TEAM : GROWTH AND DECLINE Panagiota Mylona Renu Ganpat Max Suijkerbuijk Algimantas VarpuÄ?anskis Rahul Dewan under the guidance of Prof. Lidewij Tummers and Prof. Stephen Reed Q3 R&D Studio I MSc2 Urbanism I TU Delft 2015-2016
FLEVOSTAD
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Max Suijkerbuijk, Panagiota Mylona, Renu Ganpat, Algimantas VarpuÄ?anskis, Rahul Dewan Program: net transformation urban area 921ha. residential 740ha. commercial 250ha. port 50ha. infrastructure 50km. landscape 420ha. water 35ha. houses 7000 Type: thematic realistic strategy + blueprint
Flevoland which is one of the 12 provinces of Holland is the largest polder in whole planet, located in the geographic center of Netherlands. Idea to reclaim the space from sea gained momentum during WWI, due to scarcity of food supplies and lack of fertile land suitable for agriculture. First dykes were erected in 1916 forming Zuiderzee polder, southern part was the last implemented project section. Despite the fact, that project was never fully accomplished, it is still the best example of the Dutch capacity to reclaim land from water. This new land is also a well known example of the so called „Maakbaarheid“ approach, which declares that society is makeable. Since four entirely new towns Almere, Lelystad, Dronten and Zeewolde have been constructed, assuming that well designed spaces can replace people relationships and economical networks built over time.
Further development of Flevoland was believed to be promising and dynamic. However, during 2008 stock market crisis, rigid economic and social structure of the province displayed multitude drawbacks of the designed society within few decades. After the economical shock whole area started to fall back in competition with other growing municipalities of Netherlands and now Flevoland is facing stagnation. Dependence on other major cities in terms of economical and social performance caused major cultural disintegration and lack of opportunities for people who chose to stay in Flevoland. At the same time - young and promising part of population is moving out of this new land. In addition to that, agriculture which was once a backbone industry of Flevoland, now is at stake due to land exhaustion and high competition among farmers.
Comaparing the facts and figures
lelystad
size population
young 18-35 generation
density avg people/ km2
76,414
20,912
329
27.46%
almere
198,268
60,721
1515
moving out 2015
education higher education and university
crime rate per 1000 inhabitants
age average age
2,375
2430
1743
61
40.1
3.1%
3.2%
68
37.3
48
40.1
47
37.8
unemployment
commuting everyday commute
moving in 2015
3000
10,700
4%
27.4%
9000
49,200
30.97%
0.24% 5972
6932
3%
3.5% 0.95%
45.6%
dronten
40,536
11,992
121
1000
7000
29.67%
1524
2551
3.8%
6.5%
22,028
6,156
28.63% source : http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/home/default.htm
87
3000
6000
759
3.5%
50%
1662
0.23%
33%
zeewolde
6694
951
612
4.5% 0.08%
Diagnosis analysis of Flevoland
legend agriculture land forest land ecology land city center residential industrial
N
0
1
2km
4km
If these trends will continue to increase un-detained - it may lead towards more serious damage which will be even harder to deal with. To understand our perception of growth and decline in the simplest form we looked at a metaphor of a glass house where once the conditions are removed then the plant slowly dies because it was meant to grow in these conditions (fig 1). Similarly we perceive flevoland inside a glass house where several external influences such as oil, energy , regulations, fertilizers are responsible for its development. To visualize this in Flevoland we have this massive agricultural parcel of land conditioned to generate business with four urban centers for a ‘sub’urban lifestyle. And because attractive cities such as Amsterdam, Utrecht , are just a stone’s throw distance away they act as magnetic pull and are drawing people for better choices such as jobs, entertainment and education. This magnetic pull can be better illustrated by the current trend of human flow where the young and proactive generation are moving to cities for work and education (fig 2) and continue to live there after their studies which results for an uncertain future for these new large scale development sub urban centers. Mainly this analysis is focused on the fact that the most productive and proactive age group of the population of Flevoland is leaving this region in search for a place with more opportunities and choices. Our proposed vision tries to create certain conditions and activities attracting this age group back to Flevoland. Hence the target group in the project is the young and active age (fig3). Based on relevant data and analysis the research question was: How can we make Flevoland more resilient to Growth and Decline? One of the primary issue of this project is scarcity of “urban substance” which fails to form a coherent, competitive player in regional scale. This problem is approached by offering the model of polycentricity, which would use potentials of existing cities (Almere, Lelystad, Dronten and Zeewolde) and join them up in a political-economical-educational level. Polycentric region is formed
by placing periodically used facilities (higher education, culture specific, public amenities, shopping centers etc.) and sharing them among different cities, which otherwise could not exist in each city because of small population.
