Urban Design & Landscape Architecture, Cornell MLA 2019 Fall by (Nina) Fan Feng

PORTFOLIO OF (NINA) FAN FENG Selected Works 2018-2021

( N I N A ) FA N F E N G MLA CANDIDATE 142-28, 38 Ave, New York City, NY, USA

A W A R D May. 2021

1-607-262-9362

MERIT AWARD - 2021 WLA STUDENT AWARD - RESEARCH CATEGORY World Landscape Architecture

Jul. 2017

SECOND PLACE - 2017 URBAN AND RURAL COMPREHENSIVE PRACTICE INVESTIGATION REPORT EVALUATION OF NATIONAL URBAN AND RURAL PLANNING DISCIPLINE OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTE - STUDENT RESEARCH CATEGORY National Steering Committee of Urban and Rural Planning Education in China

E X P E R I E N C E Jun. 2021Aug. 2021

Feb. 2021May. 2021

Sep. 2019 - Dec. 2021

CORNELL UNIVERSITY – ITHACA, NY, USA

Chicago, IL, USA

Sep. 2014 - Jun. 2019

 Assisted senior landscape architects to complete schematic design and development design documents, developed analytical diagrams, planting palettes, construction drawings, digital models, renderings for presentations, and did marketing research.

DALIAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

TEACHING ASSISTANT- LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT -

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

RESEARCH ASSISTANT- LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT -

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

RESEARCH ASSISTANT- HORTICULTURE DEPARTMENT – CORNELL UNIVERSITY  Participated in garden designs, surveying & mapping on Cornell campus, engaged in weeding, irrigating, pruning and planting several landscapes, helped with research work which was aimed at improving Hickory transplanting and growth on plant propagation and data collection, developed an online data base highlighting Hydrangea paniculata cultivars collection on Cornell campus.

Jul. 2018 Oct. 2018

E D U C A T I O N

INTERN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT- DESIGN WORKSHOP

 Used ArcGIS to visualize and assess landcover changes and forest successions along the Erie Canal, created maps and matrixes, researched the relationship between fallow and forest carbon performance, calculated tree species carbon performance based on forest types along Erie Canal and developed a comprehensive sheet of different forest types’ carbon sequestration ability, and delivered basic GIS tutorials to other team members.

Jun. 2020 Aug. 2020

https://issuu.com/qq71698/docs/portfolio-nina_s www.linkedin.com/in/ninafanfeng0909

Master of Landscape Architecture Cumulative G.P.A. 3.98

 Assisted in the development of design ideas for student projects, led plant identification lab exercises and answered questions from students, responsible for plant sample collecting, grading, administering Canvas, and preparing soil labs. Nov. 2020May. 2021

ff246@cornell.edu

INTERN URBAN DESIGNER- DALIAN CITY DEVELOPMENT DESIGN

LIMITED COMPANY-CHINA

 Participated throughout a historic area rennovation urban design project in Dalian City, envolved in the early-stage investigation and documentary information collection and rectification of mapping, develoeped digital models using SketchUp, and created the PowerPoint for the presentation of this project.

– DALIAN, CHINA Bachelor of Urban and Rural Planning Cumulative G.P.A. 3.70

S K I L L S Adobe Suite (Photoshop, InDesign, Illustrator, Premiere, After Effect), AutoCAD, ArcGIS, Sketchup, Lumion, V-Ray, Rhino, Grasshopper, Microsoft Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint). C O U R S E S “ArcGIS for Planners”, “Site Engineering”, “Woody Plant Selection, Design, and Landscape Establishment”, “Urban Design”, “Urban Transportation Principle”, “History of Architecture”, “Environmental Psychology”.

P U B L I C A T I O N S Mar. 2018 “Study on the Deterioration of Outdoor Environment Quality of Under the Distinction of the Residential Space” - 2018 ISFT Sino, Japan’s and Republic of Korea’s International Symposium on Fusion Tech at Dalian Authors: Zhou Shiyu, Fan Xixuan, and Feng Fan Feb. 2018 “Planning & Design’s Variation of Residence Zone and Existing Residence Zone’s Afforestation” - The 14th International Conference on Grew & Energy Efficient Building & New Technologies and Products Expo Authors: Zhou Shiyu, Fan Xixuan, and Feng Fan

( N I N A ) FA N F E N G MLA CANDIDATE

142-28, 38 Ave, New York City, NY, USA 1-607-262-9362 ff246@cornell.edu

Dear Hiring Manager,

I would like to apply for the Entry Level Landscape Architect position your organization listed on LinkedIn.com. After reviewing the job description and requirements, I believe that my background prepares me ideally to excel in this position.

I hold a Master’s degree in Landscape Architecture from Cornell University and a Bachelor’s degree in Urban Design and Planning from Dalian University of Technology. Through over 7 years of undergraduate and graduate studies, I have developed strong abilities with urban and landscape design and research skills and familiarity with software such as AutoCAD, ArcGIS, Adobe Suite, Rhino, Sketchup, and others, and accumulated many experiences making hand-drawings and artificial models as representations of design work.

I worked with Design Workshop, Inc. as an intern landscape architect in summer 2021. During my internship, I assisted senior landscape architects to complete schematic design and development design documents for different scales of projects, for example, a streetscape renovation project, private and public parks, residential developments, and resorts. I developed analytical diagrams, planting palettes, construction drawings, digital models, renderings for presentations, and did marketing research. I was applauded for my flexibility, solid graphic design skills and problem-solving abilities. This internship improved my knowledge of landscape architecture practice and promoted my capacity to effectively collaborate with colleges and to deliver high-quality projects on time.

I have solid research skills as well. With two experiences working as a research assistant for Cornell University’s Landscape Architecture Department and Horticulture Department, I have enhanced my abilities of critical thinking and organizing, evaluating, and analyzing information. I won the 2021 WLA Merit Award in Student Research category with my project called Biochar-Forest-Carbon Negative Cycle, which proves my work and my research skills have gained recognition.

To sum up, my experience and skill set seem closely aligned with what you are seeking. Hence, I sincerely want to be a part of your organization. Thanks for your consideration.

Very truly yours, (Nina) Fan Feng Cornell University | Master of Landscape Architecture ‘19

CONTENTS

01-09

10-15

16-19

FEEDING CLEVELAND

BIOCHAR-FORESTRY CARBON NEGATIVE CYCLE

BRING BACK THE OYSTER

AUTOMATED URBA

---- a sustainable food system design in MidTown Cleveland

---- a prototype to respond the Green New Deal

---- a long-term ecological strategy for Sound View Park

---- a vision of furture

28-33

20-27

34-39

40-41

ANISM

ALLEYS AND YARDS

INTERACTIVE CONNECTION

OTHER WORKS

city

---- a revival of lost civilization

---- a shareable campus for the society

Eden for Wildlife NYS Accessibility to COVID-19 Testing Sites

Nanchan Temple

01 FEEDING CLEVELAND A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM DESIGN IN MIDTOWN CLEVELAND

urban design/landscape architecture project in Cleveland OH, USA individual work instructor: Mitchell Glass Fall 2021

As a representative industrial cities of the 20th century, Cleveland experienced major population decline and astonishing property vacancies beginning in 1960. In the last decade, Cleveland population has shrunk down 6.1 percent, and by the end of 2020, there are 44,259 vacant parcels and 12,179 vacant structures across the city. Population loss, poverty, unemployment, food desert, food miles and vacancy – contamination and lack of organic matter – are driving a movement towards a holistic approach to rationalize functional food development. The good news is, in the late 1970s, Cleveland’s municipal government has already began supporting urban agriculture, and in recent years, Cleveland has integrated border food system thinking into its policy. Within this context, firstly I conducted a research on food desert, vacancy, demographic statistics, and the potential to implement sustainable food system in Cleveland. MidTown Cleveland is quite noticeable geographically and demographically based on these parameters. This area has high vacancy rates and is the intersection of diverse communities. Midtown has few residents currently, but its daytime population swells to 18,000, making it one of Northeast Ohio’s biggest job centers. It has great potential to respond to repurpose vacancy for food development. Hence, I created a sustainable food system (SFS) development schemes for MidTown Cleveland, where positive value along three dimensions: economic, social and environmental are generated. I envisioned how the activities conducted by each food system actor are commercially viable for all stakeholders (economic output), how to perform equity in the distribution of economic value and how to contribute to the enhancement of social outcome (social output), and how to ensure that the impacts of food system activities on the surrounding natural environment are neutral or positive (environmental output). Phytoremediation is then introduced as an ecological and economical solution for soil decontamination. Applying phytoremediation could guarantee agricultural productivity and food safety as well as eliminate negative impacts of food system activities on the surrounding environment.

Some Phyto-technologies such as Phyto-extraction require decades to take effect, so I divided the MidTown SFS design into 3 phases: site preparation, preforming clean-up, and fully-implemented SFS. Within the first phase, residential infill, homeless shelter plan and bike lane & bike sharing system is facilitated. Within the second phase, MidTown food lab, MidTown food mall are built and managed, community gardens and urban beekeeping practice is integrated, and food basket distribution spot is set. During the final phase, vacant buildings for Mid-Town food processing, storage, workshop are repurposed, and urban farm, urban orchard and food forest are built and managed. In conclusion, repurposing vacant land to implement SFS will provide an ideal resolution of this timely and urgent issue in Cleveland. A well-designed and well-operated MidTown SFS, is an epitome of the future Cleveland city’s SFS. I believe with the systematic approach, Cleveland will embrace economic and population growth, food justice and social equity, and sustainability again.

