Quriosity volume 8 issue 9 by Quantinuum@simsr

Quriosity

Monthly Newsletter of Team Quantinuum November 2017 | Volume 8, Issue 9

The Turing Test 1

Quriosity| November 2017

CONTENTS Curabitur varius lobortis lectus, comments to: quis pharetra eros newsletter.quantinuum@gmail.com dictum sit amet non volutpat Editorial Team: Rupal Doshi

Please submit your articles & your

Amod Kulkarni Aditya Gupta Chaitanya Agarwal VVNS Anudeep Kapil Gupta Samoshri Mitra Parvinder Singh Khushbu Mehta Designing Team: Shreyas Kulkarni Ashish Mahadik

Cover Story-

Turing Test

Sub Article-

Eliza

Quant Guru-

Shakuntala Devi

Intern Diaries-

A Summer to RemeMber

Welcome to the latest issue of Quriosity, the monthly newsletter of Quantinuum! Many current data analysis techniques are beyond the reach of most people. Obscure maths and daunting algorithms have created a chasm for problem solvers and decision makers. Quriosity is trying to bridge these gaps by giving appropriate inputs to our students and readers who are the future managers. The objective of Quriosity is to publish up-to-date articles on data analytics, alongside relevant and insightful news. This way the magazine aspires to be vibrant, engaging and accessible, and at the same time integrative. The cover story by Aditya Gupta is based on how the turing test became the foundation stone for AI and revoultionized the human machine interface. The article ELIZA by VVNS Anudeep is based on how a Toy became the most advanced invention of the current century. We have an article on Quant Guru “Shakuntala Devi”, highlighting the contribution of India’s first female Mathematical wizard, written bny Dropad Saxena. Any articles that you wish to submit, either individually or collaboratively, are much appreciated and will make a substantial contribution to the development and success of the magazine.

Curiosity Update News Digest Quant Fun Quriosity Archives Quant Connect

Thank you and Happy Reading! Editorial Team Quantinuum@SIMSR

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EDITOR’S NOTE

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Quriosity| November 2017

Developed by Alan Turing in the year

1950, the Turing test is a test of a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human being. Suppose there is a game of three players out of which two are humans and one is computer, an interrogator or judge (as human) is isolated from other two players. The judge’s job is to try and figure out which one is human and which one is computer by asking questions from both of them. To make the things harder computer is trying to make the judge guess wrongly. In other words computer would try to indistinguishable from human as much as possible. In the “general interpretation” of the Turing Test, player ‘C’, the judge, is given the task of trying to determine which one of the player ‘A’ or ‘B’ is a computer and which one is a human. The judge is limited to using the responses to written questions to make the determination.

The conversation between judge and computer would be like this: C (Judge): Are you a computer? A (Computer): No. C: Multiply one large number to another, 158745887 * 56755647. A: After a long pause, an incorrect answer! C: Add 5478012 and 4563145. A: (Pause about 20 second and then give as answer) 10041157. If judge wouldn’t be able to distinguish the answers provided by both human and computer then the computer passes the test and machine (computer) is considered as intelligent as human.

Quriosity| November 2017

Quriosity| November 2017 appointments or aiding patients through the billing process, and virtual health assistants that provide basic medical feedback. • AI in business: Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chat-bots have been incorporated into websites to provide immediate service to customers. • AI in education: It can automate grading, giving teachers more time. It can assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional support to students, ensuring they stay on track. AI could change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing some teachers. • AI in finance: Artificial intelligence applied to personal finance applications, such as Mint or Turbo Tax, is upending financial institutions. Applications such as these could collect personal data and provide financial advice. • AI in law. The discovery process, sifting through of documents, in law is often overwhelming for humans. Automating this process is a better use of time and a more efficient process. Start-ups are also building question-and-answer computer assistants that can sift programmed-to-answer questions by examining the taxonomy and ontology associated with a database. • AI in manufacturing. It is an area that has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into the workflow. Industrial robots used to perform single tasks and were separated from human workers, but as the technology advanced that changed and there is intermixing.

