domum An initiative to address homelessness
AR30022 Design Studio 4.2 Undergraduate Thesis Project Ralf Merten Modolell I University of Bath I June 2020
This report is the final submission for the unit AR30022 Design Studio 4.2 at the University of Bath, submitted in June 2020. To those at the University of Bath, for their time, dedication and support, for sharing their knowledge and expertise: Jayne Barlow – Personal Tutor Martin Gledhill – Senior Lecturer Tim Osborn – Landscape Consultant John Griffiths – Tectonic Consultant Douglas King – Environmental Consultant Jamie Siggers – Structural Consultant To those out there helping the homeless, whose insight originated the project: Natalie – The Wild Goose, Crisis Centre Ministries Catherine Layfield and Lynda Puddy – 1 New Street, St Mungos To my family and friends, for their unwavering support. I would like to thank all of the above, without whom this work would not have been possible. Ralf Merten Modolell
Front cover: Street Portraits, Moyra Peralta 1974-1994 [1]
Contents Brief
Homelessness Day centres Proposal
Site
Location History Existing site plan Site analysis Funding strategy
Intent
Architectural Psychological Social
Proposal
Masterplan Basement floor plan Ground floor plan First floor plan Second floor plan Third floor plan Sections West Street elevation Bragg’s Lane elevation Garden elevation Lawford Street residents elevation
Elements
Inhabited wall Hearth Garden Psychologically informed environment Threshold Palace Hotel Fabric
domum adv. Latin: to the house, homeward, house, at home.
1 3 4
6 10 11 13 15
16 18 20
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41
42 44 46 48 50 51 52
Tectonic
Structure Intent Exploded structure Structural plan Structural details Timber connections
53 54 55 56 57
Detailed design Material palette Hierarchy Inhabited surface West Street facade Garden facade Typical window details Courtyard enclosure
58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Environment
Designing with light Window details Roof lights Artificial lighting Acoustics Heating & Cooling Ventilation Rainwater collection Energy production Embodied energy Building fabric Form factor Thermal mass Biodiversity Future-proofing
Regulatory compliance
Building specific concern Part B - Fire Safety Part M - Access & Use Construction, Design and Management Construction sequence
Process
Weeks Reflection
References
65 68 70 71 71 72 74 75 75 76 77 78 78 79 79 80 81 83 85 86
87 99 100
Brief Homelessness Context in Bristol Day Centres Proposal Current issues Aspiration Adjacencies Timetable
1 2 3 4 4 5 6
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Homelessness
Context
“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.” Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948. This right is under threat throughout the world, as increasing amounts of people, for one reason or another, find themselves on the streets, or without access to basic necessities such as food or medical care. It is an issue that has shifted away from the public eye and its presence is ignored. It is, however, a matter which requires immediate attention, as it shatters the very principles upon which humanity is based. The causes of homelessness vary and there is a lack of unanimity as to what the factors that influence it are. Bristol City Council1 outlines the following reasons: • • • • •
Lack of affordable housing; Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), which may lead to drug and alcohol abuse, domestic violence and mental and physical health issues; Employment practices, such as temporary, low pay and zero-hours contracts; Relationship or family breakdown; Domestic abuse.
Noteworthy, it has been stated that the main trigger is the loss of shorthold tenancy, and parents or relatives not being able or willing to accommodate.2 Homelessness can affect every stratum of the population; it has been said that anyone is only 60 days away from becoming homeless. Yet, it has been observed that some ethnic groups, such as black minorities or eastern Europeans, as well as people who differ from the heterosexual tradition, such as transgenders, are more affected by homelessness. Although homelessness is conventionally associated with male figures, female lone parents and couples are increasingly suffering from it.3 Furthermore, a considerable increase in the number of homeless people aged between 18-25 has been reported.4 A key factor impacting these peoples' livelihood is that the majority of them leave the care system without basic knowledge of the benefit system while also lacking key survival skills such as budgeting or cooking.5 In addition to being denied the chance to satisfy their basic needs such as food or shelter, the homeless population is also suffering from lack of access to adequate healthcare, especially with regards to mental health. Around 80% of rough sleepers experience some sort of a mental health condition, with a considerable proportion showcasing an underlying trauma. Bearing in mind that being homeless is often associated with lack of safety, stability and security (most homeless are abused), then it becomes clear why homelessness in itself is a traumatic experience that worsens the mental health of this already vulnerable group of our society.6 Furthermore, loneliness is found to be a key factor that impacts the homeless population. In fact, the majority of rough sleepers do not have a family or a support network, and the ones who do are often unaware of where their loved ones are.7 To conclude, homelessness is perceived as a situation that is very difficult to escape, with statements such as “no job, no home – no home, no job” 8 becoming seemingly accepted or even ignored. This chaos, lack of routine, of self-worth; this psychological struggle is often overlooked by the councils and it is why the homeless community urgently needs help. “Exhausted bodies, exhausted minds and no energy to organise meaningful self-expression.” 9
Michael, near Cable Street, East End Moyra Peralta, 1975 [2]
1
Homelessness in Bristol
The city of Bristol tends to be portrayed as an economically successful city, famous for its green credentials and ranked as the UK’s most liveable city.10 The reality of the city of Bristol differs from its advertisement, revealing an unjust and unequal distribution of resources across the city. Bristol's deprivation hot spots are amongst the most disadvantaged in the UK, albeit being adjacent to some of the more affluent in the country. The term deprived encompasses a lack of various resources, not just financial. In these underprivileged areas, life expectancy decreases by up to 9.5 years when compared to the rest of the city.11 Furthermore, Bristol is the fifth city in the country with regard to the number of rough sleepers.12 As a result of both its reputation and fast expansion, Bristol has been subject to an increase in urban immigration and, therefore, a rise in the housing and rent prices, causing an expansion of homelessness. There has been a 206% increase in homelessness since March 2012; in December 2018, 491 individuals were living in temporary accommodation and 82 were rough sleeping across Bristol.13 Furthermore, it must be stated that these numbers do not reflect the actual figures, as those in unsafe buildings or couch surfing, for example, are not accounted for. Thus, the severity of the issue has not been captured in official statistics and is unfortunately deemed to be much higher. In the Homeless Review 2018, the Bristol City Council classified the homeless people in three groups in order to determine their eligibility for assistance. Statutory homelessness prioritises families, pregnant women and vulnerable single people. The latter encompasses those having left home due to violence, care leavers, those recently released from prison custody, or those suffering from mental or physical disabilities. To prevent the recurrence of homelessness, rough sleepers and people who have already experienced an episode of homelessness are also highly prioritised. Additionally, non-statutory homeless individuals, such as childless couples or single people, have been less prioritised and are only entitled to advice and assistance. The council, in an effort to combat the statistics, aims to halve rough sleeping by 2022 and eradicate it by 2027.14 Furthermore, the mayor's One City Plan states that: “By 2050 everyone in Bristol will live in a home that meets their needs within a thriving and safe community.” 15 Since homelessness is an issue that concerns the whole country, in 2017 the Government approved the Homelessness Reduction Act, which places emphasis on early prevention as a mechanism for tackling long-term homelessness and focuses on young people and those leaving specialised institutions.16
Deprivation in Bristol based on the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government's English Indices of Deprivation map (2019).
Key
from least deprived to most deprived UK’s 10% least deprived areas
UK’s 10% most deprived areas
2
Day centres Day centres are facilities catered for those suffering from homelessness. Homeless Link, a national organisation which campaigns for policy changes that will help end homelessness, highlights the wide variety of services provided by day centres: 17 • • • •
• •
Education, Training and Employment (ETE): literacy and numeracy, IT, practical skills such as bricklaying or CV writing; Economic advice: supporting people out of debt, maximising incomes and aiding benefit claim; Housing advice: referrals into housing, intervention with landlords and tenancy maintenance support; Mental and physical health: connecting people with health services (GP), addressing substance misuse, behaviour therapies, anger management, amongst others; Positive activities: such as art or gardening; Outreach: distributing donated goods and fundraising.
In essence, the support offered varies from hot food to structured counselling appointments, while striving to end and prevent homelessness. The basic facilities, such as those providing food, are what the users seek, but it is the other facilities that ensure their return, which is crucial to overcome homelessness.18 Classroom
Outreach
Kitchen & Dining
Counselling
Break Out
GP
Life Recovery Course
Staff
Recovery College
Outdoor Area
Sanctuary
Break Out
IT
Counselling
Classroom
Library
Outreach
Dining Area
Food
Kitchen
SWEP
Reception
Staff
Toilets Showers Laundry
Storage
Other Community Groups
Toilets Showers
Storage
The Wild Goose Crisis Centre Ministries
“The need for food should not overwhelm the need for companionship and supporting people to move on” Natalie, Crisis Centre Ministries In addition, day centres act as community hubs. They are welcoming environments, where no appointment is required,19 and enhance social bonds between users. The sense of belonging to a group or a family is essential, as there is a basic human need to care for something other than yourself.20 Moreover, this community is encouraged to continue interacting even after a person is no longer homeless. Furthermore, counselling sessions are vital to overcome the distress which is commonly experienced after finding a home.21
1 New Street St Mungo’s
The diagrams on the left illustrate the programme offered in two day centres in Bristol, visited between December 2019 and January 2020. The Wild Goose drop-in centre provides free hot meals, shower facilities, runs a life recovery course and acts as a referral point to other services. 1 New Street focuses on getting people off the street and providing accommodation for them. In addition, they offer a recovery course, which provides purposeful activities for people to do during the day, and a sanctuary for those with suicidal risk.
3
Proposal Current issues
The Homelessness and Rough Sleeping Strategy proposed by the Bristol City Council for 2019-2024 was submitted to extensive review. The results of the public consultation highlight two main areas which require greater consideration, namely health and drug services and multi-agency collaboration.22 Drug and alcohol abuse is continuously emphasised as one of the triggers of homelessness, as well as a coping mechanism for such a difficult situation. In addition, underlying trauma must be treated in order to make recovery possible. Prevention and promotion of health services must be placed at the heart of the fight against homelessness.
Health & drug services
Emphasis on prevention
Coordination of resources and partnership between organisations is key to tackle homelessness. The current support offered by the Council is perceived as unwelcoming, as it turns people away, only offering help to a selected statutory few. Besides, the convoluted system of referrals disheartens the vulnerable users, who simply seek help and are unaware of where to get it from.
Welcoming & structured support
Multi-agency collaboration
Furthermore, day centres can be especially chaotic,23 accommodating only the extreme cases, which are a small fraction of all the people in need. This prevents those who simply need support from accessing the facilities. To conclude, the lack of resources and coordination results in a restricted service. Currently, day centres may only provide food services or limited counselling appointments. Moreover, the lack of resources (both monetary and spatial) is preventing the existing organisations to cope with the increased demand.
Holistic approach Key issues to be addressed
“If the weather is alright, and I have got a spot hidden away somewhere that I can sleep for the night, I can go get my breakfast there, I can wash my clothes over there, can get my lunch there, I can phone my benefits there, …” Catherine, St Mungo’s The current situation in Bristol indicates that a more holistic approach should be implemented in order to provide homeless people with the skills to ensure a purposeful routine and long-term achievements.
