of landforms have come and gone in this desolate mountainous region, from ancient Rome to Lombardy, even Byzantium, and rule by Normans from the north. No matter how power is transferred, Matera's cave houses (Figure 15) have been quietly existing and spreading on the cliffs on both sides of the canyon, and have become part of those cliffs for thousands of years.
Fig.13. The Sassi limestone cave dwellings in Matera. Photograph: Tony Gentile/Reuters
Fig.15. Life in Matera’s stone dwellings: not always so romantic (photo courtesy of Casa Grotta di Vico Solitario)
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Fall of the Roman Empire Power shifted to the barbaric invasions of Longobards and Grco-Byzantine Radical changes in the patterns of torritory
E ARLY MI DDLE
Economy development, social differences The regeneration of city squares The transformation of the Civita
Fig.18. the Sassi map in Early Middle (Lorenzo Rota, 2016) Cemeleries
Limeslone
Entry Gates Precipices and Fortifications
Clay
T HE R E N A I S S A N CE TOW N
Rock
Fig.16. the original cave ďźˆphotograph by the author, 2019
P R E H I S T OR I C E R A 6000BC:First Human settlements that lived with enclosed walls and villages began to emerge around the area near Murgia Plain 272BC: the area did not receive much impact until Roman colonization surrounding the Magna Grecia areas. The area shifted from an agrarian society into a town life
MI DDLE AGES Roman domination began right a f t e r t h e S e c o n d P u n i c Wa r that broken up the areas into rural regions. Not many traces of Roman Matera left on the present days only nearing several villages located in the valley later becoming Sasso Barisano.
11Century The arrival of Normans on the 1042 began the feudal age of Metera 13 Centuey Churches became more important End of 14 century The Civita, the Sasso Barisanso, the Sasso Caveoso Fig.17. the Sassi map in Prehistoric Era(Lorenzo Rota, 2016) Inhabited areas Inhabited areas th First Iron Age(8 century BC) Archaic Period (7 th-6 th century BC) Magna Greecia Period (5 th-4 th century BC) Late Greek and Roman Period (5 rdcentury BC to 4 th century AD)
Fig.19. the Sassi map in Middle Ages (Lorenzo Rota, 2016) Limeslone Clay Moephologic distensions(rocky protuberances)
l
y
e
Fig.20.the Sassi map in Renaissance town (Lorenzo Rota, 2016) Walls
Entry gates
Palazziate archirecture
Rupestrian fabric
In 1806, the Matera land became partitioned, a division that favoured the aristocracy and the new middle-class landowners, while resulting in the masses being deprived of their livelihoods on the ground and in debt. Between 1839 and 1844, a road was built between Matera and Altamura. (Rota, 2016)
T H E M IDDL E -C L ASS TO WN
Arrival of Fascism exacerbated the social issue of the town. Renovation works planned on the Sassi. Carlo Levi wrote ‘Christ Stopped at Eboli’ incidentally in 1940 and Matera became the first town in South Italy to reject German occupation.
Fig.22.the Sassi map in Middle-class town (Lorenzo Rota, 2016)
1 4 8
Del Salvatore De Miccokis Bronzini
9
5
2
Volpe
Giura
7
3-6
De Miccolis
Passarelli
Tortorelli/Santoro
10 Casaline
BARO Q UE E R A
THE C O NT EMPORARY T OWN
At the beginning of the 1 6 t h c e n t u r y, M a t e r a w a s assigned to be the Provincial Government Offices of Basilicata as the largest city among the five Ionian rivers. The population gain an increase to 13,000 from the previous 12,000 people earier in the century.
20th century, facist regime the 19th century did not end at a high note as many poor peasants were not satisfied by the quality of their lives. 20th century Matera was described to be in a miserable condition and in extreme poverty.
Fig.21. the Sassi map in Baroque Era (Lorenzo Rota, 2016)
1 3 5 7
Ferrerie
2
Middle ground
Pascarelli Palace Venusio Palace
6
S.Pietro Barisano
4
Malvezzi Palace
Piazzetta S.P.Caveoso
T HE REGENERAT I ON OF MAT ERA
Fig.23.the Sassi map in Co n t e mp o r a r y t o wn ( L o r e n z o Ro t a , 2016) Triangulations vislve interrupted
Fig.24.Incredibila Matera. Sursa foto: https://www. wanderlust.co.uk/content/matera-italy/
CURRENT CONDITION M atera's
obscurity ended in 1945 when Italian artist and writer Carlo Levi published his memoir, “Christ Stops at Eboli”, about the year of Basilicata's political exile under fascism. Levi painted a vivid portrait depicting a forgotten rural world that has fallen into desperate poverty since the reunification of Italy in 1870. Levi's book caused an uproar in post-war Italy. When published in 1945, Describing the scene Levi witnessed old furniture, babies in tattered clothes, bodies ravaged by disease, Levi(1945) commented that ‘I have never seen such poverty in my life’. And Sassi was notorious for his country's shame. The book also made people aware of their desperate situation. After visiting Italy in 1950, Italian Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi was shocked and proposed a rigorous plan to migrate the entire population of Sassi to new housing development
D a n i e l a a n d Ve n t u r i n i ( 2 0 0 5 ) have said that the period of Italian unification ushered in the historical beginning of immigration. During the period 1861-1985, the total number of immigrants in Italy amounted to a quarter of the whole Italian population (Figure 26). The main reasons for emigration are the poverty of life, lack of jobs and the backwardness of agriculture, which forces even more backward southern Italian residents to seek better opportunities by emigrating to other countries, at the same time residents who do not have the strength to go out 'stop at Eboli', too.
