2 CONTENT
a.
PART 1 DESIGN CONTEXT ACKNOWLEDGE + CASE STUDY + DESIGN PURPOSE 1. Acknowledge 1.1 Modenist Urbanism 1.2 Landscape Urbanism 1.3 Early Landscape Urbansim Practices & Thoughts
8 9 10
2. Case Study 2.1 Detroit: Now and Past 2.2 Problems Specification 2.3 Plan and Scenario for 50 Years
14 15 16
3. Design Purpose 3.1 An Report of Doughnut Efects 3.2 Denver and Houston 3.3 The Influences of Doughnut Effects 3.4 Perth’s Geography Condition 3.5 Communiting Comparasion 3.6 Population Scenario 3.7 Housing Status
b.
20 21 22 25 27 28 29
PART 2 DESIGN CONCEPT METHOD GENERATING + SITE ANALYSIS 1. Method Generating 1.1 Generating the Design Scheme 2. Site Analysis 2.1 Complexity 1: The Evolving Urbanity of Perth 2.2 Complexity 2: The Scattered Green & Blue System 2.3 Complexity 3: The Lost Identity of Geography 2.4 Complexity 4: The Ecology Degradation
c.
34
39 41 43 45
PART 3 MASTER PLANS (a,b,c) CONCEPT DESIGN + METHODOLOGIES + PERSPECTIVES 1. Concept Design 1.1 Site Location 1.2 Complexity Overly 1.3 Concept Plan 1.4 Specificate the Variations of the Site 1.5 Strategy Addressing: Input and Output 1.6 Strategical Master Plan [A] 1.7 Strategy Analysis 1.8 Existing Water Way 1.9 Experiential Route [B]
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 58
3 CONTENT 3. Methodologies 3.1 Core Design: Urban Community Park, 2050 Scenario [C] 3.2 Desgin Analysis & Overtime Scenario
62 66 68
4.. Perspective 4.1 Landscape Infrastructure: Sustainable Transportation 4.2 Visual Effects: Engage in the Chanegs 4.3 Landscape Catalyst: Telling the future 4.4 Post-industrial Landscape: Telling The Past *[A] [B] [C]: Design Phases, illustrated by phased master plans
74 75 76 77
a
PART 1 DESIGN CONTEXT ACKNOWLEDGE + CASE STUDY + DESIGN PURPOSE
L
andscape urbanism as a combined concept was generated from both the notions of landscape architecture and urban design. Moreover, urban planners, and architects had all participated in the course of contemporary urbanism history. The contemporary urbanisation occurred in 19th century, with the rapid population growth, lots of imagination of future super cities emerged with the utopian garden city movement. Then the more extensive urban construction activities were influenced by the process of industrial society. In terms of the society, industrial society started with the emergence of Fordism, and it reached the peak after the second world war by 1950. With the evolvement of production, industrial society declined rapidly during the 1960s-1970s. Corresponding to the industrial society, the evolvement of production can be divided according to Fordism. Fordism basically had 3 phases, the phase 1 was started with the implementing of Taylorism’s principle of scientific management to organise the production line, then the principle extended to the whole city scale with the growth of industry during phase 2, the mass production literally formed in this period. Right after the largest mass production-River Rouge Plant-was built in Russia, the Fordism entered phase 3, industrial globalisation resulted in the decentralisation of city. Modernist urbanism was influenced Fordism’s principle, Le Corbusier had been leading the movement until the decentralisation of industrial cities by 1970s. With the transformation occurred in society, urbanism, and economy, the cities were facing big problems including population loss and vast industrial brownfield sites. Landscapes, particularly post-industrial landscape or some brownfield restoration projects, functioned as the ointment to rescue the city at this time. The notion of landscape urbanism was born at this era, but the combined growing model of landscape and urban planning & design can be traced to the time when landscape architecture and urban planning professions were established at the same time in 1899, and then the urban design profession was also established with the same concern in 1956. Additionally, projects as New York Central park is still used by landscape urbanist to exemplify the urban effect created by landscape.
ACKNOWLEDGE
2018
Over 1.8 million
1950 951,270
2000
285,700
Evolution of Production
1900
Creation of Toyotism Reconstruction of Production
Emergence of Fordism
1962
1945
1973
Post-industrial Society
Emergence of Taylorism
1903 1883
1909 Highland Park
1917 River Rouge Plant
World War 2
New Fordism Pre-Fordism
Post-Fordism
Fordism
1
1902, Garden Cities of To-morrow, Howard
2
1922, Contemporary City, Corbusier
3
1925, Plan Vision of Centre Paris Corbusier
Pre-contemporary Urbanisation
Principles
1
2
Contemporary Urban Planning
1935, Le Corbusier “Radiant City” Key theoretical discourse: The Athen’s Charter (1933) of CIAM
3
New Urbanism Modernist Urbanism
Post-Urbanism
Rethinking on Its Falling
Urban Design Profession
1899 Garden City Movement Landscape Architecture Profession (ASLA) Urban Planning Profession (TCPA)
Landscape Urbanism
1914
1858 New York Central Park
Landscape Gardening
1830
1840
1850
Post-industrial Landscape Brownfielt Site Restoration
Metropolis Public Spaces
1860
1870
1880
1890
Landscape as Media for Decentralised Cities
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
Chronology: Time line of Landscape Urbanism and Relevant History
8
1.1 MODERNIST URBANISM In 19th century, the contemporary urban planning profession was established when cities became large and mess. In the context of industry dominated urbanisation and population growth, the utopian conceptions such as Howard's garden city proposal in 1899 showed the very original vision of a large city.
