[Capstone Project] SameRoof - App for Families by Rachel Cao

An Application for Families

GDP491_G4

SUPERVISOR

TRAN GIA BAO CAO LE THUY DUNG

SHRUTHI T. GOPI

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

FPT UNIVERSITY

Capstone Project Document

Hanoi, Oct-Dec, 2020.

INDEX 1. CP PROPOSAL

2. DESIGN PROPOSAL

1.1. Definition 1.1.1. Name of the Capstone Project

2.1. Building First Sitemap

2.2. Task Flow 2.2.1. Main Flow 1: Reminder

1.1.2. Problem Abstraction

05 06

1.2. Project Overview: Define the Problem

1.3. Research 1.3.1. Market Research

1.3.2. Similar apps and competitors 1.3.3. Technology 1.3.4. Survey 1.3.5. Interview

1.4. Result 1.4.1. Empathy Mapping

1.4.2. Persona 1.4.3. User Journey Map

1.5. Needs and Requirements

09 22 28 29 37

40 40 43 46

2.2.2. Main Flow 2: Location Tracker

2.3. Wireframe 2.3.1. Log in/Register

2.3.2. Overview: Homepage & more 2.3.3. Reminder 2.3.4. Location Tracker 2.3.5. My Family

2.4. First Usability Testing 2.4.1. Testing Plan

2.4.2. Testing Scenarios/Tasks 2.4.3. Observation 2.4.4. Testing Results

53 54

55 55 57 58 60 62

64 64 66 67 68

3. Pre-Design

3.1. Building Second Sitemap

3.2. Building Second Workflow 3.2.1. Main Flow 1: Event Creating

3.2.2. Main Flow 2: Location Tracking 3.2.3. Main Flow 3: Family Group 3.2.4. Log in/Register 3.2.5. Contacts 3.2.6. Saved Address & Gallery

72 73 74 75 76 77

3.3. Wireframe

3.3.1. Onboarding 3.3.2. Log in/Register 3.3.3. Overview 3.3.4. Event 3.3.5. Connect 3.3.6. Navigation 3.3.7. Contacts 3.3.8. Gallery 3.3.9. Saved Address

78 79 82 83 85 86 87 88 89

3.4. Second Usability Testing

3.4.1. Testing Plan 3.4.2. Testing Scenarios/Task 3.4.3. Observation 3.4.4. Second Testing Results 3.4.5. PUGH’s Decision Matrix

90 92 93 94 95

4. Design Finalization

4.1. Design Overview

99 100 103

4.1.1. Moodboard 4.1.2. Logo 4.1.3. Style Guide

4.3. Design Finalization

112

112 114

4.2.1. Final UI 4.2.2. User Acceptance Test

5. Simulation Function

115

REPORT NO.1 CP Proposal

1.1. Definition 1.1.1. Name of the Capstone Project SameRoof is a brand new application with the biggest purpose served is to connect every member of one family living under the same roof in daily works and chores.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.1.2. Problem Abstraction What is a FAMILY

According to the research An Introduction to Family Social Work by Donald Collins, Catheleen Jordan and Heather Coleman; Family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of families is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideally, families would offer predictability, structure, and safety as members mature and participate in the community The U.S. Census Bureau defines a family in the following manner: “A family is a group of two people or more (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together.” This definition is useful for obtaining a current snapshot of various family configurations (such as the percentage of children living with single parents in a given year), and to track changes over time in family living arrangements. The main limitation of this definition is that most people do not define families in this fashion.

WHO are in a family

There are 3 types of common family: nuclear family, immediate family and extended family. The nuclear family is the traditional type of family structure. This family type consists of two parents and children. Members of the immediate family may include spouses, parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters. Members of the extended family may include aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and siblings-in-law. Sometimes these are also considered members of the immediate family, depending on an individual’s specific relationship with them, and the legal definition of “immediate family” varies.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

Problem STATEMENT

The more flourish our economy is developing, the more challenges people must face in their way of keeping connection with their families. People nowadays concentrate a lot on social relationship and tend to sleep on their family bonding. Of course family members still live under the same roof and sometimes talk directly or contact with each other on phones, there are still something missing. Because of the daily hustle life, family member in a modern world all suffer from feeling lost, in life, in their way of communicating with others, or even inside. In order to solve this, we need to take a look deeper into the issues of familial behaviors and habits.

Our GOALS

With this app, our final goals is to tighten family bond and cohesion; in which family bond and cohesion can be defined as a strong tie in any family setting that brings about the recognition of individual family members’ rights and respect for such rights. Family cohesion is the warm or strong emotional ties that exist among family members. Family bond is the same as family cohesion. Where there is sound family cohesion, the rights or privileges of each individual member will be respected and selflessly protected by other members of the family.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.2. Project Overview Define the Problem Leo Tolstoy said it best when he said that “All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” Although each family unit has its own individual hang-ups, there are common family issues that plague many of us. It may feel like our personal situations are unique, but in most cases, these ‘problems’ are things that millions of families around the world are dealing with as well. They can be related with household chores, anniversaries, difficulties in connecting or locating others, or sharing memories...