FOOD DESERT, POVERTY & VACANCY ANALYSIS N 0

railway landbank parcels MT boundary

0.5

rta rails

RTA HL station

brownfield

2 miles

RTA Healthline

block<10 persons

neighborhood boundary

green space

Cleveland boundary

RTA station waterbody

bike system

major grocery stores FOOD DESERT AREA:

0-0.5: non-food desert

miles to nearest grocery

Poverty Analysis:

persons in poverty

usda farmer's market

1-4

5-10

11-50

existing urban far 0.5-1.0 51-100

existing community garden 1.1-2.0

>2.1

POTENTIAL TO IMPLEMENT A SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM IN MIDTOWN C Vacancy

Neighborhood Characters

Goodrich–Kirtland Park

Downtown

Central

Cuyahoga Valley Tremont

vacant parcel

land bank parcel

vacant building

occupied building

successional green

parking

Circularity

outfall - occasionally overflow

water management facility

waste recycling facility

1 dot = 1 person Black White

Asian

Hispanic

POI

outfall - frequently overflow composting facility

Broadway–

impervious surface

0.5

1 mile

water well

economic development and workforce urban drawdown partnership

welldrained sandy soil

college & university fast food/ take out pantry

school SN small grocery stor

mobile pantry

USDA

CLEVELAND Land Use St. Clair–Superior

Hough

Fairfax

Buckeye–Woodhill

Kinsman

–Slavic Village

community partnerships

industrial site

light industrial site

senior housing

office

transportation

utility

retail

passive green space hospital

university

park school

residential area religious

Contamination

NAP distribution site supermarket dine-in restaurant re large grocery store corner/ convenience store

petroleum

salt (sodium, chloride and other additives)

air pollution

nutrients

pesticides

matals

farmer's market

THE MIDTOWN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES

value creation catalytic support

SFS Spatial components

MIDTOWN PHYTOREMEDIATION STRATEGY

Plant destroys contaminant

Soil biology destroys contaminant

Plant turns contaminant into a gas

Plant uses contam incorporates conta

Programming

Remediation Programming

Remediation Program

harvest once a year

no harvest or maintenance needed

harvest every twenty years

prune once a year

Species Selection

Species Selection Andropogon gerardii Bouteloua curtipendula Bouteloua dactyloides Elymus canadensis Elymus hystrix Festuca rubra Panicum virgatum Spartina pectinata

Big Bluestem Side Oats Grama Buffalo Grass Canada Wild-Rye Bottlebrush Grass Red Fescue Switchgrass Prairie Cordgrass

Andropogon gerardii Bouteloua curtipendula Cercis canadensis Elymus hystrix Gleditsia triacanthos Juniperus virginiana Maclura pomifera Morus rubra Pinus banksiana Pinus virginiana Quercus macrocarpa Solidago canadensis

Big Bluestem Side Oats Grama Eastern Redbud Bottlebrush Grass Honey Locust Eastern Red Cedar Osage Orange Red Mulberry Jack Pine Virginia Pine Bur Oak Canadian Goldenrod

Conyza canadensis Festuca rubra Leersia oryzoides Oenothera glazioviana Populus deltoides Pseudotsuga menziesii Zea mays

Species Selection Horseweed Red Fescue Rice Cutgrass Garden Evening-primrose Eastern Cottonwood Douglas Fir Corn

Andropogon gerardii Panicum virgatum Populus deltoides Pinus ponderosa Salix discolor Sorghastrum nutans

minant in growth and aminant into biomass

mming

Plant takes up contaminant, store it and is harvested

Contaminant is filtered from water by roots and soil

Remediation Programming

remove sediment once a year

annual maintenance

Species Selection Big Bluestem Switchgrass Eastern Cottonwood Ponderosa Pine Pussy Willow Yellow Indiangrass

Plant changes groundwater hydrology, takes up water and contaminant

Andropogon gerardii Aronia melanocarpa Betula pumila Ilex verticillata Liriodendron tulipifera Osmunda claytoniana Potentilla norvegica Thuja occidentalis Viburnum dentatum

Species Selection Big Bluestem Chokecherry Bog Birch Winterberry Tulip Poplar Interrupted Fern Rough Cinquefoil Northern White Cedar Arrowwood Viburnum

Andropogon gerardii Aquilegia canadensis Bouteloua curtipendula Carex pensylvanica Liatris aspera Schizachyrium scoparium Solidago nemoralis Thalictrum dioicum Viola pedatifida

Species Selection Big Bluestem Eastern Red Columbine Side Oats Grama Pennsylvania Sedge Rough Blazing Star Little Bluestem Gray Goldenrod Early Meadow-Rue Bearded Birdfoot Violet

Acer buergerianum Trident Maple Betula nigra River Birch Myrica pensylvanica Bayberry Quercus bicolor Swamp White Oak Quercus rubra Red Oak Styphnolobium japonicum Japanese Pagodatree

TIME FRAME FOR THE MIDTOWN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM PLAN Phase I: site preparation

Phase II: proforming clean-up

6 1

4 2

5 1

SFS

work force housing with ground-floor retail public park

homeless shelter

infill housing

vacant building

stormwater filter

multi-mechanism mat

metal extraction plot

multi-mechanism buffer

air-flow buffer

green roof

MidTown Food Lab

MidTown Food Mall

community garden

beekeeping

food basket

PHYTOTYPOLOGIES

degradation hedge

2 4 4

4 5

3 1

2 5

2 4

1 3 2

100

400'

SFS

PHYTOTYPOLOGIES

5 3

Phase III: fully implemented MidT SFS

SFS

MidTown SFS Workshop

MidTown Food Processing & Storage Center

public park

urban farm

food basket

food forest

urban orchard

PHYTOTYPOLOGIES

degradation hedge

3 4 5 3

1 1 2 4 1 5

MIDTOWN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEM NETWORK MidTown Food Mall + Public Park

Mix-used Workforce Housing + C

distribution/access

produce & distribution/access & consumption

stormwater filter air-flow buffer

multi-mechanism buffer

green roof

degrgadation hedge

green roof

sto

community garden food basket

MidTown food mall office

MidTown food mall

retail & dining community center

public park workforce housing

Infill Housing + Community Garden + Urban Orchard produce & distribution/access & consumption

Infill Housing + Community Garden produce & distribution/access & consumption

multi-mech multi-mechanism buffer

green roof

degrgadation hedge & fence air-flow buffer

stormwater filter multi-mechanism mat urban farm infill housing food basket

MidTown SFS workshop

community garden

infill housing

community garden urban orchard greenhouse

phytotypologies sfs elements

food basket

multi-

Community Garden

Midtown Food Lab + Food Forest + Homeless Shelter produce & distribution/access & consumption

multi-mechanism buffer multi-mechanism buffer

& fence

ormwater filter

multi-mechanism mat

air-flow buffer

green roof stormwater filter playground

homeless shelter

food forest

MidTown food lab

MidTown Food Processing & Storage Center + Urban Farm

n + Urban Farm + MidTown SFS Workshop

produce & process & distribution/access & consumption

hanism buffer

-mechanism mat green roof degrgadation hedge & fence

air-flow buffer stormwater filter multi-mechanism buffer

stormwater filter

degrgadation hedge & fence

air-flow buffer

MidTown Food Processing & Storage Center

farmer's market

urban farm

PROMISE OF URBAN AGRICULTURE

Potential Annual Crop 1000 Sq. Ft Bed

p Value,

Seasonal Cultivation (Major Crop Species)

MIDTOWN GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM MT Green infrastructure system is designed to mimic natural water cycle, filtrating and absorbing storm water to relieve pressure from stormwater and sewage facilities, and harvesting rainwater for irrigation. The system employs natural systems such as stormwater filter, green roof, and open space to handle stormwater. It also involve manufactured solutions such as rainwater harvesting trench and permeable pavement.

These green infrastructure components can gain traction with business and the use of harvested rainwater can help to reduce farmers operating costs. The MT green infrastructure system is a dynamic response to the MT sustainable food system.

02 BIOCHAR-FORESTRY CARBON NEGATIVE CYCLE A PROTOTYPE TO RESPOND THE GREEN NEW DEAL

landscape architecture research in New York State individual work instructor: Jamie Vanucchi Fall 2020

The Green New Deal established in 2019 aims at mitigating climate change and creating green job positions for people in need. Yet the great potential of forests to contribute to climate actions and associated green jobs are always overlooked. Inherited from President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his forest army CCC which hired more than 3 million people in the national forests and planted more than 3 billion trees, reforestation and forest structure improving works are an effective technique to incorporate forest as part of the Green New Deal. Furthermore, functioning forests are significant carbon sinks, sequestering and storing carbon, and as carbon trading are becoming more and more popular, well-performed forests can act as carbon emission offsets in those carbon trading marketplaces. Thus, more related jobs can be set up. Exploring in NYS forests, I found that the forests are facing issues such as fragmentation, lessening early and late forest successions, invasive species, certain species’ insects and diseases, and wildfire and landslide hazards. These closely connected to forest health, functioning, and carbon absorbance and storage performance. On the other hand, the state has great potential to develop biochar market based on existing sawmill factories, which will benefit for forest structure improvement when combined with sustainable forest stewardship. That is when biochar application came into my mind. Though biochar studies are still in the early stages, there are sufficient documents that can prove biochar’s capabilities to amend soil structure, promote land self-resiliency, reduce water run-off, etc. In addition, the feedstock of biochar can be various, wood resources from biomass residue to timber chips could all be utilized. I then proposed a FOREST-BIOCHAR-ACTOR CYCLE, where forest surplus and residue work as biochar feedstock, and biochar are applied to forest soil as problem-solving implement. In this cycle, many human actors such as forest rangers, biochar producers, harvesters, and volunteers are included. Three characteristic sites with distinctly urgent needs of forest improvement or conservation are chosen to locate experimental forests. Tree species carbon performance are calculated, and succession strategies are purposed.

