Camera Traps
Introduction Species inventories are an essential tool for any conservation initiative. Knowledge of the existing wildlife in a region, the species diversity and distributional pattern of species, is the important information to design meaningful conservation strategies. Camera traps have been identified as useful non-invasive tools to create such inventories and are now being used extensively across differing types of ecosystems for documentation and monitoring of wildlife populations. The tropical forests of Nagaland have been subjected to intensive hunting, large scale landscape changes and high levels of anthropogenic disturbances. Under such circumstances, wildlife often tends to be shy and tools like camera traps become essential to collect evidences of surviving species. Another factor that supports the use of camera traps to document wildlife in such regions is the inhospitable terrain that makes foot surveys over large areas difficult. Therefore, camera trapping was conducted across eight sites in Nagaland to gather evidences of species in the region. These sites include: S. No. Camera trapping site
District
Date
No. of days
1.
Intanki National Park
Peren
22nd May to 30th May
7 days
2.
Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary
Kiphire
29th May to 4th June
7 days
3.
Shatuya Community Forest
Phek
7 June to 13 June
7 days
4.
Khonoma
Kohima
8th May to 21st May
Approx 10 days
5.
Singhpan
Mokokchung
14th May to 18th May
5 days
6.
Dzulekie
Kohima
21st May to 2nd June
Approx 10 days
7.
Benreu
Peren
2nd to 7th June
6 days
8.
Saramati region
Kiphire
10th May to 5th June
27 days
th
th
Despite several limitations of the study, some rare species were photo-captured. The species trapped across all sites include (description of each species given separately in the report): S. No. Category
Species photo-captured
1.
Small cat
Leopard Cat
2.
Ungulate
Barking Deer
3.
Mustelidae
Yellow-bellied Weasel and Ferret Badger species
4.
Viverridae
Himalayan Palm Civet
5.
Prionodontidae
Spotted Linsang
6.
Hystricidae
7.
Tupaiidae
Undetermined species
8.
Squirrels
Undetermined species
9.
Others (Talpidae, Soricidae, Muridae) Undetermined species
Himalayan Crestless Porcupine and Asiatic brushtailed Porcupine
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Camera Traps
The major limitations of the survey were: a) Very short camera-trapping period - this region with its low species abundances needs long term monitoring to get an accurate idea of species distribution in the region. b) Small areas covered during camera trapping- the hypothesized low species abundances in the region and high levels of disturbance would mean larger home ranges of animals. Thus, large areas need to be camera trapped. c) Few camera trap units. d) Survey conducted during monsoon. Future camera trapping exercises in the region need to address the above limitations. Systematically conducted camera trap surveys would not only allow collection of high quality base-line data for the region but also allow reliable evaluation of the long term conservation objectives of such projects in the State.
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Camera Traps
Birds in camera traps
Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 31st May, 2011 Time: 08:26 AM. IUCN Status: Least concern.
Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola with chicks Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 4th June, 2011 Time: 05:27 AM IUCN Status: Least concern.
115
Camera Traps Black-breasted Thrush Turdus dissimilis Location: Khonoma, Kohima district. Date: 13th May, 2011 Time: 05:36 PM IUCN Status: Least concern.
Black-breasted Thrush Turdus dissimilis Location: Khonoma, Kohima district. Date: 16th May, 2011 Time: 03:54 PM IUCN Status: Least concern.
116
Camera Traps Blue-winged Laughingthrush Trochalopteron squamatum Location: Khonoma, Kohima district. Date: 17th May, 2011 Time: 08:21 AM IUCN Status: Least concern.
Yellow-cheeked Tit Parus spilonotus. Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 11th June, 2011 Time: 03:48 PM IUCN Status: Least concern.
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Camera Traps
Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 12th June, 2011 Time: 01:02 PM IUCN Status: Least concern.
Spot-breasted Scimitar Babbler Pomatorhinus erythrocnemis Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 13th June, 2011 Time: 09:22 AM IUCN Status: Least concern.
118
Camera Traps Spotted Forktail Enicurus maculatus Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district. Date: 27th May, 2011 Time: 11:39 AM IUCN Status: Least concern.
Spotted Forktail Enicurus maculatus Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district. Date: 29th May, 2011 Time: 04:45 AM IUCN Status: Least concern.
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Camera Traps Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district. Date: 25th May, 2011 Time: 01:04 PM IUCN Status: Least concern.