To solve this scenario, we are planning to design a solution that will connect all family members virtually and helps with the chores schedules, keeping notice of important family events, sharing locations and mutual contacts, sharing multimedia and so much more. The expected outcome will be treasuring and enriching family values.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.3. Research 1.3.1. Desk/Market Research

SameRoof - An Application for Families

FAMILY: DEFINITION AND MORE WHO ARE REALLY FAMILY MEMBERS? As mentioned above at [1.1.2], the U.S. Census Bureau defines a family in the following manner: “A family is a group of two people or more (one of whom is the householder) related by birth, marriage, or adoption and residing together.” This definition is useful for obtaining a current snapshot of various family configurations (such as the percentage of children living with single parents in a given year), and to track changes over time in family living arrangements. The main limitation of this definition is that most people do not define families in this fashion. A key feature of an objective definition is that it specifies (and restricts) who is (and who is not) in a person’s family. An alternative, subjective approach is to let people make their own decisions about who is in their families. Drawing on people’s implicit definitions leads to some interesting implications. Consider the common case of a divorced mother living with her child. The mother is unlikely to consider her ex-husband to be a family member—at least since the divorce occurred. But if the child continues to spend a significant amount of time with her father, she probably will continue to view him as a family member. In cases like these, the mother and child do not share the same family, although their families overlap. A researcher who adopts the U.S. Census Bureau definition would say that the daughter is in a single-parent family, whereas the daughter would claim to be in a two-parent family.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

This example illustrates three curious features of subjective definitions of families. > First, residence and family are different. In fact, when asked to list family members, most people name one or more individuals who do not reside with them. Moreover, some people exclude individuals who live with them from their family circles. For example, research shows that many adolescents do not consider their residential stepfathers to be family members. Relying on household-centered definitions has led researchers to over-identify the home as the site of a person’s most meaningful family relationships and to give insufficient attention to relationships and interactions with family members outside the home. > Second, family membership is asymmetrical. That is, person A might claim person B as a member of his family, but person B might not claim person A as a member of her family. Examples would include cases in which a stepfather views a stepdaughter as a family member, but the stepdaughter does not reciprocate this claim. When families are defined objectively, in contrast, membership is always reciprocal, and family membership can be determined by obtaining data from a single member. > Finally, subjective family members are not always related by blood, marriage, or adoption. Many cohabiting partners, for example, consider themselves to be family. Similarly, many people consider their best friends to be family members. Family scholars have noted the importance of fictive kin in many people’s lives—a phenomenon that is especially important for some racial and ethnic groups, such as African Americans. From a subjective perspective, of course, these individuals are not “fictive.” Other people may choose to reject close biological relatives (such as a parent, a child, or a sibling) from their family definition. Children who rarely (or never) see their biological fathers, for example, often say that they have no father. When it comes to perceptions of family, biology is not destiny.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

TYPES OF FAMILIES NOWADAYS Today fully half of all families do not meet the definition of nuclear family. Since the modern society is complicated, many new types of families are born. To be more detailed, according to the report Adapted from Caring for Your Teenager (Copyright © 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics) published on healthychildren.org, in the modern days there are typically 9 types of families: NUCLEAR FAMILY

NEVER-MARRIED FAMILY

SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY

BLENDED/STEP FAMILY

CROSS-GENERATIONAL FAMILY

GRANDPARENT FAMILY

ADOPTIVE/FOSTER FAMILY

SAME-SEX PARENT FAMILY

Including 2 parents and children. Approximately half of all families with youngsters under age 18 are composed of two biological parents and theirchildren. Single-parent families make up 27 percent of households in US with children under age 18.

The most typical extended family. Roughly 2.5 million children under age 18 in US live with one or both parents in their grandparents’ home.

Approximately 120,000 children in US are adopted each year. 6.3 children per 1,000 live in out-of-home foster care.

CHILDLESS FAMILY

The childless family is sometimes the “forgotten family,” as it does not meet the traditional standards set by society. Childless families consist of two partners living and working together.

About 1.5 million unmarried couples in US have at least one child under age 15.

A blended family or stepfamily forms when one and their partner make a life together with the children from one or both of their previous relationships.

Many grandparents today are raising their grandchildren for a variety of reasons. 1 in 14 children is raised by his grandparents, and the parents are not present in the child’s life. Some 2 million children in US have parents who are gay, lesbian or bisexual.

One person can be included in more than one type of these. Eventually, all those families are dealing with similar problems about keeping track on each other, and more than that, their bond and cohesion throught daily familial behaviors. SameRoof - An Application for Families

SOME NOTABLE ISSUES

KEEPING FAMILY IN TOUCH According to a research “Pew Internet & American Life Project Networked Family Survey” on Pew Research Center, the internet help them keep connection with their family stronger than ever. Nearly one-quarter (23%) say that it has greatly improved their connections with members of their family. Adults of all ages see the internet as an important tool for maintaining connections with family members, but young people are far more likely than older adults to go online in order to keep in touch with existing friends and make new contacts.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

On the same reseach, a majority of adults say technology allows their family life today to be as close, or closer, than their families were when they grew up. Indeed, 25% of our survey respondents feel that their family today is now closer than their family when they were growing up thanks to the use of the internet and cell phones, while just 11% say their family today is not as close as families in the past. Furthermore, 23% say it has increased the quality of their communication with family members by a similar amount. They say these improvements are particularly useful for keeping in touch with extended family members who may live many miles away.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

PLANNING SCHEDULE With smartphone Schedule, Reminder system, people stay connect stronger than ever. Reminders send you alerts, remind you when your deadline has come. More better, it can include your family to keep track on the plan as well. In the early days, there was no point of informing the family members if the day’s plan got changed. One has to go directly and inform them if they can’t make for the function, movie or dinner out. Now technology is offering a good assistance to coordinate the change of plans with just a message or call. [Google/Phocuswright, U.S, Travel Study/U.S Smartphone users, 2017.]