Radiant City (Corbusier)
Plan
Le Corbusier’s Radiant City in 1920s was one of the earliest complete plans of future large urban. It was not only a scheme of ordered future metropolis, but a blueprint of social reform. The plan is ideally symmetrical and well zoned. Commercial are, transit, residential buildings are set standardised by plan. Le Corbusier as the most representative modernist architect, his plan provided solutions to each kind of urban environment in contemporary city, but just like one of his most controversial propositions of razing the historical part of Paris, the critiques and controversial points on the modernist urbanism mainly against its ignorance of the conditions and history of particular sites.
Model
In today's city, modernist urbanism's influence can still be found. Whatever the basic planning mode of using blocks, and the common zoning work of building functions in a city, the urban planning works are consistently relying on the process of constructing new buildings.
Honkong City
The Proposition of Landscape Urbanism
9
1.2 LANDSCAPE URBANISM Landscape urbanism as a new concept was created during the re-emergence of landscapes. The scheme of landscape urbanism was generated from the emerging of landscape’s ability of answering the questions of contemporary urban’s complexity. Advocators claim that the traditional urban planning mode is incapable to deal with the increasingly complicated conditions of contemporary urban especially when some environmental issues are involved. Landscape’s indeterminacy endows it with great potential of being the urban planning model. The theoretical validity of landscape urbanism is exemplified by some early landscape architecture practices. Charles Waldheim, who initially proposed the concept of landscape urbanism, he said landscape architecture was initially a planning theory, rather than a garden design subject. His argument is demonstrated by New York Central Park, which was the very original practice of landscape architecture, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted in 1858. When Olmsted was asked to do the improving work of Central Park in Manhattan centre, he was rather asked to provide Manhattan with a spatial plan than to design a massive park.
Detroit, hollowed downtown
Manhattan, growing skyline
Despite of the violation of the initial purpose, New York Central park has created apparent landscape effects on the whole Manhattan area. The land value of Manhattan grows rapidly with its distance to the park’s boundary decline, and the population around central park are still growing steadily today. In comparison, Detroit as one of the largest city in America experienced great depression during the post-modernist era, the city centre area now becomes hollow and empty.
The Proposition of Landscape Urbanism
10
1.3 EARLY LANDSCAPE URBANISM PRACTICES & THOUGHTS Landscape Effects 1858 Central Park The core of Manhattan
Before Unlike the typical parks where nature is the predominated force, La Villette illustrated that parks can be far more than a natural space, and human activities also worth reserving.
After
The Central Park is always the best example for the landscape urbanism advocates to claim the landscape urban effects. The power of Central Park can be exemplified through the surviving land price, tourism, economy, and the culture it attributed, etc.
(The first two projects are not actually classified as landscape urbanism, but offer great evidences to support the arguments of landscape urbanism.)
The Proposition of Landscape Urbanism
1983 Park La Villette, Former slaughter house
Post-Industrial Landscape /= the Nature
11
The High line and the Yokohama International Passenger Terminal demonstrated the thoughts of designing urban infrastructure in the way of landscape. Meanwhile, it provoked a powerful discourse on the social responsibility of large-scale projects to enrich shared urban spaces.
Before
After
2003 The High Line Former railway overpass 2002 Yokohama International Passenger Terminal
Landscape as Infrastructures + Post-Industrial Landscape
2008 Fresh Kills Park Former landfill area
Brownfield Restoration The Fresh Kills Park by Field Operation is located on the former largest landfill in the world, it loads a 30 years land reclamation to transform the contaminated to a natural coast buffer and parkland. The whole regeneration process includes five main areas that encompasses natural habitats for wildlife, the resurgence of the natural topography, programming for a variety of activities and circulation throughout the 2,200-acre expanse. The overall master plan also reflects James Corner's idea on landscape urbanism that the design should be overtime.
The Proposition of Landscape Urbanism
A
n urban’s worst scenario would be the situation happened in Detroit: the former prosperous city dramatically abandoned by the social progress. During the early 20th century, the population growth of large industrial cities in the US were slowing down, since 1950s, the decline of population was a serious problem that all those cities were facing. From 1950 to 2007, the population of Detroit, St. Louise, Cleveland, Cincinnati and Philadelphia shrunk by 55%, 59%, 55%, 41%, and 30% respectively. In Detroit, according to the investigation of 2010, 33 thousand housed were abandoned, 1/3 of housing area were vacant, 40-50 thousands of buildings were abandoned in the boundary of Detroit’s downtown area.
CASE STUDY
Detroit Hollowed Downtown, Vast Vacant Housing Blocks Source: Google Map
14
1916
1950
Past Now 1960
1994
2.1 DETROIT: NOW AND THE PAST The falling of Detroit is illustrated by the shrinking city morphology and the vacant lands where used to be prosperous. The falling of Detroit actually happened in other industrial cities in the US, but Detroit experienced the worst failure in transformation. And some side effects such as the decentralisation, industrial remnants are very typical issues of other contemporary capital cities globally.
Past Now
Packard Plant North, 1930. The north side of the Packard plant. From 1958 until 1999, the plant was used as an industrial park, with tenants including the US Army, a toy warehouse, auto parts companies, and a department store. In 1999, after the city seized the property for nonpayment of property taxes, the buildings on the left were demolished before a court order halted demolition. The plant has been vacant since.