FOREST DEVELOPMENT TIMELINE IN NYS

0s 192

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CRITICAL FOREST CHARACTERS AND BIOCHAR MARKET POTENTIAL ANALYSIS NYS is 61 percent forested with 18.6 million acres in total, one fourth of which is public owned. By overlaying critical forest character layers and summarizing data, current issues related to forests expose, for example, fragmentation, lessening early and late forest successions, invasive species, certain species’ insects and diseases, and wildfire and landslide hazards. These closely connected to forest health, functioning, and carbon absorbance and storage performance. On the other hand, the state has great potential to develop biochar market based on existing sawmill factories, which will benefit for forest structure improvement when combined with sustainable forest stewardship.

IN NYS

Forest Management Analysis NY Long Distance Trails EST

Empire State Trail

FLT

Finger Lakes Trail

NPT

Northville-Lake Placid Trail

Long Path North Country National Trail

NCT

Forest Preserve State Forest Privately Owned Forest Other Forested Public Land

Forest Land Ownership

Forest Inventory Unit Priority Watershed Forest Preserve Land Forest Block Linkages Remediation Site

Regeneration Index Poor Fair Good Very Good

Timber Species Regeneration Index

Critical Environmental Areas

Mill Capacity (Millions of Board Feet)

0-0.5

Per P2 Invasive Plot 1 2-4 5-7 8-10

0.5-3 3-10

Number of Invasive Plants

10+

Forest Matrix Score (lowesr 1-highest 8) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Heat Vulnerability Index (census tracts level) Fires>=10 Acres (379 incidents) Fires>=100 Acres (26 incidents) Wildfires per Square Mile 0-0.3 0.4-0.8 0.9-1.3 1.4-3.4 3.5-18.5

Wildfires per Square Mile (2003-2017)

Experimental Forest Location

WUI Area

Wildland Urban Interface

100 Miles

Location A of experimental forests

LONG ISLAND PINE BARRENS Central Pine Barrens Area Alalysis Abandoned sand mined lands would not reforest itself because of their destructive disturbances to soil structure, soil microorganism, and plant species. There are several out-of-used sand mines within Long Island Pine Barrens Core Area, which contains a vast array of significant natural and cultural resources worthy of preservation and protection and lies on top of Long Island’s aquifer, protecting drinking water quality for residents. Pine Barrens are unique landscape with high wildfire frequency because of the presence of highly flammable vegetation, accumulation of dry forest litter, and dry soil conditions. What is more, pines are at high risk of infection by pine beetles. Suppression of natural fire disturbance and a lack of forest management have caused much of the pine barrens to become densely packed with overcrowded and weakened trees, which decrease the resiliency of pines against the beetles. Without maintaining and restoring natural process to the Pine Barrens ecosystem, net loss in the acreage of natural communities will continue to increase year after year.

A A

A-A Section Vegetation Type PO

R PO

POH PSB

PSB DP S DP

college school

Soil Texture and Porosity sandy loam loam

loam

compatible growth area

loam sandy loam loam

sandy loam

loamy sand

>100

SPB infected area

Policies have been made to protect Long Island Pine Barrens and two classifications are defined based on preservation urgency. Abandoned sand mines are typical land types within vacancies. There are many schools and colleges around, which is easy for public education, outreach, and engagement in terms of Pine Barrens' significance.

Fire Frequency

40-60

vacancy

sand

from moderately drained to excessively drained

>100 60-100 number of years between large fires

primary road

core preservation area

40-60 >100

15-40 7-15

Code: PO - Pine-Oak Forest, OP - Oak-Pine Forest, POH - Pitch Pine-Oak-Heath Woodland, PSB - Pitch Pine Scrub Oak Barrens, DP - Dwarf Pine Barrens, R - Road, S Abandoned Sand Mine.

Zoomed-in Section of Hazardous Area Characteristic Tree Species pitch pine-oak-heath woodland

pitch pine scrub oak barrens

Pitch Pine Scarlet Oak Virginia Pine Chestnut Oak White Oak

Pitch Pine Scarlet Oak

dwarf pine plains

Pitch Pine Scarlet Oak

abandoned sand mine

dwarf pine plains

Pitch Pine

Pitch Pine experimental forest plot location

Carbon Performance per Tree

50'

Lifetime stored CO2 equivalent of carbon/lbs

Annually sequestrated CO2 equivalent of carbon/lbs

Virginia Pine Chestnut Oak Data Source: https://mytree.itreetools.org

Pitch Pine

Scarlet Oak

White Oak

SUCCESSION STRATEGY OF THE ONE-ACRE EXPRIMENTAL FOREST PLOT Assisted succession strategies are utilized on experimental forests to test their ability to restore pine barrens communities and their carbon performance. red

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Action & Stage Characterization Action A: cutting down Southern Pine Beetles infected trees and transporting them to nearby reformed sawmills to produce biochar.

Action E: monitoring forest health situation, checking on pest infection,

Action B: applying biochar to amend degraded soil on abandoned

Action F: outreach to public by holding info-sessions and woodwalks Stage G: young Coastal Plain Dry Oak-Hardwood Forest form. Stage H: mid-successional Coastal Plain Dry Oak-Hardwood Forest form. Stage I: late-successional Coastal Plain Dry Oak-Hardwood Forest form.

surface sand mines and establishing herbicious plants to stablize soil.

Action C: establishing plant seedlings. Action D: clear fire hazardous residual fuel by pruning and selective

and detect wildlife species and tree growth condition.

cutting and felling. Action D combined with Action B can substitude periodical perscribed fires.

Location B of experimental forests

PRIVATE TIMBERLAND IN WASHINGTON COUNTTY, NY Analysis of Landslide Hazardous Area within Working Forest

Washington County, NY has a percentage of 100 private owned timberlands. Thus, the decisions and choices that landowners make about their forestland, and those made by foresters, timber harvesters, recreationists, and other users of forests will significantly influence and change the resources. However, based on the fact that many of those working forests are even-aged monocultural stands and are harvested clear cutting, obviously there are gaps of knowledge and limited availability to owners and managers to practice active and sustainable forest management. What is more, the central area of Washington county has high susceptibility of landslide hazard. Natural variables such as soil properties, topographic position and slope, and historical landslide events will contribute to determining the overall risk of landslide activities. Several debris avalanches had happened in Washington County in the past 20 years, which were most likely to be triggered by logging or destruction of the forest cover. Clearly, non-sustainable harvesting practices such as excessive clearcutting harvest method will provide no benefits in this case. According to many studies, mixed-species, uneven-aged forests have a better carbon sequestration and storage ability than single-species, even-aged forest. Hence, cultivating a long-term stewardship ethic among forest owners (especially about forests’ climate change mitigation) and some supplement of technical knowledge and expertise among owners and consumers are crucial for working forest improvement.

A-A Section Vegetation Type Landowner 1 CF R H

RM Stand

Landowner 2 Landowner 3 Landowner 4 SM Stand

P-B Stand

B Stand

Landowner 5 R W

P Stand

harvested public forest

private forest

aterial road

secondary road

landslide hazardous area landslide incident

Soil Texture and Porosity fine sandy loam

silty clay loam clay

sandy loam and rock outcrop silty clay loam

clay

drinking water

sandy loam and rock outcrop

sawmill factory

silty clay loam _

recreational water

residential area

It could be observed from the map above that landslide hazard exists around many working forest stands, which will affect nearby water quality and developed areas. Sustainable forestry will help reduce landslide susceptibility as well as combat climate change. Code: CF - CornField, R - Road, H - Housing Area, RM - Red Maple, SM - Sugar Maple, P-B - PineBeech, B - Beech, W - Water, P - Pine.

from moderately drained to excessively drained

Landslide Susceptibility

fishing water

from medium landslide susceptibility to high landslide susceptibility

Zoomed-in Section of Hazardous Area Characteristic Tree Species maple stand

pine-beech stand

beech stand

road and water clear-cut area

experimental forest plot location

Sugar Maple Red Maple

Eastern White Pine American Beech

American Beech White Ash

Carbon Performance per Tree

50'

Lifetime stored CO2 equivalent of carbon/lbs

Annually sequestrated CO2 equivalent of carbon/lbs American Beech White Ash Data Source: https://mytree.itreetools.org

Red Maple

Sugar Maple

Eastern White Pine

SUCCESSION STRATEGY OF A ONE-ACRE EXPRIMENTAL FOREST PLOT Assisted succession strategies are utilized on experimental forests to test their ability to to promote sustainable forest stewardship plans for private forest owners, and their carbon performance. 100 100 ' ' red ste ue q e rs a e 2/y 50' 50' CO of s ton

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Action A1: starting with a 50-year-old American Beech stand. Cutting down Beech Bark Disease infected trees and transport those to nearby reformed sawmills to produce biochar, and then applying biochar to soil to enhance soil structure and reduce landslide hazard. Thinning orginal stand to 50% relative density. Action A2-7: thinning American Beech trees to 50% relative density Action B1-3: restocking total stand volume by establishing cohort species:

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Action & Stage Characterization

Eastern White Pine, Sugar Maple, and White Oak.

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Action C: reducing overstory to wide spacing and tending young cohorts. Action D: public engagement and education. Holding seminars about sustainable forest stewardship for private landowners and cultivating welltrained harvesters and loggers that can perform low-impact harvesting. Stage E: transforming from monocultural even-aged stand to mixed-species uneven-aged stand.

