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IT? T H E OOUSTHCCIi A N D E N C L O S E D
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T R I A L FOR'ARKSD I N S U R R E C T I O N ' - ROKE, OORTROOM-JUNKER.
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18.5.89.
I n t h i s t r i a l , w h i c h i s now drawing t o a c l o s e , we have been p r e s e i at a f u r t h e r a t t e m p t t o a f f i r m t h e c o n c l u s i o n and a d i s t o r t e d h i s t o r y o f t h e EH eaiperienoej so as t h e a t t e n j j t t o use t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e throw t h e p o l i t i c a l a t t a c k a g a i n i t the g u e r r i l l a t h r o u g h p r o p o s a l s o f p a c i f i o a t l o n a n d ' p o l i t i c a l s o l u t i o n * . Therefore we r e g a r d as necessary ±B making some p r e c i s z b u n a t i o n s txK±k±xxx*&tx£x about these m a t t e r s .
Since t h e i r c o n s t i t u t i o n , the Red Brigades pursued t h e s t r a t e g y o f the p r o t r a c t e d class-war, i n the fundamental f o r m o f the m e t r o p o l i t a n g u e r r i l l a , t o o v e r t h r o w the p r e s e n t p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l ays-em, t o t h r o w down a S t a t e w i t h a democracy r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e advanced cap i t a l i s m and t o r e a l i z e a way o f p r o d u c t i o n and o f l i f e w h i c h i a f r e a J f r o m t h e v a r i o u s forms o f o p p r e s s i o n . On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s s t r a t e g i c o r i e n t a t i o n and, above a l l , on t h e basis o f t h e p r a x i s , a r e v o l u t i o n a r y process has begun i n I t a l y . Because o f o b j e c t i v e and s u b j e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s , o f i n t e r n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r d e r , t h e r e wasn't, and t h e r e i s n ' t , the power t o a r r i v e at a s w i f t o v e r t h r o w o f the p r e s e n t r e a l i t y . THe times o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e s o c i e t y are l o n g , b u t the g u e r r i l l a i s s t r a t e g i c a l l y aijd t a c t i c a l l y i n d i s p e n s a b l e t o a c c e l e r a t e , s t r e n g t h e n a n d d r e c t the process o f the p r o l e t a r i a n and s o c i a l l i b e r a t i o n from the barbarousness o f a more and more r o t t e n and inhuman system. o u s t f o r t h i s purpose the Rl/VCO oontlTro.n ro a c t - tfcer w » r l m f i o f f d o i n g i t - i n s p i t e o f the a s s a s s i n a t i o n s , t h e t o r t u r e s , the a r r e s t and t h e h a r d c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h the ooiffiunist f i g h t e r s had t o a c t , i n f r o n t o f t h e c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n i n these y e a r s . D u r i n g xjta 1 9 8 8 t h e r e were dozens of a r r e s t s o f BR/PCC oomrades and o t h e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y m i l i t a n t s . F o r t h i s reason t h e boards o f the a n t i g u e r r i l l a and t h e s e c r e t s e r v i c e s hoped to use t h e t r i a l f o r ' i n s u r r e c t i o n ' as a b i g mass-mediate s p e c t a c l e i n w h i c h i t was p o s s i b l e to advpr t i s e t h a t who a b j u r e t h e p r e s e n t and f u t u r e n e c e s s i t y of t h e g u e r r i l l a . I f t h i s c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y hope d i d n ' t come t r u e i n the augured way, thiB i s so, above a l l , because, o u t s i d e t h i s courtroom-hunker, t h e T J R / P C C c o n t i n u e to s t r u g g l e ) b u t t h i s i s so a l s o because i n t h i s t r i a l t h e r e a r e many p r i s o n e r s who r e f u s e d and r e f u s e t o s e l l t h e i r own ideas in exchange f o r some p e r s o n a l p r i v i l e g e and who, y e t i n d i f f e r e n t ways, defended and defend t h e i r own communist and r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e n t i t y . I n these y e a r s the S t a t e made a l l t h e p o s s i b l e f o r t r y i n g to deotro the i d e n t i t y o f the p r i s o n e r s o f the g u e r r i l l a and the r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement. I t deepened t h e d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f t h e t r e a t m e n t , by g i v i n g wide p r i v i l e g e s t o the e x - r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r i s o n e r s . I t u s e d the t o r t u r e and the l a w i n b e h a l f o f the' d x n u x s i x d ' r e p e n t a n t s ' i n a complementar way. I t made a l a w i n b e h a l f o f the * d i s s o c i a t e d ' , and a f t e r spread th p r o p o s a l * o f ' p o l i t i c a l s o l u t i o n ' o f t h e q u e s t i o n o f the g u e r r i l l a ' s p r i s o n e r s i n exchange f o r the c e s s a t i o n o f t h e armed s t r u g g l e and t h e revolutionary activity. The p r o p o s a l o f ' p o l i t i c a l s o l u t i o n ' i s i n c l u d e d i n what i s the a t tempt o f ' f o r c e d p a c i f i c a t i o n ' i n v,'est3urope, t o e l i m i n a t e the main ' i n t e r n a l enemy' o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , t o destros' the g u e r r i l l a and t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e s .