Side Altar, St. Agnes Catholic Church. Detroit's climate, ranging from hot, rainy summers to cold, icy winters makes maintaining a building a year-round task. When buildings are vacated, maintenance usually stops, and the natural processes that wear down structures take over. A combination of water leaks and seasonal freeze / thaw cycles has caused most of the plaster and stucco around this side altar to detach and fall off in the years since the church closed.
Now Past Past Now
Case Study: The Negative Scenario
15
2.2 PROBLEMS SPECIFICATION Unbalanced Landuse With the dramatical rising of population in 1900s, most land during the period were constructed to housing area, those houses were normally small and crowded, and not well serviced by sufficient infrastructure, the unbalanced landuse then exacerbated the falling of the city. (Data Source: landscapearchitecturemagazine.org) Insurfficient Water System Unaffordable Water As the infrastructures were built far behind the city's sprawl, the insurfficient water system resulted in the situation of low water affordability in the great Detroit region, which is rarely seeing in a capital city.
The unreasonable circulation of the current water system in Detroit resulted in the insufficient water supply. As the map illustrates, the centre area is poorly supplied by the system.
(Data Source: michuhcan.org)
Poor Infrastructures The condition of urban infrastructure is a strong evidence of the city's suburbanization and the situation of the hollowed downtown. During the investigation for 2009 to 2014, the infrastructures conditions barely changed within the downtown area, residents are more likely living away from the city centre.
Vacant Parcels The overall mapping of vacant Parcels shows the final consequence of those specifics urban issues. (Data Source: http://www.stoss.net)
Case Study: The Negative Scenario
16
2.3 PLAN AND SCENARIO FOR 50-YEARS 50-years landuse scenario Corresponding to the analysis, the framework demonstrated by a landuse plan is made through the re-organizing of 5 aspects including economic growth, land use, city systems, and environment, neighbourhoods, and land and building assets. Then the five aspects are reclassified to 17 specific landuse. The plan gives a utopian scenario on Detroit's future, although the past has somehow been excluded to solve the problems more thoroughly, the several failures of indecisive transformation attempts made by the government give the plan a reason
Green Infrastructure System The landscape becomes the model of the city’s regeneration in this scenario, the model is to be accomplished by the carbon forest network and the series of open spaces across the city. The form of the system follows the current morphology of Detroit. Different types of landscapes including large parks, productive lands, golf course, forest, cemetery, etc. are included in the green system framework. The large-scale landscape spaces are also the treatment on Those vacant parcels, the landscape becomes the indeterminate spaces that allow further changes, this is extremely helpful for a regenerating city to adjust its landuse over time to balance the development Blue Infrastructure System The key improments of the blue infrastructure system is that it offers the water supply work the resilience. The blue framework is to be implemented with ponds, lakes, wetlands, infiltration parks, by doing so the water supply system can work as sufficient sponge, ranther than a pipelin system.
Case Study: The Negative Scenario
17
Case Study: The Negative Scenario
P
erth is not a typical industrial city, but the immoderate urban sprawl has bring the same concern that some industrial cities are facing, such as 'doughnut effect'.
"Doughnut effect� refers to a phenomenon of urbanisation that the business and residents
move out from the city centre to outskirts, and the city centre becomes hollow and empty thus. In 1960s, Houston in the United State as a primary example that generated the discussion of the changes in city structure. As the initial use to describe the population receded in American cities like Detroit, the doughnut effects were normally going with the falling of modernist industries. However, the decline of industry is not very apparent in Australia, but the population loss and decentralisation does affect Australia's major cities as doughnut effect concerns. Illustrated by the “doughnut effect�, as the population grows, inner-city space becomes crowded and the land price becomes high, residents start to move to outer space for lager and affordable houses, then the commerce and business must follow the movement. The effect finally created a ring around the city with population density becomes high in outer space and it leaves the city centre hollowed.
DESIGN PURPOSE
Fig: Perth urban sprawl scenario by 2050, Richard Weller, "Boom Town 2050", UWA publish, p27.
20
3.1 AN REPORT OF DOUGHNUT EFFECTS
A Report 25 years ago illustrated the "Doughnut Effects" in Australia
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
21
3.2 DENVER AND HOUSTON The report summarised several issues in Australia Capital cities that are caused by the Doughnut Effects. Although manufacturing haven't had a hight weight in Australian cities' economy, the unexpected urban sprawl are still leading the cities to the same dilemma as the post-industrial cities in America.
Denver
Houston
Main Factors 1. Inner Cities become hollow, population moves out 2. The falling of Sydney’s population between 1966 to 1986 3. Two biggest causes: spread of low-density outer suburbs related problems with transport systems. 4. Public transport never be adequate 5. VKT grows in capital cities, Perth use to have the highest rate 6. In new suburbs: $50,000 per lot spent by Sydney’s government, with $30,000 spent by Perth. Neither Syd nor Perth had spent enough. 7. Further urban expansion requires massive investment from governments 8. Further new suburbs would be more poorly serviced than at present
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
22
3.3 THE INFLUENCE OF ”DOUGHNUT EFFECT” “VKT” AS THE INDICATOR OF DOUGHNUT EFFECT VKT is an indicator of the accessibility of work and services required by residents in cities “In Australia, the motor vehicle fleet is characterised in terms of vehicle activity levels or traffic volume, expressed as vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT). Estimates of VKT are used extensively in transport planning for allocating resources, estimating vehicle emissions, computing energy consumption and assessing traffic impact. In addition, VKT estimates can also contribute information necessary to inform infrastructure investment decisions.”----Australia Department of Infrastructure and Transportation
SUMMARY -VKT as a proportion of all capital city VKT increased in Brisbane, Perth, Canberra and Darwin, and decreased in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Hobart. -Among the five major capital cities, average quarterly growth rates of capital city VKT was highest in Brisbane, followed by Perth, Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide. -Between March 1965 and June 2010, quarterly total capital city (sum of all capital cities) VKT increased from 7.08 billion km to 31.45 billion km, an average quarterly growth rate of 0.83 per cent.