Stage F: fully implemented mixed-species, uneven-aged working forest stand. Stage G: single-tree or small-group selection haresting system.

Location C of experimental forests

FOREST CONNECTIVITY AREA IN TOMPKINS COUNTY, NY Forest Fragmentation Area Analysis

According to forest connectivity dataset in NYS, south Tompkins County are within critical forest connectivity area. It’s recognized that a well-connected landscape enables plant and animals species migrate freely. However, many parcels within and between protected areas is held under private ownership by timber companies and absentee landowners. Abandoned farmlands, vacancy, and developed areas are causing forest fragmentation. Furthermore, forest fragmentation may cause edge effects, which are usually linked to habitat fragmentation, destruction or degradation. Not only is reforesting abandoned farmlands eliminating a factor of forest fragmentation, but also a potential of combating climate change as these lands undergo recovery of vegetation and soil carbon and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

A-A Section Vegetation Type NHF

RP Stand A

NHF

A agricultural land

Soil Texture and Porosity silt loam

silt loam

rock outcrop gravelly loam

gravelly loam

cemetery

silt loam

vacancy arterial raod _

from poorly drained to well drained

Wild turkey

Northern long-eared bat

public owned forest abandoned farmland secondary raod

residential area hydrology cycle trail

Some areas within A-A section are recognized as abandoned farmland and are causing forest fragentmentation, lessening the connections between wildlife management area and state forests. Restoring abandoned farmland is critical. Code: NHF - Northern Hardwoods forest, RP - Red Pine, A - Abandoned Farmland, W - water, H - Housing Area, C Cemetery, R - Road.

Threatened Wildlife Species American woodcock

wildlife management area

Ruffed Grouse

Zoomed-in Section of Hazardous Area Characteristic Tree Species northern hardwoods forest

red pine stand

American Beech White Ash Eastern White Pine Sugar Maple Red Spruce Paper Birch

abandoned farmland

road and water

abandoned farmland

northern hardwoods forest

Red Pine Chestnut Oak Virginia Pine White Oak American Beech White Ash Sugar Maple

experimental forest plot location

Carbon Performance per Tree

50'

Lifetime stored CO2 equivalent of carbon/lbs

Annually sequestrated CO2 equivalent of carbon/lbs Chestnut Oak

Virginia Pine

White Oak

Data Source: https://mytree.itreetools.org

American Beech

White Ash

Sugar Maple

Eastern White Pine

Red Spruce

Paper Birch

Red Pine

SUCCESSION STRATEGY OF A ONE-ACRE EXPRIMENTAL FOREST PLOT Assisted succession strategies are utilized on experimental forests to test their ability to to restore abandoned farmlands and their carbon performance.

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Action & Stage Characterization Action A: site preparation. Clearing invasive species and making biochar through portable kilns. Applying biochar to amend soil structure on abandoned farmlands. Action B: establishing young forest with tree seedlings. Action C: monitoring. Detecting target wildlife species and tracking plant seedlings growth.

habitat by creating snags, increasing coarse woody debris, and improving crop tree (wildlifes depend on) growing condition by reducing competition. Stage F: early-successional northern hardwood and oak and pine patches.

Action D: outreach to public by holding info-sessions and woodwalks. Action E: conducting crop tree release and thinning. Enhancing wildlife

Stage H: late-successional northern hardwood and oak and pine

Stage G: mid-successional northern hardwood and oak and pine patches. patches.

03 BRING BACK THE OYSTER LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE SUTDIO

landscape architecture design in New York City area: 205 actes Instructor: Maria Goula collaborator: Xuan Zhang role: preliminary research 50%, conceptual design 85%, drawings and representation 100%, model making 50%

Dec. 2019 New York has a really long oyster nursery history, which could be tracked back to the 1800s, once thrived, and then started to decline. The last oyster bed was closed in 1927, due to human consumption, pollution and so on. Two hundred years ago, the streets of lower Manhattan were lined with ‘oyster cellars’, rough-and-ready establishments hawking all-your-can-eat oysters for six cents. Then with the absence of oysters for about 100 years, under the circumstance of sever climate changes, those coastal regions suffered a lot. Nowadays, realizing the mighty functions of oysters, some projects have already been carried out to bring back those creatures. Oyster reefs can serve shoreline protection purposes like normal bulk heads, but can also provide huge ecological benefits like improving water quality through oyster filtration, reducing excess nitrogen, or providing critical habitat that supports the production of new fish and crabs. Furthermore, natural or hybrid solutions may come with decreased implementation or maintenance costs – making them a potential win-win over time. Diving deeper into Sound View itself, we found many issues, specifically could be solved by reintroducing oysters and leading people to the shoreline to revitalize the park. By creating rough, concreate paths that act as both warm access for people and future oysters to climb on and grow on after sea level rises, we connected the riverbank to neighborhood, bring vibrant vitality to the park. We then envision a future, in which Sound View Park is a distinguished oyster-oriented tourists’ destination, as well as a successful eco-friendly area where oyster reefs offer great endeavor to survive climate changes.

GEOGRAPHICAL & HISTORICAL MAPPING OF NYC TOURISM POTENTIAL

Arterial Road

Secondary Road

1900

1911

1918

1904

Ferry Line Local's Destination

SHORELINE ANALYSIS

Tourists' Destination

Today's Shoreline

Airport

1915's Shoreline Historical Oyster Bed Finished Site

est

Proposed Site

BRONX

SEWAGE SYSTEM

Interceptor NEW JERSEY

Large Sewer

Out Flow

AT TA N

Wastewater Treatment Plant

Force Main

EDGE CLASSFICATION

QUEENS

Sandy

Marshy Rocky

4 Miles

BROOKLYN

Undefined Bulkhead Riprap Piers Filled STATEN ISLAND

We did mappings to find out the potential of bringing back the oyster. Several historical oyster beds in New York were marked, and a few locations were highlighted that Billion Oyster Project picked as experimental areas for growing oysters. In term of pollution and shoreline erosion, we looked for the edge classification and sewage system of the entire NYC. In Sound View we found, the edge form is mainly rip-rap, and there are two sewage outflow there. That explains why it smelled unpleasant near the riverbank, and how urgent the need is to improve water quality there. However, in spite of the negative factors, with the estuary bringing nutrition constantly to Sound View, oyster indeed will achieve enough food access, which makes Sound View a fine place for oysters to settle.

SITE ENVIRONMENT EXISTING SITE CONDITION A Temperature: 13-23 C Salinity: 15-20ppt Dissolved oxygen: 6.5-6.8mg/L Depth: <24ft deep EXISTING SITE CONDITION B Temperature: 15-26 C Salinity: 20-35ppt Dissolved oxygen: 7.5-9.1mg/L Depth: <26ft deep

GROWING ENVIRONMENT OF OYSTERS Temperature: 20-30 C Salinity: 14-28ppt Dissolved oxygen: >3mg/L Depth: 2-26ft deep

Soundview Park is an intriguing place with various potential characters as well as intractable issues. It is a partially developed park built on landfill, situated where the Bronx River opens into the East River. The landfill has increased the height of the shoreline up to 30 feet above the marsh elevation, decreasing public access to the water. Also, data has shown that the park is facing serious flood hazard that almost all coastal area would sink into water in 80 years. However, the 205acre park do offer fine places such as grass baseball fields, a cricket pitch, basketball courts, a running track with synthetic turf field. Hence, we try to integrate its functional merits with solutions for the tough problems by introducing oysters to bring people to the shoreline.

ELEMENTS EXTRACT Sewage outflow Rip-rap edge

FLOOD HAZARD 2050 flood plain 0.2% annual chance 1% annual chance 2100 flood plain 0.2% annual chance 1% annual chance

SOIL TEXTURE green belt neighbourhood

pavement stony

industrial area

SATELLITE ELEMENTS CONTEXT sewage outflow

amphitheater

invasive species road

jogging trail

secondary road

compost factory

waterfront trail

EDGE CLASSIFICATION FOR OYSTER

NARROW WATER ZONE: concrete oyster ring sequence along shoreline .

e a 6

8 7

OPEN WATER ZONE: linear bagged oyster shell, preventing shoreline from erosion.

c. c

EMBEDDED SHOAL: safe water zone, small oyster nursery.

BRO

RIVE

ARTIFICIAL SAFE WATER ZONE: multi-functional oyster nursery as well as exhibition center.

DESIGNING OYSTER GROWTH PATH: set concrete oyster balls along the path, which can be used as pots for plants currently, and structures for oyster to climb on in the future.

1. existing service center 2. existing dog-run 3. 'invasive garden' 4. existing children's playground 5. exhibition center 6. existing playground 7. existing tennis court 8. oyster nursery & water purifying bay 9. observation platform 10. layers of salt marrsh 11. compost garden 12. activity center & oyster nursery observation center 13 & 14. terrace

EAST RIVER

100m

GROW WITH SEA LEVEL SALT MARSH LAYERS Salt marshes have remarkable capacity of acting as buffer to coastal communities and economy, protecting them from increased flooding and storm surges. More importantly, salt marshes’ synergy with oysters such as providing habitats for species and improving water quality can promote the ecofriendly system.

bagged oysters grow under elevated platform

2020 Spartina alterniflora

Juncus gerardii

terraced landforms served as storm water management infrastructure

low-growing

Limonlum carolinianum

Distichlis spicata floating platform for oyster observation Spartina patens

2050

scrub shrub

Baccharis halimifolia

recreation center with oyster restaurants

Solidago sempervirens

Panicum virgatum mature oyster reef acts as natural solution to climate change

Schizachyrium littorale defense

2100

Iva frutescens

Tridens flavus

NATURAL SOLUTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

2020

2100

We made a long-term design, from reintroducing oyster along riverbank to foster harmony habitat as well as protecting shoreline from erosion in the first step, to 80 years later, using mature oyster reef at that time to deal with sea level rise and its concomitant effects such as flood hazard and coastal communities’ vulnerability. During a storm, underwater oyster reefs or beds – dense colonies of oysters both living and dead can act as a natural breakwater, absorbing wave energy before it hits the shore. In addition, combined with terraced landform which is able to serve as storm management infrastructure, natural disasters loss would be minimized. At the same time, water quality would be improved due to oysters’ mighty purifying function, making themselves edible, thus related restaurants and exhibition centers near shoreline areas could be built to attract citizens and tourists as well as bringing revenue to government.