Mountain Bamboo Partridge Bambusicola fytchii Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district. Date: 2nd June, 2011 Time: 12:26 PM IUCN Status: Least concern.
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Camera Traps
Ferret-badger Ferret-badger Melogale sp. Order: Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Ferret- badgers derive their name from a combination of features that they have in common with weasels and badgers. They are weasel like in their abilities to climb trees and badger like in appearance with a long snout and non-retractile claws with broad paws that equip them for digging. Two Melogale species, the Large-toothed (M. personata) and the Small-toothed (M. moschata) Ferret-badger are found in the north-eastern parts of India and have an overlapping distributional range. While both of them are taxonomically different, they have a similar physical appearance and thus are difficult to differentiate with certainty without establishing physical contact with them. The Small-toothed Ferret-badger can be differentiated from the Large-toothed on basis of a smaller size, shorter tail and a short, narrow white stripe on the head that generally does not go beyond the shoulder. The Large-toothed on the other hand has a white stripe on the back of the neck that usually extends at least to the mid-body and may even extend up to the tail. Also, the Large-toothed weighs almost twice as much as the Small-toothed, although that might not be a clear distinguishing character in field. A definite way to differentiate between the two species is through observing the dentition of the two species which is considerably different. Both species found in India are predominantly nocturnal and usually terrestrial, although they may climb trees. Distribution: The Small-toothed and the Large- toothed Ferret-badgers cover a diversity of habitat types that include forests, grasslands and agricultural areas. They may also be found in proximity to human habitation. However, their distribution in India is restricted to the north-eastern region of the country. Globally, the two species share a small region of overlap which includes north-east India, small part of Myanmar and Vietnam. The range of M. moschata includes parts of southeast and central China including Taiwan, northern Myanmar and Vietnam while M. personata occupies southern parts of south-east Asia that include Nepal, north-east India, southern Myanmar, southern China, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Conservation status: Wildlife (Protection Act), 1972: Schedule II; IUCN- M. moschata- Least concern and M. personata- Data deficient; not listed on CITES.
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Ferret-badger
Location: Khonoma (near a burrow close to the road), Kohima district (25.62895 N 094.00136 E).
Location: Khonoma (tunnel under a path), Kohima district (25.65199 N 094.00789 E). 122
Camera Traps
Ferret-badger
Location: Khonoma (Road between Khonoma and Mezoma), Kohima district (25.639944 N 94.018944 E). Date: 16th May, 2011 Time: 10:04 PM
Location: Khonoma (near a burrow close to road), Kohima district (25.62895 N 094.00136 E). 123
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Ferret-badger
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district. Date: 13th May, 2011 Time: 09:52 PM
124
Camera Traps
Himalayan Palm Civet Himalayan Palm Civet Paguma larvata Order: Carnivora Family: Viverridae The Himalayan Palm Civet, also known as the Masked Palm Civet due to its white and grey-black facial markings is known to inhabit a diversity of habitat types ranging from deciduous to evergreen forests. While the species is under much taxonomic debate, up to 16 sub-species of Himalayan Palm Civet have been identified so faralthough some taxonomists recognise only six of them. The species is common around human habitation and primarily exhibits a nocturnal and arboreal behaviour. It can be differentiated from other species of palm civets by its white whiskers and a coat devoid of any striped or spotted patterns. Distribution: The species has the widest distribution of all civet species in India, spanning across the western, central and eastern Himalaya from Kashmir to the northeastern region through Nepal. The distribution further extends into Myanmar, south China, Thailand, Cambodia, Sumatra and Borneo. The species is also known to occur in Andaman Islands and some uncertain reports exist of it being found in Japan. Conservation status: Wildlife (Protection Act), 1972: Schedule II, Part II; IUCNLeast concern; Indian population listed on CITES Appendix III.
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 11th June, 2011 Time: 07:04 PM 125
Camera Traps
Indian Muntjac Indian Muntjac Muntiacus muntjak Order: Cetartiodactyla Family: Cervidae The Indian or the Red Muntjac is a common ungulate of the deciduous and evergreen forests. It is also often seen on forest edges in cultivated areas and plantations. Usually the species exhibits solitary behaviour and is commonly hunted in the north-eastern parts of India. About ten sub-species of the Red Muntjac have been recognised although some taxonomists suggest combining these sub-species into three distinct species- M. muntjak in the Malaysian region; M. montanus in Sumatra and M. vaginalis in southern and southeastern Asia. Distribution: The Indian Muntjac is widely distributed in India. With the exception of the drier areas in the west and the extreme northern regions, the species inhabits most forested habitats of India. Three sub-species of the muntjac are known from India. These include, M. m. vaginalis in northern India; M. m. allieus in southern India and M. m. malabaricus in the Malabar region and Sri Lanka. The species was also introduced on the Andaman Islands. Globally the species has a vast distribution spanning across most parts of south and south-east Asia including Pakistan, southern China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Malaysia, Java and Borneo. Conservation status: Wildlife (Protection Act), 1972: Schedule III; IUCN- Least concern; Not listed on CITES.