Domum emerges from the issues mentioned above and aims to provide a space where the much-needed holistic approach is delivered to support both recovery and prevention. In addition, it offers an opportunity for partnership between centres and the Council, to provide welcoming and structured support to anyone that may seek help, from those at risk of becoming homeless to those entrenched in it, without making distinctions. Domum's main objective is to become a point of reference, offering all the support needed in one place, a comforting place, a place they can call home. Domum encourages companionship between the users; through sharing, listening and helping one another, recovery is possible. The following statement sits at the core of its ethos:
Degree of “homelessness”
Aspiration
Relapse
Rec o
ver
y pr
oce
ss
“Having people with lived experience of homelessness volunteering or working in support services helps service users to feel understood, gives them hope and encourages them to move forward with their recovery.” 24 Prevention
Time User participation in the recovery of other users The risk of early relapse is considerable if an individual is in contact with others who are also in the process of recovery. However, later in the recovery process, a user may prove to be very beneficial for those at risk of becoming homeless, helping in its prevention.
4
Other Community Groups
Housing & Legal Support
Group Rooms
1-1 Counselling
Outdoor Area
Education Training Employment
Workshop
Group Therapy
Kitchen
Library
Commercial Space
Outreach
Health
Dining Area
Staff Accommodation & Group Therapy
Staff
Storage
Showers Toilets Laundry
1-1 Counselling
Reception
Partnership
Offices
Circulation
Toilets
Plant
Classrooms
Art
Proposed adjacencies diagram
5
Commercial
Education, Training & Employment
Counselling (Health, Housing & Legal support)
Showers & Laundry
Food
0:00
6:00
12:00
18:00
24:00 Proposed timetable The historical pub facilities are reinstated, aiding to create revenue for the operation of the centre. The new pub will provide a haven open 24 hours, enabling the users to seek help whenever it is required. It will, however, only serve alcohol-free options, allowing both the users in recovery and the broader community to utilise the refurbished space.
6
Site Location in the city in the context of homelessness History Existing site plan Site analysis Wider context Urban block Funding strategy
7 9 10 11 13 14 15
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Location
in the city I 1:2500
7
0
50
m 100
8
Location
in the context of homelessness The site is placed in a boundary location between one of the most deprived areas of Bristol (St. Jude’s) and the city centre (refer to p.2 for the index of deprivation). The site was specifically chosen to be able to cater for all its potential users. On one hand, rough sleepers gather around the city centre, where there are more begging opportunities. On the other hand, vulnerable residents (other types of homeless or at risk) that live in deprived areas may equally benefit from the services. Furthermore, it is located in close proximity to the other organisations, in order to ease partnership between them, and within walking distance from one another, to allow the users currently accessing other services to visit domum.
Partnership with current services based on The Caring Candbook by Caring in Bristol (2019).
Key Day centre Night shelter Food Health Wifi Housing & legal support
9
History The site is located in the neighbourhood of Old Market, East of Castle Park and the centre of Bristol. In the Council's Central Area Plan, Old Market was identified as a city centre gateway in which improvement and regeneration will be sought. The Council aims to recover the neighbourhood’s contribution to the city as a local and specialist shopping area by reinstating the historic routes through the area. The neighbourhood was the traditional gateway into the city, on the road from London. In the 13th century, a masonry gateway (Lawford’s Gate) was built, defining the jurisdiction of the old town of Bristol. This agricultural land which accommodated wide markets, also called feria, developed into a commercial area around Old Market Street. During medieval times, long and narrow plots, called burgage, lined the street. These were 5.5m wide and equalled one perch, which was a measure of length. Back lanes were built parallel to the market road.
1880
Through the 17th century, the neighbourhood evolved into an industrial area, as trade matured with Britain’s new Atlantic Colonies. At the end of the 19th century, there was an increase in wheeled transport, which made trading increasingly difficult, and the area saw poorer residential population moving into terraced housing infilled the rear of the burgages. From an urbanistic point of view, the 20th century saw the degradation of the medieval grain, as the plots were amalgamated or redeveloped with larger buildings facing back lane routes.
1910
The area resisted as a shopping district as it was linked to Castle Street (what is now Castle Park) until World War II bombings destroyed the commercial link between Old Market and Castle Street. Historic street patterns were completely destructed, and this erosion furthered during the road infrastructure projects in the 1960s.25
1950
1970
Planning context
The residents of Old Market developed, in liaison with the Council, the Old Market Neighbourhood Development Plan, as the neighbourhood became a designated planning area in 2013. This document puts emphasis on the historical heritage and potential of the neighbourhood. It now forms part of the statutory Development Plan for Bristol, and planning applications must be considered against it, in addition to the Bristol Local Plan and the National Policy Framework.
The site sits within a conservation area, designated on the 21st of March 1979. The Old Market Conservation Character Appraisal was adopted in 2008 and highlights the special architectural and historic heritage of the area, as well as the need to protect, preserve and enhance its character.
2020 Evolution of the site
The site from the junction between Lawford Street and Bragg’s Lane, 1931 [3]
10
Gloucester Lane
Existing site plan 1:500
g Bra
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ny pa om &C
t rke Ma e Old arag G
Bri
nui l Ge sto
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Pa
Van
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Stre
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The site sits between West Street and Bragg’s Lane. On the frontage to West Street, the site infills the gap between two 19th century buildings,26 currently occupied by a garage (Old Market Garage), a warehouse (Swift and Company), a vacant retail space (Bristol Genuine Seed Bank) and a small restaurant (Vanoosh). On the landmark corner between West Street and Lawford Street, and included in the site boundary, sits the former Palace Hotel. It was built in 1869-70 by WH Hawtin. The neo-classical building was originally named Railway Hotel, speculatively built to take advantage of the railway station planned nearby, in the once-thriving district.27 It is a Grade II listed building, and its value is attributed to the ornamented façade. However, in 2007, it was added to the Listed building at risk in Bristol register. This is due to the eroded state of the stonework and decorative features, in addition to the windows and doors being boarded up due to vandalism.28 It ceased its function as a public house, or pub, at the beginning of the twentyfirst century. The rest of the buildings on the site are not listed and may be demolished for the purpose of this project. In fact, the Bristol Genuine Seed Bank is deemed to have a negative presence on the neighbourhood. However, the restaurant on 3 West Street and the warehouse on 11 Lawford Street (Swift and Company) have been highlighted as Unlisted Buildings of Merit by the Old Market Conservation Area Character Appraisal, claiming that they contribute to the character and quality of the area. Therefore, their distinctive features must be retained and enhanced, such as the tiled façade of Swift and Company.
Palace Hotel
Garages on Bragg’s Lane
Key Existing buildings to be retained Existing buildings to be demolished Site boundary
Gap in the 19th century fabric All images taken by the author
12
Site analysis Wider context
based on the Old Market Conservation Area Character Appraisal 29
Routes Primary routes Secondary routes Intimate routes
Views and Landmarks Landmark Local view Long view (vista)
Historic importance Grade II* Listed Grade II Listed Unlisted Building of Merit Neutral Negative
13
Site analysis
Urban block
+16.5m
+20m
Privacy
Levels
Public Private
Access Pedestrian Vehicular
Historic features
Civic engagement Frontage Landmark
Views Views in Views out
14
Funding strategy The scheme aims to exploit the assets on-site in order to provide funding for this much-needed centre. Nearly 50% of the urban block is occupied by parking spaces, owned by Bransby Wilson, Bargain Parking and Link Parking. On Gloucester Lane, there is a plot of unused land owned by Bristol City Council. These plots are highlighted as suitable for development into housing by the Old Market Neighbourhood Development Plan. The proposal suggests that the Council will approach a developer, Bristol Housing Partnership, to develop both sites into housing. The developer will purchase the domum site and the parking sites, whilst obtaining the Council’s site free of charge. The Council will, therefore, enter into a Section 106 Agreement of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 with Bristol Housing Partnership, which will secure funding for domum in exchange for guaranteed planning permission by the Council for the housing developments.
Client
The Bristol City Council will act as the main client of the project. Its reiterated concern on the issue exemplifies the viability and requirement for the proposal. The scheme will integrate the Council’s ambition as its core ethos. Additionally, the Council will enter into a Section 106 Agreement with Bristol Housing Partnership to develop the rest of the urban block and secure funding for the scheme.
Additional funders
The Homeless Link Social Investment Fund will partially fund the construction of the project. Launched in May 2017, the Fund has £4.5M to invest in charities and social enterprises dedicated to reducing homelessness across England.30 They seek reinforced collaboration links between organisations, which will have their nodal point in the scheme. The NHS will deliver further financial support for the construction of the scheme, to ensure the provision of the essential physical and mental health facilities. The Bristol Housing Partnership will purchase the domum site, in exchange for the secured planning of the housing development. They are committed to reducing homelessness, supporting people to live independently. Their ethos makes them the ideal developer to complete the urban block and help deliver the scheme.
Operational cost
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
Key Proposal Site boundary Owned by Bransby wilson, Bargain Parking and Link Parking Owned by Bristol City Council Outline of buildings to be demolished
Domum will be the end-user of the scheme and will run it on a daily basis. Staffing costs entail the highest operational expenses. They will be supported by the Bristol County Council, the NHS, and the revenue generated in the commercial aspect of the scheme. In addition, capital will be created through the rental of spaces to other community groups, such as NA or AA, and through the housing benefit which will be claimed by the users once they settle into the homes facilitated by the centre.
BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION
The scheme is set out to minimise costs by exploiting onsite assets, such as the refurbishment of existing structures, and uses robust materials to minimise the need for repair. Therefore, it aims to be classified as low cost.