SameRoof - An Application for Families

KEEPING FAMILY MEMBERS SAFER According to research “The Manifest 2019 Location Tracking App Survey” by The Manifest: More than one-quarter of people (29%) believe location tracking technology improves their safety. The location tracking facility is now of great help to reach the family in case of any trouble. If kids come across some mishap during their way, the location tracking facility helps parents to reach them as soon as possible. This is also giving kids a lot of confidence to travel around and do things independently without the fear of being alone. Technology is helping kids to grow up as independent persons without depending on parents for each and everything.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

REACHING FAMILY IN TROUBLE A research on Pew Research Center show that only 16% of parents track their teen location. Although, many kids share their location with parents for short periods of time, such as when they travel alone or walk through an unknown area at night. These safety benefits provide peace of mind. People also use apps to track elderly relatives’ locations. Location tracking allows families to keep tabs on where their elderly relatives are and if they haven’t moved in a while, which could indicate a dangerous fall. Location-based apps can help keep elderly relatives healthy and prevent further harm. A research on Pew Research Center show that only 16% of parents track their teen location. Although, many kids share their location with parents for short periods of time, such as when they travel alone or walk through an unknown area at night. These safety benefits provide peace of mind. People also use apps to track elderly relatives’ locations. Location tracking allows families to keep tabs on where their elderly relatives are and if they haven’t moved in a while, which could indicate a dangerous fall. Location-based apps can help keep elderly relatives healthy and prevent further harm.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

FAMILY BOND AND COHESION CONNECTING FAMILY MEMBERS: KEEPING FAMILY TOGETHER, AVOIDING DIVORCE Based on a research named Reasons for Divorce and Openness to Marital Reconciliation by professors from Brigham Young University and University of Minnesota Twin Cities, the two most common reasons given for seeking a divorce were “growing apart” (55%) and “not able to talk together” (53%). Growing apart, differences in tastes, and money problems were negatively associated with interest in reconciliation; abuse and adultery were not associated with interest in reconciliation. A U.S. national survey (National Fatherhood Initiative, 2005) found that the most common reason given for divorce among those who had ever divorced was “lack of commitment” (73%). Other significant factors included too much arguing (56%), infidelity (55%), marrying too young (46%), unrealistic expectations (45%), lack of equality in the relationship (44%), lack of pre-marital preparation (41%), and domestic violence (29%). This limited body of research suggests that a number of divorces might be prevented without threat to the health and safety of the spouses.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

REASON FOR DIVORCING DIRECTLY RELATED TO MEMBERS’ CONNECTION OR EVEN CHORES DIVISION Preliminary data reduction analyses were undertaken to see if reasons for divorce covaried or could be combined into subcategories. These preliminary results (not reported here) suggested a poor factor structure and little overlap between reasons for divorce. The only two items with significant and strong overlap were the items “how we divided child care responsibilities” and “how we divided household responsibilities”. As shown in Table 1, the most commonly cited reason for seeking a divorce was growing apart (55%). This was followed by not being able to talk together (53%), money problems (40%), personal problems of spouse (37%), infidelity (37%), and not getting enough

SameRoof - An Application for Families

attention (34%). The three least common reasons given were my spouse’s friends (11%), spouse worked too much (9%), and religious differences (9%). Table 1 also reports on gender differences in reasons for divorce. Several significant differences were found. Women were significantly more likely than men to report that alcohol and drug problems, how household responsibilities were divided, spouse’s leisure activities, physical violence, and spouse working too many hours were important factors in the divorce. Men (59%) were more likely than women (52%) to report growing apart as an important factor in the divorce. In table 2, people surveyed argeed that if those domestic problems are solved, their marriage could still be saved.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

HOW TO STRENGTHEN FAMILY BOND: BRING YOUR FAMILY CLOSER AND BUILD A FIRM FOUNDATION According to the research How to Strengthen Family Bonds: Bring Your Family Closer and Build a Firm Foundation by Denise Witme on VeryWellFamily, spending time together is one of the greatest gifts families can give to one another. Not only does quality time strengthen and build family bonds, but it also provides a sense of belonging and security for everyone in the family. In fact, research has shown that when families enjoy activities together, children not only learn important social skills but also have higher self-esteem. Among 10 ways of strengthening family bond that they suggested, some significant points is to:

SCHEDULE FAMILY TIME. Including Set aside time for family, or Plan Schedule/Outing/Small Vacation together.

DO CHORES AS A FAMILY. Make cleaning your home or caring for the yard a responsibility for the whole

family. Create a list of chores and have everyone sign up. Then set up a time during the week or on the weekend when everyone can tackle their chores at the same time. What’s more, doing chores together also can foster a sense of teamwork, especially if someone gets done early and is willing to help another family member complete their tasks. To make doing chores more rewarding, plan a small reward for when the work is done like getting ice cream together, watching a movie, or playing a board game. Or JOIN OTHER FAMILY. No one lives in a bubble. We are all part of a community, so be sure your family is building relationships with other families. Whether this is within your neighborhood, your school system, your church, or some other avenue, it is important that you spend time with other families as well.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.3. Research 1.3.2. Similar Apps and Competitors

TIMETREE Operation: iOS, Android Launch date: September 1st, 2014 Reward: Apple’s “BEST OF 2015” Rating: 4.8 out of 5 (Appstore)

“TimeTree was built with the goal of being an integral part of managing one’s schedules through sharing and communication. We wanted your living room calendar, work calendar and social calendar in the palm of your hand, with features that allowed you to share and communicate within the calendar itself.”

SameRoof - An Application for Families

TimeTree PROS:

- User can create many schedules for different purposes, in which each one can include respective members. - Creating new events in the calendar is quite easy. It also automatically suggest user some familiar events based on recently recorded actions. - To-do list in a event is included. - User can add links to events and/or locations. - History saving if there are any changes recorded.

CONS:

- Not too family-orientated - Auto suggestion is not smart. Suggestion to add the newest photo on your phone, which is not always related to the event created - To-do list compulsorily added to the event is not really necessary if user only uses this app for daily purpose. If a user needs an immediate to-do list, they has to create a whole new event section, which is unnecessarily complicated.

Inference: What we’ve learnt from this?

- Include to-do list in event. - History saving to track activities. - The modern and neat user interface. - Be careful when using AI for auto suggestion, or else it’ll cause annoyance to users. SameRoof - An Application for Families

FAMILYWALL Operation: iOS, Android Launch date: 2011 Rating: 4.7 out of 5 (Appstore)

“FamilyWall is the easiest way to organize your family life and keep everyone in the loop. A leading family organizer that includes a shared calendar, Grocery lists, a Family Locator, a Photo/Video Album, a secure messenger and so much more.”