Over the next few years, Sassi was emptied, and it became a ghost town. This ancient settlement was deserted for many years, in the 1950s, as the last residents of Sassi were evacuated from their homes. A group of Materan students grew up in a more modern and affluent softer world; they decided to resist the notoriety of their city, about half of the 30,000 population moved to modern houses in the town. The first archaeologists arrived in the early 1980s. In 1993, UNESCO listed（Cartagena and Colombia，1993） Sassi as a World Heritage Site, calling it "the most outstanding and complete example of troglodytic settlements in the Mediterranean, fully adapted to its terrain 图表标题and ecosystems. 100% 100% 100% 99% 99%
Total
Migratuib rate
Fig.26. Table 1 1876-1985 Emigration and Migration
rate (per 1,000) ( Daniela and Venturini, 2005)
The regeneration of Matera in 1950s
M atera's
second significant t u r n a r o u n d c a m e a f t e r O l d To w n Sassi was declared a World Heritage Site. Sassi's environmental protection was restricted by national regulations to prevent any intervention and activities affecting Sassi (https://whc.unesco.org/en/ list/670/ ). Most of the historical areas that needed to be protected belonged to the state, and re-leasing the planned area to the Matera government(Figure 27), which can then effectively protect the Sassi area and have a decisive role in the local urban environment and economic development. Economic development will directly improve the living conditions of residents. A virtuous circle has gradually formed, and while the living standards of residents have grown, it has also made an equal contribution to urban theory-reconstruction of Sassi.
Sassi's current city scene(Figure 28) is buildings climbing up and down hills, houses stacked on top of each other, and some roofs used as streets above. They were carved from the rocks, and the original caves extended with facades that looked like ordinary houses. Wa l k i n g i n i t i s l i k e a l a b y r i n t h . There are winding paths that are blocked by both sides of the road. On the one hand, the building on the other side becomes a platform overlooking Sassi. On the other side of the ravine, there are 7000 people—a simple form of Neolithic caves that were inhabited years ago. The entire region is expressing a long history. Fig.28. Matera winding lane-2 （photograph by the author，2019）
Fig.27. Matera winding lane-1 （photograph by the author，2019）
The poor and backward Sassi not only lost the opportunity for development but also lost the health of the residents and fell into a black hole of life. Since Matera was nominated as the European Capital of Culture in 2019, With the government's attention and support, Sassi is not as backward as it used to be. Matera has also become a model for urban developmentusing the past without being overwhelmed.
As Matera's tourism industry matures, and the government has initially given a specific range of regulations to its development. The decentralized hotels in Sassi are an example. They play an essential role in protection and construction. The rapid growth of Sassi was attributed to the growing prosperity of i t s t o u r i s m i n d u s t r y, w h i c h h a s also brought new problems to local governments and regional protectors. The biggest challenge is how to ensure that Sassi develops into a mature living community instead of a tourist enclave, before Matera's revival, i t ’s r e s i d e n t s m i g h t p r e t e n d t o come from other places, now these people are glad to welcome tourists from everywhere, and take pride in living here. The mentality of residents is a reflection of Matera's development process. In other Italian cities like Florence, history is a black hole that absorbs everything and makes any innovation difficult. Here they have never had a golden age. The Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution-all passed through Matera. There is nothing but poverty and exploitation. So today, resistance to new ideas is waning.
CAVE FORMS
C H A P T E R
2
DESCRIPTION: MATERA CAVES T he original caves of Matera was
formed naturally (Figure 29). Over time, after the residents' needs have continuously changed, the shape has been reshaped, and the process is unique. The original stone was removed. The original Matera's internal structure originally had a big problem for residents' water use, and people invented a water supply system suitable for the terrain to solve people's basic needs.
Water supply system Underground "Church of Water"
Fig.30. Section of a jazzo (Drawing by Natalia Ta r a b e l l a m o d i f i e d b y " G i a r d i n i d i P i e t r a " b y Pietro Laureano 1993, Bollati Boringhieri Editore s.r.l.,Torino)
Fig.31. Section of the caves with bell-shaped Fig.29. the original caves
cisterns (Drawing by Natalia Tarabella modified by
ďźˆphotograph by the authorďźŒ2019
"Giardini di Pietra" by Pietro Laureano 1993, Bollati Boringhieri Editore s.r.l.,Torino)
Churches and cellars in Sassi are the biggest attraction, but nothing better expresses the talent and wit of Matera than Palombaro Lungo (Guida et al, 2008), popularly known as the "Cathedral of Water"(Figure 30). Matera sits on a vast network of underground cisterns designed to accommodate the small amount of water provided by the lowlying Basilicatan land. The largest of these is Palombaro, located below Piazza Vittorio Veneto, the town's central square. It was built in the early 19th century to hold water from nearby springs, which was developed through a network of underground canals(Figure 31). It is an amazing arched cistern. It was winding into the darkness, the arches of the past rise to the heights of the Gothic cathedral, gazing at a reservoir that is transparent and big enough to be explored by boat.