1. Average quarterly growth rates (per cent) of VKT by capital cities, March 1965–June 2010
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
2. Share (per cent) of quarterly total capital city VKT by capital cities, March 1965–June 2010
23
3. Total quarterly estimates of capital city VKT (billion km), March 1965–June 2010
4. Total quarterly capital city VKT estimates (billion km) by vehicle types, March 1965–June 2010）（ （
5. Share (per cent) of total quarterly capital city VKT by vehicle types, March 1965–June 2010
6. Percentage point increase in quarterly capital city VKT estimates compared to state and territory VKT, March 1965–June 2010
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
VARIATION OF SURFACE - THE GREAT PERTH REGION
25
Why? The reason can be told by the map left
3.4 PERTH’S GEOGRAPHIC CONDITION Butler Station, the last station of Joondlup line from Perth cit to the north.
43km
Perth "Perth as the 4th largest city in Australia is the most representative sample of those impacts due to its geographical features. According to the federal Labour government’s National Housing Strategy, in Sydney, averagely $50,000 per lot was spent on those new suburbs, and the number was only $30,000 in Perth. Moreover, Perth had the highest VKT (vehicle kilometre travelled) per capita between 1979 and 1988, which means not only the motor vehicles, but the commuting cost is rising rapidly in Perth"
There are currently 355 suburbs in Perth, Western Australia.
70km Madurah Station, the last station of Mandurah line form Perth city to the south.
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
26
SHAPING FORCE OF GEOGRAPHY
Perth, 4th largest city
HILLS
OCEAN
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
27
3.5 COMMUNITING COST COMPARISON The population of Sydney, Melbourne, Perth are around 5 million, 4,6 million and 2.3 million respectively. In terms of greater capital region, when contains only 35% and 21% population of Melbourne's and Sydney's respectively, Perth’s distance from the city centre to the city’s borders is very close to the numbers of these two larger cities, as well as the commuting cost of residences.
Sydney 5.4 million population
Perth 1.7 million population
Melbourne 4.8 million population
Perth Station to Bulter Station
Flinders Station to Craigiebum Station
Sydney CBD to Penrith
-26.7 km -36 min by drive -1 h by train
-54 km -57 min by drive -1.5 h by train
Distance -40 km Drive -30 min by drive Public Trans -56 min by train Perth Station to Madurah Distance -71 km Drive -52 min by drive Public Trans - 56 min by train
Flinders Station to Pakenham Station -61 km -1 h by drive -1 h by train
And according to speculation, Perth's population will be doubled by Melbourne, 2rd largest city
2050..... Sydney, 1st largest city
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
28
3.6 POPULATION SCENARIO ESTIMATION
Perth Population Growth 1970 -611,000 1995 -1,220,000 2018 -1,770,000 2050 (estimates) -4,200,000
1970’s x 2 = 1995’s 2018’s x 2.5 = 2050’s CHANGES REVIEW
Corridor Plan for Perth (1970)
(reprinted with permission from the Western Australian Department of Planning) Review: The north suburb that was defined as the potential future urban land, was now occupied by new resident’s housing during the period when Perth’s population doubled from 1970 to 1995. According to the population estimation that Perth’s population would reach 4.2 million by 2050, doubled again from today’s value...
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
29
3.7 HOUSING STATUS
INNER CITY DENSITY AUSTRALIA’S CAPITAL CITIES Perth has the lowest inner city density in top a largest capital cities, and the value is far behind the first 3 largest cities as Perth is in the 4th place. Perth’s inner city density is far lower than it should be
HOUSING SUITABILITY One of the main reason is people’s housing choice. Over 70% people living in houses have more than 1 spare room in their houses, and near a half people living in the apartments have spare rooms. Housing spaces are under low-utilisation rate
AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION IN APARTMENT People with the age of 25 to 34 are more likely to live in apartment, dramatically, the data distribution shows no apparent difference in gender. Younger are more likely to chose the department
(Data source: ABS Census of Population and Housing, 2016.)
Design Purpose: In Terms of Doughnut Effect
b
PART 2 DESIGN CONCEPT METHOD GENERATING + SITE ANALYSIS
R
iewing the previous scenarios of Perth’s future urban sprawl, some questions can be asked 1.Is there still enough developable land for us? 2. What is the VKT going to be? 3. How much money the government has to pay for the follow up infrastruc4.tures? 4. How massive is the impact on natural environment? The answers will be found out to generate the design scheme
METHOD GENERATING
Perth North Suburb
2009
2011
2016
34
1.1 GENERATING THE DESIGN SCHEME WITH THE POPULATION SCENARIO 1. Is there still enough developable land for us? 2. What is the VKT going to be? 3. How much money the government has to pay for the follow up infrastruc4.tures? 4. How massive is the impact on natural environment?