SameRoof - An Application for Families

FamilyWall PROS:

- Friendly, easy-to-use interface. - With only few steps, user can easily create an account for kids only with birthdays and names. - All the main functions are featured on the homepage, making them easier to access. - Regular notifications keep every member of the family up-todate.

CONS:

- UI design is quite outdated and boring - No navigation bar - Information hierarchy is not clear enough - Should be included some auto-suggestions

Inference: What we’ve learnt from this?

- Account creating for children and elderly is an excellent idea - Featuring significant functions on main screen helps users access easier - Include AI auto-suggestions

SameRoof - An Application for Families

COZI FAMILY ORGANIZER Operation: iOS, Android Launch date: 2006 Rating: 4.8 out of 5 (Appstore)

“Trust Cozi to manage it all. With Cozi, you can: Keep appointments and activities all in one place Track school events and the virtual class schedule Manage a shared grocery list Get the whole family to chip in on chores.”

SameRoof - An Application for Families

Cozi Family Organizer PROS:

- Schedules can be synced from and to other calendar platform such as Google Calendar, Outlook, Apple Calendar... - To-do list can be switched to shopping mode that is really helpful and convenient. - Including ‘Recipe’ feature for shopping and cooking. Users can pick one in Cozi’s recipe list, create their own recipe or paste a link to a recipe on the internet - the app will automatically add all the ingredients into shopping list and ready for shopping mode. - Journal feature is a highlight. Users can share pictures with quotes and stories privately with other household members in app.

CONS:

- Outdated UI design - Too many ads to pursue users purchase Cozi Gold (Premium version) but not smartly appearing, which annoys users a lot - Missing lots of standard yet important features like shared contact or birthday tracker, which are basic features.

Inference: What we’ve learnt from this?

- To-do list should be convenient - Syncing information from other platform is quite a highlight - Must include basic features, such as birthday tracker

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.3. Research 1.3.3. Technology OTP (ONE-TIME PASSWORD) OTP means that the password is used only once. We use OTP to strengthens users’ security & privacy while registering an account.

GPS (GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM) This is a positioning system based on the location of artificial satellites designed, built, operated and managed by the US Department of Defense.

Maps (syncing from Google Maps) together

AI (Artificial Intelligence)

Auto-suggestion used in the app will suggest the most suitable content for users, basing on their previous behaviors.

AI, sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence demonstrated by machines, unlike the natural intelligence displayed by humans and animals.

in GPS, to help users’ locating others.

Face recognision used in photo gallery to automatically sort pictures by members.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.3. Research 1.3.4. Survey INVESTIGATION TIME From: 0:00, Oct. 3th, 2020 To: 23:59, Oct. 6th, 2020

SURVEY FORM

Online survey (Google Form), available in both English and Vietnamese.

PURPOSE OF THE SURVEY

To learn about familial behaviors and habits

3 GROUPS OF QUESTIONS

- Questions about users’ anthropology - Questions about users’ daily familial behaviors and habits (important dates, household chores, (tele)communication and media sharing) - Questions about users’ needs to find a solution for all those familial problems.

NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS 248 people.

SURVEY LINK

https://forms.gle/AwgZUATLwULXiUkaA

SameRoof - An Application for Families

Anthropology

AGE, GENDER & OCCUPATION - According to the datasheet, most of the participants were female (77.8%), male accounted for 18.5%. The remainder did not want to specify. - The age group participating in the survey is mainly about 18-30 years old (76.2%), ones at the age over 30 accounts for 15.7%, the rest are under 18 years old. - The majority of participants were students/undergraduates with 61.3%, followed by office-related workers with 27.4%. About 7.3% of participants work in the business/service industry. The remaining 4% are engaged in other occupations.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

“WHO ARE YOU LIVING UNDER THE SAME ROOF WITH?” - The majority of participants living with parents (62.5%), siblings (37.5%) have a much higher rate than others. - People living with husbands/wives or s/o, children, grandparents or other relatives, and roommates account for approximately the same proportion, ranging from 13-16% of the total.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

Familial Behaviors and Habits

IMPORTANT DATES, ANNIVERSARIES, HOLIDAYS...

- Most of the participants (76.6%) clearly remember the important anniversaries of other family members, only 2.8% do not. - With traditional holidays or anniversary of the death, the number of people who always remember clearly accounts for only 1/4 of the total. More than 50% only remember occasionally, and the figure for people who cannot even remember is up to 20%. - 88% of partipants said that the one who reminds them about those traditional dates is mother/grandmother. Father/grandfather is followed up, accounting for 81%.

In conclusion, the majority of people surveyed remember clearly birthdays or anniversaries of family members. But when it comes to traditional holidays, new year or the anniversary of the death, most of them cannot tell clearly, especially those at the age of 18-30 (children in the family). Grandparents, parents are usually the ones who remember and know exactly about holidays and death anniversary to remind other members. SameRoof - An Application for Families

HOUSEHOLD CHORES - The majority of people surveyed regularly take part in household chores accounted 59.7%, the number of people sometimes do is about 37.1%. The number of people who do not do chores is 2.4% and the rest, which accounted for 0.8%, said that they weren’t interested in household chores. - Household chores is usually divided mainly on each member’s capability and schedule (54.4%). 22.6% of respondents answered that their family does not divide the chores, whoever remembers the chores do it, this easily leads to one member doing everything. 9.7% of people say that there is only one person in their family doing the whole work. - A quite large number of people surveyed said that they always remember to do chores, accounting for 39.9%, but the majority only remember occasionally (54%). The 4% remaining don’t remember or not interested. - Most of the participants whose mother/grandmother reminds them most about chores, while their father/ grandfather only accounted for 10.8%.