15
Client and additional funders
Intent Architectural - Inhabited surface Psychological - Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Social - Repairing the urban block
16 18 20
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Architectural intent Inhabited surface
The proposal’s ambition is to recognise the delicacy of the issue at hand and translate its uniqueness into a building which is quintessentially fit for purpose. Besides, this project seeks to investigate whether an architectural proposal can transform how the inhospitable built environment treats its most vulnerable dwellers; turning fences and spikes into seats and alcoves. In essence, domum aims to foster a symbiotic relationship, reconciling the city with its residents. A homeless person, by seeking refuge, inadvertently realises the potential (or lack thereof) for inhabitation in the built realm. In order to find comfort, certain elements of the built environment are discovered; details such as texture, surface, temperature or shape become paramount factors that are usually overlooked by the rest of us. The meaning of a step or a recess becomes extraordinary, as it defines a boundary, privacy or respect. The conception of the built environment as an inhabitable element is described by C. Harris in the dissertation Dis-placed in the city, as a “continuous surface strip that folds onto itself to imply wall, bench, roof and floor”.31 Domum is conceived as an inhabited surface, materialised as a red brick element, that stems from the existing context and folds in on itself to both define and weave through a sequence of spaces, leading the user towards the axis mundi, the hearth, and the garden beyond. This surface is also conceived as a wall of memory, as it questions who we are and how we come together. Who we are is expressed as both psychical and physical senses of the question. Psychically, we are a collection of memories, translated into a series of alcoves, seats and benches in which stories may be shared. Physically, we are certain objects linked to experiences worth remembering, translated into cabinets in which prized possessions may be stored. How we come together is celebrated at the hearth, where all the individuals (and their stories) and the red brick surfaces meet into one, the chimney, the altar32 of the house, that connects all floors, and underpins the essence of the scheme. In addition, this wall of memory weaves through the remnants of history found in the site, thus anchoring the scheme in the site and its history. In conclusion, empowering the user to engage with and inhabit the surface is encouraged. It is only by inhabiting the architecture, by adding the dweller’s identity and memorabilia that the sense of place is defined; that the house becomes the home.33
Man in niche Moyra Peralta, 1970 [4]
16
From the city to the garden
Jonnie. Possessions Moyra Peralta, 2001 [5]
Michael. Possessions Moyra Peralta, 2001 [6]
Inhabited surface
Entrance sequence
17
Psychological intent Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The homeless community finds itself without access to the most basic provisions. To provide for what this community truly needs, whether psychical or physical, the proposal explores what are the essentials that underpin human existence, striving to understand the psychological requirements of the brief. Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist (1908-1970), proposed a theory labelled the Hierarchy of Needs. He argues that there is a hierarchy of human needs ranked by importance and that those at the top may only be satisfied once the lower ones have been fulfilled. Approaching the hierarchy from the bottom to the top, Maslow lists the following needs: •
• •
•
•
Physiological Needs. Those relating to physical survival, without which the human body is unable to function. They encompass of food, water, rest or shelter, amongst others; Safety Needs. They operate on a psychological level, such as protection from weather, security, order, law, stability or freedom from fear; Love and Belongingness Needs. They relate to the social needs, the requirement for a sense of connection and belonging, of both giving and receiving love, of being part of a group; Esteem Needs. The need for achievement, to “do stuff”, is inherently linked to the sense of dignity and independence. Additionally, there is the need for power and recognition, to receive esteem from others, acknowledgement and even prestige; Self-Actualization Needs. “The desire to become more and more what one is, to become anything that one is capable of becoming.” 34 These relate to the quest for knowledge, understanding, peace or self-fulfilment, but are equally linked to mentorship and helping others.
Self-Actualization Esteem
Love & Belongingness
Safety Physiological
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The homeless are thwarted from the physiological needs, and are therefore unable to access the upper stratum and become “everything that they can be”.35 Domum exists to empower this community to achieve the same standards that the rest of the population already enjoys. Maslow’s theory is used to inform the psychological requirements of the space. The wide variety of functions are grouped in accordance with their position in the Hierarchy. A journey is defined through the building. It begins at the lower stratum, the most basic needs, and takes the user through the pyramidal needs, accomplishing them as they progress through the building. However, some needs are translated into an architectural manifestation less literally. Love and Belongingness becomes the Hearth, the main space in which people and stories come together, where new bonds are created. It also translates into a variety of moments of encounter and pause across the building. Self-Actualization is conceived as vertical entities, as it relates to both self-excelling (upwards) and helping others (downwards), partnering in a symbiotic relationship.
Folding the pyramid
In addition, the user may only be enticed into entering the building if Self-Actualization is showcased, and the journey is transparent and accessible. Therefore, albeit the main vertical element is the hearth, others exist at the forefront of the scheme. I believe that success (or Self-Actualization) only becomes a reality if shared. Consequently, Maslow’s apex is materialised as an exhibition space, devoted to sharing. Simultaneously, it is metaphorically folded down and translated the vertical shafts which ensure that the empowering nature that characterises domum can be accessed by anyone.
18
Using the Hierarchy to arrange the section
Collage impression of the Hierarchy of Needs
19
Social intent
Reparing the urban block Architecture has the capacity to define the sense of place, the genius loci, as well as the capacity to strengthen the sense of identity of a community. The residents of Old Market have, for a long time, forgotten their identity, as infrastructure projects completely neglected and eroded their historic grain. This scheme proposes the repair and reinstatement of forgotten typologies. Through structure, form and materiality, it reinstates what once had been while acknowledging the passing of time and the evolution of the local vernacular. It repairs the urban block to its former glory, creating an ecosystem of partnerships, reflected in both use and funding, suggesting a framework which could be applied to the rest of the city. In addition, the scheme includes the refurbishment of an unused landmark building, strengthening the identity of the neighbourhood. Domum aims to draw parallelisms between the existing built environment and homelessness. Just like humans do, derelict structures deserve second chances. This project seeks to celebrate the symbiotic relationship between the old and the new or between one human and the other. The appreciation of the interaction between one and another, and the interaction with our past is what will help us create a better future.
Repair & Reinstatement
20
Proposal Masterplan Basement floor plan Ground floor plan First floor plan Second floor plan Third floor plan Sections West Street elevation Bragg’s Lane elevation Garden elevation Lawford Street residents elevation
22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 39 41
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Existing context & Massing options The Conservation Area Character Appraisal criticises the drop in scale and change in character which occurs in the site, between the three-storey historic buildings and the single-storey warehouses. The project aims to fill in these voids by reinstating what once had been and adhering to the massing of the context.
21
Masterplan
1:500
0
10
15
m 25
22
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The basement level includes reception, laundry and storage facilities, covering the most basic physiological needs.
Key
1 Pub storage 2 Plant room 3 Bragg’s Lane foyer 4 Laundry room 5 Store 6 Kitchen storage 7 Cold storage 8 General storage Staircase going up to the ground floor
23
Basement plan 1:250
4 3
5
6 7
8
2
2
1
0
5
m 10
24
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The ground floor level seeks to cater for the majority of the physiological needs, from eating spaces to showers. It includes cabinets for storing personal belongings, therefore acknowledging safety needs. Furthermore, it encompasses the hearth, which is devoted to satisfying the need for Love and Belongingness. The courtyard balances productive areas (esteem needs) and social areas (love and belongingness needs). Two vertical elements, at the front and at the heart, represent Self Actualization.
Key
Hearth
25
1 Pub 2 Individual counselling room 3 Reception 4 Toilets 5 Store 6 Hearth 7 Garden 8 Kitchen 9 Showers 10 Gym
Ground floor plan 1:250
10
9 9
8
7
6
5
4 5 4
3
2
1
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m 10
26
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The first floor hosts the health services (physiological need) and the housing and legal facilities (safety need) on Bragg's Lane. Furthermore, it includes moments of encounter, such as waiting areas, which embody Love and Belongingness.
Waiting area Health promotion and prevention of substance misuse is in the spotlight of the scheme. The users benefit from all the support facilities being in the same building, as it eases referrals between services, instead of being directed across the city. In addition, early prevention, which is very hard when it comes to commonly used drugs such as alcohol, is placed at the forefront of the scheme, facing West Street, in an effort to reduce consumption by exposing its consequences. Therapeutic activities cover a wide range of forms, including individual and group sessions, music therapy or horticultural therapy. Art therapy is awarded special focus, as the scheme realises that “there is a need, intrinsic in humans, to elevate things above mere functionality.” 36 In fact, self-expression can take place through art, in a non-verbal manner.37 A thorough understanding of drug and alcohol addiction therapies informs the arrangement of the spaces. Group therapy encourages bonds between users, removing the feeling of isolation, as experienced members take newcomers under their “wing”. Group cohesion is encouraged in the waiting areas and kitchenettes. Urine testing is mandatory before each session, as it helps counteract impulses and gives abstinence a purpose (if tested positive access to therapy is denied). Toilets are therefore placed directly off waiting areas. There are three stages of addiction therapy: motivation enhancement group, early abstinence group and relapse prevention. These three translate into three spaces that face West Street. The journey through the therapeutic stages requires different rooms, symbolising that one leaves the addiction behind as one enters a new room. To conclude, anger and relaxation rooms are provided if an individual is in distress after a therapy session, as well as a private staircase which lets the user leave the building if required.
27
Kitchenette
Waiting area (Group cohesion)
Urine test
Anger room
Motivation enhancement
Key
Relaxation room
Early abstinence
Private exit
Relapse prevention
Drug & alcohol abuse therapy - adjacencies
1 Large therapy room 2 Drug & Alcohol Abuse therapy room 3 Group therapy room 4 Informal therapy space 5 Toilets 6 Waiting area 7 Store 8 Anger room 9 Music therapy room 10 Calm room 11 Individual counselling room 12 Group counselling room 13 Classroom
First floor plan
1:250
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The third floor includes the classrooms and workshop, related to creation and making, which are linked to esteem needs. In addition, exhibition spaces showcase Self Actualization, as the displays celebrate what has been achieved throughout the building.
Setting up the exhibition space The exhibition space showcases the output of the creative and productive activities that occur in the building. The workshop is used to teach practical skills, such as woodworking or bricklaying. Temporary shelters may be built in the workshop, using cardboard and plywood, to provide an immediate solution for rough sleepers, while accommodation is being secured.
Key
Maslow’s theory applied to the Exeter Library
Precedent
The Phillips Exeter Academy Library, designed by Louis I. Kahn, informs the arrangement of the spaces around the central void. In the centre sits the gathering between the people, around it the books are exhibited as objects, and the outer ring is the gathering between the user, the book and light.
29
Plan of the Phillips Exeter Academy Library, Louis I. Kahn 1967-1972 [7]
1 Classroom 2 Exhibition space 3 Workshop 4 Toilets 5 Store 6 IT classroom 7 Print room 8 Library 9 Art space 10 Roof terrace
Second floor plan 1:250
10
8 9 7 2
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30
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs The third floor hosts all staff areas, and the pinnacle of the hearth and the central atrium.
Key
Partnership Meeting room opening up to the city
31
1 Meeting room 2 Break out space 3 Kitchenette 4 Office 5 Lockers 6 Store 7 Toilets 8 Print room & archive 9 Staff accommodation 10 Staff therapy room 11 Open plan office
Third floor plan 1:250
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7 11 7 6 3
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32
A C B C
B
A
Key
Section AA 1 Head office 2 Classroom 3 Drug & Alcohol abuse therapy room 4 Office 5 Open plan office 6 Workshop 7 Exhibition space 8 Group therapy room 9 Waiting area 10 Group counselling room 11 Foyer 12 Hearth 13 Kitchen 14 Showers 15 Plant room Section BB 1 Art space 2 Library 3 Informal therapy space 4 Individual counselling room 5 Hearth Section CC 1 Classroom 2 Gym 3 Laundry room 4 Foyer Lightwell
33
Sections 1:250
1
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Section AA
2
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34
The elevations are devised as buff brick enclosures which blend in with the limestone context. Contrastingly, a red brick plinth engages with the street, defining the entrances and the inhabited surface which leads the user to the hearth and courtyard beyond. Without compromising the desired intimacy and security within, the brick skin is inhabited with details that relate to both the city and its unique inhabitants. The red brick surface references the nooks and crannies which the homeless community currently dwell on, intending to set precedent for a new kind of architecture, one which seeks generosity. The buff brick surface references the city and its architectural grain, reflected in horizontal and vertical datums, perforations and reveals that create depth, thus creating a play of light and shadow. The medieval burgage grain is reflected in the structure and is expressed externally as lesenes, which are projecting vertical strips which, from the early 18th century, marked the divisions between adjoining houses in Bristol.38
Context
Shopfront fascia
Collonade
Burgage lesenes Using materials to guide the users
Levels
Diminishing window heights
Vertical ornament
Horizontal datums
Sequence (above) and Plan (right) Existing building
Precedent
Diminishing rustication
Serpentine Pavilion by Herzog & de Meuron and Ai Weiwei, 2012 [8] The pavilion used traces from the eleven previous pavilions to construct the twelfth. Domum uses this language of existing clues to compose the elevations.