In a water-deficient environment, water management can be said to be the basis of Matera's urban development. Locals concentrate rainwater in four reservoirs and use gravity to let it flow to all corners of the city. The cistern in the city centre is 15 meters high, which is arguably the most spectacular part of the system. It was discovered about 20 years ago. After pumping and cleaning, it is now accessible through stairs and walkways. In ancient times, people used pipes to connect the water storage tank so that the upper layer of clean water would flow into it when the cistern is full to overflowing with rainwater. In the hot summer, people opened the water storage tank and used the accumulated of rain(Laureano, 2007). The Matera rainwater harvesting system is an initial solution to the problem of water use by the interior inhabitants while challenging the internal structure of the cave and the resistance of the materials to the water harvesting system.
Cave forms
E xtracted stone is used to make
the facade of the house. They were updated over the ages and other cave façades were gradually improved until houses, tunnels and alleys intersected each other to form a magical place called Sassi-a colossal sculpture. S i n c e t h e n , s o m e e ff o r t s h a v e been made to restore them. Today, the visit to Sassi is a real exploration and discovery of these people's past. But Matera is more than just Sassi. The city covers several areas from different times. The oldest church in the Civita region Tramontano can be considered a natural fortress due to its prominent position (Figure32 ) like it has an observation deck, and the walls are higher than the surrounding buildings, so you can see Sassi, the church and other high points. The area is also home to Romanesque cathedrals.
The oldest church is in the Civita area, and the small square in front of it overlooks the whole of Sassi, which is located on a high point that stretches down to the caves and is a focal point from a distance.
Fig.32. Poniitifal Basillca-Cathedral of Mary saint of Bruna and St.Eustachius （photograph by the author，2019）
Matera has many churches from the 13th to the 19th centuries, including a sizeable baroque c h u r c h . I n a w a y, M a t e r a i s a symbol of rural civilization, and it can maintain its traditions (Bernardo and De Pascale, 2016). The most important manifestation of rustic art developed in the Matera area is the many churches dug out of the tufa, which are often frescoed and surrounded by the urban structure of Matera Sassi.
Fig.33. Tramontano Castle, Matera, Italy （photograph by Superchilum，2016）
Fig.34. Rock quarry （photograph by the author，2019）
Matera's leading artisans learned to use the limetones surrounding Matera from ancient times(Figure 34), this fragile, adaptable stone is very abundant in the mountainous r e g i o n s t h a t d o m i n a t e t h e c i t y, This also gives the opportunity to form the original formation of the structure of Sassi's cave: the local material.
Use of materials:
S assi
is unique in its materiallimestone (Bonomo et al, 2020) and the softening and degradation of this stone is the main problem of Sassi. All Sassi is built and excavated in this soft(Figure 35). The stone has a unique a p p e a r a n c e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y, t h i s s t o n e d e c a y s q u i c k l y. A l t h o u g h soft stone reduces the difficulty of excavation and mining, the surface area of the material in contact with the outside environment becomes larger after mining, resulting in the material loss of natural stone. the result is that the material is not well protected..
Fig.35. Rock quarry ďźˆphotograph by the authorďźŒ2019
The separation and precipitation of materials were mainly manifested in weathering of the outermost layer of stone and deposition of some impurities(Figure 36). Further deterioration can lead to the cracking of the stone surface, which can cause the outer surface to peel and peel. The fission and deformation of the material will ca u se th e d iffe r e n t co m p o n e nts of the stone to be separated from each other(Figure 38), forming a variety of cracks, which will lead to the change of the entire shape and even the volume. The discolouration and deposition of the material are inevitable changes in the hue of the stone. Like the deepening of the outer surface, the actual interior is stains and deposits. The biological colonization of the material is mainly due to the sharp increase in the surrounding moisture, which causes some plants that are easy to grow in the humid environment, such as algae, moss and lichen, to spread on the surface, resulting in the rapid degradation of the entire stone and severe material loss.
T h e m a t e r i a l l o s s o f limestone(Figure 37) mainly includes weathering and malicious destructi on of humans, such as wear, impact, damage, cutting and friction. The change in appearance of the stone with the shift in the external environment mainly includes the separation of the material, cracks and deformation of the content, discolouration and deposition of the article, and plant growth on the surface of the material.
Fig.36.Frescoes decorate the cave walls inside the chapel of Madonna delle Tre Porte. (Francesco Lastrucci)
Fig.37. rock (known as rupestrian) churches (https:// suitcasesandsandcastles. com/things-to-do-in-mate ra/)
Fig.38.Most frequent morphologies derived from loss of stone material in Gravina Calcarenite of the Matera Sassi: (a) roughening of lithoclastic calcarenite; (b) differentialerosion of bioclastic calcarenite; (c) natural and anthropic perforations; (d) alveolization mixed to differential erosion.