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary (25⁰ 48.364’ N, 95⁰ 00.865’ E), Kiphire district. Date: 2nd June, 2011 Time: 6:28 PM 126
Camera Traps
Indian Muntjac
Location: Shatuya Community Forest, Phek district. Date: 12th June, 2011 Time: 05:59 AM
Location: Shatuya Community Forest, Phek district. Date: 12th June, 2011 Time: 9:33 AM 127
Camera Traps
Leopard Cat Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae It is one of the most common small cats found in India with 12 recognised subspecies globally. The species is distributed across a range of habitat types encompassing grasslands, evergreen forests, coniferous and broadleaf forests up to elevations of 3000 m. Leopard cats are known to be good swimmers and the presence of water is an important determinant for their distribution. The species is nocturnal and usually solitary. The body size and coat pattern of the species varies extensively across its range with individuals from the far north (Russia and north China) being very different in appearance from those in southern Asia. Distribution: Leopard Cat subspecies P. b. bengalensis is found across much of India except parts of western and central India. They are known to have the broadest distribution for any small felid spanning across most of India to Southeast Asia and further north up to Russia. Conservation status: Wildlife (Protection Act), 1972: Schedule I; IUCN- Least concern; Indian population listed on CITES Appendix I.
Location: Shatuya Community Forest, Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 11th June, 2011 Time: 03:10 AM
128
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Porcupines Order: Rodentia Family: Hystricidae The family constitutes of the largest rodents found on the Indian sub-continent with three species, all of which belong to the old world porcupines. Of these, the Asiatic Brush tailed Porcupine and the Himalayan Crestless Porcupine are distributed across much of north-east India and are commonly persecuted in this part of the country. Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine is the most endangered of the three porcupine species found in India. It is smaller than the Himalayan Crestless Porcupine and has a long body and tail, the latter of which is spineless for most part. The species is nocturnal and burrows in tree hollows, rocky crevices and tree roots during the day. Distribution: It is found in north-east India, central and southern China, Myanmar and mainland south-east Asia. Major threats: Hunting and deforestation. Conservation Status: IUCN Status- least concern; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Schedule II and not listed in CITES.
Location: Intanki National Park, Peren district (25.619743 N, 93.497016 E). Date: 28th May, 2011 129
Camera Traps
Porcupines
Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district (N 25.623167 E 93.930956). Date: 28th May, 2011 Time: 06:25 PM
130
Camera Traps
Porcupines Himalayan Crestless Porcupine Hystrix brachyura Also called the Hodgson’s Porcupine, the Himalayan Crestless Porcupine is the most common species of porcupine found in north-east India and is highly adaptable. It occurs in forested areas and grasslands and is common around agricultural areas. It has a short tail and a short dorsal crest. The quills have one dark band unlike the Indian porcupine which has multiple dark bands. Distribution: It is found from central to eastern Himalaya spanning across the state of West Bengal and the north-eastern states in India up to an elevation of 1500 m. It is also found in Nepal, central and southern China and throughout south-east Asia. Major threats: Hunting and deforestation. Conservation status: IUCN Status- least concern; Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Schedule II and not listed in CITES.
Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district (25.62609 N, 93.95963 E). Date: 22nd May, 2011 Time: 09:44 PM
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Muridae and Talpidae Order: Insectivora and Rodentia Family: Talpidae and Soricidae (Insectivora) and Muridae (Rodentia) This section comprises primarily of the two families: a) M uridae (rats, mice, bandicoots, voles, gerbils, house rats, field rats, wood rats, bush rats, bamboo rats, dormice, tree mice and birch mice) and b) Talpidae (moles and shrews). The family Muridae with over 250 genera and over 1000 species is distributed widely across the globe and is the largest family in the mammalian world. Apart from Antarctica and some islands, they are found almost all across the world and usually considered vermin. However, many species are rare and threatened. The family Soricidae comprises of shrews and has about 20 genera, also with a distribution across most parts of the world apart from the Australasia, the Arctic and some other islands. Although shrews are often grouped with rats and mice, they are smaller with short legs and a long pointed nose. Moles on the other hand are a part of the family Talpidae and constitute a small group with about 12 genera and about 30 species found in Asia, Europe and North America. Most species within this family spend large parts of their lives in extensive tunnelsystems underground and are adapted for the same with often vestigial eyes and a streamlined body to allow for movement in the burrows. Two species of moles are found in India, both with a distribution in the north-eastern regions, the Short-tailed Mole (Euroscaptor micrura) and the White-tailed Mole (Parascaptor leucura).