g rowth
Another focal point of this project is dismantling high specialization and functional over-scale within Flevoland which brings a lot of vulnerabilities alongside. Dependence on large scale economical units makes it extremely brittle in terms of economical shifts, because it is entirely dependent on external capital fluctuations. This kind of economy is also very hard to enter for local residents because of high competition, therefore participation and sense of citizenship is taken away. Spatial homogeneity caused by functional clustering makes it unattractive from cultural point of view, because it fails to offer diverse and engaging environment. This strategy offers a possibility of bringing additional functions along existing ones, where local residents could take part in creation and running them. A further aim is to change the image of Flevoland in global scale. While large scale export of agricultural goods makes it important competitor in Europe, this success creates many problems in local scale. Because of high land price - strong competition eliminates small farmers from present market economy. Furthermore soil is being exhausted by using fertilizers in order to have return of high land price. To reduce this negative effect agriculture should be more locally orientated and increase functional integration between urban and rural. Instead of export of agricultural production worldwide we propose to focus on specific, more periodic activities. For instance: having good quality university in this region would bring number of young people staying in Lelystad; connecting airport of Lelystad internationally would spot Lelystad on map of Europe and bring additional capital along with people transit; improving existing motor-sport compound could bring annual events and lot of sport tourists.
and decline - a metaphor
oil
energy
regulations
fertilizers
subsidies
market conditions
External influences in Flevoland
fig 1 : growth anand decline as a metaphor with glass house
sub-urban region city region
?
birth region
fig 2 : the human flow moving out to cities and settling there
fig 3 : the target age group, the most proactive and productive generation
top down
global
social life
economy
E
FI
Hence with such strategies and planning the aim was to hold back and attract the active age of the population for a more resilient Flevoland.
bottom up
local
A ST
!! !
!!! !!!!!!
TA TATA
ES IESIES
FI
F F
present scenario desirable scenario
Strategic Plan
1. Polycentricity 2. Complimentarity 3. Acknowleding Urban and Rural interface 4. Better Connectivity 5. Pixelation
N
0
1
2
4km
Comparative analysis of the 4 Urban Centers of Flevoland Almere
Lelystad
housing typology education
education
employment safety
growth
education
employment
safety
education
commuting
emigration social life
population growth
housing typology commuting
emigration social life
population
Zeewolde
housing typology commuting
emigration social life
population growth
housing typology commuting
social life
Dronten
employment safety
emigration
population growth
employment safety
ZEEWOLDERWIJK - MIGRATING A CITY
2 1
3 4
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team : Max Suijkerbuijk - 4161629 Program: net transformation urban area residential commercial infrastructure landscape houses
759 ha. 600 ha. 150 ha. 35 km. 350 ha. 5000
Stakeholders involved: Prorail, NS, Natuurmonumenten, National government, local governments Zeewolde - Harderwijk, inhabitants Zeewolde Harderwijk, project developers, investors, housing companies, entrepreneurs Aimed effect: By combining the strenghts of two cities the aimed goal is to have a stronger entity in Flevoland which serves as the new second city and a new gateway into Flevoland.
The migration of a city, Zeewolde, is an academic research projects about the question what if Zeewolde was located wrong in the first place? This project assumes that by creating a railway connection between Lelystad (Airport) and Utrecht through Harderwijk, not only Flevoland can benefit from this new connection, but is also valuable on a national scale. Growth happens along infrastructure lines. Zeewolde will be left as it is today, a suburban region and the decline won’t be stopped. It will be replaced with nature reservations and in the end young people can settle down in the new town making them less dependant on car use and with housing and facilities as per their needs.Furthermore by creating this new city bond, or twin city the new entity will gain a stronger place within the polycentric system. Being well connected to both Flevoland and the mainland it will serve as the second city and gateway to Flevoland.
?
0
1km
5km
10km
ZEEWOLDERWIJK - THE ‘MARRIAGE’ Zeewolde
Harderwijk
household types
housing types
housing sizes aerial view of Zeewolderwijk
50-70%
current situation
90%
50%
current linkages
views over the waterfront
Copenhagen
complementarity of centres
expansion on reclaimed land
polycentric system
pixelation of functions
long term vision expansion
Zeewolderwijk in Flevoland
Budapest
Zeewolde is the most isolated municipality of Flevoland with weak connection to the rest of the province and the Netherlands. In terms of housing, it is mainly orientated towards families with children, preventing young people from being able to afford small, economic living and working spaces. This, along with the lack of jobs and recreation, results in the migration of over half of the population of the young generation. The ‘marriage’ of Zeewolde and Harderwijk is able to retain this generation, even to attract more. The reclaimed land, as a ring of commitment, connecting the two city centres, will constitute a new land of opportunities, offering functions complementary to those of these cities. Commercial and residential areas will grow along the urban promenade on the waterfront and the new railway station will provide a direct connection from Utrecht to Lelystad, through the airport.
Paris
Zeewolderwijk
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Panagiota Mylona - 4520254 Program: reclamation of land urban - rural transformation railway connection - stations infrastructure - bridges new harbor - urban promenade residential - commercial areas Stakeholders involved: National - Provincial government, Municipalities of Zeewolde - Harderwijk, Prorail, NS,inhabitants, real estate developers, artists, entrepreneurs Aimed effect: ‘Marrying’ the municipalities of Zeewolde and Harderwijk will both enhance their economy and offer an abundance of opportunities for the targeted group. The railway connection will also attribute to the idea of the polycentric system,as well as to the spatial interaction between the four cities and their functional linkages.