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The Turing Test -By Aditya Gupta Quoting in other words, a computer would be considered intelligent if its conversation couldn’t be easily distinguished from a human’s. This whole conversation would be limited to a ‘text-only’ channel such as a computer keyboard and screen. He also proposed that by the year 2000 a computer “would be able to play the imitation game so well that an average judge will not have more than a 70% chance of making the right identification (machine or human) after five minutes of interrogation.” No computer has come close to this standard. The basic aim of the Turing test was to determine that to what extent a computer machine can behave as a Human. The Turing test gave rise to a very upcoming area of research known as ‘Artificial Intelligence’. Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science and technology that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react the way human beings do. Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence

can work into are: • Speech recognition • Learning • Planning • Problem solving • Natural language processing • Motion and manipulation • Social intelligence • Creativity • General intelligence The overall and basic research goal of artificial intelligence is to create technology that allows computers and machines to function in an intelligent manner. AI applications: • AI in healthcare: The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing costs. Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. It understands natural language and is capable of responding to questions asked to it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema to help schedule follow-up www.quantinuumsimsr.com

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ELIZA -By V V N S Anudeep The thought that machines can think and act on their own is exciting to few and scary to many. It’s definitely heart racing to imagine or to have a conversation with a machine that replies and tricks you into believing that you are having a conversation with humans. This exemplary school of thought might have started with the British mathematician Alan Turing who tried to decrypt German codes during second world war. (Remember the movie Imitation game). Inspired by Alan Turing Mr. Joseph Wiezenbaum developed ELIZA an early natural language processing programme during late 1960.Eliza is the name of a computer programme that simulates an environment which pushes us into thinking that we are having a conversation with humans. ELIZA thus formed the basis for modern day Chabot that is revolutionizing the service industry by replacing traditional call centre. How did ELIZA do it??? ELIZA was traditionally made to be a toy. Actually it turned out to be a therapist, not any random therapist but a Rogerian psychotherapist. Well the difference is that a Rogerian psychotherapist’s approach is rather person centric. It dictated the way conversations

happened and how people got emotionally attached to ELIZA. ELIZA simulated the conversation by using a pattern matching and substitution methodology. The programme collects the users input strings and the strings are ranked or assigned a weighted value. The ranking or weightage depends on the type of word. For example,” I want to start running from today”. ELIZA splits and ranks the words start running from today -1, want to -2, I-3. The logic behind the ranking is that the verb part takes higher preference and pronouns are given least weightage. To this ELIZA’s typical response will be like “what would Start running today mean to you?” Thus its identifying and matching the pattern followed by substituting the highest weighted variable string to predefined phrase or question. ELIZA effect: As mentioned earlier Eliza was made to be a toy but it got a humongous response from the users. As discovered, many users who experimented with ELIZA got emotionally attached to it. Many did so despite informing them that there is no intelligence involved and that in fact ELIZA is not ‘answering’ them but literally regurgitating a

Quriosity| November 2017

Quriosity| November 2017 hardcoded script. In fact, in his article on “computer power & human reason” Weizenbaum discusses in length how the users never believed in him and asked him to give them some privacy while they are talking to the therapist. This is now known as ELIZA effect which is the human tendency to mistake a programmes behaviour and draw analogies to human behaviour. Learnings from ELIZA :  The modern day smart bots and their application in various industries which is on the rise are pioneered from ELIZA.  ELIZA transformed the way software works and paved way for the computer games and the modern day games which is currently played in every other home.  It opened a new set of applicatIons for software industry.  It is a very early incarnation of artificial intelligence.  It can be also learnt that keeping things simple is key to successful algorithms and programmes. References : Weizenbaum, Joseph. Computer Power and Human Reason (New York: Freeman, 1976) Weizenbaum, Joseph. “ELIZA - A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine,” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 9 (1966): 36-45. Suchman, Lucy A. Plans and Situated Actions: The problem of human-machine communication (Cambridge University Press, 198

Quriosity| November 2017

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Quant Guru: Shakuntala Devi

Shakuntala Devi was born on 4 November 1929 in Bengaluru, Karnataka, to an orthodox Kannada Brahmin family. Her father, who worked as a circus artist, discovered her ability to memorize numbers while teaching her a card trick Impressed by her strong number memorizing skill, her father left the circus and took her for road shows that displayed her ability at calculation. At the age of six, she demonstrated her arithmetic abilities at the University of Mysore. Devi travelled the world demonstrating her arithmetic talents, including a tour of Europe in 1950 and a performance in New York City in 1976. In 1988, she travelled to the US to have her abilities studied by Arthur Jensen, a professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley. Jensen tested her performance of several tasks, including the calculation of large numbers. Examples of the problems presented to Devi included calculating the cube root of 61,629,875 and the seventh root of 170,859,375. Jensen reported that Devi provided the solution to the above mentioned problems (395 and 15) before