Varying opening types
35
West Street elevation 1:250
Brick bond studies
Opening studies
0
5
m 10
36
Approach from Bragg’s Lane
37
Bragg’s Lane elevation 1:250
Context
Entablature
Burgage lesenes
Levels
Horizontal datums
Victorian House (demolished circa 1920)
Expressed gable
0
5
m 10
38
Garden elevation 1:250
39
0
5
m 10
Garden Courtyards provide a sense of enclosure and security while generating a feeling of freedom, as they open up to the sky.
40
Lawford Street residents elevation 1:250
41
0
5
m 10
Elements Inhabited wall Hearth Garden Psychologically informed environment Threshold Palace Hotel Fabric
42 44 46 48 50 51 52
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Inhabited wall
Bench
42
Alcove
Shelves
Leaning
Recess
Cabinets
43
Hearth “Around the hearth, the first groups assembled; around it, the first alliances formed; around it, the first religious concepts were put into the customs of a cult.” 39 Gottfried Semper described the hearth as the first sign of human settlement and rest after a hunt. It is the moral element of architecture, its spirit, an altar devoted to it. It is, quintessentially, the symbol of the house. It can also be described as its axis mundi, the element that unites the sky with the earth, symbolising wholeness. A central chimney, connecting all floors, is what underpins the essence of the scheme. The need for fire has been described as an animal instinct, creating a sense of warmth and well-being. “The need for fire is almost as fundamental as the need for water […] it provides a natural focus for talk, dreams and thought”.40 For domum, the hearth acknowledges the importance of the feeling of belongingness and togetherness. Sharing one’s story is essential to overcome obstacles and move forward, and can help the recovery of others in need, as can be seen in p.4. In fact, loneliness is a major issue affecting the homeless community. Therefore, domum envisages the hearth as a hub to meet new people, forge new friendships or future flatmates, once accommodated into housing. Merely, it is a conversation hub, as it recognises how empowering having a simple conversation can be for a homeless individual. Maslow recognised this need for a sense of belonging, of trust and acceptance, under his love and belongingness needs, and this is what the hearth commemorates. Furthermore, the hearth also symbolises self-actualisation needs, as it is where all the functions of the building come together, where all the individuals come together to move forwards, to help each other, to become “everything that they are capable of becoming”.41
Relativity, M.C. Escher 1953 [9] Escher’s lithograph depicts seemingly disjointed and chaotic stories coming together to create a harmonious whole.
44
Early conceptual collage symbolising the different stories coming together at the hearth.
Hearth plan 1:100 The hearth accommodates different modes of coming together, from large groups to intimate conversations. In a similar manner to the alcoves in a castle hall (the intramural rooms) which “complement the larger with more human-scale places, for intimate conversation away from the festivity�.42
45
Garden In September 2019, I visited the Alhambra, in Granada (Spain). As I entered the Patio de las Acequias, inside the Generalife, I experienced something that I had never quite felt before. A feeling of freedom and tranquillity, but most importantly, a sense of being protected from an outside world which had completely vanished. It left me wondering, what were the qualities of the space that evoked such powerful feelings? I assumed that these were the colourful nature, the Andalusian sun and the chirping of the birds. In February 2020, I visited the Victoria & Albert Museum in London, and I was struck by the same sensation as I entered the Medieval and Renaissance Galleries, recently refurbished by MUMA. However, this space is internal, which contradicted my previous assumptions that granted this feeling to being in an external space. I, therefore, concluded that this sensation was due to light and geometry. Light infilled both spaces, and in the latter, it was delicately diffused in the ceiling louvres. Geometry and volume, whether enclosed or not, had to be responsible for the feeling of grandeur. Furthermore, both spaces are experienced firstly around their perimeter, in a colonnade, and then the user transits into the central space, travelling from a dark enclosure to a light and open space. This spatial journey also merited acknowledgement in creating this sensation.
Patio de la Acequia [10]
I decided to translate this experience into the scheme, as I think that the homeless community very much need, and deserve, a space like this; an oasis, a haven, a secure enclosure from the outside world, that encourages them to move forwards. This is constructed both internally and externally, in the hearth and in the garden. Furthermore, the benefits of having a natural environment are countless, as contact with nature has been proved to reduce stress.43 Typologically, courtyards were located off the main arteries of crowded city centres, such as Arabic bazaars, for which they provided air, sunlight and quietness removed from the commercial activity.44 Their shape is usually square, as it symbolises earthly stability.45 They tend to have a water element, which tends to symbolise a source of life, refreshing the body and the spirit as it reflects the sky.46 In domum, a water bowl sits in the centre of the space, providing a symbolical counterpoint for the fire in the internal hearth. Its shape is circular, symbolising eternal perfection. Furthermore, movement around the garden is paramount; the movement of water, of sound, of smell and air.47
Plan of the Generalife [11]
In the context of homelessness, the use of gardens is crucial, as contact with natural environments offers a wide range of health benefits, and is even used as a form of preventive medicine.48 Gardening activities reduce stress, anger, depression and anxiety, improve an individual's vigour, psychological wellbeing and creates a sense of community.49 Engaging users in gardening activities to improve their physical, psychological and social health is known as horticultural therapy.50 The gardening activities can be purposeful, as the product is used in the day centre's kitchen. Flowers and other sensorial plants are also grown and taken care of, as “through helping plants, participants are able to fulfil the desire to nurture and care for living things�.51 Furthermore, skills are gained for future employment.
Medieval and Renaissance Galleries at the V&A [12]
Three elements define the courtyard; a social area (brick), an education space (concrete) and a productive area (soil). These can work together to support the horticultural therapy programme or can coexist individually. This flexible space, however, has one constant, the water bowl, which, in turn, symbolises calmness.
46
Precedent
Plan of the Victoria & Albert Museum [13]
Key Social area Education area - Includes planters with sensory and ornamental plants Growing area - Focuses on edible plants and herbs Water
Landscaping plan 1:100 The planting strategy is varied. It comprises a mixture of ornamental and sensory plants with the production of edible plants and herbs. The latter include lavender, sage, rosemary, strawberries and other fruit bushes, wild garlic, amongst others. This wide range of plants seeks to generate produce for the day centre's kitchen while acknowledging the sensory qualities of plants, as well as favouring the horticultural therapy programme.
47
Psychologically Informed Environment The Bristol City Council52 advises that all homeless services should be Psychologically Informed Environments, which “take into account the psychological makeup – the thinking, emotions, personalities and past experience – of its participants in the way that they operate.” 53 There are several studies which explore how architecture impacts on mental health,54 and suggest some of the qualities that make a successful PIE environment are: • • • • • • • • • •
High ceilings – reduces pressure or claustrophobia and suggests psychological freedom; Large rooms and open plan spaces – a greater sense of freedom; Relaxation rooms – with quiet lighting and soft surfaces; Anger rooms – designed for the safe expression of anger, with soft walls, able to withstand violence; Wayfinding and clear indication of a room’s intended use – reduces chaos which generates distress; Natural light; Artificial light – for tasks that require light, thereby reducing errors and frustration; Nature; Fresh air; Control over the environment – such as a variety of lighting options.
High ceilings
Natural light
Large rooms and open spaces
Artificial light
Relaxation rooms
Nature
Anger rooms
Fresh air
Wayfinding
Control
Domum stems from these scientific discoveries, in an effort to suitably accommodate its vulnerable users.
48
Counselling room
49
Threshold
Invisible boundaries The homeless experience the geometry of the built environment in a more intimate manner than the general population (see p.16). Therefore, a setback in the street frontage draws the users in, providing a sheltered moment of pause. This recess provides an opportunity to showcase the functions happening inside, through a vertical void. In addition, there are windows which allow the seated users to discover the hearth. If the user decides to go in, the red brick surface guides him into the refurbished Palace Hotel, into the pub. This welcoming space represents an invisible boundary, a concept suggested by Catherine Layfield and Lynda Puddy of St. Mungos. The entrance to a day centre should be a holding space, without being recognised as one. The user should not feel scanned, with a member of staff deciding whether or not they may enter the building. However, security must be ensured, and by providing the foyer space with a function, an internal door set reception can act as a secure boundary without reading as one. Furthermore, this space has a counselling room, which ensures that the most troubled users can receive immediate attention. This space operates 24 hours a day, acting as a haven that the homeless community can always come to. A secure boundary, which includes the toilet facilities, ensures that the rest of the building is secure at out of hours. Out of hours attention is recognised as a key principle of good practice for day centres by the NHS.55 Staff accommodation is provided on the third floor for overnight shifts.
Key
Entrance sequence plan 1:200
Entrance route Possible route Secure boundary allowing 24hs operation
Capacity
The data provided by the Council does not reflect the number of rough sleepers in the streets in Bristol. Hence, estimating how many users will access the space is inappropriate. Therefore, the proposed scheme maximises the potential of the site area. Besides, domum can be divided to rent out part of the facility to other community groups, such as AA or NA, which may access the building privately from Bragg’s Lane.
50
Showcasing Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Palace Hotel The scheme refurbishes an unused landmark building, the former Palace Hotel. It used to be a public house, or a pub, until the beginning of the 21st century.56 Originally, public houses appeared to provide warmth, food and rest to travellers.57 They evolved and became the host for all social and community gatherings.58 Throughout history, they have been welcoming environments, devoted to providing a sense of comfort. The former use as a public house is reinstated, as its main function is much needed for the homeless community. Furthermore, in practical terms, it creates revenue and provides employment opportunities for those in recovery. It is an alcohol-free space, demonstrating to the users, and to the city, that comfort, community and gathering do not rely on substance misuse. The Grade II listed building is insulated internally, to preserve the external appearance which warrants its listing. The carved stonework is cleaned and made good, and windows are replaced with triple-glazed units, whilst preserving the same aesthetics. An extension sits next to the “French Pavilion� curved roof. It reinstates the role of the building as a landmark in the city and positions the partnership between centres in the public eye. It is clad in zinc, referencing the local vernacular of clay pantile and natural slate.
Extension above the Palace Hotel 1:100
51
Fabric The homeless community experiences a lack of control in their lives and their environment. Regaining control is crucial to develop a sense of self-worth. Maslow highlights stability and lack of chaos as elements of utmost importance, under safety needs. Furthermore, taking control over the environment that surrounds us is directly linked to mental health; the sense of impotence increases our heart rate and releases cortisol, a hormone related to stress.59 Being able to adapt and personalise spaces helps create a sense of ownership and belonging. For these reasons, domum includes a tactile element in its tectonic palette: linen. Fabric elements are used throughout the proposal to encourage taking ownership of the space, altering it, controlling it. Linen becomes curtains which control light and privacy, it becomes a canvas to create art, to decorate the space, it defines voices in a conversation, as it becomes seats and cushions in which to sit. It creates a sense of enclosure but maintains a connection between both sides of the curtain, essential for security reasons. In fact, Gottfried Semper suggested that solid walls only appeared for notions of security or load, and that creation and definition of space does not rely on solidity, as the most primitive enclosures were weaved tree branches.60
Concept collage showcasing fabric elements
52
Tectonic Structure Detailed design
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Structure Intent Exploded structure Structural plan Structural details Timber connections
53 54 55 56 57
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Intent
Reinstating the vernacular Traditionally, buildings in the area were built with pennant sandstone party walls and used oak frames to construct the façade and the internal structure. Stucco was commonly used to disguise the rubble walls. Oak was used due to the material’s resistance to humidity and was a natural adjunct to shipbuilding.61 The use of timber frames prevailed until the end of the 17th century when Bath stone became the main material used during Georgian times. It was used in public buildings, large houses and fashionable terraces. Around the 1700s brick appeared, as a humble material to construct terraced housing.62
Local vernacular Pennant stone party walls and oak structure
Domum seeks to engage in a dialogue between the past and the future. Two pennant stone boundary walls remaining on site are to be retained, in addition to the reinstatement the lost burgage grain. Furthermore, the proposal recovers the local vernacular of timber frames and loadbearing party walls. For the latter, brick is proposed, in order to contrast with the existing walls and to reference the humble Bristolian palette.