100

150

200'

Invasive Garden

20% slope

platform native swell 20% slope species

aMorus alba

path

Ageratina altissima Artemisia vulgaris

Alliaria petiolata

native swell species

SITE GRADING OF THE 'INVASIVE GARDEN'

In the north west part of Sound View Park, there is an area full of invasive species such as Mugwort and White Mulberry. Though invasive, these two species have been long used in herbal medicine, touted as natural remedies for a wide range of common and uncommon disorders. Since they have great medical utilities, and it would be an inadequate huge investment to remove all of them, we introduced a new idea of ‘Invasive Garden’, where we make some topographic transformation, keeping some of those existing Mugwort and White Mulberry on higher elevation and digging swells around to assure their seeds not spread beyond the garden. In addition, taking establishment of connection with human activities into consideration, we plan to build laboratories near the Invasive Garden for people to visit and learn about invasive species, and to design paths and a platform so that visitors can be provided distinctive opportunities to engage with those species in person. I graded the landscape of this area with the help of Valerie Aymer, a professor of Site Engineering class that I took in 19 Fall semester.

04 AUTOMATED URBANISM UNHABITAT DESIGN CONTEST

urban design in Wuhan, China area: 137.45 hectares individual work July. 2018

Wuhan lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River's intersection with the Han river. Back to the late Qing Dynasty, when Wuhan city was in its infancy, water transportation flourished, leading to the city expanding along the river. Then after the railway and automotive industry gradually developed, the process of urbanization accelerated rapidly. However, though the center of politics, economy, culture and finance in central china, the automobiles-oriented development has created negativity. From sprawling land uses, to highways which divide neighborhoods, to the public health burden of traffic crushes, to the sheer amount of space dedicated to parking cars, as automotive industry developing constantly, the contradiction between human and automotive vehicles intensify. The appearance of automated vehicles have no doubt provide an opportunity to retrieve the situation with an advancing technology that offers the promise of increased safety and mobility for users and greater efficiency in systems operation. What is more, automated vehicles have the great potential to impact and alter the built environment, impacting roadways, urban form, and site designs in far-reaching ways. Hence, I envision a future where autonomous transportation is wide spread as a part of the built environment. The era comes when automation severes the goal of safety, equality and public health, and streets and networks become human-oriented. Automation can enable dynamism in mobility and make it easier than ever to access quick, afforadable and sustainable transportation options throughout the city. Public space will be enhanced and the lives of all urban residents will be improved.

Metro Line 3

Metro Line 8

Metro Line 4

Metro Line 1 Metro Line 6

Yangtze River

Rin g

Metro Line 7 br

1s t

Metro Line 2

brid

tun

nel

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500 m

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ne 1

bri

East Lake

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Furr y

Line

ing

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Lin

Yangtze River

South Lake

0 0.5

4km

China

Hubei Province

Wuhan City

Northern Guishan Area

Wuhan lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River's intersection with the Han river, resulting in the city being teared up into three parts. The northern Guishan area is located in intersection of two rivers, which is a geographical core of Wuhan and has a great potential of land value. In previous urban master plans, there is no clear function of northern Guishan area. Although located in the geographical core of the city and with lots of famous attractions around, the traffic environment is not ideal but unreachable. However, the government plans to build new metro line 4-8, of which line 6 passes through the area, which consists of abandoned old factory areas, shantytowns and green land currently.

URBANISM DEVELPOMENT JingHan Railway

1911

1911 The Revolution of 1911 broke out, and Wuhan became the military junta in Hubei. embryonic period

During that time, water transport flourished and city developed along the rivers.

1925 The government of that time moved its capital to Wuhan.

JingHan Railway

1934

After the construction of four railway stations , and the enhance of railway system, the centralized distribution of the city was promoted. 1.43 km/km2

1949

adjustment period

The People's Republic of China was founded, and three towns were merged into a whole.

public transit propotion

1980

32.7%

14.73%

The construction of some heavy industry areas leaded to the enhancement of some reigonal development.

1978 During the economic reform, the government had made vigorous efforts to develop industry.

1994

developmental period

21.6%

24.5%

The government implemented an open-up along the river policy.

2018

Many newly built bridges across the river links the city into a whole.

30.1% 5.46 km/km2

2012 The first metro in Wuhan was constructed.

road density

building

density

24.58%

5.89 km/km2

？

What will the city shape like if autonomous cars are widely used ?

Han River

South

n Road

Guisha

STREET DYNAMICS

narrower lane width

smaller traffic gap

flexible curbside

fewer lanes

Underutilized space, disordered and shabby housing, and abandoned old factories are apparent across the area. What is worse, the existence of a highway called Qingchuan Street divide the neighborhood into two isolate parts. After consideration, I decide to use automated urbanism system to solve these problems. The central location determines what this area need is attractiveness and commercial competitiveness, which can be realized by building multifunctional areas connected by an efficient street network.Advanced technology enables smaller traffic gaps between vehicles, while transportation efficiency makes fewer lanes possible. Hence, streets will take up fewer space, and the block size will be scaled down.

an hu gc in Q et re St

Yangtze River

25 50

100

200m

BLOCK SCALE VARIATION 4m

AREA A - shrinking

AREA B - reduction

3 14

AREA C - remaining

AREA D - minishing

Area A and area B used to be residential, and now I add commercial function, for waterfront is a potential milieu attracting both residents and tourists. Abandoned old factories which take up plenty of space in area C are reused and endowed with new function as repair, research and exhibition of automated vehicles. Area D gets a quiet feature from locating in the vicinity of Guishan Mountain, thus I decide to exploit it as neighborhood. Area A, B, C, D are connected by a curved shape area which is seen as a landscape contact between mountain and water, and which is highly mulifuctional. In addition, I create an automatic tram line which assumes the role as massive public transportation efficiency in this area. In the northeast, where the highway make negative separation, I design a transit center accompanied by recreation and commercial area, allowing connection and affinity.

PROJECT ANALYSIS Streets are divided into three categories that include a boulevard, downtown streets and neighborhood streets. The automated public tram line built along the boulevard is elevated above head to avoid occupying the street space and make more room for public space, and go into underground to meet the need of unobstructed sight between the mountain and the river. To enhance connection and convince, I set up three transit centers used as transferring spot and parking structures for automated cars. What is more, I create a bridge for pedestrian across Han River to improve human-oriented system.

station underground

SHUTTL TRAM

connection boulevard downtown street neighborhood streett highway

STREET TYPES

green belt open space waterfront trail pedestrian zone

SITE STRATRGY

transit center park vehicle integration area

MULTIFUCTION

STREET TYPES ---- BOULEVARD

2 1

When mass transportation burden falls on automated tram above head, space on the ground is saved, and can be used variously, such as linear parks, performance stages and even small green houses.

2.5m

STAGE

BIKE LANES

TRAM STATION

Stages are set up next to crowded areas such as shopping malls, which can be used as attraplaces for commercial or street art performances.

People cycling will no longer need protection from traffic，thus more and more people will choose to use bikes to travel short distance.

Tram stations are set on the pedestrian overpass, which makes the process of transhiping more convenient in busy commercial areas.

2.5m 2.5m 11.5m

2m 2m 3m 28m

2.5m1.5m 2.5m 11.5m

1m 2m

STREET TYPES ---- BOULEVARD

To obtain an open view, the tram goes into underground, and an open public space is constructed. The station is moved to underground as well, using a broad ramp as a link to the ground.

COMMUNITY PARK

SUNKEN STATION

I design a community park in this area, which serves as the landscape link between the mountain and the river.

Instead of setting up a normal station, I use a broad ramp as a link to underground. Thus crowded throng can be avoided in the street.

GOING UNDERGROUND

2.5m 1m

2.5m 2.5m

7.5m

8.5m 6m

1m 2.5m 4.5m 2.5m 12m

31.5m

When the tram goes underground, a larger area of space in the street is released, and an open piblic space is constructed.

STREET TYPES ---- DOWNTOWN STREET

2 1

Streets used to be dangerous places for children, but not anymore since automated cars can be more safer and more flexible Small playground and equipment can be built, and pedestrians would be able to cross almost any where along the streets.

1.5m 1m 2.5m 1.5m 1m 2.5m 1m1.5m 2.5m 1m1.5m

SANDPIT AND SLIDE

PEDESTRIAN CROSSWALK

For children, strees are no longer dangerous places. Thus, recreational facilities can be set up in the middle of the road for them to play.

Crossing the street should no longer be a difficult or time consuming task. Safer crossing environments would be allowed.

GREENSPACE Green infrastructure helps absorb greenhouse gases and keep the city cool, in addition to providing space for people to enjoy.