In conclusion, the majority of participants do not regularly remember to take part in household chores. How people divide chores is still not effective and fair when 22.6% of families do not really devide, only whoever remembers the chores do it. Eventually, such ambiguous division can easily lead to one person having to do the whole housework.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

(TELE)COMMUNICATION - The communication method when family members are in different places is usually calling and texting using online applications such as Facebook and Zalo (41.4%). The second most popular way is basic phonecall (36.6%) and the least used way is basic SMS (21.3%). - Most users have no problems with those communication method. However, there are still some outstanding issues such as: Missed calls, missed messages because they are too busy, can’t receive messages right away, or feeling bothered by being called too much (mostly by parents). - According to the survey, family members often have difficulty locating others, rating 4-5 out of 5. - The method used to locate others is mostly calling and speaking out the address (62.9%). Besides, in addition to using the address, they sometimes attach a photo of their surroundings so that other can easily detect (22.5%). A highly effective method is GPS, but rarely used, only 11.7%, but all of them said that they did not face any difficulties in locating. - The point is people still use the traditional way of sending the address, but not taking advantage of an easier, more convenient way - GPS...

SameRoof - An Application for Families

- According to the survey, the number of families sharing mutual relationships and/or (phone) contacts is quite large. - But acknowlegding these mutual contacts among members is extremely limited. 40% of people surveyed said they know quite well, and 32.3% said they do not know well. Up to 8.1% say they completely don’t know.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

MULTIMEDIA SHARING - According to the survey, the need to share photos/videos among family members is high. Especially they often share photos/videos after family gathering/outing. - Most people surveyed use Zalo to share photos. Using facebook accounts for 33.1%, the rest are for other platforms. - Not too many people have problems with the current method of sharing media. The only noticable problem pointed out by users is that Zalo will automatically expire the image after a period of time in inactivity.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.3. Research 1.3.5. Interview After conducting a survey, interviewing is our next step to define our target users. We interviewed 6 people who were in the survey to learn more about their habits, needs, and difficulties in daily familial behaviors. As a result, we can make empathy mapping suitable for our app. 6 mentioned people include bot parents and children in the family.

INTERVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Anthropology: Gender, Age, Occupation, and Who they are living with.

2. Familial behaviors and habits:

2.1. Questions related to important dates, anniversaries... and their remembering or being reminded about those. 2.2. Questions related to household chores and chores division and their remembering or being reminded about those. 2.3. Questions related to locating and contacting family members when in need. 2.4. Questions related to sharing mutual contacts and media (photos, videos)

3. Questions about their care about family bonding

or how to improve it through daily familial behaviors and habits

SameRoof - An Application for Families

Some interviewees and hightlights in their answers PARENTS Thanh Hung (32), Game Operator, living with wife and 1 child. Sometimes his wife feels upset since he forgot some traditional anniversaries/ holidays or she cannot divide him some chores.

Mai Thu (26), Marketer, single mom, about to get married next year. She’s been worried a

lot about her 7-year-old only son’s safety, but usually it’s hard to keep an eye on him all the time.

Chau Huong (42), Accountant, living with her husband, 2 children and her parents (extended family). Household chores are never easy to devide. Keeping track on both her little children and elderly parents is exhausted, especially after 8-hour office work..

SameRoof - An Application for Families

CHILDREN Hai Anh (21), University student, Part-time Digital Artist, living with parents. Sometimes focusing too much on her work, she leaves her phone off, making her parents worried for cannot locate her.

Quang Thang (22), University student, living in Campus, coming home once or twice a month. His

parents scold him a lot about not remembering important dates or not participating in family mutual activities because he forgets.

Nhu Ngoc (17), Highschool Student, Part-time Pro-gamer/Streamer, living with parents and grandparents (extended family). Because of playing games or attending extracurriculum activities or classes, she cannot inform her location or time that she needs picking up immediately for her parents/grandparents to pick her up. She also cannot remember all the streets to tell her parents her location when in need too.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.4. Results 1.4.1. Empathy map RESULTS Traditional empathy maps are splitted into 4 quadrants (Says, Thinks, Does and Feels), focusing on the user. Empathy maps provide a glance into who a ‘user’ is as a whole, not chronologically or sequentially. In here, we customized our own empathy map, consisting of 4 sections: Hears, Sees, Thinks and Feels, Says and Does. Empathy maps are used throughout the UX process to establish common ground among team members and to understand and prioritize users’ needs. In user-centered design, empathy maps are best used from the very beginning of the design process. We came up with 2 empathy maps, representing 2 main groups of users: the parents and the children respectively.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

The parents:

SameRoof - An Application for Families

The children:

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.4. Results 1.4.2. Persona RESULTS After collecting a huge amount of information from desk research and survey & interview, we processed the data, thereby creating 2 personas for 2 main groups of users: the parents and the children.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

Mrs. Ha Le ABOUT

Mrs. Ha is a married woman with 2 children. As a office worker she’s always been busy with work, but she also wants to take a good care for her family. She sometimes feels overwhelmed, so she wants her kids and husband to help her with household chores. But they keep forgeting their tasks so Mrs. Ha has to take care all by herself.

PAIN POINTS

- Family members don’t remember household chores duty. - Family members keep buying wrong items her ask for preparing dinner. - Family members don’t remember important events such as anniversary of grandparent’s, great grandparent’s death. - When a party is coming up, she has to invite all the guest by herself because other family members don’t know the contacts well. Age 40 Job Office worker Status Married Address Hanoi

NEEDS

- To-do list for all family member. - Reminder for all family member. - Mutual contacts list. - Sharing GPS Location

GOALS

- Help other family members to remember their tasks. - Help other family members notice when an important even is coming up - Always able to use mutual contacts. - Easy to find the location.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

Ms. Anh Vu ABOUT

Anh is an undergraduate student who still lives with her parents and her sister. She is always busy with her works at university, and sometimes, part-time jobs. She doesn’t have a personal transport vehicle so she always needs her family to pick her up after school or work.