4 Ellbroad Street, circa 1880 [14]
Glulam beams reinstating burgage grain
Glulam columns supporting beams
Softwood joists spanning between beams
Brickwork enclosure
Reinstating burgage plots and retaining remnants of history on site
53
Exploded structure
9
8
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Key
1
54
1 Existing context 2 Precast concrete pile foundations, retaining walls and strip foundations below brick wall 3 In-situ floor slab 4 Loadbearing brick wall 5 Concrete ring beam (to transfer point loads from glulam columns to loadbearing brick wall) 6 Glulam structure 7 Structural insulated panels (SIPs) and stiff cores (to provide lateral stability) 8 Softwood joists 9 SIP enclosure above Palace Hotel (to avoid pointloads on existing loadbearing walls)
Structural plan 1:250
First floor plan
Key Shear walls Stiff cores 215x495 Glulam column (at max. 6m distances) 215x495 Glulam beam 89x235 Softwood joists at 400mm centres Joist span Settlement joint
0
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Structural details 1:10
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45o
Key 1 Structural Insulated Panel. Air injected insulation on alreadybuilt frame. Insulated I joists. Acts as a shear wall. 2 215x495 Glulam column 3 Steel flitch plate transfering vertical load into concrete ring beam 4 Termination (and openings) of SIPs defined by LVL sections 5 Concrete ring beam. Transfers point loads from glulam columns to loadbearing brick wall) 6 Steel angle transfers vertical and lateral loading to concrete ring beam 7 89x235 Softwood joists at 400 centres (spanning up to 6m.). Connected to ring beam with joist hangers. 8 Loadbearing brick wall (Flemish bond) 9 Insulative concrete block (SchÜck) 10 150mm In-situ concrete slab 11 Strip foundation 12 End-bearing precast concrete pile (450 diameter) transfers load through Made Ground to solid Sandstone at -3m. Pile foundations minimise interference with existing foundations. In accordance with the Party Wall etc. Act 1996, a 45-degree imaginary line is drawn from the neighbouring properties’ foundations, above which excavation works are acceptable and do not interfere with existing load transfers into the ground.
12
56
0
250
mm 500
Note: Non-structural elements drawn in grey and membranes omitted for clarity
Timber connections
Beam and column connection
First floor column base connection
Ground floor column base connection
Joists to beam connection
57
Detailed design Material palette Hierarchy Inhabited surface West Street facade Garden facade Typical window details Courtyard enclosure
58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Material palette
2
3 1
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6
7
8
11 13
9 10
12
Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Polished concrete screed Existing pennant stone Zinc roofing Unfired red brick Reclaimed buff brick Glazed brick Glulam Ceramic tiles (voids) Ceramic floor tiles Plasterboard walls Plywood linings (inhabited wall) Linen Triple glazed timber windows
58
Hierarchy In order to elevate the tectonic intention, a hierarchy between materials had to be established. The analysis of Astley Castle by Witherford Watson Mann provided a solution. As can be seen, the architects deliberately proposed a series of setbacks to define a hierarchy within the material palette, in this case, existing stone prevailing over new brick walls, which in turn reigns over timber openings and frames. This translates into the proposal, where the red brick surface exists in front of the timber structure and linings.
Fabric (furniture) Timber (structure & linings) Brick (inhabited surface) Existing (stone walls) Material hierarchy
Proposed hierarchy
Precedent
Astley Castle by Witherford Watson Mann, 2007-2012 [15-16]
Detailed plan
59
Relationship between old and new
Detailed section
Inhabited surface
1:25
B
B’
D
D’
A
A’
E
Detailed elevation
E’
Detailed section
0
Detailed plan
500
mm 1000
60
West Street facade 1:50 C
C’
H
H’
D
D’
B
B’
G
G’
Detailed section
61
Detailed elevation 0
1
1.5
m 2.5
Garden facade 1:50
Detail AA’
Existing wall 25mm Cavity 102.5mm Blockwork 254.5mm Cavity 100mm Foil-faced rigid insulation Vapour control layer 327.5mm Brickwork
Detail BB’
C
102.5 Brickwork 36.5mm Cavity 60mm Wood fibre board Breather membrane 18mm OSB 240 Air injected insulation between insulated I-joists 18mm OSB Vapour control layer 12.5mm Fireboard 12.5mm Plasterboard
C’ H
Detail CC’
102.5 Brickwork 36.5mm Cavity 60mm Wood fibre board Breather membrane 18mm OSB 240 Air injected insulation between insulated I-joists 18mm OSB Waterproofing membrane 60mm Wood fibre board 18mm Plywood Zinc roofing standing seam
H’
Detail DD’
Ceramic floor tiles on adhesive matting 18mm OSB 93.5mm Acoustic insulation 18mm OSB 12.5 Fireboard 89x235mm Softwood joists
Detail EE’
75mm Polished screed Vapour control layer 150mm Rigid insulation Damp proof membrane 150mm In-situ concrete slab Compacted hardcore
Detail FF’
65mm Brickwork 50mm Screed Vapour control layer 100mm Rigid insulation Damp proof membrane 150mm In-situ concrete slab Compacted hardcore
D
D’ B
Detail HH’
B’
Zinc roofing standing seam 18mm Plywood 50mm Ventilated cavity Roofing membrane 3x100mm Wood fibre board 18mm OSB Vapour control layer 12.5mm Fireboard 89x235mm Softwood joists
F
F’
Detailed section
Detailed elevation 0
1
1.5
m 2.5
62
Typical window details 1:10
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Key 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
63
240mm Pre-insulated timer I-joist 60mm Wood fibre insulation board Reclaimed brickwork Weep hole Cavity tray Pistol brick on pre-cast concrete lintel LVL beam defining opening Cavity closer High performing timber window Brick slips on 18mm external grade plywood board, with waterproofing underlay
0
250
mm 500
Courtyard enclosure 1:25
Traditional Japanese architecture has an element called the engawa. This is a passageway that serves as a transition between the inside and the outside. It translates to “the side of the edge”, as it is “an entity that not only marks the end of the interior room space or the beginning of the external garden space, but also where the two come together. The engawa is the place where the inside and the outside are blurred like the lingering mark of an erased pencil line.” 63 The colonnade, or engawa, around the garden provides moments of rest, with benches around the perimeter. For those suffering PTSD, solid seatbacks and clear sightlines offer a sense of safety and security, allowing the individual to relax and de-stress.64
Detailed section
0
500
mm 1000
Detailed elevation
64
Environment Designing with light Intent Resolution Window details Roof lights Artificial lighting Acoustics Heating & Cooling Ventilation Rainwater collection Energy production Embodied energy Building fabric Form factor Thermal mass Biodiversity Future-proofing
65 66 68 70 71 71 72 74 75 75 76 77 78 78 79 79
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Designing with light Intent
The proposal realises the potential of light as a powerful design tool. Three lighting qualities were established: sunlight, spotlight and diffuse light. Sunlight refers to a pool of sun rays, while diffuse lighting relates to nondirect daylighting, such as light coming from the North. Spotlighting is required to create intimacy and for tasks that require high levels of concentration. All the spaces were analysed against their lighting requirements, as can be seen below.
Basement
Ground floor
Hearth
Pub
Circulation
Kitchen
Showers
1-1 Counselling
Group therapy
Waiting area
Classroom
Workshop
Library
Exhibition
Second floor
First floor
Key Third floor
Sunlight Diffused light Spot light
Office
Staff acommodation
Gym
65
Designing with light Resolution The site presents a wide variety of environmental constraints, as it prevents openings in many facades due to close proximity to neighbouring properties. Furthermore, the delicate programme reduces the potential for large windows in facades. Opportunities for natural light and ventilation are therefore limited. Consequently, the scheme is enclosed on most of its perimeter and opens itself out onto the courtyard. In addition, two tools are employed to carve light into the heart of the building. Firstly, the central atrium, the hearth, is carved out of the volume in order to bring light to the heart of the scheme. The geometry of the void is a result of a detailed study of the sun path in Bristol, and it shifts on its downward journey through the building, seeking to fill the space with sunlight in winter, and equally prevents this from happening during the summer months, in order to avoid overheating. Secondly, lightwells are used to provide lighting in more intimate spaces. These are capable of guiding light down to 4 storeys below the roof level, relying on reflective surfaces.65
Testing Lux levels in waiting areas 5.25
Site constraints and opportunities
130
Carving light - central atrium
Carving light - lightwells
Enclosed facades Possibility for large openings
15o Winter Solstice
36.5o Equinoxes
Designing the atrium - The sun from the equinoxes to the summer solstice is blocked to avoid overheating. The sun from the equinoxes to the winter solstice is drawn in to provide the desired solar heat gains. A constant stream of north daylighting provided throughout the year. Furthermore, accommodation is maximised by constructing up to the summer solstice angle.
66
60o Summer Solstice
Key
Sunshine (Lux) 6000
0
Sunlight plan - First floor 1:200 This sunlight study demonstrates that the mixture of openings and voids provide natural lighting to the key spaces in the plan.
67
Window details Shading and privacy
The articulation of the windows deserves thoughtful consideration, as the privacy and intimacy that the users desperately require must be ensured. It is crucial that the building creates a secure haven despite its central location.
The windows which face the main street are articulated to establish a connection with the city allowing views out, but preventing views in, whilst maintaining natural ventilation.
68
Perforations have been used throughout the proposal, as they allow for natural ventilation and maintain the privacy within while diffusing the light that penetrates the brick screen. This perforated brick veil acts as a light shelve.
Rotated fins, constructed with brick slips, seek to resolve the issues that arise from the close proximity to the residents on Lawford Street (to the West). They allow diffused north light into the counselling spaces, ensuring that no glare enters the rooms and preventing direct views to the neighbouring properties. Furthermore, this faรงade is constructed with glazed bricks, which reflect sunlight to increase the daylight that enters the neighbouring properties, outweighing the restricted view.
The windows which face the garden (to the East) are set within deep vertical brick ribs which prevent glare ingress, whilst allowing daylight and natural ventilation.
69
Roof lights The roof lights in the scheme draw inspiration from Jamie Fobert’s Tate St Ives. In this project, the roof lights are articulated towards the South to direct maximum lighting to the sunken exhibition spaces. Domum similarly orients its roof lights to the South, to maximise light ingress and minimise reflection. The skylight in the hearth, on the contrary, is oriented towards the North, to harness as much diffused North lighting as possible.