T he
degradation of limestone will also directly affect the protection of caves in the old area of Matera. There are two main types of lime: one is mainly composed of biological debris, and the other was mostly made of debris particles. All of Sassi's caves are built and excavated from this soft stone, and special carving techniques give the stone a unique appearance. Unfortunately, the limestone material d e c a y s v e r y q u i c k l y a n d i s d i ff i c u l t to r e g e n e r a te . Al th o u g h th e M a te ra government has adopted a series of necessary protection measures for the Sassi area, changes in climate and moisture in the air will affect the limestone. The composition causes irreversible effects, and the material is in a poorly protected state. Therefore, regular testing of the factors mentioned above that have an impact on the stone can improve the protection of the stone(Firgure 39): it is possible to control the humidity of the air and keep the surface of the material dry through regular human testing of physical environmental indicators; to protect the chemical composition of the surface of the raw material; to reduce the touch of the stone by visitors or users of the space.
Targeted protection of materials from these aspects can slow down or avoid stone damage to a certain degree. First of all, the use of residents or tourists can be controlled. The frequency of cave use and the use of people within a specific range of control can effectively reduce human-made malicious damage. Without changing the appearance and composition of the stone, the outer surface of the material can be controlled to a certain extentÂŹ- Spraying reduces material contact with the surrounding environment. The degree of chemical maintenance needed can also be regularly monitored and the environment around the stone, such as sunshine and wind, to minimize the impact of changes in the surrounding environment on the rock. a
Fig.39. Interior original cave, available from http://www.anxiousadventurers.com/sassi-di-matera/
b
c
CASE STUDY UNDERGROUND CITIES IN CAPPADOCIA, TURKEY Cappadocia
Fig.40. Cappadocia location （Drawing by the author，2019）
T urkey, as a medium connecting
the Eurasian continent with its location(Figure 40), had an ancient troglodytic civilization. Cappadocia region can be traced back to the Paleolithic Age 1500 years ago. Cappadocia is still a t o u r i s t a r e a t o d a y. B e c a u s e o f its unique landform and various natural landscapes, it was also named a World Cultural Heritage by UNESCO in 1985 for its unique nature and deep cultural accumulation.
As a masterpiece of nature, Cappadocia itself has regional i n s t a b i l i t y. F o r e x a m p l e , t h e durability of its materials and its geological activity will lead to urban unrest in the first place. Many people also investigated the geological problems in some areas of Cappadocia, and Corresponding protective measures were given.
Fig.41. General view of Tatlarin Underground City and its vicinity from the south,（Dincer et al， 2016 ）
Cause of formation
History of Cappadocia
Cappadocia is composed of rocks formed by volcanic eruption, erosion and wind. More than three million years ago, a volcanic eruption created the current Cappadocia landform. The rock settlements in the Cappadocia area were divided into three categories: cliff or underground settlements, underground arrangements and modern rock structures. It contains 22 known underground cities （Figure 41）.
Due to the particular material- tuffs (Ulusay et al, 2006) of Cappadocia and multiple areas located in the underground river and underground, i t i s i ncredi bl y suscepti bl e to the surrounding environment. For example, changes in temperature and humidity can affect the material itself. However, this tuff also has soft sculptural and thermal insulation properties and can be used as living quarters. The Cappadocia landscape has also evolved to contain 36 existing underground cities, the widest of which is the Kaymakli Dungeon and the deepest is the Derinkuyu Dungeon, with complex ventilation and water catchment systems, which I will compare case studies to demonstrate their relevance(Figure 42).
Fig.42. The Cappadocian valley.(Erdem,2007)
Derinkuyu Underground City Existing form
Fig.43. Derinkuyu location （Drawing by the author，2019）
T he
basic boundary conditions for the construction of underground cities are for security, which are related to the military and technical capabilities of different civilizations in historical periods. Building underground cities are reducing ground occupation(Figure ). Need to reduce heating energy requirements (low-energy buildings), the location of the underground structure can better isolate the surface temperature. Reduce noise pollution, reduce the environmental burden of the city.
Construction reasons
11 f l o o r s d e e p , w i t h 6 0 0 entrances, tunnels connecting it to other underground cities for miles and can accommodate thousands of people. It is a truly underground city with sleeping places, water wells, water tanks, cooking pits, ventilation shafts, public rooms, bathrooms and mausoleums. Derinkuyu is not alone. Cappadocia discovers more than 40 complete underground cities and 200 underground buildings, many of which are interconnected by tunnels (Pinkowski, 2015).