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T h i s a t t e m p t , a r r a n g e d a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l i n the s o - t o l d ' a n t i t e r r o r i s m summits' and managed more and more d i r e c t l y by the s e c r e t s e v i c e s , aims t o develop the p s y c h o l o g i c a l w a r f a r e a l s o t h r o u g h the i n s t r u m e n t a l a n d c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y use o f c e r t a i n p r i s o n e r s who, i n p a s t t i m e s , were m i l i t a n t s o f the f i g h t i n g r e v o l u t i o n a r y organisations I t aims t o u s e t h e p r i s o n e r s who a b j u r e the p r e s e n t n e c e s s i t y of the g u e r r i l l a f o r a t t a c k i n g the r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s who are s t i l l f i g h t i n g . I t i s n ' t a m i s t e r y f o r nobody t h a t the I t a l i a n s t a t e has p u t i t s e l as a vanguard i n t h i s a t t e m p t , g i v i n g p r e c i s e a d v i c e s to. t h e o t h e r s t a t e s i n WestBurope. The message, w h i o h t h e y want t o make p a s s , 1 B f i a t c the supposed i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f a r e v o l u t i o n a r y o u t l e t o f t h e c l a s s - c o n f l i c t ; t h a t o f t h e supposed i m p r a c t i c a b i l i t y o f t h e g u e r r i l l a i n the c e n t r a l c o u n t r i e s o f the i n t e r n a t i o n a l o a p i t a l i s t i o system. They want t h e l o y a l i s m t o t h e p r e s e n t p o l i t i o a l and s o c i a l system, as a supposed ground f o r t h e s o l u t i o n o f the c l a s s - c o n f l i o t s . Yet t h i a t t e m p t cannot pass w i t h o u t a t o t a l d e s t r u c t i o n o f the g u e r r i l l a and r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e s , w i t h o u t a d e s t r u c t i o n o f the g u e r r i l l a s ' a revolu t i o n a r y s t r a t e g y , j u s t because t h i s i s the o n l y s t r a t e g y a b l e t o f a c e the reached s t a g e o f the contemporary o a p i t a l i e m . I n t h i s s i g h t , the d e c i s i o n o f making t h e t r i a l f o r ' i n s u r r e c t i o n ' had a c e r t a i n l o g i c f r o m the c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y p o i n t o f v i e w , by l e a v e o f whom,who had d e a l t i t as an ' o b s o l e t e emergency's p r o d u o t ' . The t r i a l f o r ' i n s u r r e c t i o n ' s h o u l d have been a moment o f t h i s a t taint of c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y p a c i f i c a t i o n ; s h o u l d have been f i t f o r n t h r o w i n g t h e p u t r e s c e n t debate a b o u t the ' p o l i t i c a l s o l u t i o n ' , w i t h th aim of d e s t r o y i n g t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y i d e n t i t y o f the p r i s o n e r s of the g u e r r i l l a a n d o f a t t a c k i n g w h a t e v e r development's h y p o t h e s i s o f the gu r i l l a ' s strategy. A l r e a d y , i n many o t h e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s , we expressed