Developable Land Perth 85km
45km 25km 15km
USE UP During the last time the population doubled from 611,000 to 1,220,000, 19701995, we build the north suburbs. Based on the population estimation that the population would be 4,200,000, 7 times of 1970’s, the all developable land is going to be reclaimed.
TRUDGE Illustrated by the distance reference, residents living in the future suburbs would take a long time travelling from their home to the city, and they have to have a personal vehicle, either they would be under “house arrest“
UNAFFORDABLE As the low-density sprawl goes, urban infrastructures - at least the water and road system has to follow up, it would be a vast amount of money that would not have enough room in the government’s future budgets.
DEGRADATION The current sprawl has already resulted in the natural degradation
(map source: Karl Kullmann, Mapping the Perth Metropolitan Area Perth, Australia, 2008 With University of Western Australia team)
Method Generating: Urban Effects Review
35
SIDE EFFECTS ANALYSIS Making compare between the map of Perth’s urban growth and the three maps of Perth’s current natural conditions, both the wetlands and natural vegetation are apparently degraded in the urban area. The public open spaces as man-made green space lost the natural topology of the former green network and are lacking of connectivity. Therefore, Even if there is adequate remaining developable land in Perth, the future urban sprawl with current construscting method will kill the natural environment.
Historic Urban Growth
Remnant Wetlands
(map source: Karl Kullmann, Mapping the Perth Metropolitan Area Perth, Australia, 2008 With University of Western Australia team)
Remnant Natural Vegetation
Public Open Space
NATURE DEGRADATION
DESIGN SCHEME Regarding the analysis , the fundamental design scheme is improving inner city density to slower the urban sprawl.
Method Generating: Urban Effects Review
C
orresponding to the scheme, the high density housing around shopping, transit, business areas is encouraged by WA government. The typical density of Australia is 12 net d/ha, compared to European is 250 net d/ha, which means to contain the same population, Australia has to develop more than 20 times area of land, and corresponding infrastructures. The site analysis will map out the conditions and features of Perth’s urbanity, hydrology, landforms, vegetation, transport, heritage, etc. to visualize Perth’s current urban complexity. Subsequent, the extent of site and the scope of design will be defined to be representative of those analysed issues.
SITE ANALYSIS
The bar chart illustrates the resident density of some representative properties in different suburbs.
(Data Source: Perth Department for Planning and Infrastructure, 2004)
The complexity of Perth’s urbanity can be demonstrated by the variation of these neighbourhoods, houses on the oldest form across this area are normally old and the lots of their owners have moved out with the properties under-leased.
N
39
2.1 COMPLEXITY 1: THE EVOLVING URBANITY OF PERTH
(Map Source: The Emergence of Suburban Terracing on Coastal DunesCase studies along the Perth northern corridor, Western Australia, 1930-2010Karl Kullmann, 2014, Journal of Urban Design 19 (5): 593–621)
THE EVOLUTION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD The urbanity of Perth is impelled by the evolution of neighbourhood forms. In the comparison between the 1940’s and the 2000’s site manipulation works, the evolution of neighbourhood forms mainly focused on the techniques of earthwork, but the density of lots hasn’t changed much. Most important, as the evolution goes, the old forms normally become less attractive. 1940s
2000s
Site Analysis: Urban Complexity
Region Park & Reserve Natural Bushland Golf Course Herdsman Lake Park Waterbirds Diversity
Public Open Space River Bank Park Cemetery #TEXT#: Identity The map illustrates the complexity of the fragmented green spaces. Briefly, the green spaces in the area are subdivided by the urban pattern, the connectivity of the green system is indistinct, the connections between areas are completely accomplished by the road network.
Bold Hill Park Bushes Diversity
Kings Park Eucalyptus
N
41
2.2 COMPLEXITY 2: THE SCATTERED GREEN & BLUE SPACES THE ABSENCE OF LARGE OPEN SPACES The large-scale open spaces on the map such as Herdsman Lake, Kings Park, Bold Hill Park are actually reserves which are being kept with their very initial conditions. The purpose of keeping those land’s initial conditions is to protect the local flora and fauna diversity, as Herdsman Lake is the habitat of numerous water birds, and Bold Park was included in the Bush Forever plan in 2010. However, there is no large-scale landscape project on the map.
THE SEPARATION BETWEEN PEOPLE AND NATURE The large reserves somehow include the major identities of Perth’s natural environment. Particular, Herdsman Lake plays the role of the habitat for abundant water birds species. Kings Park is the site of natural Eucalyptus forest, which is the most common native tree spices of WA as Well as Bold Hill Park which is not suitable for housing in terms of its geography, but contains diverse of bush species. However, the protection purposes actually separate the local natural system from the urban, the large open spaces barely serve the adjacent residential, and they are actually under the threat of urban sprawl.
POOR CONNECTIVITY As the large-scale reserves barely serve the community, (even Kings Park as one the most popular destinations has only 1/8 area designated as public purpose) the main open spaces that serve the residents are those small parks distributed in each neighbourhood. As the Map illustrates, those small parks are extremely isolated because they were planned by different land developers at different times. The poor connectivity and serious separation between open spaces result in the fragmentary green system.