PAIN POINTS

- Hard to indicate her location when she needs to pick up - Sometimes she doesn’t notice her phone, the person picking her up can’t reach her - When concentrating a lot on her work, she cannot contact parents immediately, making them worried about her safety

NEEDS Age 19 Job Undergraduate Status Single Address TP HCM

- Location Tracking - Notified when someone nearby

GOALS

- Easy to find the location. - Notifications when someone arrives. - Notifications about important dates, family schedules or chores

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.4. Results 1.4.3. User journey map RESULTS We created 2 journey map for 2 personas [the parent] and [the children] with a significant action: [preparing for a party] and [request pick up], respectively.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

[The parents] Preparing for a party

SameRoof - An Application for Families

[The children] Requesting pick up

SameRoof - An Application for Families

1.5. Needs and Requirements 1.5.1. Overall requirements PRIMARY NEEDS:

- Reminder for schedules, chores list, anniversaries... - Mutual contacts for all the family. - Keeping track on each other - Improving mutual assistance among family members. - Virtually connecting family members closer together, enriching family values.

SECONDARY NEEDS:

- Helping individual job easier together. - Modern, friendly and easy-to-use interface.

1.5.2. Functional Requirements - Log in/Register/Register for Children - Family (members) Management - Plans and reminder for plans, anniversaries, holidays... - Location Tracking - Family group chat/group call - Mutual photo gallery - Mutual contact list

SameRoof - An Application for Families

REPORT NO.2 Design Proposal

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.1. Building first sitemap 2.1.1. First sitemap MAIN PART ON NAVIGATION BAR:

Home, Reminder, Location Tracker, My Family (Contacts & Photo Albums), Settings (Login/Register & in-app settings).

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.2. Building first taskflow 2.2.1. Definition

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.2. Building first taskflow 2.2.2. Reminder flow:

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.2. Building first taskflow 2.2.3. Location tracker flow:

PICK-UP REQUESTER:

THE ONE PICKING UP:

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.1. Log in/Register/Register for Children

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.1. Log in/Register/Register for Children

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.2. Overview: Homescreen, Reminder, Location Tracker & My Family

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.3. Reminder: Create a task

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.3. Reminder: Create a task

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.4. Location tracker: Request location/pick up

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.4. Location tracker: Request location/pick up

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.5. My family: Contact list

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.3. Building first wireframe 2.3.5. My family: Photo Gallery

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.4. First usability testing 2.4.1. Testing plan We use the prototype first to test usability with real users to record their opinion on how our app is performing and what we can do to improve it.

PARTICIPANTS

8 people in total, age ranging from 18 to 50, including both parents and children in the family.

HOW IT WORKS

We create scenarios with a series of tasks for the participants to complete those tasks, while we observe and take notes. By examining how users perform tasks, listening to their comments about the product, we can know if our app could solve the problem that users encountered or not.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.4. First usability testing 2.4.2. Testing Scenarios/Tasks Scenario 1: You (mom) have to remind your son to clean his room Task 1: Create a reminder

Task 2: Edit details in an existing reminder

Scenario 2: You (son) received a notification, your mom told you to clean your room Task 3: Check and perform tasks in reminder section Scenario 3: You (dad) want to know where is your daughter now Task 4: Request other’s location Scenario 4: You (daughter) received your dad’s request to send location Task 5: Receive and process with other member’s request to send location Scenario 5: You (daughter) want your dad to pick you up Task 6: Send request picking up from other member Scenario 6: You (dad) received your daughter’s request to pick her up Task 7: Receive and process with other member’s request to pick up

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.4. First usability testing 2.4.3. Observation Overall, the first demo was easy to use and understand. • Most users find it interesting with not very common but specific functions like Request location/pick up or Specific reminder. • The most common problem happened while testing was the limitation of prototype technology which couldn’t provide us a sticky Navbar, a full-screen interface and the limitation of the language (we used English only). So for next time improvement, we will prototype on another platform and create another demo in Vietnamese if possible. • Our testers were very helpful looking for things that they didn’t understand from our prototype so the tests lasted from 10 to 20 minutes. But for real users, it won’t last that long. • The things that they looked into first was Homepage, leading directly to Reminder section, and Location tracker, which is illustrated by an outstanding center button to see if there is anything helpful for them. • The My Family section were explored later.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.4.2. Testing Result

SameRoof - An Application for Families

2.4. First usability testing

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REPORT NO.3 Pre-Design

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.1. Building second sitemap 3.1.1. Second sitemap MAIN PART ON NAVIGATION BAR: Home, Event, Connect, Navigation, Settings.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.2. Building second workflow 3.2.1. Main flow 1: Event creating

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.2. Building second workflow 3.2.2. Main flow 2: Location Tracking

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.2. Building second workflow 3.2.3. Main flow 3: Create a family group call GROUP CALL

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.2. Building second workflow 3.2.4. Log in, Register, Register for Children REGISTER

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.2. Building second workflow 3.2.5. Mutual Contacts SYNC CONTACTS FROM PHONE

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.2. Building second workflow 3.2.6. Saved Address and Photo Gallery SAVED ADDRESS:

PHOTO GALLERY

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.1. Onboarding/Welcome screen

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.2. Log in/Register/Register for Children

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.2. Log in/Register/Register for Children

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.3. Overview: Homepage: Family, Photo, Mutual Contact

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.4. Event

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3.3. Wireframe 3.3.4. Event: Create event

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3.3. Wireframe 3.3.3. Event: Create event

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.4. Connect

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.5. Navigation: Location Tracker

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.6. Contacts: Sync contact from phone

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.7. Photo Gallery: filted by member

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.3. Wireframe 3.3.8. Saved Address

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.4. Second usability testing 3.4.1. Testing plan We use the second improved prototype to test usability with real users to record their opinion on how our app is performing and what we can do to improve it until the finalization.

PARTICIPANTS

8 people in total, age ranging from 18 to 50, including both parents and children in the family.