our p o s i t i o n , t p o s i t i o n o f t h e BR/PCC about t h e ' p o l i t i c a l s o l u t i o n ' . I n t h i s moment, we o n l y want t o add t h a t f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r i soners o f t h e g u e r r i l l a , s t r u g g l i n g f o r t h e l i b e r a t i o n means e t r u g g l i n f o r the l i b e r a t i o n o f the whole p r o l e t a r i a t f r o m the o p p r e s s i o n by t h e e x i s t e n t p o l i t i o a l and s o c i a l eyetem. As communists, we c e r t a i n l y don' d i s r e g a r d t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y aim o f the l i b e r a t i o n o f the g u e r r i l l a ( s p r i s o n e r s s h u t u p i n t h e i m p e r i a l i s m ' > p r i s o n s , b u t we t h i n k t h a t one never can p r e s c i n d f r o m t h e g e n e r a l and p a r t i c u l a r balance o f powers between r e v o l u t i o n and i m p e r i a l i s m and t h a t o n l y i t s change i n our f a v o u r can make t h i s s l o g a n o o n o r e t e . The r e v o l u t i o n a r y w e l l know t h a t t h e r e a r e no e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s r l e , * s o as t h e y w e l l know t h a t t o d a y e v e r y p r o p o s a l o f amnesty i s i n e v i t a b l y used by t h e s t a t e a c t i n g as a n t i - g u e r r i l l a weapon. xHxwJtti Moreover, we want t o emphasise t h a t , o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l a l s o i n the n e a r e s t c o u n t r i e s , t h e r e i s a f f i r m i n g t h e b e s t answer w h i o one can g i v e t o t h e l a t e s t a t t e m p t s by the i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e t o d e s t r o y t h e f i g h t i n g oommunist and r e v o l u t i o n a r y f o r c e s . I n West Germany the r a d i o a t i o n o f the RAP a n d the R e s i s t e n o e movement i s s t r e n g t h e n i n g . I n Spain t h e f i g h t i n g p r a c t i c e o f the ETA and C-RAPO has s t a r t e d a g a i n ; i n N o r t h I r e l a n d and abroad the s t r u g g l e o f the IRA i s d e v e l o p i n g ; i n Greece the f i g h t i n g p r a c t i c e by the o r g a n l z a t i o n ' 1 7 november' and o t h e r r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d a n t i m p e r i a l i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s i s g o i n g on; i n Turkey t h e g u e r r i l l a by t h e DEV/SOL has s t a r t e d a g a i n , and the armed s t r u g g l e b y the K u r d i s h f i g h t e r s o f the PKK i s - 2 -
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c o n t i n u i n g } i n P a l e s t i n e , t h r o u g h the d a i l y s t r u g g l e and t h e u p r i s i n g a g a i n s t t h e I s r a e l i o c c u p a t i o n f o r c e s , t h e embryo o f a new p o l i t i c a l s o c i a l system i s d e v e l o p i n g ; besides b e i n g an example f o r t h g a r a b ma see oppressed by the puppet-regimes d i r e c t e d by the US, i t ' s v e r y important f a c t o r o f strengthening f o r the r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t r u g g l e i n world.