Fig.43. The underground city of Derinkuyu (Turkey) f r o m h t t p : / / w w w. p a n g e a - p r o j e c t . o r g / ambienti-sotterranei/
Most people do not live full-time in underground cities. Beneath the city is a vast network of tunnels that connects every house in the area to the city. When the area is attacked, families will flee to the basement, dash through dark tunnels and gather in the underground city. Careless soldiers may be snared by the many traps scattered throughout the labyrinth corridor, for example, stones may be rolled up to block doorways, and spears may fall from holes in the ceiling. Invaders were defeated by the Christian builders, who narrowed their tunnels, forcing their enemies to fight one by one a n d b e s e n t a w a y. T h e e a r l i e s t beginnings of these tunnels and chambers are unknown. Some archaeologists believe that they were founded by the Hittites (circa 1200 BC). Others date them back to earlier times than bronze-age metal because people believe that tunnels were cut with stones rather than metal tools. It is known that most of the layers were dug out by early Christians to protect them from persecution
Unique structure
The specific objects that we can't find in surface cities are ventilation shafts, connecting tunnels. A 5 m deep ventilation shaft was also used as a well. Not every floor has a well on the ground to prevent residents from being poisoned by the raid. Derinkuyu contains at least 15,000 ventilation ducts to provide deep fresh air to underground cities. The depth of the vertical ventilation shaft is about 41m, about 300cm x 280cm, and the position of the opening has been calculated to avoid people's living places（Aydan and Ulusay，2013）. An extensive network of aisles, tunnels, step pits and sloped corridors connect family gatherings and public spaces where people can meet and work. These cities have wells, chimneys for air circulation. The entrances （Figure 44）of the caves are provided with low gates against intruders, and stone gates between each cave divided from each other, they can only be opened from the inside. The shafts in the inner area of the underground city were used for ventilation, and they also have the function of rainwater collection. The mainframe structure of the Derinkuyu underground city can be seen from the figure（Pinkowski, 2015）.
In
essence, the main ventilation shafts（Figure 45） inside are vertical to the ground, and the internal caves surround these ventilation shafts. Interconnected and extended, the interior passage is narrow enough for only one person to pass, and the floor of all caves is not at the same height. The purpose of this is to avoid all levels to overlap and form a beneficial natural ventilation system and circulation system, making the entire underground the air inside the city is just as fresh.
Fig.44. A typical view from the cliff settlements at Uchisar,Cappadocia.（Aydan and Ulusa， 2002）
Fig.45. Derinkuyu cave underground city with ventilation shafts, Cappadocia, Turkey .Travel background
Because the cave was made of t u ff , t h e t e x t u r e o f t h e c a v e i s soft, and it is easily affected by atmospheric conditions, such as changes in temperature and humidity in the cave. It has a more significant impact on the surface (first and second floors), especially at the entrance. S t a r t i n g f r o m t h e f o u r t h f l o o r, due to its relatively small internal space and intricate structure, the relative humidity of the air has no significant large-area damage to the overall building material, and the structural stability can still be guaranteed（Figure 46）.
Derinkuyu underground city is a world heritage. The government will follow the cultural and natural resource protection laws to repair and protect the entire underground c i t y s t r u c t u r e a d e q u a t e l y. F o r example, control the temperat ure and humidity inside the u n d e r g r o u n d c i t y, r e g u l a r l y maintain and chemically protect the outer surface of the stone, and reduce the degradation and erosion of the material.
Maintenance policy and techniques
The underground city of Derinkuyu is also listed as a World Heritage Site along with Sassi. In contrast to Saasi, Derinkuyu is unsuitable for modern habitation due to its internal structure and is only suitable for visiting. Overall maintenance is tightly controlled. The entire area is located underground and has relatively little contact with the outside world. The ventilation system that runs from top to bottom throughout the underground city improves air circulation. Firstly, Matera was used for daily living, without enough light but with regular access. In contrast, Derinkuyu was used as a shelter, with a reduced number of entrances and exits for more concealment. The difference in connection methods is also more apparent, Derinkuyu's connection channel is inside, and some cave units have more than one connection port. At the same time, Matera's is directly connected through an outdoor channel.
Fig.46.Turkey’s Massive, Ancient Underground City was discovered in the 1960s in Turkey, when a modern house above ground was being renovated. It is still, to this day, being excavated.（Hurriyet ，2014）
Both Cave City's were excavated by hand, with different materials, Derinkuyu is used for visiting, while Matera is not only available for visiting, but also used for living at the same ti me, so Matera w i l l be more c hal l engi ng to protect.
Uchisar castle
Unique Uchisar
is located in the highest point of Cappadocia and was situated in a hilly area. At the same time, it also has an ancient residential area. The unique mode of living and the use of underground space m a k e i t p a r ti c u l a r ly u n iq u e in Cappadocia. Uchisar not only fulfilled the people's initial functional needs for housing but was also always being rebuilt and expanded by residents during the development process （Erdem，2008）.
Just looking at the façade of Uchisar reveals a haphazard arrangement of entrances, but entering through what appears to be an irregular entrance, the interior passageways are well-ordered. The unique rock structure inside the cave can improve the thermal insulation of the cave. Thermal performance and earthquake resistance have significantly reduced the persecution o f n a tu r a l d isa ste r s on resi dents. The excellent sound insulation effect of stone also provides relatively comfortable living conditions for the residents living in the interior. At the same time, the cave also has the characteristics of low humidity, which can provide safe storage conditions.
Fig.47. Uchisar location
Fig.48. Uchisar in 2007 (Erdem, 2007)
U chisar
（Drawing by the author，2019）
1960 was the turning point of the entire Uchisar area. In addition to the maintenance and repair of the original cave structure, the neighbouring cities also began to be uniformly constructed and restored. The government has reintroduced the construction plan-just like Matera's construction process; the residents living inside were relocated from the original housing and reassigned to the new type of accommodation built by the government. In contrast, the unique cave space was repaired, doing so not only improves the quality of life of residents but also protects the original cave internal structure from being damaged(Figure 49). This construction mode also provides a particular reference value for the construction of cave cities of the same type. In 1970, the site (Figure 48)was explored by many experts, and the details of the history and structure of the interior were further explored (Erdem, 2007).