Precedent
Tate St Ives by Jamie Fobert Architects, 2017 [17]
Detailed section
The angle at which the sun rays hit the glass plane affects the amount of light that enters the space and that which reflects off the plane. If the angle is 90o, the maximum amount of light will enter the space, with minimal reflection. This is why the roof lights in the scheme are oriented towards the light source. Roof lights
Roof light typologies
70
Artificial lighting & Acoustics Artificial lighting strategy
Acoustic plasterboard ceiling The ceilings are constructed with acoustic plasterboard, which absorbs noise through small perforations, therefore reducing reverberation times. Uplighting Lighting fixtures are located along the glulam beams, directed upwards. The light cast in the ceiling is diffused and emphasises the joist structure.
Exposed joists The exposed structure helps distort acoustic reflections.
Spotlighting Pendants are located where there is a requirement for intimacy or concentration, such as the library or office spaces.
Sculptural lighting Sculptural pendants are located in big volumes, to emphasise the scale of the void by suspending something within it.
Uplighting - Roof lights Lighting fixtures are located around roof lights and only function at night. These emulate the natural lighting during the day and enhance the roof lights as objects in the ceiling.
Fabric furniture The furniture absorbs noise through its porous envelope, reducing noise pollution in the room.
Spotlighting - Pockets The pockets in the inhabited wall are illuminated to elevate them, allowing the users in an alcove to intimately read a book, for example.
Acoustic strategy 71
Heating & Cooling Building
The proposal seeks to minimise the energy associated with heating and cooling the building. Therefore, the following strategies are implemented: •
The earth has a constant temperature (11-12oC in the UK) as a result of solar gains and internal heat gains. GSHP use this constant temperature to preheat or precool a mixture of water and antifreeze by circulating it through pipes buried underground. This preheated, or precooled, fluid is then reverted to its original form, and in doing so it releases its heat, which is transferred to a refrigerant liquid, which, in turn, is further heated or cooled through a series of compressors and expansion valves, which increase or decrease its pressure. Even though electrical input is required, GSHP systems transform 1 unit of electricity into 3-5 units of heat. This free temperature is then transferred to an internal distribution system. As the temperature in the earth is constant, GSHP can be used to heat the building in winter (harnessing heat from the earth) or to cool the building in summer (releasing internal heat to the earth).
•
MHVR units ensure that there is minimal heat loss as a result of ventilation. The mechanism uses heat transfer plates to preheat or precool the incoming fresh air, by putting it in contact with the exhaust stale air.
•
VRF systems, through a series of refrigerant liquids, allow heat to be harnessed anywhere in the building (inside and outside) and transferred to another part of the building where it may be needed. A branch controller connects all internal and external units.
Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP)
Condenser
Expansion Valve
Compressor
Evaporator
Ground
Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery (MVHR)
MVHR Unit
Indoor Unit
Indoor Unit
Indoor Unit
Variable Refrigerant Flow system (VRF)
Branch Controller
Key
Outdoor Unit
72
Heat transfer Cold liquid Warm liquid Cold gas Warm gas Cold fresh air Warm fresh air Cold stale air Warm stale air
MVHR Unit
MVHR Unit
MVHR Unit
Condenser
Expansion Valve
Compressor
Evaporator
Evaporator
Ground
Winter Operation The heat is harnessed from the ground and used to further increase the temperature of incoming air in the MVHR units.
Expansion Valve
Compressor
Condenser
Expansion Valve
Compressor
Condenser
Evaporator
Ground
Ground
Summer Operation The system reverts its operation and the incoming air is further cooled, and that temperature is both transferred to exhaust air and to the ground.
Spring and Autumn Operation During these seasons, the building is naturally ventilated (where possible). Therefore, the MVHR units are disconnected from the external environment and are solely used to transfer the heat harnessed from the ground.
Room B
Room A
Room C
Summary
The proposal combines GSHP and MVHR systems through the implementation of a VRF system, which, through a series of refrigerant connections, allows the heat or coolth to be harnessed from different sources and distributed where required elsewhere in the building or released outside. The heat is distributed through ventilation units; the MVHR units are used for both heating (and cooling) and ventilation.
GSHP
Solar Thermal
VRF Operation
73
Ventilation The scheme’s ventilation strategy varies throughout the year. In winter, it utilises MVHR units to avoid external cold air from entering the building through ventilation. In spring and autumn (see diagram), the scheme is naturally ventilated where possible. Those spaces that would inevitably require mechanical ventilation are placed in the centre or in enclosed areas, allowing single-sided ventilation to those rooms that can benefit from it. The central atrium, during spring and autumn, is naturally ventilated due to buoyancy-driven ventilation (or stack effect), and the air is extracted through the roof lights or chimney. In addition, it has mechanical reinforcement during peak times, i.e. when meals take place, in order to assist with the increased demand resulting from a higher number of occupants. In summer, the scheme reverts to MVHR, to avoid external heat ingress. Thermal mass is employed throughout the day, to absorb heat and consequently cool the building. Through natural ventilation, night-time purging allows this heat to escape. Releasing this heat when the building is not in use allows the ground floor slab and the hearth to absorb heat again the following day.
Natural ventilation mode
74
Key - Spring & Autumn Operation Natural ventilation (Single-sided) Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery Mixed (Buoyancy driven natural ventilation with MVHR reinforcement at peak instances)
Spring & Autumn Strategy Basement omitted for clarity, as it only relies on MVHR
Water collection & Energy production
Water collection Rainwater is collected, stored in tanks in the plant rooms, and used as greywater in the showers and toilet facilities.
Rainwater harvesting (in red) on the roof and the courtyard enclosure.
Rainwater collection and irrigation is a key feature of the courtyard, with water channels at the perimeter of growing areas.
Solar thermal panels [18] These are used for water heating, which will be used in the kitchens and shower facilities.
Energy production Solar photovoltaic panels (PVs) are fitted in the roof to generate electricity. This will be used throughout the building, in addition to being required in the GSHP heat exchangers and the MVHR units.
Solar photovoltaic panels [19]
Waste water heat recovery system [20] These harness the heat from water coming from the showers and connects it to the VRF system, allowing it to be used elsewhere in the building.
75
The scheme seeks to use materials with low embodied energy. This acknowledges both the embodied energy related to the production of the material itself and the energy associated with the transportation of the material to the site and of the construction itself.
KgCO2e/kg
Embodied energy 3
As can be seen on the diagram on the left, bricks have quite a high embodied carbon value. This is reduced significantly by using unfired bricks internally, which have the same structural properties but cannot be exposed to the external elements, and using reclaimed bricks externally. Furthermore, unfired bricks are beneficial for internal air quality, as clay absorbs humidity, which is detrimental. The embodied carbon of existing structures and materials can be considered to be zero, as they have already reached their lifespan and fulfilled their original purpose. The scheme acknowledges this by re-using the structures on site, as well as using reclaimed brickwork as its main material. Zinc, and other metals, have a significant amount of embodied carbon associated with their production. This is why recycled zinc will be employed as a roofing material. In addition, wood has negative carbon properties, as during its growth it sequesters carbon. Hence, the proposal maximises the use of timber; the main structure (frame and SIPs), joists and boards are all timber elements. Furthermore, the materials specified are produced, where possible, in closed proximity to the site, in order to reduce the embodied energy associated with transport.
0.83
0.52
0.45
-0.9
Embodied carbon - From the Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) database by the University of Bath Materials in grey simply provide reference to other commonly used materials in the constructon industry.
Key
Sourcing of materials
Site Reclaimed bricks (J.A.T Environmental Reclamation) Zinc roofing (Zincworks) Glulam (Glulam Ltd. works with sustainably managed Scandinavian woods)
76
Steel
Cement
Concrete
0.1 Recycled zinc
Reclaimed brick
Unfired brick
Fired brick
0
Glulam
0.21
Building fabric The building uses a fabric first approach, whereby it ensures continuous high levels of insulation and airtightness to minimise heat loss. The current build-ups exceed the required U-values of 0.15 W/m²K to achieve Passivhaus standards. In fact, the building seeks to achieve the highest environmental accreditations, such as Passivhaus, as it ensures the following principles for low energy design: •
Maximising solar gains balanced with shading to prevent overheating (See p.66, 68-69)
•
Minimising thermal bridging
•
Continuity and high levels of thermal insulation
•
Airtightness of 0.6 air changes/hour at 50 Pa. This reduces heat loss by infiltration
•
High performing windows, roof lights and doors
•
Good form factor (See p.78)
•
Low energy building services, such as heating and hot water systems (See p.73, 75)
•
Adequate ventilation levels, whilst minimising heat loss, through the implementation of MVHR systems
External wall - 0.11W/m2K 102.5mm Brickwork 36.5mm Ventilated cavity 60mm Wood fibre board insulation Breather membrane (Secondary airtightness layer) 18mm OSB 240mm Pre-insulated I-joists with air injected mineral insulation 18mm OSB VCL (Primary airtightness layer) 12.5 Fireboard 12.5 Plasterboard
Existing wall - 0.15W/m2K Existing masonry 50mm EPS rigid insulation Waterproofing membrane 18mm OSB 100mm Timber studs with air injected mineral insulation 18mm OSB VCL (Primary airtightness layer) 12.5mm Fireboard 12.5mm Plasterboard
Roof - 0.12W/m2K
Zinc roofing EPDM membrane 18mm External grade plywood board 50mm Ventilated air gap Breather membrane (Secondary airtightness layer) 3x100mm Wood fibre insulation board 18mm OSB VCL (Primary airtightness layer) 12.5mm Fireboard 12.5mm Plasterboard
Ground floor - 0.11W/m2K 75mm Polished screed VCL (Primary airtightness layer) 150mm EPS rigid insulation Damp proof membrane 150mm In-situ concrete slab Compacted hardcore
Testing the fabric The typical build-up was tested using the software Psi-Therm 2D, which analyses heat losses through thermal bridges. The result showcases a thermal bridge free construction.
20oC (Internal)
0oC (External)
77
Form factor & Thermal mass The form factor represents the total heat loss surface area over the total treated floor area. The lower the value, the better. Passivhaus suggests that it should be of 3 or less.
Heat loss area Treated floor area
=
4274m2 4058m2
= 1.05
Form factor
Thermal mass is inherent in the ground floor slab and in the hearth, which runs through all floors. It minimises temperature differences and maintains the building warm in winter and cool in summer. It absorbs heat, stores it, and releases it when the temperature drops, maintaining a constant internal temperature. For it to work, it is crucial that it is well insulated, as the heat would otherwise escape through the building fabric.
Key Elements with high thermal storage capabilities Thermal envelope
78
Thermal mass
Biodiversity & Future-proofing Biodiversity
The courtyard and roof terrace enhance biodiversity, as they provide sustenance for birds and insects. A mixture of ornamental and sensorial plants and edible plants and herbs are planted. The central water bowl in the garden attracts birds, as they drink from it. These gardens within an urban block set a precedent for something which could be applied across the city of Bristol, encouraging sustainability and urban agriculture.
Future-proofing
The proposal is inherently flexible in its use, as it does not have any loadbearing partitions, and is a mere system of columns and beams, spaced at typical intervals. The columns around the atrium have been over-specified in order to withstand the addition of floor joists across the void, to maximise the floor area if needed.