I n I t a l y , our o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e 2R/PCC, a f t e r the h a r d s t r o k e s ma de by t h e o o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a g a i n s t the whole r e v o l u t i o n a r y movement i n 1982, was a b l e t o beoome adequate t o t h e new, i m f a v o u r a b l e s i t u a t i by o p e n i n g a phase o f ' s t r a t e g i c r e t r e a t ' , w h i c h a l l o w e d t o p r e s e r v e f o r c e s and o o n s t r u o t the o r g a n i z a t i v e and p o l i t i o a l terms which have been t h e b a s i s o f the r e v o l u t i o n a r y a o t i v i t y i n a l l these y e a r s . I n s i d e t h i s phase i t was p o s s i b l e m a i n t a i n t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y i n i t tave a t t h e l e v e l imposed by Jba e v o l u t i o n o f t h e p o l i t i c a l - s o c i a l scenery a n d i f the r e q u i r e d t a s k s , y e t w i t h the l i m i t s d e t e r m i n e d by the o b j e o t i v e and s u b j e c t i v e d i f f i c u l t i e s . And i t ' s always i n s i d e t h i s phase t h a t the n e o - r e v i s i o n i s t t e n dencies have been d e f e a t e d . They aimed t o d e n a t u r a l i z e t h e p o l i t i c a l l i n e o f t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n , t a k i n g i t back, t o t h e o r e t i c a l p o l i t i c a l po s i t i o n s a l r e a d y d e f e a t e d by t h e development i t s e l f o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r y debate w h i o h prededed the b i r t h o f t h e 3R. Today, t h e phase o f the ' s t r a t e g i c r e t r e a t ' i s n ' t f i n i s h e d and th IR/'PGC are w o r k i n g f o * the r e - c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p o l i t i c a l - m i l i t a r y terms o f t h e clase-war i n t h i s c o u n t r y , conscious o f the l i m i t s imposed by jjfae phase, but a l s o o f how much t h e ground d e t e r m i n e d by the c o n t r a d i c t i o n s accumulated n y these 10 y e a r s o f i m p e r i a l i s t r e s t r u c t u r a t i o n i s f r u i t f u l f o r the r e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o p o s a l . J u s t i n f r o n t o f the problems s e t now by the o l a s s - c o n f l i c t , t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e armed s t r u g g l e s t r a t e g y and o f t h e s t r a t e g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s w h i o h our o r g a n i z a t i o n r e s t e on, a f f i r m s i t s e l f once more. These p r i n c i p l e s are t h e a t t a o k t o the h e a r t o f t h e s t a t e and t h e ant i m p e r i a l i s m as c o n s t r u c t i o n , a t i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l , o f t h e ajdagBxxdba f r a f e t r r a a w r f t t x a M favourable s u b j e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s f o r the revolu t i o n here a n d i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . Today, t h e BB/PCC have g i v e n a c l e a r i n d i o a t i o n o f what i s t h e p r o j e c t whioh the bourgeoisie o f t h i s country set a t the center o f i t g e n e r a l p o l i t i o s i n f r o n t o f t h e stage reached by the i m p e r i a l i s t r e structuration. The r e a t r u o t u r a t i o n o f t h e l a s t deoad changed the o r d e r s o f t h e I t a l i a n eoonomy and the r e l a t i o n s between t h e c l a s s e s i n f a v o u r o f t i m p e r i a l i s t b o u r g e o i s i e , w h i l e t h e phase o f c r i s i s , begun a t t h e end o f the s i x t i e s , and t h e oonsequenoes o f t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l development i n terms o f l a b o u r ' s i n t e r n a t i o n a l d i v i s i o n , imposed t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a mayor oohesion among the o o u n t r i e s o f WestEurope. Hence, f o r t h e b o u r g e o i s i e , i t ' s necessary i a a d o p t i n g the p o l i $ c a l - i n s t i t u t i o n a l measures f i t f o r s t r e n g t h e n i n g the n a t i o n a l and so v r a n a t i o n a l p i c t u r e which t h e y would f i n d the s o l u t i o n t o the p r e s e n t c r i s i s i n , a n d r e - d e t e r m i n e the c o n d i t i o n s f o r the development o f the system. S e t t i n g KtxÂą3mxxtackax t h e p r o j e c t o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l r e f o r m s a t the c e n t e r o f t h e a t t a o k o f our o r g a n i z a t i o n j u s t meant t h i s : i n d i v i d u i h g and a t t a c k i n g t h e c e n t r a l p r o j e c t w h i o h s h a l l have t o comprise, c o d i -