To understand this ancient city in more detail, the government also implemented other methods. First, the entire area was surveyed on the ground and plan drawings, and detailed analysis was performed employing physical models, such as the interior rooms, chimneys, courtyards, pipes, etc, to understand the interior—distribution of ventilation systems. Inside the cave of Uchisar, many spaces can meet daily life, such as chimneys and v e n t i l a t i o n s h a f t s . S e c o n d l y, t h e maintenance of the entire area was enhanced by practical maintenance methods, and the structure was reinforced to prevent the whole material from being weathered— eroded and damaged from human activities.
T he prolonged deterioration of the
physical environment throughout the interior of the cave caused many of the original inhabitants to flee the original cave. The stones that could otherwise be thermally insulated will not be destroyed, and the regular use of rainwater collection systems have a decisive effect on attractiveness to residents' movingin and are a necessary condition to reduce waste.
the correlation and difference with Matera Compared to Derinkuyu, Uchisar castle has more similarities to Sassi(Figure 50). Although both have the function of residence, the urban form of the whole c i t y i s d i ff e r e n t . S a s s i i t s e l f i s a relatively complete area of Matera. The entire old and new areas of Matera are separate, but Uchisar c a s t l e i s d i ff e r e n t ( F i g u r e 5 1 ) . I t was developed in conjunction with the surrounding urban areas. In addition to meeting the basic living and tourists’ needs, it provides more auxiliary functions for local tourists. Still, it cannot be ignored that the increase in traffic has also increased the risk of human damage. the other is to propose the coordinated development of comprehensive new and old urban development, which provides guidelines for the protection and development of Sassi.
Fig.49. Typical sections of the settlement. (Erdem, 2007)
Since Derinkuyu is entirely underground and cannot receive natural light, the Sassi caves can be appropriately lit due to the stepped layout of the entire Sassi: light can only be taken from those surfaces that are in direct contact with the outside world. However, for deeper caves, artificial lighting is required.
Fig.51. Typology of religious spaces of Cappadocia: (a) hermit’s cell; (b) chapel; (c) chapel; (d) church; (e) cross-plan church; (f) monastery (Akyu¨rek,1998). (Erdem, 2007)
Fig.50. Matera cave plan available from https:// www.bmiaa.com/materamending-2015-workshopby-alberto-campo-baeza/dossier-matera/, 2015
DEVELOPMENT GUIDE
C H A P T E R
3
HOW TO ENSURE COMFORT Maintenance method (current deficiency)
T he current situation of Matera is based
on its unique geographical location. Among them, Sassi was located on the Murgia Plateau(Figure 51). Natural geological features have formed natural caves. The reason why Sassi gradually developed some closed caves from natural caves is due to the underground erosion of of the plateau itself.
Fig.52. Caves on the side of the Gravina Canyon face Matera. Once used as shelter for shepherds, some are adorned with ancient frescoes.(Francesco Lastrucci)
Fig.53. Aquatio Hotel-Guest room (available from https://www.aquatiohotel.com/ en/project/)
Sassi's restoration plan itself was an elaborate national plan in the beginning. As I mentioned, Sassi's original backwardness inhibited the development of the entire region. Although the turning point of the 1950s Matera came, some restoration methods were also in this area. It was proposed: first to realize the new purification of vertical cities in Sassi, and secondly to preserve the collapsed or damaged areas as historical proof, and ultimately these methods were not implemented. Matera always gave us the impression that it retains its unique appearance. At the same time, it is necessary to protect the original core, that is, the interior of the cave, and continue this view to achieve the role of protecting the urban ruins.
After regeneration of Sassi, some caves have been redesigned as hotels due to the needs of the city's tourism industry, such as the Aquatio, a decentralized hotel scattered throughout the cliff side district of Matera's. The Aquatio is an example of a decentralized hotel. Sasso Caveoso, this hotel contains a total of 35 rooms(Figure 52), designed and completed by the designer Simone Micheli, the entire structure of which is modelled on the characteristics of the original cave of Sassi, a combination of modern and vintage, showing the character of the hotel. The central hub of the hotel, the spa(Figure 53) and the swimming(Figure 54) is accessible through a connecting corridor, and the rooms are equipped with controlled air circulation and internal humidity levels to enhance the comfort of the occupants.
Fig.54. Aquatio Hotel interior-Spa (available from https://www.aquatiohotel.com/ en/project/)
Fig.55. Aquatio Hotel interior-Swimming pool (available from https://www.aquatiohotel. com/en/project/)
Now that the Sassi Hotel is settled in, the development of special local catering has promoted the economic development of the entire region. However, the previous plan to protect Sassi has also been impacted. The increase in the flow of people will increase the probability of artificial destruction of cave stones. The internal ventilation system Improper use will lead to changes in the physical environment inside the cave, so heritage restoration is also essential.