Intern Diaries:

- Dropad Saxena

A Summer to Remember

Jensen could copy them down in his notebook. Jensen published his findings in the academic journal Intelligence in 1990. On 18 June 1980, she demonstrated the multiplication of two 13-digit numbers—7,686,369,774,870 × 2,465,099,745,779—picked at random by the Computer Department of Imperial College London. She correctly answered 18,947,668,177,995,426,462,773,730 in 28 seconds. This event was recorded in the 1982 Guinness Book of Records. Writer Steven Smith said, “The result is so far superior to anything previously reported that it can only be described as unbelievable”. Devi explained many of the methods she used to do mental calculations in her book ‘Figuring: The Joy of Numbers’. Shakuntala Devi did not receive any formal education owing to her family’s financial situation, yet emerged to be one of the most brilliant mathematical minds which garnered her title of “human computer”. She died of respiratory problems on 21 April 2013 in Bengaluru. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Shakuntala_Devi

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- By Ankit Khandelwal Punctuality

is the most important virtue in corporate life if you want to be successful. So there I was right at 9AM, dressed in business formals, in front of a beautiful campus of my summer internship organization in the city of Hamburg where I had to spend next 8 weeks of my life. The journey started from Mumbai Airport and ended at HELM AG. After long hours with some tense and curious moments, I reached Hamburg Airport where my colleague was waiting for me. Next day I was given a project to work upon for next 8 weeks. I was supposed to study the economics of MTO (Methanol to olefins) production in China and report to the HOD of Methanol department. Now, she was an interesting woman. There is a culture in HEM AG known as ’lunch date’. Every day you have to ask a person with whom you go for lunch. Now, I must tell you I like German food even though I am a vegetarian. I must tell you if you are in Europe you have a lot to visit there. So every Friday I

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packed my bag and traveled to beautiful cities of Europe. I visited Rome, Paris, Amsterdam, Zurich, etc. Overall I visited 15 cities in 10 countries. Next 2 months I worked for MTO economics, took information from various sources for eg. MMSA, WOOD MAC., ICIS, etc. I developed a detailed excel based model for analyzing and comparing the various methods of producing olefins. The toughest part of the job was to keep myself motivated all the time as there was a lack of supervision because of the busy schedule of my colleagues. They had to travel like anything, from Paris to Munich to Madrid and so on. I was assigned the project for the duration of 8 weeks at the end of which I had to submit my report and my model with the findings. On second last day of my internship, I had my final project presentation where I presented my findings to the top management, prepared a report on MTO economics according to my findings and also gave some strategic solutions as to

invest or not in MTO plants in China. I was finally applauded by the head of my department for the presentation. One thing to learn is that over and above all the tips you may receive to build networks and develop cordial relations with co-employees, the deal still rests on the fact that are you delivering with respect to your project objectives. The objective of performance should and must supersede all other anxilliary objectives that you may be aware of during your MBA life. To add to that summer internships are defined to be opportunities where a management student gets to practically apply his/her theoretical learning. But this definition should not merely remain as some wise words because the value that one adds to one’s simple work from one’s immense knowledge gathered over the years can really bear fruits if tried sincerely. HELM AG has really given me the most memorable moments to cherish and learn – and for that fact – a lot to ‘learn’.

Quriosity| November 2017

Curiosity Update

News Digest Huawei Launching AI-Enabled Phone Honor V10 In India Early Next Year Huawei’s sub-brand Honor is set to bring its bezel-less V10 smartphone with an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled chipset. The first such phone from Honor, reportedly launched with the aim to take on OnePlus 5T, will hit the shelves in India in January 2018. The device, for which the price is yet to be announced, will run the Kirin 970 chipset — the Honor’s First System on Chip (SoC) with Neural Processing Unit (NPU) that promises an affordable AI ecosystem.

Google Partners With Pluralsight And Udacity To Train 1.3 Lakh Indian Developers In Emerging Technologies Google in association with Pluralsight and Udacity, recently announced a new scholarship program to help 1,30,000 developers and students from across India with an objective to create a pool of highly skilled tech workforce. In this joint effort, Google is sponsoring 1,00,000 scholarships on the Pluralsighttechnology learning platform and 30,000 scholarships on Udacity to help developers gain access to advanced learning curriculum and further their employability in emerging technologies like mobile and web development, machine learning, augmented reality, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and cloud platforms.