Current Condition
Green Infrastructure Scenario
Site Analysis: Urban Complexity
BASIN
GIS ELEVATION ANALYSIS HIGHEST VALUE: 84 M LOWEST VALUE: 0 (GIS Datasets: http://atlases. water.wa.gov.au) 84m
N
0m
43
2.3 COMPLEXITY 3: THE LOST IDENTITY OF GEOGRAPHY
Kings Park Natural Reserve
Community + Park share zone
Old Neighbourhood + Railway
SURFACE DEGRADATION From the left to the right, the maps illustrate how the urban surface manipulation work changed the natural landforms. The re-organised contours have several impacts on the natural environment.
IMPACTS 1. Firstly, the hydrology plan of communities has strong ragionality, an overall waterway can hardly be designated across different communities. 2. The developing method implemented in Perth area killed the majority of the former wetlands, the manipulated surface also killed the initial flora and fauna habitats. 3. As the continuity of natural waterways was broken, the amount of water in existing water bodies cannot be replenished by ground streams, the water quality and surrounding ecology reduce quickly during the dry season.
Site Analysis: Urban Complexity
5m 4m 1m
2m
6m
16m
3m
18m
17m
15m
N
14m 13m 7m
12m
11m
10m 9m 8m 7m
6m 5m 4m
3m
2m 1m
1m
GIS ANALYSIS WATER TABLE CONTOURS (GIS Datasets: http://atlases.water.wa.gov.au) 1m Water Table Contours Land Barrier Water Flow
1m
2m
2m
5m 3m
4m
45
2.4 COMPLEXITY 4: THE ECOLOGY DEGRADATION
SURFACE DEGRADATION RESULT FROM URBAN SPRAWL From the left to the right, the maps illustrate how the urban surface manipulation work changed the natural landforms. The re-organised contours have several impacts on the natural environment.
IMPACTS 1. Firstly, the ydrology plan of communities has strong regionality, an overall waterway can hardly be designated across different communities. 2. The developing method implemented in Perth area killed the majority of the former wetlands, the manipulated surface also killed the initial flora and fauna habitats. 3. As the continuity of natural waterways was broken, the amount of water in existing water bodies cannot be replenished by ground streams, the water quality and surrounding ecology reduce quickly during the dry season.
Former Swan River Plain, abundant of wetlands
Shenton Park During Dry Season
Shrinking Habitats of Water Birds
There are not much wetlands left from the pre-colonial era
The remaining wetlands cannot get replenishment from broken blue network
Human are dis-housing the native fauna
Site Analysis: Urban Complexity
c
PART 3 MASTER PLANS (a,b,c) CONCEPT DESIGN + METHODOLOGIES + PERSPECTIVES
C
orresponding to the scheme, the high density housing around shopping, transit, business areas is encouraged by WA government. The typical density of Australia is 12 net d/ha, compared to European is 250 net d/ha, which means to contain the same population, Australia has to develop more than 20 times area of land, and corresponding infrastructures. The site analysis will map out the conditions and features of Perth’s urbanity, hydrology, landforms, vegetation, transport, heritage, etc. to visualize Perth’s current urban complexity. Subsequent, the extent of site and the scope of design will be defined to be representative of those analysed issues.
CONCEPT DESIGN
1.1 SITE LOCATING
THE GREATER PERTH
EXTEND OF ANALYSIS
EXTENT OF DESIGN
OVERALL STRATEGICAL CONCEPT A. STRATEGY: FRAGMENTED GREEN 1. GREEN CONNECTIVITY CONSTRUCTION MISSING IDENTITY OF SWAN RIVER PLAIN 2. BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE B. OUTCOMES (AS THE ATTRACTOR): GREEN + BLUE ECO-CORRIDOR C. GOAL: ECOLOGY RESTORATION + INNER DENSITY IMPROVING
50
1.2 COMPLEXITIES OVERLAY METHODOLOGY Landscape Urbanism regards urban as a complex of nature, geography and human activities, the isolation between each element should be eliminated by design, . To accomplish the proposition, the multiple complexities that exist in the site are being overlaid to work out the internal relations, then the re-organising work can be implemented.
FABRIC: The existing spatial structure
+
FAB R
IC
NATURAL: The inner natural system NAT
+
URA
L
GEOGRAPHIC: The developability GEO
GRA
PHIC
+
SATELLITE: The current landuse SAT ELL ITE
Re-generating the Pattern: Addressing the Green & Blue Scenarios to Existing Fabric
1.3 CONCEPT PLAN
N
Key Points Green Space Water Body Road Basin Area Railway Cliff Line High Points 0 0.5 1
2
3km
Re-generating the Pattern: Addressing the Green & Blue Scenarios to Existing Fabric
52
1.4 SPECIFICATE THE VARIATIONS OF THE SITE
HOUSING
LANDUSE
BLUE NETWORK
Complexities Visualisation: separate the multiple conditions
OPEN SPACE
GEOGRAPHIC
GREEN FRAME
ROAD NETWORK
53
1.5 STRATEGY ADDRESSING: INPUT AND OUTPUT (Generated from the over strategy in 1.1) Actor
Audience
The area generally comprises natural undeveloped land, educational space, industrial space, commercial space, public open space, etc.