In addition, if the building were to be deconstructed, the timber connections (see p.57) have been designed to ease dismantlement and future reuse of the components. Furthermore, these elements are typical sizes, which would make their reuse much more feasible.
Biodiversity plan 1:1000 79
Regulatory compliance Building specific concern Part B - Fire Safety Part M - Access & Use Construction, Design and Management Construction sequence
80 81 83 85 86
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Building specific concern with regards to BS 9999:2017 Annexes B & C of BS 9999:2017 provide further guidance on the fire safety measures regarding buildings which contain one or more atria which connects several compartment floors. Further consideration must be given to fire safety since atriums allow the spread of smoke and fire much quicker due to buoyancy. The enclosure of the atrium can significantly reduce the probability of fire smoke damage to those enclosed storeys. However, there are means by which the atrium may be kept open. For domum, the interconnection that occurs between storeys, people and stories in the hearth is paramount, as this is precisely the essence of the scheme. Therefore, the following measures have been implemented, adhering to the guidance by BS 9999:2017: • Sprinklers are fitted to the atrium, to control the fire load on the atrium base. • Natural smoke clearance systems are provided on the atrium roof. The smoke is exhausted through the chimney through buoyancy, as it is the highest point in the atrium. By articulating the chimney roof against the predominant wind direction, negative pressure is created by the extract point which subsequently helps draw air out from the chimney, increasing the exhaustion rate. • A smoke reservoir, equivalent in height to one storey, is located in the top of the atrium. • Smoke clearance system replacement air at the base of the atrium. Furthermore, and even though BS 9999:2017 permits the escape route to pass through the open atrium, the design ensures that all escape routes diverge from the atrium for further precaution.
80
Approved Document B - Fire Safety The Building Regulations 2010
The building falls under the Purpose Group 5 (Assembly & Recreation) of the Approved Document B of The Building Regulations 2010.
B1: Means of warning and escape •
• •
•
•
The building will be fitted with automatic fire detection and alarm system for early warning. A standard audio alarm will be implemented by a visual warning for those who have a hearing impediment. Travel distances do not exceed 18m where only one exit is available and 45m where two escape points are available. Two fire escape routes are provided for the lower floors, where the occupation is between 60-600 people. The second and third floors only have one fire escape route, complying with an occupation is 60 people. Escape widths are of 1500mm, unobstructed in corridors and stairs, which far exceeds the requirements for the estimated capacity (220 people require 1050mm. minimum width) but allows for the maximum usage of the building if required. Refuge areas of 1400 x 900mm are provided in stair cores for disabled users. Escape routes will be artificially lit and exits suitably signed.
B2: Internal fire spread (linings) •
•
•
• •
All partitions are enclosed by two layers of plasterboard to ensure a fire resistance of 30min. Areas of special fire hazard, such as the kitchen, are further protected to ensure 60min. resistance. Openings in such enclosures are minimised and are fire protected. Internal floors define compartments (below the 2000m2 requirements) and therefore are protected to 60min. ratings. Voids between floors are fully enclosed to 60min. ratings. See p.24 for further consideration given to the open atrium, in accordance with BS 9999:2017. Escape routes and vertical shafts are specified to a 60min. fire resistance. Where a continuous concrete shaft is unachievable (such as in the escape stair to Bragg’s Lane), a 60min fire drop-down curtain is provided. Sprinklers are installed over areas of potential fire hazards, such as the kitchen. All internal doors are to meet the fire requirements of the partition they are installed in.
B3: Internal fire spread (structure) • • •
The glulam columns and beams have been overspecified withstand charring without compromising the structural integrity of the building. The softwood joists are treated with an intumescent coat to ensure their fire protection. Cavity barriers will be installed in external walls every 20m and around every opening.
B4: External fire spread • • •
The party walls define compartment lines to the neighbouring properties. The brickwork which clads the building provides inherent fire protection of at least 60min. Movement joints are sealed with intumescent material.
B5: Access and facilities for the fire service •
A 53% of perimeter area is accessible for fire emergency vehicles. This adheres to the requirements for buildings over 2000m2 and above 11m. in height.
Ground floor strategy
Key Escape stair 1400x900 disabled refuge Increased fire enclosure to 60 min Drop down fire curtain Accessible perimeter Escape route Fire exit Assembly point
81
Basement strategy
Second floor strategy
First floor strategy
Third floor strategy
82
Approved Document M - Access & Use The Building Regulations 2010
The building adheres to the Approved Document M Volume 2 - Buildings other than dwellings of The Building Regulations 2010.
Access • • •
The access from both West Street and Bragg’s Lane is step-free and levelled with the pavement. Entrance doors are automated and have minimum widths of 1000 mm. Parking bays for disabled users are provided in the centre of the urban block.
Circulation •
• •
•
Horizontal circulation has a minimum width of 1200 mm throughout the building. Staircases are no less than 1200 mm wide with unobstructed landings at the top and bottom of each flight of 1200 mm minimum. Handrails are provided on each side of the stairs. All internal doors have a minimum width of 800mm. If glazed, manifestations will be added to comply with Approved Document K, Section 7. Three lifts are provided for general public use with minimum internal dimensions of 1100 x 1400 mm, with unobstructed manoeuvre spaces in front of 1500 x 1500 mm. Floor finishes are slip-resistant.
Sanitary Provision •
Unisex toilets, including accessible cubicles, are available in two locations on each floor. Separate sex showers are provided on the ground floor, with an accessible unit on each. The distance between accessible toilets is less than 40 m. Minimum dimensions for accessible toilets are 1500 x 2200 mm and for accessible showers 2000 x 2200 mm.
Ground floor strategy
Key Public access Private access Passenger lift Public toilets & showers Accessible toilets & showers Pedestrian access Deliveries access
83
Basement strategy
Second floor strategy
First floor strategy
Third floor strategy
84
Construction, Design and Management CDM 2015
Under the CDM 2015 Regulations, the design team must eliminate foreseeable health and safety risk to anyone building, maintaining or using the building, and, where that is not possible, take steps to reduce or control those risks.
Prior to Construction •
•
•
A CDM Principal Designer will be appointed by the contractor from the outset to assess the potential risks that may arise, assess their mitigation and brief the design team in CDM consultations which will occur throughout design and construction phases to ensure compliance and the appropriate delegation of responsibility. Prior to the commencement of any works, a full archaeological exploration of the site and a structural stability assessment of the Palace Hotel will be undertaken. Once a full survey of the Grade II listed Palace Hotel is conducted, in addition to liaison with Historic England, the proposal may be susceptible to amendments. In addition, the site will require an investigation which should flag any issues with contamination, including an asbestos survey, and natural ground gases, such as radon.
During Construction •
• •
• •
•
•
Hoarding will be erected around the site to ensure a safe working environment and prevent unauthorised access onto the site. Its extent will be decided in liaison with local authorities, to minimise disruption and allow traffic flow on both West Street and Bragg’s Lane. Propping and bracing will be used after the demolition of the existing buildings on-site to ensure the structural stability of the retained elements. To minimise the impact of noise, vibration or any inconvenience that may be caused, the work will be carried out during the appropriate hours stipulated by the local authorities. During the construction, the neighbouring residential properties will be protected from the debris and dust produced by the construction works. Phased construction will be implemented throughout the construction phase to remove risks associated with multiple activities happening at once. For example, craneage will be required to install the glulam elements and SIP panels. Phased construction will ensure that no other activities occur at the same time to limit risk to workers underneath. All workers on site will be required to wear PPE at all times, which will be provided on arrival. Appropriate record books and guidelines will be displayed in the site office. There will be a provision of harness points and scaffolding for work to be carried out at height. A site fire strategy will be agreed with the local authorities and fire safety points will be appropriately located and clearly defined.
Post Construction •
•
All windows will be cleaned by trained personnel. Opening windows will be cleaned from the inside, whilst fixed windows will be cleaned from the outside. Fixed windows at low levels will be pole washed from the ground, preventing the need for ladders. Fixed windows at high levels will require a cherry-picker and use of harnessing. An 1100 mm high parapet is ensured throughout the building to minimise the risk of falling when roof maintenance is conducted.
Site strategy
Key Site office Materials storage Hoarding Main access point Site boundary Existing buildings outline
85
Construction sequence 1
Contractor mobilised Site perimeter secured
2
Archaeological survey Assessment of structural stability of the Palace Hotel
3
Demolition of existing warehouse and shops Temporary supports for Swift & C0. faรงade and pennant stone walls Removal of remnants
4
Excavation and levelling of the site
5
Pile foundations Retaining wall and basement tanking Tree root enclosures
6
Pile caps and strip foundations Ground source heat pump In-situ ground floor slab
7
Blockwork against existing buildings Structural brickwork Glulam frame
8
Insulation above slab Screed SIP walls Softwood joists
9
MEP
10
Rigid insulation (External walls and roof) Membranes External brickwork
11
Garden structure
12
Windows (incl. Palace Hotel) External doors (incl. Palace Hotel) Roofing (incl. garden)
13
Partitions and linings Internal doors Soft landscaping
14
Make good of Palace Hotel
15
MEP
16
Floor finishes
17
FF&E fit-out
18
Handover
19
Defect liability period
86
Process Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8, 9 & 10 Week 11, 12, 13 & 14 Reflection
87 88 89 90 92 93 94 96 98 99
Brief I Site I Intent I Proposal I Elements I Tectonic I Environment I Compliance I Process
Week 1 The project began with extensive research on the topic, in order to provide a strong basis on which to ground the scheme. From the outset, this project strived to avoid any arbitrary decision-making, and instead base them on discovered parameters. Furthermore, the research provided the starting point for the design, the needs of the homeless community. Research on a wide variety of topics, from homelessness in general, alcohol and drug abuse, mental health and architecture: began to map out a wide range of requirements for the scheme. Maslow’s hierarchy was used to organise the psychological aspect of the programme, and the spaces were grouped in accordance with the needs that they were fulfilling. The research resulted in two architectural narratives. The first one sought to respond to the functional requirements of the scheme, locating each function in relation to each other and on the site. Furthermore, a simple architectural form was implemented; a house. A central gathering space, the hearth, was proposed, which opened out onto the garden. A notional understanding of the importance of personal stories began to appear.
Schedule of Accommodation and Adjacencies
Option 1 Concept
Option 2 Concept
Option 1 Ground floor plan
Option 2 Ground floor plan
Option 1 Section
Option 2 Section
The second option focused on history. It aimed to repair the neighbourhood’s erosion in its fabric and forgotten typologies. The scheme was constructed with five walls, following the burgage grain and each representing Maslow’s five needs.
Option 2 Intent
87
Week 2 The first Landscape Tutorial was really engaging, and from it, a third option appeared. The latter embodied the idea of an oasis within the urban block, acknowledging nature’s freeing and healing qualities. The orthogonal nature of the precedents analysed, particularly Islamic courtyards, such as the Alhambra, was used as a design tool in order to develop the scheme. After careful consideration with the tutor, it was decided that the first scheme was the one that had to move forward, as the key driver for any design should be function. The positive qualities of the second and third were to be retained to elevate the scheme, while still leaving such a delicate programme at the forefront of the scheme. Furthermore, the hearth started to be defined as a storytelling curator. Therefore, the fourth option appeared, as an evolution of the first and including elements from the second and third. The last iteration also revitalised the traditional shopfront activity through an exhibition space on the ground floor, formed by five pillars, which in turn evoked Maslow’s thought. Besides, storytelling became more defined, with collages exploring the importance presence (and equally lack thereof) of stories, realising that all experiences, whether shared or not, would define the space.