7.5m

1m 17.5m

7.5m

STREET TYPES ---- NEIGHBOURHOOD STREET

Humanized infrastructures can be commonly found in neighborhood streets. Tactile paving aims to assist pedestrian who are visually impaired, and cue lamps set in the intersections can draw pedestrian’s attention, let alone benches and interior provisional parking place.

2.2m 1m 2.5m 1m

DIGITAL FACILITIES TEMPORARY PARKING Curbsides have the potential to host a variety of different programs and activities, such as digital facilities, vendors and seatings.

There are facilities indoor for temporary parking, so that the needs of different groups of people can be met flexibly.

TACTILE PAVING

MINIROUNDABOUT

In order to make it easier for the disabled to travel, I set up tactile paving and other infrastructures in neighbourhood streets.

When pedestrian delay is significantly decreased, miniroundabouts would allow vehicles to travel at consistent, slow speeds.

1m 2.5m

11m

TRANSIT

1 1. metro station 2. automated vehicle lane 3. pedestrian zone 4. highway 5. recreation area 6. roof garden 7. connection platform

The Qingchuan Street cut the whole area into two separated parts, and the government decides to build a metro station right in this area. I figure out how to fix this situation by the inspiration of Japanese integrated station-city development. A transit center is created across the highway, accompanied by other infrastructures such as front walks and a civic square. The centralization of multiple lines and vehicles at the transit center makes passengers’ transfer lines more compact and reduces the space required for the transfer itself. Moreover, through the construction of amenities and recreational facilities, such as shopping malls, restaurants, a gymnasium and an art gallery near the railway stations, urban spaces which enable people to stop and enjoy is used more efficiently.

CENTER

The station has changed from a place where services are simply provided to a part of a convenient and comfortable living space,and the traffic pressure is reduced by the overall consideration of pedestrians’ lines for transfer, shopping and strolling. At the same time, the transit center can provide users a charming space experience through the use of plants and a patio. Besides, cantilevered glass roof facing the stadium and the community park creates an inclusive gray space for the city.

PARKING TYPOLOGY VARIATION

tennis court parking lot basketball court

PARKING AREAS IN BLOCKS

parking lot

EXERCISING AREAS IN BLOCKS

community park

GREEN AREAS

PARKING AREAS IN COMMUNITY

underground parking underground parking

UNDERGROUND PARKING AREAS

bar store

UNDERGROUND COMMERCIAL AREAS

Without the need for a human driver to park the vehicle, the adoption of automatic vehicles will likely lead to a significant change in the design of parking in urbanized areas. As parking currently constitutes a significant percentage of the developed land in the city, the impact of automatic vehicles on parking location, amount and design may be amongst the most significant changes to the built form of cities. Ultimately, humancentered public activity space and green space will probably replace scaled parking areas.

LAND USE TYPOLOGY VARIATION

side parking drop-off areas

DROP-OFF AREAS

SIDE PARKING AREAS

traditional road

green area

TRAFFIC AREAS

TRAFFIC AND GREEN AREAS

square exhibition building

maintenance building parking structure

OLD FACTORIES AREAS

AUTOMATIC VEHICLES SERVICE AREAS

In order to satisfy the increasing number of vehicles, the construction and widening of urban roads lead to the neglect of pedestrian's travel experience and the occupation of public space. Once automatic vehicles become the dominant mode of transportation, with high transportation efficiency, fewer vehicles and less urban space are required. The technology offers some promise for the development of quality, attractive separated bike and pedestrian infrastructure.

05 ALLEYS AND YARDS DESIGN SUTDIO

urban design in Kaifeng, China area: 30.0 hectares Instructor: Daiyun Liu individual work role: preliminary research, conceptual design, drawings and representation May. 2019

Kaifeng, located in the eastern part of Henan Province, played a role as the ancient capital of seven dynasties in Chinese history. While nowadays, it is just a prefecture-level city with a population only more than 800,000. It is a lament that the sluggish growth of economy and the continuous decline of environmental quality has led to serious problems such as population outflow, unemployment, the aging society, and fading traditional culture. Only in some precious historical records such as the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival which was created by an ancient painter called Zhang zeduan, depicting the city scene of Song dynasty can we partially recall the thriving times of Kaifeng. We are eager to revive the prosperous life scene through the study of the spatial form of busy alleys and comfortable yards and the scenario of urban area depicted in the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. After analyses of people’s activities typology around the site, we combine the former thriving scene with modern behaviors in 21st century, in order to complete a rejuvenated revolution.

CONNECTION WITH OUTSIDE Improved external transport has brought many positive factors, such as more migrants and greater public appeal. The network around is smooth and orderly, which is a good premise for commercial area. Besides, dotted with many historic and scenic attractions around, it's a favorable opportunity to create a central area which has the ability to serve as a connection.

LOCATION TRAFFIC ANALYSIS

site station railway

KaiFeng City

Zhengzhou City

highway artery branch

ACTIVATION SPOT

one-hour traffic circle

North Gate Iron pagoda stele forest

two-hour traffic circle

the Dragon pavilion

Henan university

Bianjing hotel

the Bianjing park

the Riverside theme park Imperial sreet memorial hall to Bao

provincial capital

kaifeng museum

secondary city city wall

Xinzheng airport administrative bound

No.1 South Gate

No.2 South Gate

railway

attractions site

high-speed railway

DEVELOPMENT OF GULOU DISTRICT GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT POPULATION OUTFLOW REEMPLOYEEMENT WEEKDAYS VISITORS VOLUME 65-PLUS POPULATION RATE HOLIDAYS VISITORS VOLUME UNEMPLOYEEMENT TOTAL POPULATION CONSUMPTION ABILITY 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 134 thousand

7.75 thousand

5.02 thousand

2.64 thousand

7.41%

50 thousand per day

90 thousand per day

935 billion yuan

10634 yuan/ person

From 2007 to 2017, the resident population in Gulou District generally showed a decreasing trend. While the unemployment rate rising, the rate of re-employment has not increased, and a large number of young and middle-aged who work outside the country have led to a serious aging year by year. The level of economic development has not improved, basically driven by tourism alone.

EVOLUTION OF THE CITY The site has a long history of evolution, which can retrospect to the Tang Dynasty when the Madao Street and North Bookshop Street became commercial streets in the first place. The Song Dynasty has witnessed the most prosperous development, and the famous masterpiece Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival which depicted the scene of this period provides us with essential factors such as vigorous urban economy, livable urban environment and sufficient spiritual life as an example for our revival procedure. However, since the Ming Dynasty, the fact that Kaifeng has no longer been a capital led to the prosperity fading day by day.

Tang Dynasty

Gaotou Street commercial spot Song Dynasty Madao Street

Jin Dynasty

1.POPULAR RESTAURANT

Dadian Street

Ming Dynasty

Sited on the side of a commercial street, Sunyang restaurant wa highly arrtactive.

2.COMMERCIAL STREET fadin

5 1

dilapidated wall

1912 shanty town

Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival

Qing Dynasty

3.EXTERIOR SPACE Flowers, trees and awnings can be seen everywhere on the side of the road.

reviving

5.GATHERING In the corner of the street, spontaneous storytelling activity attracts large audience.

6. SPIRITUAL LIFE Intellectuals and candidates gather around and communicate

7 site

thriving period

4.ARCHITECTURE SPACE Buildings are arranged around courtyards, and first floors are usually used as shops.

2017

The street provides space for traffic, retail, and place where people can stop and rest.

7.RECREATION Performance on a boat attracts spectators.

future

CURRENT BUILDINGS AND USERS c

22.8% 4.5%

72.7%

HISTORIC SPOT a. the Daxiangguo Temple b. the Gulou Tower c. the North dookstore Street d. the Wenshu Temple

d c 12.1%

57.6%

30.3%

d c a

MODERN AREA

2.1% 6.4%

a. dwelling b. theater c.shopping mall d.antique-style market

91.5%

a3 a1

SHANTY TOWN a. honorific arch b. community park

a1 a2

a2 tourist citizen resident PROPORTION OF CROWD

Sharp conflict between commercial areas and shantytowns, not fully utilized historic spots, and the indifference among crowds are basically the key issues.

DESIGN MECHANISM plan of the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival

SPONTANOUS ACTIVITIEES SOCIAL ACTIVITIEES

NECESSARY ACTIVITIEES

Jan Gehl divides human outdoor activities into three types: necessary activities, spontaneous activities and social activities, and different activities result in different kinds of physical spaces. In the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, the market spots from outside to inside the city, can be desciibed as spontaneous activity space. Space from the bridge to the main street, is the necessary place for citizens to work and live, and also has water areas for production, which belongs to the social activity space. While the residential area for officials in the latter part of the picture is the necessary activity space. To meet with different special needs, we also classify the main activities of the present crowd according to necessity, spontaneity and sociality, and then sort out the existing elements as well as the key issues in the site. Finally, after the regeneration of those alleys and yards, the renewal of procedure is done.

NECESSARY

SOCIAL

SPONTANEOUS

ACTIVITIES

shopping

parking

healthcare

visiting

performance

entertainment

stroll

exercise

resting

ORIGINAL ELEMENTS

commercial street parking by the street street massage

shopping mall

parking lot

the Daxiangguo Temple

Chinese medicine shop

the Wenshu Temple

lion dance

Henan opera

snack street

community park

lane

bench

theater

courtyard

Gulou square

resting area

alleys

yards

ISSUE

continuous and boring

causing chaos and encroach on alleys

poor accessibility and overlook

obstacle

absence of exbition space

inconsequence of crowd density

congestion and difficult to reach

rest space deficiency

indifferent relationship

REVIVE

community park yard landscape track

promenade

BREAKING AND REORGANIZING

EXPANDING AND OPENING

yard

exercise space

alley

TIDYING AND CLEARING

COMMUNITY STORE tourists citizens residents

Converted from the gate archway into a space with the functions of exhibition and community activities, it is a dynamic spot in the community, such as the commercial space of the community in the painting. Because of the existence of this activation point, tourists will also show up inside the converted shantytowns for visits, and crowds’ structure difference will be minished.