The current low housing area within the extend of design
(where the strategies are to be addressed)
(Where the density is to be improved)
Wetland Golf
Sports
Hill & Bushland Edu
Industrial
Golf
Wetland
Sports
Commercial
Complexities Visualisation: refine the design strategy
1.6 STRATEGICAL MASTER PLAN [A]
N
Urban Park Purposed Main Road Purposed Waterway Purposed Bike way Railway Existing Channel Key Nodes Existing Green Space Non-housing buildings Key Existing Water Bod Purposed Green System
0 0.5 1
Strategical plan: Systems overlay
2
3km
55
1.7 Strategy Analysis BLUE SYSTEM
TRAFFIC SYSTEM
The notion of the blue system is to reconnect the hydrology network which was in the shape of continuous wetlands.
Corresponding to the existing messy traffic system, the purposed road system re-organises the circulation and actives the north-south traffic flowing
The related practices have been implemented on the north of the site, the artificial creeks discharge the water from north to south. (refer to 1.8)
GREEN SYSTEM
EXPERIENTIAL ROUTES
The green system provides the spatial framework for the whole plan. The types comprised in the green system include wetlands park, river park, commercial landscape, railway greening, streetscape, educational and sports landscapes, etc.
Landscape Urbanism aims to provide a cure to the urban complexities, one valuable notion in integrating the disordered spatial structures is to encourage people to participate the evolvement, make them be aware of the changes happening in their living circumstance. (refer to 1.9)
Strategical plan: Systems overlay
56
1.8 EXISTING WATER WAY POOR CONNECTIVITY The new-built suburbs did consider the natural hydrological path, but the path across different blocks is broken by various barriers including the road, dense bushland, and areas with other landuse
N
water retention value
Community Park
Industrial area
Strategy specification: Waterway system
Villa Area
Wetlands Reserve
Edu & Sports area
57
Dry Season
Rain Season ISOLATION
The dramatical seasonal water level change reflects the isolation of the wetlands system, the lake bed becomes muddy when the water is evaporated during summer, and the water birds have to move out from their shrinking habitat during this period
Rain Season
Dry Season
Perry Lake Lake Claremont
Strategy specification: Waterway system
58
1.9 EXPERIENTIAL ROUTE MASTER PLAN [B]
Vacancy
Industrial
Educational + Sport
Business
Open space in Plan
Educational Educational
N
Strategy specification: Experiencing route
59
Landscape Overpass
Post-industrial Park Core Node Community Park (phase C)
Bushland+Business Boardwalk
ISOLATION The multiple land use has been addressed into the area, but each part is isolated from each other. The experiential route is to demonstrate the city’s diversity by a continuous corridor. The path illustrates the indetermination of landscape infrastructures while engaging with different spaces.
Strategy specification: Experiencing route
R
egarding to the existing waterway connectivity, the restoration design of waterway focus on two aspects. The first one is the different waterway forms in different parts including wetlands, gold course, hillside, sports park, road sides, and community. The second aspect is removing & breaking through urban barriers such as the road, bushland, urban paving, compacted land, etc. The design will be addressed onto series of particular spots on the scenario, and the thoughts will be demonstrated by group of typologies.
METHODOLOGY ONE WATERWAY RESTORATION
62
2.1 Waterway Typologies
COMMUNITY The blue system serves community as recreational resources, wetland sections with boardwalks are designated to educate people about the feature of the Swan River Plan where the city is located. The green building idea is to be implemented into the new high density buildings, and car-free circulation is expected to be the buffer between the water body and the residential.
A A C
C B
B
B Secret Garden
Roof Garden
Business
A Wetlands +Boardwalk
Methodology: Waterway Restoration
63
C Sports Park
EDU+SPORTS The waterway going through the educational and public sports areas is to be implemented with solid banks to narrow down the width, it provides better natural diversity to public spaces
Car-free Path
RESERVES+BUSHLAND
Water Bird Habitat
The restoration work on the natural ground is mainly focusing on keeping the water. More shade trees will be planted to stabilise the soil as well as to reduce the evaporation. It is expected to be new habitats of aquatic and water birds species.
B
Reserves
Methodology: Waterway Restoration
T
he core design is addressed into an 2050 scenario, factors and methods mentioned above including the waterway, post-industrial, new forms of housing, sites connectivity, set are to be accomplished by an comprehensive proposal. The design aims to set an example of implementing those complex thoughts in design. Briefly, the overall proposal is generated from landscape urbanism method in which landscape goes first to build the framework, and the variations of land use, transportations spatial structures are to be re-organised and connected. In this scenario, the park is designated to be a car-free area, instead, the tram will provide the fast commuting, and the water way passing through will be the axis of the park which connect the spaces. The design also challenged the traditional treatment on the former industrial remnants such the electrical transmission station. In landscape urbanism proposition, industry as the urban history should also be considered as heritages.