Option 3 Ground floor plan
People and stories coming together at the hearth
Option 3 Section
Carving light in
88
Option 4 Ground floor plan
Week 3
Desktop Review The Desktop Review was an excellent opportunity to test my ideas and the narrative, and resulted in a very engaging and fruitful conversation. The critics commended the ambition and ideas, and encouraged the further development of some and stressed the need to think about thresholds, as the proposed lacked consideration and was too overwhelming. In addition, the literal interpretation of Maslow’s pyramid was criticised, in an attempt to prevent “building the diagram”. Maslow’s theory should be used as a means of organising the psychology of the space, not the building itself. Collage impression of the hearth
Desktop Review - Pin Up
Option 4 Floor plans
Option 4 Section - Carving light in
89
Week 4 In preparation for the first Environmental Tutorial, the scheme was interrogated in order to assess how the building could use lighting, be ventilated or be heated, as well as the environmental constraints and opportunities that the site offered. After the tutorial, the lightwells were reviewed, given that they could not assist with ventilation. Thus, they were reconceived as purely lighting devices with reflective surfaces to aid bring the light down to the lower levels. Option 5 emerged as a means to incorporate the reviewed environmental assessment, positioning the spaces in relation to their daylight and ventilation requirements. The central atrium was redesigned to embody its core function: carving light into the heart of the building. A detailed study of Bristol’s sun path informed its geometry. In addition, Option 5 reviewed Maslow’s theory, in line with the comments from the desktop review. It was discovered that self-esteem is linked to feeling useful and to doing things for others. This need for achievement was translated into an exhibition space which faced the atrium. Furthermore, Self Actualization was transformed into a vertical element which connected the sky (“excelling”) to the rest of the floors (“helping others”). In addition, Love and Belongingness was presented in several parts of the scheme, as pockets of encounter, and not limited to the central hearth. During the previous week’s review, the idea of bait was discussed. “How do you bring people in?”. The solution was to bring Self Actualization (“the goal”) to the forefront, publicly showcasing how to get there and the different needs. Furthermore, the dissertation Dis-placed in the city was suggested for reading. It informed the final architectural narrative, the inhabited surface. This element was precisely what draws people in, as the homeless community inherently seek shelter in the built realm’s nooks and crannies. This added to the idea of generous and hospitable architecture, one that creates sheltered spaces for rest. This surface formed the hearth, and became the wall of memory, linking all the functions, the users and their stories.
Revisiting Maslow
Inhabited surface
Wall of memory
90
Option 5 Ground floor plan
Carving light in - studies
Option 5 Section
91
Week 5 The materiality and form started taking shape, as a result of the exploration of the local vernacular and its evolution. Massing options and elevations were tested, striving to reinstate the lost typologies in a contemporary manner, while acknowledging the passing of time by proposing sympathetic relationships to the current context. The tectonic aspect of the scheme began to materialise, as a reinterpretation of traditional timber structures paired with loadbearing elements, in this case, the inhabited structure. Materiality was used to guide the users through the space into the hearth and courtyard beyond.
Reinstating the vernacular
Massing studies - West Street
Materiality studies
92
Massing studies - Bragg’s Lane
Week 6
Interim Review The Interim Review provided very positive feedback and strengthened the clear concept and clarified unresolved elements. The inhabited surface was modified to exploit its potential, becoming a horizontal element which defined the courtyard. The roof was reimagined as a cloak which cascaded between party walls.
Inhabited surface
Roof as a cloak
Designing the roof
Interim Review - Pin Up
93
Week 7 The second Landscape Tutorial helped define the nature of the garden. The juxtaposition between an indoor atrium and an outdoor courtyard was explored, playing with the idea of inverted nolli plans. The concept engawa was introduced, in order to strengthen the meaning and inhabitation of the garden’s enclosure. The Tectonic Tutorial concluded the week. A hierarchy between materials, inspired by precedent studies, began to take shape. Details were tested in order to best materialise the hierarchy, through setbacks. The lining of the pockets in the inhabited wall was designed. In addition, the threshold and the entrance sequence were reviewed. A moment of pause, rest and shelter was achieved in the colonnade, while diminishing the overwhelming aspect of the previous entrance through the Palace Hotel.
Juxtaposed nolli diagrams
Courtyard impressions
Testing the space - dawn
Testing the space - noon
94
Landscaping plan - studies
Entrance sequence - studies
Junction studies
Materiality plan
Lining the inhabited surface
Hierarchy between elements
95
Week 8, 9 & 10 Tectonic Review
The previous week’s Landscape Tutorial suggested designing with light as a powerful design tool. Therefore, each space was analysed against its lighting requirements and the scheme was reviewed to ensure that they were all met. Lightwells were introduced into the waiting areas, bringing both light and nature into the space. Therefore, a dual nature of light was established; a sculptural void in the hearth and narrow light shafts in intimate spaces. A thorough analysis of the context started to inform the elevations. The burgage grain, horizontal datums, window surrounds and heights or change in ornamentation, were, amongst others, elements that were introduced to establish elevational compositions which related to their surroundings. The feedback from the review highlighted the lack of structural hierarchy and criticised the corporate nature of the elevations, suggesting that they should be more monolithic enclosures with perforations, slits and recesses. In addition, the second Structural Tutorial helped clarify the structural strategy, modifying the wall build-ups to ensure lateral stability.
Lighting requirements of each space
Introducing new lightwells
Brick bonds
Reviewing the floor plans
96
Analysing precedents (Fitzwilliam College by Allies & Morrison and North West Cambridge by Stanton Williams)
Material relationship to the context
Elevation studies
97
Week 11, 12, 13 & 14 Final Review
The idea of fabric, as the last element in the material hierarchy, which lets the user inhabit and control the space, was introduced. The elevations were revisited to include further references to the context, both present and past. Furthermore, the axis mundi, the hearth, was imagined as a landmark within the neighbourhood, with the same height as St Jude’s Tower to the North of the site. Its articulation was designed to help draw air out of the building when it operates in a natural ventilation mode. The Final Review feedback celebrated the touching, human nature on the scheme, praising the resolution of the issue at hand with “sensitivity, intelligence and cultural awareness�. In addition, it highlighted the ambition to heal both the users and the deteriorated urban context. To conclude, it acknowledged the spatial generosity of the scheme, balanced with the sincerity and modesty of the construction.
Designing the chimney
Adding fabric elements to the plans
98
Elevation studies
Reflection
This project is the culmination of four years of undergraduate studies at the University of Bath. As the pinnacle of my academic achievements, it showcases the type of architecture that I believe to be successful: that of its people and of its place. This project was grounded on extensive research, including interviews, as I consider that it is only through expertise, however limited, that someone may make a meaningful proposition. This proposal has offered me the opportunity to dive into unknown disciplines, such as psychology, which has been extremely rewarding. Architecture has the ability to bring together different curriculums, and by doing so, the layering of ideas and fields enriches the result. In addition, I believe that architecture can heal places, communities, people and their stories; and domum modestly strives to do so. Throughout the project, Tutorials and Reviews have defined the trail of thought, suggesting new possibilities and interrogating existing ones. In addition, I took every opportunity to enhance the scheme by doing further research, in an effort to elevate the proposal and add depth to it. As I conclude this chapter, I can’t help but ask myself what would I do next, and most importantly, what would I have done differently. With regards to the first question, I would visit each room, each corner, each moment in the building; and customise its light, texture, sound and smell, in order to add depth and understanding to every aspect of the scheme. I would closely look at each piece of furniture, and explore their ergonomic potential, as it is in the furniture where the users and the architecture intertwine. On the other hand, if I were to start again, I would look at the housing aspect of the scheme, which completes the urban block. Not only does it heal the deteriorated fabric, but it also represents the goal toward which the homeless community strive for. Pairing a social housing development which truly understands the needs of these dwellers, with the proposed day centre, would complete the narrative. It would result in a much-needed symbiotic proposal, mending the city of Bristol and its people. Ralf Merten Modolell June 2020
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References Notes 1. Bristol City Council, 2019b 2. Bristol City Council, 2018 3. Bristol City Council, 2019b 4. Bristol City Council, 2018 5. Fisher, K. and Collins, J., 1993 6. Homeless Link, 2017 7. Courtenay, T., 2018 8. Williams, R. and Avebury, K., 1995, p.38 9. Courtenay, T., 2018, p.265 10. Bristol City Council 2018 11. Bristol City Council, 2019a 12. Bristol City Council, 2019b 13. Bristol City Council, 2019b 14. Bristol City Council, 2019b 15. Bristol City Council, 2019b, p.5 16. Bristol City Council, 2019b 17. Homeless Link, 2018 18. Homeless Link, 2018 19. Williams, R. and Avebury, K., 1995 20. Courtenay, T., 2018 21. Scutella, R. and Johnson, G., 2017 22. Bristol City Council, 2019c 23. Homeless Link, 2018 24. Homeless Link, 2018, p.19 25. Bristol City Council, 2008 26. Bristol City Council, 2008 27. Historic England, 2011 28. Bristol City Council, 2008 29. Bristol City Council, 2008 30. Homeless Link, n.d. 31. Harris, C., 2006, p.82 32. Semper, G., 1989 33. Pallasmaa, J., 2012 34. Griffin, E., 2008 35. Maslow, A., 1968, p.169 36. Manifold, M., 2017, p.360 37. Furneaux-Blick, S., 2019 38. Foyle, A., 2004 39. Semper, G., 1989, p.102 40. Alexander, C., 1977, p.839-842 41. Griffin, E., 2008, p.130 42. Unwin, S., 2014, p.230 43. Channon, B., 2018 44. Lehrman, J., 1980 45. Lehrman, J., 1980 46. Lehrman, J., 1980 47. Lehrman, J., 1980 48. Soga, M., Gaston, K. and Yamaura, Y., 2016 49. Soga, M., Gaston, K. and Yamaura, Y., 2016 50. Soga, M., Gaston, K. and Yamaura, Y., 2016 51. Starling, L. A., 2016, p.225 52. Bristol City Council, 2019b 53. No One Left Out: Solutions Ltd for Westminster City Council, 2015, p.2 54. Casson, J., 1999; Connellan, K., Gaardboe, M., Riggs, D., Due, C., Reinschmidt, A. and Mustillo, L., 2013; Channon, B., 2018 55. Williams, R. and Avebury, K., 1995 56. Historic England, 2011 57. Spiller, B., 1972 58. Sandiford, P. and Divers, P., 2014 59. Channon, B., 2018 60. Semper, G., 1989 61. Bristol City Council, 2008 62. Foyle, A., 2004 63. Wong, J., 2014, p.235 64. Souter-Brown, G., 2015 65. Su, Y., Han, H., Riffat, S. and Patel, N., 2010
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AR30022 Design Studio 4.2 Undergraduate Thesis Project Ralf Merten Modolell I University of Bath I June 2020