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Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district. Date: 26th May, 2011 Time: 06:54 PM
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 29th May, 2011 Time: 07:01 PM
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Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 30th May, 2011 Time: 07:05 PM
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 31th May, 2011 Time: 06:58 PM
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Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 3rd June, 2011 Time: 03:18 AM
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 1st June, 2011 Time: 06:40 PM
135
Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 2nd June, 2011 Time: 07:15 PM
Location: Fakim Wildlife Sanctuary, Kiphire district. Date: 30th May, 2011 Time: 11:39 PM
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Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district.
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district.
137
Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district. Date: 16th May, 2011 Time: 06:52 PM
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district. Date: 17th May, 2011 Time: 01:01 AM 138
Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 8th June, 2011 Time: 02:13 AM
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 11th June, 2011 Time: 07:02 PM
139
Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 13th June, 2011 Time: 02:07 AM
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 7th June, 2011 Time: 11:31 PM
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Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 8th June, 2011 Time: 02:20 AM
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 7th June, 2011 Time: 08:12 PM 141
Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 10th June, 2011 Time: 08:46 PM
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 12th June, 2011 Time: 02:25 AM 142
Camera Traps
Muridae and Talpidae
Location: Shatuza, Phek district. Date: 12th June, 2011 Time: 01:38 AM
143
Camera Traps
Spotted Linsang Spotted Linsang Prionodon pardicolor Order: Carnivora Family: Prionodontidae The Spotted Linsang belongs to the oriental linsangs and has recently been placed in the family Prionodontidae from the earlier Viverridae. The species lacks the scent glands found in civets and has 6-7 dark bands on the tail which is almost as long as the head and body put together. They have a spotted pattern on the body and limbs and are relatively uncommon. While very little information exists on their ecology, they are known to inhabit a range of habitat types and can be found up to elevations as high as 2700 m and higher. They are generally arboreal and dwell in tree hollows exhibiting a nocturnal behaviour. Distribution: The species is found in eastern Himalaya from Nepal to Myanmar, in the north-eastern hills, central and south China, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Of the two sub-species of the Spotted Linsang, P. p. pardicolor is found in Nepal, Bhutan, north-east India and northern Myanmar while P. p. presina is distributed over south China, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. Conservation Status: Wildlife (Protection Act), 1972: Schedule I, Part I; IUCN- Least concern; listed on CITES Appendix I.
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 11th June, 2011 Time: 01:57 AM
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Camera Traps
Squirrels Order: Rodentia Family: Sciuridae Squirrels belong to the Order Rodentia which also comprises of porcupines, rats, mice and marmots amongst other groups. It thus is one of the largest mammalian orders and almost 40% of the mammals of the world fall in this group. There are about 27 species of squirrels found in India alone. These include the nocturnal flying squirrels (subfamily Petauristinae) and tree squirrels (subfamily Sciurinae). In India, tree squirrels comprise of the three species of giant squirrels (Ratufini tribe), five species of palm or striped squirrels (Funambulini tribe); one striped squirrel of the Tamiops genus and about five species of non-striped diurnal squirrels (Callosciurini tribe) found in north-east India. The Callosciurini tribe in India is restricted to the north-east regions and includes: The red-cheeked squirrels of a) Dremomys genus comprise of species such as the orange bellied Himalayan squirrel (Dremomys lokriah), red-cheeked squirrel (D. rufigenis), and the Perny’s long-nosed squirrel (D. pernyi), while b) The Callosciurus genus comprises of species such as the hoary bellied or Irrawaddy squirrel (C. pygerythrus) and the red bellied or Pallas’s squirrel (C. erythraeus). Conservation status: All non-striped diurnal squirrels found in India are categorised as least concern on IUCN and are not listed on the CITES.