COURT SPACE tourists citizens residents

The old courtyard space of North Bookshop Street has been transformed into a more open theatrical performance place and a more private recreational activity place, which provides the possibility for the drama culture exhibition activities and the people's leisure needs.

COMMERCIAL ALLEY tourists citizens residents

The former neglected traditional Chinese medicine shop has been transformed into a node connecting the commercial alley with the scenic spot of the Great Xiangguo Temple. The flow of people in the shopping street has encountered spatial changes during the course of the journey, and will be attracted involuntarily. The traditional Chinese medicine shop becomes the key space in the area again, achieving the goal of protecting the traditional Chinese medicine culture.

COMMERCIAL SPOT tourists citizens residents

The original gate archway has been transformed and newly built into a resraurant and parking building, which solves the problem of random parking of nonmotor vehicles in the field that occupies a positive space. At the same time, it is also an active place for recreation.

100

200m

promenade

commercial and residential combination

residential courtyard

memorial archway

commercial street

As active spatial elements are extracted from the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, alleys that serve as guide for crowd and courtyards that act as harmony and peaceful open space are designed. At the same time, the regeneration of neglected and underutilized historic spots such as the Wenshu Temple and some honorific arches have brought vitality to the area by becoming attractive central activation spots.

SPRING

SUMMER

The streets and alleys in the reformed shantytowns have changed from overcrowded and repugnant paths to suitable places for spontaneous activities of the crowd. The sunny space on the street is the place where people can stop and rest, while the shady space gives pedestrians slightly stronger encirclement and the privacy experience.

With the business model of commercial and residential combination, some broad and open pedestrian alleys can exist as commercial streets. These alleys not only meet the consumer demand for residents and citizens, but also attract tourists to purchase and hang out. The establishment of public services such as green belts, tables, chairs and parasols makes people more comfortable in alleys. At the same time, elements such as antique front, roof, goods with Kaifeng characters, are all conducive to attracting tourists.

AUTUMN

WINTER

The scarce courtyard space and greening space in the original site have also been strengthened. Private courtyard spaces offer good opportunities for the interaction and communication between neighbors, while public courtyard spaces which are made up of parks, venues and buildings are shared by citizens in the community.

Apart from providing positive space for residents, yards also attract tourists and bring purchasing power. The fragmentation of the population structure is weakened, and more employment opportunities are brought to the community at the same time. The elderly chat and play chess, while children run through alleys, laugh and play freely. What a peaceful and happy life scene, which is the original intention of our design.

06 INTERACTIVE CONNECTION DESIGN SUTDIO

urban design in Dalian, China area: 16.6 hectares instructor: Fang Qian individual work May. 2018

The increasingly various social needs and the diversity of people's social roles make communication an important means of learning, and the contradiction between the boring closed space of the traditional Chinese campus and the need for open and free communication is becoming more and more acute. Functionalism, though has clear logic, sometimes leads to monotony and boredom of the built environment. Moreover, there are always clear and closed boundaries in modern Chinese campus, and the functional structure of campuses is self-contained, resulting in weak connection with the city. Hence, I intend to start with crowd activity and needs, and divide the functional space according to the degree of openness. The non-shared space which belongs to the students and faculty members is combined with the open and free social sharing space to form a whole. The space to meet the needs of students, faculty, and citizens can be achieved through a multifunctional aggregation, so I design a multifunctional ring that flows with the landform, and embeds in those less open areas such as teaching areas, a dormitory area and an office area, and closely connect to them. In addition, I place a community park around the circle. In this way, the boundaries between the city and the campus are distorted and blurred, and the internal and external needs are met. The campus has become an active combination with urbanization, nature and culture to stimulate the exchange of ideas through communication.

SITE ANALYSIS The site of the project is located near Shuma Road and Wuyi Road in Ganjingzi District, Dalian City. It is next to two regional commercial sub-centers, Xueyuan Square and Shuma Square, with residential areas and campus on the north and south sides, and is surrounded by Dalian University of Technology, Dalian Maritime University and Northeast University of Finance and Economics, and is close to Dalian's famous senior high school and vocational and technical school. Hence, the crowd around are mostly students.

The site is in east-west direction, rising from east to west, with a steep slope inside. On the east side there is a subarterial road, and on the south side a branch appears, both of which are busy. In addition, the existence of the original campus blocked a branch and makes it impossible to create close connection with the city.

bus stop steep slope isolation traffic square disconnection commercial area campus metro line4 busy road 0 25

100

200m

PROJECT STRATEGY

dormitory area faculty area

road

teaching area

community park

sight embedding of the ring

connection with surroundings

landscape axis landscape center pedestrian trail

The non-shared space which belongs to the students and faculty members is combined with the open and free social sharing space to form a whole. The space to meet the needs of students, faculty, and citizens can be achieved through a multifunctional aggregation, so I design a multifunctional ring that flows with the landform, and embeds in those less open areas such as teaching areas, a dormitory area and an office area, and closely connect to them.

ACTIVITIES AND FUNCTION ANALYSIS outdoor sports celebrate for holiday community park comic cosplay

urban residents

creative market flea market reading

intramural students

stuff photography students' speech electronic games match

library exhibition eatery net cafe

activities center

band performance friendship meeting exchange book activities students work exhibition

extramural students

meeting of recruitment interdisciplinary seminar teaching view match among students

playground auditorium meeting room shop book store classroom

Through interviews and questionnaires, I divide the crowd in the site into three groups: intramural students, extramural students and urban residents. They have different needs for activities. I aggregate and unify these requirements and select specific spaces to host them.

ACTIVITIES TYPOLOGY STUDY ACTIVITIES IN THE RING

ROOF GARDEN AND PUBLIC SPACE

BAR

LIBRARY

ACTIVITIES CENTER

AUDITORIUM

EXHIBITION

CLASSROOM

NETCAFE

TAECHING AREA

EXPERIMENTAL AREA

service area

FLEA MARKET

AGRICULTURAL TEST BASE

SPORTS GROUND

SKATE PARK

MICRORELIEF

JOGGING TRAIL

CONNECTING SPACE

ADMINISTRATAION AREA

OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES

AMPHITHEATER

ENVIRONMENT

COMMUNITY GARDEN

The ring is a flow space with no clear functional partition, and activities occur spontaneously in it. While the outdoor space is rich in possibilities, providing experimental bases, landscape and leisure places for residents and students, thus stimulating communication.

PROJECT LAYERING SYSTEM

platform

corridor roof garden

corridor classroom

exhibition bar

bookstore netcafe activities center

auditorium library

service area administrataion area experimental area jogging trail teaching area dormitory area

community park

plank road sports ground amphitheater

microrelief community park

steep slope

CHANGING VIEW IN MOVEMENT ‘View change with steps moving’ describes the rich visual experience in traditional Chinese gardens. The effect is achieved by spreading views along a continuous itinerary. 4

2 1

4-4 Section

3-3 Section

2-2 Section

1-1 Section

East Elevation

The active campus space atmosphere created by the ring is a break of tradition and a remolding of rigid space to the city. Take it as an example, on the side of the east street, as the main walking entrance to the city, every step forward, due to the ups and downs of the ring and the changes in the way it connects with the surrounding buildings, people will reap a different spatial experience.The geometric shape of the ring makes the whole space rich and changeable, at the same time, it has a sense of enclosure and a sense of place.In the process of moving forward, people will involuntarily integrate into the environment.

120m

The branch road becomes unblocked, and the campus is no longer a closed private space, but a dynamic area for the city. The ring reforms the city texture and redefines the boundaries between the campus and the city. Buildings are arranged around the landscape core, which are connected by axes to form landscape trails.

COMMUNITY PARK ACTIVITIES CENTER SPORTS GROUND

AMPHITHEATER

From the sectional perspective of the main axis, we can find that the outdoor activities are rich and orderly. The rings flow freely to the changes of the terrain, blurring the boundaries of the interior and exterior.

TEACHING BUILDING

ROAD MICRORELIEF AGRICULTURAL TEXT BASE POND ROAD JOGGING TRAIL

PLANK ROAD ROOF GARDEN

It can be seen from the circumferential section of the ring that in order to obtain good views, to meet the private and public needs, and to conform to the terrain, the ring fluctuates up and down. Even if there is no clear functional division, the activities in the ring are organized in an orderly manner.

Elements such as the open ring space, the large area of community park, the jogging trail which is open to the public are all proofs that the campus provides the activity place for the city and trigger communication.

In the morning, there is always a fresh, beautiful and busy scene. Some students set out from the dormitory to the teaching area for class, some jog and exercise in the jogging trail, while some other visiting students sit on the grass to enjoy the scenery of the campus, and cars travel through the road. A new day has started.

In the evening, setting sun flushes the whole campus to form a warm atmosphere. A day of study and work is coming to an end, students and citizens sit on the grass chatting or reading, while couples take a walk or kiss on the plank road. Everything is romantic and relaxing.

07 OTHER WORKS

01-RAIN GARDEN DESIGN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY Eden for Wildlife instructor: Nina Bassuk, Zachary Rood individual work Apr. 2020 The project is a 500-square feet linear area located on the east side of Seeley G. Mudd Hall, in Cornell University. Native plants are chosen to help protect water quality by reducing stormwater runoff, to add beauty, and to attract wildlife.