Heritage restoration
Fig.56. Uninhabited caves in Sasso Caveoso, available from https://www.neverendingvoyage. com/sassi-matera-italy/
Fig.57. The 2017 movie Wonder Woman was also partly filmed in Matera. Photo by Federico Scarchilli,Benedetta Geddo,Lonely Planet Writer, 2018
T here
are four levels for heritage restoration: Reinventing cultural heritage: After understanding, reorganizing, and digging deep into the local history and culture, rethink the changes brought to it by each important historical node, understand the general formation process, and imagine the entire life process.
For example, if caves used for residents' life have been abandoned for a long time and have not been redefined. H o w e v e r, c o p y i n g t h e o r i g i n a l l i vi ng scenes of resi dents w i l l once again give this space v i t a l i t y, i n c l u d i n g t h e u n i q u e living facilities. While maintaining the original texture of the cave(Figure 55 and Figure 56), let more people feel the culture of Sassi. The restoration and opening of Sassi's catchment system have also reshaped the cultural heritage, bringing visitors closer to the original Sassi. Reintroducing the old functions: After the essential overall maintenance, the original features of the cave are reimplanted and integrated into the elements of modern life, strengthening some weakened auxiliary structures such as ventilation systems and rainwater collection systems(Figure 57 and Figure 58).
In addition to the feature of cave hotel, Sassi is now able to highlight the entire cave internal system. Sassi has re-formed part of the old habits of Sassi residents. The promotion and development of the tourism industry separate residence and diet and reintroduces Original functionality.
Fig.58. One of the numerous grotto across the Sassi which offer reconstructions of cave dwellings of bygone days, available from http://www.livinginitalian.com/ advice/2016/8/27/matera-basilicata-city-sassi,2016.
Fig.59. Hotel Caveoso available from https://www. kids2gether.com.br/matera-um-museu-a-ceu-aberto/
R e-express
historical space: Redefine the multi-dimensionality in the original function. Compared with the Derinkuyu underground city and Uchisar castle, Sassi is more flexible. Sassi also meets its commercial attributes such as hotels based on satisfying its residence. In operation, Sassi's internal cave size was quite different at first only because of the various essential functions of living (assisted living is to do with helping disabled people), such as storage areas, residential areas and some caves that can meet the tasks of early churches. Now some caves with original residential functions will be retained.
Fig.60. Casa cava （photograph by the author, 2019）
In contrast, others with larger spatial scales will be transformed into small concert halls, which continue the local living characteristics and give the historical space a new look. For example, Casa Cava (Figure 59)was transformed into a multifunctional cave in 2011. It is an open space that combines theatre leisure and exhibition for people to enjoy performances and visits. The cave is a past and future connection space, and it also provides another kind of development for Sassi. Possibly, the whole function can be protected indirectly by giving new tasks to the cave space. Reconstruction: Some collapsed cells that were destroyed due to natural disasters or some humanmade elements. In this damaged environment, the effect of coordination with the whole can only be achieved through reconstruction.
Fig.61. Matera Texture, Basilicata, Europe, Italy, Matera, Sassi di Matera （http://sun-surfer.com/sassi-di-matera-italy-7504. html, 2013）
Through the study of a single case of Sassi's entire city background, regional development, and status quo analysis, as well as a joint comparative survey of the evidence of Sassi and the Cappadocia u n d e r g r o u n d c i t y, u n d e r t h e background of the several above methodologies, it emphasizes the residents' natural and surrounding environment. Reunited and developed into their own culture and integrated into the entire cave, and became a unique symbol in the local area(Figure 60). Despite the geographical location and cultural differences, the city's uniqueness and development were synchronized.
CONCLUSION
Critique of World Heritage status
Interpretation of World heritage (for the object itself) a nd definition of Buffer zone
U NESCO's
World Heritage mission is encouraging countries to sign the World Heritage Convention, ensure the protection of their natural and cultural heritage with helping residents participate in heritage c o n s e r v a t i o n p l a n s a c t i v e l y, and allow areas with tourism attributes (Sassi), Visitors working together to achieve the purpose of protecting the world's cultural and natural heritage, and the selected World Heritage Convention gradually expands the scope of the culture from the original monuments, buildings, sites, archaeological sites and modern culture. cultural landscapes which significantly increases the range of places and landscapes that heritage managers need to manage, and puts forward higher requirements for the management system with predicting some adverse factors that may bring about heritage sites and prevention.
The heritage site does not exist independently, and the surrounding environment is not just a solid background, but a whole formed by the historical fusion of the heritage. At the same time, the change of the surrounding environment will affect the culture to a certain extent. Environmental changes are inevitable, but the impact on the heritage can be reduced or even avoided through reasonable heritage management.
Defining physical boundaries-heritage and context The protection and promotion of heritage not only means managers need to protect the culture and do regular surveys, but also mean the management of the entire heritage background, and increasing the buffer zone is now a standard method used by managers to protect the heritage. Zones were accurately set and managed.
The buffer zone is additional protections provided by the Wo r l d H e r i t a g e O r g a n i z a t i o n (https://whc.unesco.org/en/ list/670/), and it is mainly to avoid negative environmental and human impacts. Buffer zones are usually two or more areas of a strip, Matera's buffer zone is laid out around Matera's old town Sassi to reduce the impact on Sassi due to excessive tourism. And environmental damage (Adlercreutz, 2006). The constituency of the buffer zone is a catalyst for the value of the heritage itself. It was determined by the physical area required for heritage management, and it determines the level of control of the entire region(Figure 63). The vision of heritage(Figure ) (such as a scene from the Matera area to the old city of Sassi) is also decisive for highlighting the value of culture.