BATAVIA CENTRE - GENERATING THE WATERFRONT Location
MBO
MBO MBO MBO
Main roads Railway Highway
Commercial Industrial Residential
Location
Yacht Harbor
Project vision Waterfront VS City centre
Decline...
Legenda
Waterfront City centre
Resilience
...Growth
Complementary
Public transport - shuttle - bus
Yacht harbor - boat rental for watersports - trip open air theatre
Educational campus - student housing - starters housing - HBO faculties/ university - offices (internship HBO) - Urban facilities
Expansion Batavia city - housing - shops - cultural restaurants - offices (MBO jobs) - entrepreneurs
Experience along the way - housing - shops - cultural restaurants - offices (MBO jobs) - entrepreneurs
Public space - for meetings, recreation and relaxation - festivals - business and student fairs
>>> FACTS & FIGURES
Team: Renu Ganpat - 4404963 Program: net transformation urban area residential Student Starters commercial jobs education (HBO+WO)
4387 ha. 200. 100 100 600 400 10
Stakeholders involved: Municipality, gouverment, inhabitants of lelystad, entrepreneurs, students and employers, international shoppers outlet. Aimed effect: The generated waterfront is aimed to function complementary to the local city centre rather than competitive. One offering choices that are not provide in the other can keep a balance between the growth and decline of them, resulting in resilience.
Lelystad has the highest unemployment rate in Flevoland being 4% higher than the national average. 45% of the unemployed target group is low educated and when it comes to housing, choices are very few. All these result in the target group migrating elsewhere towards better educational and working oppertunities. The new waterfront development will generate the waterfront in such a way that it will provide MBO jobs, educational facilities for further education and housing that will tackle the unemployment and migration of our target group. For the lower educated people jobs and spaces are provided that will encourage them to start up their own business. This will be guided by the municipality. For the people who want to develop further knowledge,HBO and university faculties are provided so that they can apply for a better job which lead to a better economy. This way the target group can be maintained in Lelystad while the presence of a university will assist the polycentric system in Flevoland.
Parking Connecting Batavia city with the Batavia haven (coherency) - Pedestrian -Cyclist View to the attractive and lively waterfront. Cinema - Open air - indoors New buildings Existing buildings
FROM SUB-URBAN TO URBAN
LELYSTAD
64%
36%
53%
47%
This intervention is an attempt to rethink sub-urban space, which fails to create space for social cohesion and interaction. While being an example of extremely vertical modernist planning approach Flevoland also embodies a model of closed system (see R. Sennett, The open city), which fails to evolve on itself and is frozen in time as immutable set of objects. Physical structures within all four major cities of Flevopolder were predominantly designed for only one particular function or way of living envisioned by designer and are extremely difficult adapt to different individual needs. Aim of this particular design in Lelystad is to explore a possibility of accommodating creative processes of the city and bring new types of urban fabric into existing neighborhoods, which would provide residents with space for self realization.
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team: Algimantas VarpuÄ?anskis - 4515986 Locality: urban area public land private land population water
324 ha 206 ha 118 ha 17.400 20ha
Estimated alteration: increase in population ~9.500 new houses (buildings) ~2100 households ~7300 commercial area ~440.000m² jobs ~3600 Stakeholders involved: current residents newcommers municipality Aimed effect: create dynamic and affordable environment for young proactive newcomers
BREAK THE LINE - THROUGH EXPOSITIONAL STREETS 1
0-15
16-40
41-65
65+
population growth
moving in and out
unemployment
commuting
average age 40
Roads from farmlands meeting the urban fabric agricultural land
suburban lifestyle
calling the target age group
expositional programs
2
City center as a strong meeting point with a walkability distance of 15mins from center Urban Plinth
Expositional Plinth
3
Rural Plinth
Aerial view of the expositional streets breaking the urban and reural interface
>>> FACTS & FIGURES Team : Rahul Dewan - 4505719 Program: Expositions and events can be the economic attraction to the young population and a fun way to organise and conduct these festivals. The program includes fresh food market, food workshops, beer brewing workshops, novelties etc. Stakeholders involved: The main stakeholders will be the farmers and the people living in Dronten. Along with the young age group they create a social and economic relationship. The municipality also plays a major role in providing the space. Aimed effect: The aimed effect is to create more job opportunitires for the young active age group and make Dronten a more attractive city through expositional corridors.
Dronten is a small agriculture based city located in the eastern parcel of the province of Flevoland. Because of its location it misses easy connection to attractive cities such as Amsterdam and Utrecht. Moreover 3.8% of the population moved in to Dronten while 6.3% of the population moved out of the city. So the intervention mainly focusses for the young age group and the strategy to hold them back by breaking the urban and rural interface. Roads and streets from the rural farmlands entering the urban fabric are the centers of expositional events organised and conducted by the young age group creating jobs and a fun way to make economy. The idea is that through such porosity each fabric acknowledges each other for a more coherent municipality. Such young entrepreneurial initiations helps in providing cheap space to the target age group helping to keep and attract the young population.
Open spaces along the streets as expositional corridors
expositional plinth
urban plinth
rural plinth