HOW IT WORKS

TESTING LINK

https: //xd.adobe.com/view/73f404ca-272c-48af9012-009e3e4d79c2-26a7/

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.4. Second usability testing 3.4.2. Testing Scenarios/Tasks Scenario 1: You (mom) want to hold a weekend party and assign specific tasks to every member Task 1: Create an event with full options

Task 2: Edit details in an existing event plan

Scenario 2: You (son) want to check where your dad is and request him to pick you up Task 3: Check other member’s location Task 4: Send request picking up from other member and respond to their coming up Scenario 3: You want to find photos including only your mom in the gallery Task 5: Check family gallery and find photos by filtering Scenario 4: You want to sync Contact list from your phone to share with your family Task 6: Check and sync contact, create group from contact list synced Scenario 5: You want to start a group chat/group call with only your family members Task 7: Create and perform with group chat/group call

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.4. Second usability testing 3.4.3. Observation Overall, the second demo was said to be so much improved, and really easier to use and understand. • Information hierarchy were much clearer, and it took users not long time to get used to the function. • While [the parents] group of users said it was interesting and helpful for them to organize and manager the family activities, the younger group worried that this might somehow invade their privacy. We’re working on some more options so that [the children] group of users have more freedom, space and pleasure in sharing their schedule, contacts and location voluntarily. • Our testers were very helpful suggesting some add-on that we can consider to improve for the final version. For example, they suggested some good point like: “stay with +”, to inform parents about with whom the children are at that location; an option to assign every task in the to-do list of an event for respective member; or some kinds of reward for children when finishing the task to encourage them and to make the app more interesting... • Our idea and message of making this special app is clearer in the testers’ eyes. They all said that this app is really meaningful and if we can working on making it perfect, they would be glad using them in real life.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.4.4. Second Testing Result

SameRoof - An Application for Families

3.4. Second usability testing 3.4.5. PUGH’s Decision Matrix The Pugh Matrix was developed by Stuart Pugh who was a professor and head of the design division at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. It is also called a variety of names including Pugh method, Pugh analysis, decision matrix method, decision matrix, decision grid, selection grid, selection matrix, problem matrix, problem selection matrix, problem selection grid, solution matrix, criteria rating form, criteria-based matrix, opportunity analysis. As a decision making model, it is obviously used to choose between a list of alternatives. The most important criteria in the decision are chosen, and the alternatives are compared using these criteria.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

In our research, we came across various ideas. They had been reframed into the final 2 prototypes. In order to select the best concept, we have decided to apply THE PUGH DECISION MATRIX METHOD. The evaluation criteria was based on the following criteria: Findability - this is the quality of navigation of the app design. The effectiveness of finding the information by a user is taken into consideration. Usability - this is the easiness of the application design to use and to find whether the design has helped to achieve the required goals effectively and efficiently. Accessibility - the quality of being easily understood or appreciated. Credibility - the quality of security. It ensures if the user is feeling safe to use the application. Usefulness - the fact of being useful - functionality/success/practically. Marking criteria : Range from -2 to 2 Extremely poor : -2 Bad : -1 Average : 0 Good : 1 Excellent : +2 Concept 1 has been taken as Prototype 1 Concept 2 has been taken as Prototype 2 Datum has been considered as ALL the existing solutions and the value has been assigned as “ZERO”.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

After 2 user tests, we used the PUGH Matrix to evaluate the progress and improvement of the application. As a result, we will make a decision on choosing the right wireframe to arrive at the final design. To compare the above criteria between wireframe 1 and wireframe 2, we can give a few statements as follows: • Findability: There were some confusing functions in Prototype 1, making users cannot find what they have to do. We improved it in Prototype 2. • Usability: The design is so much easier to use and users have used it effectively and efficiently. • Accessibility: Prototype 2 has been improved for better user manipulation. • Credible: Because the whole making process is based on research from trusted sources, the app is really reliable. Users also felt safer comparing to Prototype 1 for better privacy. • Usefulness: Some new features added in Prototype 2 as well as changes from Prototype 1 feedback made users approved that the app was helpful and meaningful. After considering all the citerias, we decided to choose Prototype 2 as the official wireframe for our final design.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

REPORT NO.4 Design Finalization

SameRoof - An Application for Families

4.1. Design Overview 4.1.1. Moodboard IDEA Inspired by the color of blue sky above the house’s roof and the warm orange shade of sunset, we want to create an image of hopeful, energetic, modern but also cozy and reliable home that every member of the family always desire to come back after long tiring days dealing with hustle life out there.

SameRoof - An Application for Families

4.1. Design Overview 4.1.2. Logo IDEA SameRoof logo is the combination of a house - with a firm roof, a hug - warmness from the dearest family, and a heart. We want to illustrate the image of a home rather than just a house with the message: There embraces a heart - there is love, literally, under the SameRoof.

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4.1. Design Overview 4.1.2. Logo LOGO IN GRID AND IN ALTERNATIVE COLORS

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4.1. Design Overview 4.1.2. Logo SYMBOL + LOGOTYPE SameRoof logo consists of the SameRoof symbol and the logotype “SameRoof” varied from the typeface Nunito.

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4.1. Design Overview 4.1.3. Style guide COLOR TEMPLATE

Primary Color - Blue

Secondary Color - Orange

#3867D6

#FA8231

Element Color - Green #26DE81

Element Color - Yellow #FED330

SameRoof color template is inspired by the moodboard, coming with primary color is the hopeful and firm blue, following by a support of warm orange as secondary color. The red color used in the logo is for highlighted details as well as some emergency sections.

Element Color - Purple

Emergence - Red

#A65EEA

#EB3B5A

Gray Shade 1

Gray Shade 2

Gray Shade 3

#606060

#808080

#A0A0A0

#BFBFBF

#DFDFDF

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4.1. Design Overview

H1/Semi Bold/48px

4.1.3. Style guide

Headline 1

TYPOGRAPHY

Headline 2

H2/Bold/34px

Headline 3

H3/Bold/24px

Headline 4

H4/Semi Bold/20px

Subtitle 1

Subtitle 1/Semi Bold/16px

Subtitle 2

Subtitle 2/Semi Bold/14px

Body 1

Body 1/Regular/16px

Body 2

Body 2/Regular/14px

Button

Button/Nunito/Medium/14Px

Caption

Caption/Regular/12px

Caption 2

Caption/Regular/10px

Overline

OVERLINE/Regular/10Px

We use the family of Nunito typeface in our app, with 2 main variations are Nunito and Nunito Sans. Nunito family is used mostly for title and header, while Nunito Sans - with sharper and clearer stroke, is mainly used on paragraph, making it easier for users to read wall of texts.