Fig.62. Matera, 2016, Talenti Lucani. Powered by WIT. Realizzato da: IconaLAB.
World heritage adjusted for Sassi regional characteristics
World heritage definition
As
in the context of the heritage convention, some other physical parameters also have an impact on the material scope defined by the heritage, such as: 1) It contains the timeline of the development of the culture and the possible reasons for damage (such as human damage, the surrounding physical environment and the impact of climate change on the culture itself) 2) The degree of participation of relevant stakeholders in the management of the entire area to which the property belongs determines the level of protection of the property (protection of the property by the participation of residents can appropriately reduce the level of protection of the property by the administrator)
Heritage boundaries include a series of different levels in addition to physical limitations. Different boundaries will create for various objects of protection. The protection of local conditions can maximize the management mechanism, and the integration of heritage sites and the background they sit in can form complete protection. The buffer zone set for history should be based on the properties of the heritage itself. Sometimes it is not just to define the protection area, but the protection of the specific regions and local participants is even more critical.
Fig.63. Poniitifal Basillca-Cathedral of Mary saint of Bruna and St.Eustachius （photograph by the author，2019）
Although some scholars have proved that the establishment of World Heritage will promote the attractiveness of tourism in heritage areas like Sassi and accelerate the development of tourism, which will not only have a more significant impact on local culture but also promote economic growth. In extreme cases, the flow and density of tourists will increase, which will cause more significant artificial damage to local customs and natural attractions. Some scholars use World Heritage as a catalyst for tourism(Figure 64). It has also brought Sassi the issue that needs to be paid close attention to all the time. The development of the tourism industry has brought surprise and destruction to Sassi, but it is also in the process of self-wear. For example, to control the flow of Sassi tourists within a certain range, and to perform specific maintenance on Sassi during periods of low traffic, including restoration of the original caves, the opening and maintenance of Sassi's entire rainwater collection system is also particularly important. The work is the skeleton inside Sassi, connecting the lives of the residents at the time.
Fig.64. Bernardini Palace （photograph by the author，2019）
T he
most prominent feature of Sassi is the fusion of old and new elements, which are mainly manifested in two aspects of nature and architecture. The World Heritage Manager set up a buffer zone for Sassi because Sassi belongs to a visionary heritage(Figure 65). The understanding of the heritage management of the Sassi unit has not been described in detail. Some of the caves in Sassi area have retained some initially limited architectural space, and some caves have been added or rebuilt as extensions of the original caves. Different processing methods will produce two effects on the material. One is to regularly maintain the physical environment surrounding the original cave that needs to be maintained and the original content. The other is to grant the original cave to a new type of commercial use and carry out a certain degree of reconstruction or expansion. At this time, there may be another problem. It may be possible to use newly cut stone in other areas of Matera to replace the existing cave. The material was fused with the new stone material, and a certain degree of unity is made between the two possible slight material differences to ensure the overall coordinated development of Sassi.
Critique of World Heritage status World heritage is a redefinition of Sassi: each area brings a variety of possibilities to Sassi, which has changed the ancient city in southern Italy. Although World Heritage status has a perfect management system, it also does a certain degree in the context of specific regions Changes. Still, the development tailored to local conditions matches the development of World Heritage. Just as in managing the complicated relationship between tourism and conservation, Sassi should further consider "alive" places while maintaining after the establishment of the buffer zone, which also belongs to the entire A part of the heritage cannot be divided as a separate site. Just as Sassi allows residents to reuse these spaces, allowing more people to experience the unique cave space created by nature and the cooperation of artisans, aware of the particularity of the entire cave structure such as ventilation The thermal insulation function of the system and the stone, as well as the internal structure, also evoke the protection awareness of the locals, improve the protection level of the heritage itself and adopt a "valueoriented" method, and maximize the protection of the culture.
The main content explored in this thesis is through the use of interpretive theory (Philosophy) to understand the changes before and after Sassi was listed as a World Cultural Heritage. The development process of the Sassi Cave, and its hidden dangers and being Listed as a change brought by world heritage, to achieve the purpose of protecting Sassi, Sassi located in the old town of Matera is interpreted. Sassi uses qualitative analysis to study its changes- changes in local culture under the combined action of nature and humanmade, and prove the source of its missing and changing trends.
F i g . 6 5 . M a t e r a , 2 0 1 6 , Ta l e n t i L u c a n i . Powered by WIT. Realizzato da: IconaLAB.
Interpreted several essential aspects of Sassi's invisible b o u n d a r y, f i r s t u n d e r s t a n d i n g the history of Matera and the rise of Sassi, secondly analyzing the impact of Sassi's history on today's Sassi and the culture of promotion, and finally the overall cave form of Sassi Interpretation, internal structure and characteristics, through these three points of analysis, Sassi's current positioning and future planning and possible changes are obtained. In the last part, the understanding of the World Heritage system directly proved the change of Sassi, and also allowed the Residents and Sassi were most "overall" selected as world heritage.
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