Road

Seeley G. Mudd Hall

N 0

Technical Plan

Plant Palette

10'

20'

Malus 'Lollipop'

Asimina triloba

Acer triflorum

Acer miyabei 'State Street '

Cornus amomum

Cornus sanguinea 'Midwinter Fire'

Cornus sericea 'Cardinal'

Cephalanthus occidentalis

Aronia melanocarpa

Aronia arbutifolia

Asclepias incarnata

Eupatorium purpureum

Waldsteinia fragarioides

Rock Pigeon

Calliope hummingbird

european starling eastern cottontail rabbit

Calliope hummingbird

Northern Flying Squirrel

Eastern Chipmunk

european starling

House Sparrow

Ruby-throated hummingbird

Monk Parakeet

Rufous hummingbird

Eastern Grey Squirrel

Groundhog

SEASONAL CHARACTERS Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sep.

Aug.

July

Jun.

May.

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Mounding small trees

perennials & ground covers

shrubs & ground covers

plank seat stone step

Circulation

ing

ild

Topography

DESIGN STRATEGY In order to counter the runoff from nearby roads, paving, and other hard surfaces, a rain garden is designed. Native plants with high inundation tolerance are chosen. And to add benefits other than bio-filtration, for example connections between human users and wildlife, I create a circulation system for people to linger and sit. Small trees are positioned at the roadside to prevent blocking windows. Mounding is made from ground covers, shrubs, and perennials to form layered space.

07 OTHER WORKS

02-GIS ANALYSIS PROJECT Accessibility to COVID-19 Testing Sites in NYS instructor: Stephan Schmidt individual work Dec. 2020 Providing accessible testing service is one of the crucial implements to prevent the spread of COVID-19 by identifying positive cases and tracking the ones that had close contact with infected individuals and then conducting isolation. Testing can help individuals verify if they are infected with the virus whether they show symptoms or not, and whether they are at risk of spreading the disease to others. Taking measures to inhibit the spread has been proven the most efficient method for obtaining people safely back to normality. A comprehensive statewide testing system has been gradually built up in NYS since the first infected patient tested positive. Dataset including locations of testing sites, the number of daily tests, and daily increased positive cases has been published and updated through the official website of New York State. Up till now, there are 1,259 COVID-19 testing sites throughout the state, and NYS government are continuing to increase testing capacity on an everyday basis. The aim of my research is to first evaluate the accessibility of current COVID-19 testing sites in NYS and then to study the connection between testing site availability and social vulnerability. In the first aspect of assessing testing site accessibility, I establish two network models due to two different traveling mode: pedestrian walking and private car driving. Also, since the need of both testing capacity and frequency differ in urban areas and rural areas, the service area and time consumption may be different as well. That is to say, people in urban areas need to access testing facilities faster than people in rural areas due to higher demand. Thus, here I assume spatial service area coverage in urban areas larger than that in NYS. In the study of the relationship between social vulnerability Index and testing service accessibility, my focus is to find the gap in those areas with high culnerability because socially vulnerable communities are disparately impacted by COVID-19. What is more, household composition, minority status, socioeconomic status, etc. are analyzed afterwards to display more detailly which vulnerable groups are lacking available testing service. Two accessibility network models are established in all: private car driving model and pedestrian walking model. I determine the accessibility utilizing travel time consuming. In the private car driving model, I categorize service areas into four groups: 0 to 5-minute-drive, 5 to 15-minute-drive, 15 to 30-minute-drive, and above 30-minute-drive, while in the pedestrian walking model, service areas are classified into four groups: 0 to 5-minute-walk, 5 to 10-minute-walk, 10 to 15-miute-walk, and above 15-minute-walk. The input facilities in both models are the current COVID-19 testing sites in NYS. In the first model, driving directions for each road segments are built, and travel time consuming are calculated based on the attaching speed data. While in the second model, I establish no direction and speed on road segments for pedestrian, so service area levels are actually calculated by walking distance. (5-min walking distance is 400 meters, 10-min-walk is 800 meters, and 15-min-walk is 1200 meters.)

NYS COVID-19 Testing Site Location

NYS boundary 0 25 50

100 Miles

NYS Social Vulnerability Score

screening & testing

0-0.25

testing only

0.26-0.5

Classification of NYS Street based on Travelling Mode & Speed pedestrian only vehicle only

0.51-0.75

vechile & pedestrian

0.76-1

speed (miles/hour) 15

Data Source: ESRI GIS Crops, NYS Department of Transportation (DOT), NYS GIS Clearinghouse, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), US States Census Bureau Projected Coordinated System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 18N

ACCESSIBILITY TO COVID-19 TESTING SITES IN NYS

Rochester Buffalo

Syracuse

Saratoga Springs

Albany

Poughkeepsie NYS county

5min-walk service area

NYS boundary

10min-walk service area

Urban areas & clusters

15min-walk service area

New York

5min-drive service area 15min-drive service area 0

100

Miles

30min-drive service area Long Isalnd

population/million people

Upstate New York is relatively less available than downstate due to lower demand of testing service. The large parts of vacant areas in the north and middle of NYS and some scattered vacancies in the southwest are forest lands and riparian areas. Spatially, though some developed areas are not within 30-minute driving distance to testing sites, current COVID-19 testing sites hold a rather effective coverage of 30-minunte drive service area, which implies that residents in NYS have generally been well-served by accessible testing service through private car. All the 15-min walking service areas focus on urban areas and urban clusters. However, of all the urbanized areas, NYC and its nearby clusters are the only region that has a good walkability. Other 15min walk covered service areas seem deficient to serve comparatively large urban communities. People outside NYC and its surroundings have been offered problematic accessibility to testing sites on foot, especially those urban citizens who rely less on private cars to travel.

within 5-min walk

5 to 10-min walk

10 to 15-min outside15-min total population walk walk

Spatial Distribution of No Vehicle Household Population by Accessibility Levels

Below Poverty Aged 65 or older within 5-min drive

5-min to 15-min drive

Minor Civilian with a disability No vehicle NYS population 15-min to 30-min drive

outside 30-min drive

total population

within 5-min walk

5 to 10-min walk

No vehicle

Spatial Distribution of Vulnerable Population by Accessibility Levels

10 to 15-min walk

outside15-min walk

NYS population

Fulfilled Population Proportion by Walking

Most NYS residents reside within 5-minute driving distance to testing sites in general, followed by 5-minute to 15-minute drive areas and 15-minute to 30-minute drive areas, taking up more than 90 percent in all, and of each vulnerable group this situation is the same. Thus, NYS provides available testing service overall speaking. People who have no access to private cars occupies a rather small proportion in NYS population. Compared to percent total NYS population, less percent population without vehicle lives outside 15min-walk service area, which is relatively beneficial for the vulnerable group because their demand for accessible testing facilities within walking distance have been taken into consideration. And they have been already entitled to more walkable testing service than the whole population in NYS. Vulnerable population to private car access are receiving better walkable testing service than the total NYS population, for the percentage of within 5min, 10min, and 15min walk of this vulnerable group are all scoring higher than those of NYS population.

07 OTHER WORKS

03-MODEL MAKING OF ANCIENT CHINESE TIMBER BUILDING Main Hall of Nanchan Temple

scale: 1:10 collaborator: Qinyuan Li, Juanshu Zhang, Zhenzhi Lei, Dawei Wang role: data lookup, sketchup modeling, material purchase, model making Dec. 2018

The main hall of Nanchan Temple, located in Wutai County, is the earliest ancient wooden structure of Tang Dynasty in our country with a history of more than 1,200 years. Ancient Chinese architecture is restricted by hierarchy. Nanchan Temple is a small Buddhist temple in a village, which is an informal village Buddhist hall, similar to the hall of senior residence. In the late Tang Dynasty, most Buddhist temples were destroyed by Emperor Wuzong. Nanchan Temple survived the destruction because of its remoteness, which shows from another angle that the construction technology at that time was quite popular. The data of this model are mainly referred to the 'report on the Restoration of the Hall of the Nanchan Temple in Wutai' and 'the Restoration of the Hall of the Nanchen Temple'. The actual data is adjusted slightly in combination with practical considerations, but the overall proportion is basically in accordance with the original building data.

蜀柱

叉手平梁驼峰托脚散斗

大斗五架梁柱头枋皿板

皿板

驼峰柱头枋

枋枋

闲额

枋泥道栱

he basic elements in a Chinese timber building are the platform of pounded earth faced with stone or tile on which the building stands; the post-and-lintel frame (vertical posts topped by horizontal tie beams); the roof-supporting brackets and truss; and the tiled roof itself. The walls between the posts, or columns, are not load-bearing. The flexible triangular truss is placed transverse to the front side of the building and defines a gable-type roof by means of a stepped-up series of elevated tie beams (tailiang, “terraced beams,” for which this entire system of architecture is named); the gable-end beams are sequentially shortened and alternate with vertical struts that bear the roof purlins and the main roof beam. The flexible proportions of the gableend framework of struts and beams, vertical rise and horizontal span, permits the roof to take any profile desired.

NODE EXPLOSION DIAGRAM

node 1

node 2

node 3

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MODEL PLAN We make a slight adjustment to the data in the documents for the convenience of making the model. 430

95 85

1150

330

250 85

330

250 85

330

250

DETAILS At a ratio of one to ten, the size of the small component is too difficult to operate, so we simplify the connection mode, and the connection between the small components is completed through thin plastic poles.

250

330

node 5

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node 3 node 2

node 1

(NINA) FAN FENG Cornell University ff246@cornell.edu