METHODOLOGY TWO 2050 SCENARIO-RIVER PARK COMMUNITY
BIKE PATH CAR-FREE
HIGH DENSITY HOUSING
POST-INDUSTRIAL
GREENING
TRAM
WALKABILITY
66
3.1 Core Design -Urban Community Park, Senario 2050 [C] LEGEND
MASTER PLAN 0
50
100
150m
SCALE 1:5000
N
1
HIGH-DENSITY HOUSING TYPE A
2
TRAM STATION & ENTER OF ELEVATED OVERPASS
3
WATERFRONT PLATFORM
4
HIGH-DENSITY HOUSING TYPE B
5
BUSINESS BUILDINGS
6
STORES AND RESTAURANTS
7
SKY DECK ISLAND
8
FORMER INDUSTRIAL OBSERVATION
9
FORMER ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION STATION
1 3
2 3
Open Lawn Wide opened lawn is not only a strong sense of Australian landscape, but a good example of landscape’s indetermination. The are can serve people as open space, and future development can easily be addressed into this area
Methodology two: Comprehensive Design
1
67
OVERPASS HOUSING STORES RESTAURANT TRAM BIKE PATH CAR-FREE OPEN SPACE
OUT LOOKING 6
LIVING
8
SHOPPING
7
EATING
9 5
TRAVELING CYCLING JOGGING
4
DOG-WALKING Post-Industrial The former electrical transmission station will be redeveloped as post-industrial landscape, the site will be cleaned up and the cables are to be removed, the equipments are going to be remained to tell the story
Methodology two: Comprehensive Design
68
3.2 DESIGN ANALYSIS & OVERTIME SCENARIOS 2018-2020 SITE PREPARATION
EDU & SPORTS
Open Lawn
VACANCY
EXISTING HOUSES
Methodology two: Design overtime
INDUSTRY
69
2020-2025 CIRCULATIONS & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURES
Water way
Paving
Tram way
Pedestrian
Bike way
Overpass
Methodology two: Design overtime
70
2020-2030 GREENING
PEDESTRIAN STREET
BUSH LAND BOULEVARD
COMMUNITY
OPEN SPACE URBAN FARM
Methodology two: Design overtime
RIVER SIDE
71
2025-2050 HOUSING
URBAN MUSEUM
HOUSING TYPE A
HOUSING TYPE B
BUSINESS COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL REMNANTS RESTORATION
Methodology two: Design overtime
T
he perspectives are located to 2050 when Perth’s population will be doubled from today’s number (the previous demonstration). The perspectives illustrate how landscape becomes a framework to organise the development of dwelling. The new housing attached to the landscape framework is provided with more hierarchical activities, and the complete infrastructure system including commercial, business, recreation, exercises, education, etc, would alleviate the side effects of post-modernist decentralisation. The scope of design perspectives is to include the landscape framework, hybrid sustainable circulation system, hardscapes, post-industrial landscapes.
PERSPECTIVES
GREEN SPACE
HOUSING
COMMERCIAL
RIVERSIDE
BUSINESS
WATER WAY TRAM WAY CYCLE WAY
PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS
Isometric: Spatial Analysis
74
4.1 Landscape Infrastructure - Sustainable-transportations
Hybrid Circulation The Hybrid circulation system aims to replace the using of personal vehicle in the community park area. The tram supplied by clean energy is the fastest transport in the area. PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN + BIKE
TRAM WAY CYCLE WAY OVERPASS WATER WAY
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN + BIKE
0
50
SCALE 1:3000
Perspectives: Hybrid Circulation
100
150m
N
The tram way goes through the park by west-east direction on the main axis of the park, several stops are built on the route, and the route is designed to be open for access, so the circulation won’t be divided by the rail. The circling way branches out from the south-east circling way on the strategical master plan, residents or visitors can ride through the entire community park to read the design.
75
4.2 Visual Effects - Engage in the Changes
type a
type b
70% TRANSPARENCY GLASS ROOF
2700 mm
150 meters of the entire overpass is built in this type. This type of overpass is designated to the be an open boardwalk above the water, it connects the overpass to the lookout structure.
mm
00 mm
700 meters of the entire overpass is built in this type. The path is elevated 2.7 meters high from the ground level to provide a high vision. The glass inlaid on the roof enables the up-view of pedestrians walking on the path
45
TYPE A
3300 mm
00
45
3000 mm
5700 mm
TYPE B
able
rt wate
Perspectives: Overpass
76
4.3 Landscape Catalyst - Displaying the future
LUMINOUS LOOKOUT By the end of he elevated overpass, visitors can climb to the 13 m high lookout on the island.
1500 mm
The lookout is built for observing the entire community park from a higher point. Waterways, former industry equipments, houses, buildings, and the hybrid circulation axis can be seen on the deck.
9200 mm
3300 mm
13300 mm
9850 mm
8000 mm Perspectives: Perth 2050 Lookout
9200 mm
6800 mm
2400 mm
77
4.4 Post-industrial Landscape: Telling the Past
TRANSMISSION TOWER
TRANSMISSION TOWER
EQUIPMENTS EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENTS
THE RESTORATION OF FPRMER ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION STATION In terms of the scope of landscape urbanism, one of the most significant ideas is addressing the thought of post-industrial landscape onto the current electrical transmission station. The equipments remaining on the site are to be kept for further re-developing. The land will be treated with brownfield restoration approaches, then the following greening works will demonstrate how the abandoned rusty equipments be transformed to a special type of sculptures by landscape. During the previous process, the site is still isolated and inaccessible. The next development of the design will fix those equipments to functional hardscapes such as swings, logs, slides, or junior adventure facilities. However, regarding to landscape’s indetermination, the future of the site are actually opened.
Perspectives: Transmission station restoration
Restaurant
Tram
Lookout
Pedestrian way
[HYBRID TRANSPORTATION]
Glass Sun Roof
Circling Way
Water Way
[ELEVATED OVERPASS]
FORMER ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION STATION
[LOOKOUT SUNNY]
[LOOKOUT RAINY]
HOUSING
LOOKOUT
EQUIPMENTS
TRANSMISSION TOWER
[FTS RESTORATION PARK]
[thanks]