Artificial Intelligence-Powered Chinese Robot Passes Medical Licensing Exam Chinese technology company iFlyTek achieved a major breakthrough when one of its intelligent robots Xiaoyi recently cleared China’s national exam and qualified as a doctor. Xiaoyi, which means ‘Little Doctor’, became the first Artificial Intelligence-powered to pass the exam, taking a fraction of the allowed time to complete the test, said iFlyTek representatives, who developed the machine with Tsinghua University. The curiosity rover has started drilling after 10 months of halt after the drill’s feed mechanism stopped working in December, 2016. Alternative method of using motion of the robotic arm to directly advance the extended bit in the arm into the rock. This doesn’t sound like a huge achievement but actually it is. The drilling of Martian rocks was most important part of the mission which would enable the rover to take samples of rocks to determine the composition and signs of life. Meanwhile Curiosity is continuing productive investigations that don’t require drilling. The rover’s current location is on “Vera Rubin Ridge” on lower Mount Sharp. Curiosity is nearing the top of the 20-story-tall ridge. It has been studying the extent and distribution of the ironoxide mineral hematite in the rocks that make up the erosion-resistant ridge. During the first year after Curiosity’s landing near Mount Sharp, the mission accomplished a major goal by determining that, billions of years ago, a Martian lake offered conditions that would have been favorable for microbial life. Curiosity has since traversed through a diversity of environments where both water and wind have left their imprint. Vera Rubin Ridge and layers above it that contain clay and sulfate minerals provide tempting opportunities to learn even more about the history and habitability of ancient Mars.

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AI Politician That May Soon Run For New Zealand Elections In 2020 Makes Way SAM, the new artificial intelligence is developed by scientists and has the potential to act as a new version of politician addressing people’s queries regarding local issues such as policies around important subjects—including housing, education, immigration etc. The virtual politician created by Nick Gerritsen, a 49-year-old entrepreneur based out of New Zealand, is constantly learning, and currently responds to people through Facebook Messenger as well as a survey on its homepage.

Oracle Picks AI, Predictive Analytics And IoT Based Startups Under Its Startup Cloud Accelerator Program Under Oracle’s Startup Cloud Accelerator program, which the tech giant calls ‘next-generation acceleration initiative’, the first batch of startups have been announced from Delhi and Mumbai. The startups selected under the first cohort are working on technologies like artificial intelligence and Internet of Things, with a focus on solving larger problems in day to day life. The program for which the applications were invited in May 2017, has selected a mix of companies using AI, predictive analytics, IoT, machine learning, chatbot and VR. Apart from Delhi and Mumbai, Oracle has a centre in Bangalore. They are also looking forward to carry international expansion with centres in Tel Aviv, Bristol, Paris, Singapore and Sao Paulo, to boost more innovation in tech space.

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Quriosity| November 2017

Quant Fun Number puzzles for quriosity

Quant Connect

Quantinuum, the Quant and Analysis committee of KJ Somaiya Institute of Management & Research aims to empower students and professionals alike to organise and understand numbers and in turn, to make good and rational decisions as future managers. the newsletter publish monthly consists of a gamut of articles for readers ranging from beginners to advanced learners so as to further enrich the young minds understand the contributions made to the field of mathematics along with a couple of brain-racking sessions of puzzles to tickle the gray cells.

for any further queries and feedback, please contact the following address: KJ Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research, Vidya Vihar, Ghatkopar East, Mumbai- 400077 or drop us a mail at newsletter.quantinuum @gmail.com

Mentor: Email: Answers: a) for instance, b) ready for anything, c) once in a blue moon

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REBUS PUZZLES: The following word picture puzzles are pictograms that include a hidden word or a common phrase. Your task is to decipher the rebus puzzles. For instance, on the following picture there is the first word highlighted and the hidden phrase is “first aid”.

Prof. N. S. Nilakantan (+919820680741) nilakantan@somaiya.edu

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WEIGHING IN A HARDER WAY: You’ve got 27 coins, each of them is 10g, except for 1. The 1 different coin is 9g or 11g (heavier, or lighter by 1g). You should use balance scale that compares what’s in the two pans. You can get the answer by just comparing groups of coins. What is the minimum number weighing that can always guarantee to determine the different coin?