Nunito ABCDEFHGIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYW abcdefhgiklmnopqrstuvxyw 0123456789

Nunito Sans ABCDEFHGIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYW abcdefhgiklmnopqrstuvxyw 0123456789

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4.1. Design Overview 4.1.3. Style guide ICONOGRAPHY All the icons are fitted in the grid to make sure they are all in sync.

24 px

2 px 20 px

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4.1. Design Overview 4.1.3. Style guide ICON BUTTON

48 px

20 px

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4.1. Design Overview 4.1.3. Style guide COMPONENTS

Title Title Email/Phone Number Email/Phone Number

Enabl e

Enabled

Enabl e

Enabled

Ti tle 1

Ti tle 2

Ti tle 1

Ti tle 2

Enable

Enabl e

Enable

Enabl e

Email/Phone Number

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4.1. Design Overview 4.1.3. Style guide ILLUSTRATION We created a set of illustration focusing on 4 main characters symboling a specific nuclear family: The Dad, The Mom, The Younger Brother and The Elder Sister Living Far From Home. THE DAD

A middle-aged man with a beard. He is generous and loves helping his wife and children with daily chores.

THE MOM

A strict but gentle woman. She is an ideal mom who can organize well both her office works and household chores.

THE YOUNGER BROTHER

An energetic and caring youngster. He’s always been a great help to his parents. He gets along well with his sister too.

THE ELDER SISTER LIVING FAR FROM HOME

A special character in our illustration kit. She’s studying and working in another city and rarely visit home, but she calls/ texts home everyday to keep track. SameRoof - An Application for Families

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Special Feature: Minigame GARDENING is a special minigame exclusively

from SameRoof, where your family bond and cohesion are tightened and improved. Each time users finish a task assigned from Plan, they will receive some “Fertilizer” and “Water” - special unit points, which they can use to grow their Tree. Whenever a Tree reaches Level 20, SameRoof will help you plant ONE tree in real life! The tree will be planted in Ba Vi National Park, located about 50 km west of Hanoi, Vietnam. After level 20, your garden will be restarted with a new Tree of level 1. This feature is to encourage user finish as many of their familial tasks as possible to join a hand to make the planet greener!

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4.2. Design Finalization 4.2.1. Final UI

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4.2. Design Finalization 4.2.2. User Acceptance Test In this last usability test with 7 testers consisting of both users from 2 groups [the parents] and [the children], we received a lot of positive comments to see the app on the right track. Users enjoy the complete colors and functionality of the application. They showed their obvious interest in our special function, like Plan, Navigation, Shared Contacts and even the Minigame: Gardening. Also, they had been a great help suggesting us some more features that we can add on to make the application perfect and ready to come in real life. • Adding e-Wallet connect so members in the family can send other money when they are in need, or use money as reward for completing tasks. • Build a community to share, ask and answer daily familial questions among families using app. • Insert some more specific functions related to homeschooling for parents, or recipe for cooking...

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REPORT NO.5

Simulation Function

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Simulation link: https: //xd.adobe.com/view/80e375de2a3d-4e11-9b1b-b7e1550dc1fb-d5b0/

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*References An Introduction to Family Social Work by Donald Collins, Catheleen Jordan and Heather Coleman; The U.S. Census Bureau, https://www.ncfr.org/ncfr-report Immediate Family Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc definitions.uslegal.com; retrieved 2020-02-04. What is a family? by Paul R. Amato, Ph.D., NCFR President. Google/Phocuswright, U.S, Travel Study/U.S Smartphone users, 2017. Reasons for Divorce and Openness to Marital Reconciliation by professors from Brigham Young University and University of Minnesota Twin Cities How to Strengthen Family Bonds: Bring Your Family Closer and Build a Firm Foundation by Denise Witme on VeryWellFamily Adapted from Caring for Your Teenager (Copyright © 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics) published on healthychildren.org Pew Research: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2008/10/19/networked-families/ https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/07/parents-teens-digital-monitoring/ft_15-01-06_parentsteens/ The Manifest: https://themanifest.com/mobile-apps/do-people-trust-apps-track-their-location Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227690648_Children_and_Chores_A_Mixed-Methods_Study_of_Children’s_ Household_Work_in_Los_Angeles_Families https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/issues/family-problems https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/consumer-insights/consumer-journey/consumer-travel-smartphone-usage/ SameRoof - An Application for Families

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THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION! We came up with the idea of creating SameRoof due to the fact that both of us have been studying far from home for 6 to 7 years, only visit home weekly or even monthly. This project is dedicated to Mrs Thao, Mrs Ha (our moms) and our family; thanks for being our dearest home. Special thanks to our tutor, Miss Shruthi; our friend Tien Nam for supporting at some parts, as well as all of our friends and family that have participated in helping us finish this capstone project. Chúng tôi nảy ra ý tưởng về SameRoof dựa trên việc cả hai thành viên của nhóm đều đi học và sống xa nhà đã 6-7 năm nay, chỉ đoàn tụ đủ gia đình vào cuối tuần hoặc cuối tháng. Đồ án này xin dành tặng mẹ Thảo, mẹ Hà và gia đình của chúng con, cảm ơn vì đã là tổ ấm nơi chúng con luôn có thể quay về. Lời tri ân đặc biệt dành cho cô Shruti, giảng viên hướng dẫn của chúng tôi; bạn Tiến Nam, người đã giúp đỡ rất lớn ở vài giai đoạn “nước lũ”; cũng như tất cả bạn bè và gia đình đã ủng hộ và hỗ trợ chúng tôi trong quá trình thực hiện đồ án này.