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 10th June, 2011 Time: 11:54 AM 145
Camera Traps
Squirrels
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 9th June, 2011 Time: 06:35 AM
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 12th June, 2011 Time: 04:29 AM 146
Camera Traps
Squirrels
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 10th June, 2011 Time: 09:11 AM
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 8th June, 2011 Time: 03:50 PM 147
Camera Traps
Squirrels
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 11th June, 2011 Time: 04:35 AM
Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district Date: 26th May, 2011 Time: 05:24 AM 148
Camera Traps
Squirrels
Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district Date: 26th May, 2011 Time: 10:11 AM
Location: Dzulekie, Kohima district Date: 26th May, 2011 Time: 10:11 AM 149
Camera Traps
Tree Shrews Order: Scandentia Family: Tupaiidae
Some taxonomists suggest that the family Tupaiidae be grouped with the order primates while others support its inclusion with Insectivora. However, in recent times it has been placed in an order of its own called Scandentia. About 19 species of treeshrews have been identified so far and belong to either the subfamily Tupaiinae or Ptilocercinae. Most treeshrews are terrestrial and diurnal in their behaviour, although some may be arboreal and nocturnal. Of the two species of treeshrews found in India, the Northern Treeshrew (Tupaia belangeri) has a distribution in the north-eastern parts of the country. Like most other tree-shrews, the species bears a close resemblance to squirrels and can often be difficult to identify, especially through camera trap images which are sometimes not very clear. Usually the species can be separated from squirrels by the absence of long whiskers and the presence of a long, narrow snout. Distribution: The distribution of the order Scandentia is restricted to south-east Asia. The two species found in India include the Madras Treeshrew (Anathana ellioti) south of the Ganges and the NorthernTreeshrew in the north-eastern regions. The Northern Treeshrew has a vast distribution and is found in north-eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, southern China, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Usually the species is found in regions with tropical forest, although they are also common around agricultural areas. Conservation status: Wildlife (Protection Act), 1972- Not listed; IUCN- Least concern; listed on CITES Appendix II.
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district (25.65199 N 094.00789 E) 150
Camera Traps
Tree Shrews
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district Date: 14th May, 2011 Time: 07:50 AM
Location: Shatuza, Phek district Date: 12th June, 2011 Time: 08:15 AM 151
Camera Traps
Yellow-bellied Weasel Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela kathiah Order: Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Weasels are small mustelids with a large distribution across the northern hemisphere. They are adapted to hunting small mammals such as rodents that dwell underground. Of the five species of weasels found in India, the Yellow-bellied Weasel is the least known. It is a medium sized weasel with a dark brown back and a yellow ventral side. Unlike the pale weasel, it has a non-bushy tail ending in a black tip. Distribution: The species is found across most parts of the western Himalaya up to an elevation of over 5000 m. Its distribution spans across northern India, Nepal, Bhutan, parts of north-east India, Myanmar, parts of south and east China, northern parts of Thailand, Vietnam and Laos. In some parts of its range such as Hong Kong it is also known from areas close to sea level. Conservation status: Wildlife (Protection Act), 1972: Schedule II; IUCN- Least concern; Indian population listed on CITES Appendix III.
Location: Khonoma, Kohima district Date: 14th May, 2011 Time: 07:34 PM
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Camera Traps
References Menon, V. 2003. A field guide to Indian Mammals. Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Limited, Delhi. Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983. Walker’s Mammals of the World: 4th Edition. Volume I. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983. Walker’s Mammals of the World: 4th Edition. Volume II. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London. Prater, S.H. 1971. The Book of Indian Animals. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai and the Oxford University Press, Delhi. Wagchuk, T., Thinley, P., Tshering, K., Tshering, C., Yonten, D. and Pema, B. 2004. Field guide to the Mammals of Bhutan. Department of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Government of Bhutan, Thimphu. Wilson, D.E and Mittermeier, R.A. eds. 2009. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 1. Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Wilson, D.E and Mittermeier, R.A. eds. 2009. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Volume 2. Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Websites accessed: www.iucnredlist.org - accessed between 1st January, 2012 and 20th February, 2012. http://envfor.nic.in/legis/wildlife/wildlife1.html - accessed between 1st January, 2012 and 20th February, 2012. http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/species.html - accessed between 1st January, 2012 and 20th February, 2012.
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Captive animals underline the urgent need for an animal rescue centre
Leopard Cat kitten brought home by a hunter after killing his mother.
Captive Slow Loris found at Mokukchong
Captive Common Palm Civets