f i e d and i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d , t h e a n t i - p r o l e t a r i a n p o l i o i e s w h i c h t h e b o u r g e o i s i e i s t a k i n g on i n these y e a r s , and those whiohs s h a l l have t o range I t a l y t o t h e more-developed, i m p e r i a l i s t , West-european democracies. The essenoe o f t h e p r o j e c t i s a g e n e r a l r e - f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e powe of t h e s t a t e - b e g i n n i n g f r o m t h e emphaBization o f those o f t h e exec t i v e - w h i c h s h a l l have t o make t h e d e c i s i o n s s w i f t e r and t h e sphere put a t t h e head o f t a k i n g them, n a r r o w e r , w i t h a f u r t h e r e i a a r g i n a t i o o f t h e P a r l i a m e n t ' s f u n c t i o n s . These d e c i s i o n s concern t h e m i l i t a r i s p o l i c y o f I t a l y , i n i t * r o l e o f f u n d a m e n t a l p i l l a r o f t h e NATO's sou t h e r n s i d e , so as t h e a n t i - p r o l e t a r i a n p o l i c i e s , e.g. those w h i c h a i a t e x t e n d i n g t h e c a p i t a l i s t i c l o g i c o f t h e p r o f i t t o s e c t o r s as t h e c i a l s e r v i c e s ( h e a l t h , t r a n s p o r t s , e t c ) , o r those d e s t i n e d t o r e - f o l uiulate t h e r e l a t i o n s between c l a s s and s t a t e , a n d t o c o r p o r a t i v i z e t trade-unions. ^ h i n d l v 3 t 4 t t a t i o j i and t h e a t t a c k a g a i n s t what ws d e f i n e d as t h e 'â&#x20AC;˘AtNrioM ' h e a r t o f t h e s t a t e ' cannot be s e p a r a t e f r o m t h e a t t a c k a g a i n s t t h e i m p e r i a l i s m and i t s c e n t r a l s t r u c t u r e s . For o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e a n t i m p e r i a l i s m i B n ' t empty s o l i d a r i t y , r a t h e r i t ' s an e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f o u r p o l i t i o a l l i n e , a i m i n g a t const - â&#x20AC;˘t i n g a l l the s u b j e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e r e v o l u t i o n , through the d e s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f t h e i m p e r i a l i s t enemy i n t h i s a r e a and at w o r l d -wide l e v e l . With t h i s l o g i c and these aims, i n a l l these years t h e ^R/PCC pu sued t h e a i m o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e A n t i m p e r i a l i s t F i g h t i n g F r o n i n t h e a r e a (WestEurope, M e d i t e r r a n e a n , M i d d l e E a s t ) , as f a r as a r r i * v i n g t o a f i r s t moment o f c o n c r e t l z a t i o n w i t h t h e a l l i a n c e between * the RAF and t h e BR/PCC, as expressed by t h e m u t u a l statement i n sept ber. Other r e v o l u t i o n a r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h i s a r e a f i g h t e d i n these years a g a i n s t t h e i m p e r i a l i s m , and o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n pursues t h e enaar \t and t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e F r o n t , as i m p o r t a n t t o o l , i n t h e \s o f t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s , f o r r e a c h i n g t h e maximum o f e f f e c t i v e ness i n t h e common s t r u g g l e . \n t h e b a s i s o f these c e n t r a l l i n e s and o f t h e d i a l e c t i c w h i o h o c c u r s between t h e n , t h e Btt/POC o o n t i n u e t o work f o r t h e t h r o w i n g down of t h i s i m p e r i a l i s t democracy, f o r t h e oonqleBt o f t h e p o l i t i o a l power by t h e p r o l e t a r i a t , f o r a f f i r m i n g a new e c o n o m i c - s o c i a l system w g i o h s e t s t h e man and h i s m a t e r i a l and i n t e l l e c t u a l needs a t t h e o e n t e r . < T h i s means s t r u g g l i n g a g a i n s t t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n and t h e war-mong p o l i t i c s o f the Imperialism, but also against a l l the euperstruotur d e t e r m i n a t i o n s whioh c o n s t i t u t e a t r u e i m p e r i a l i s t c u l t u r a l from t h e r a c i s m to t h e p e r p e t u a t i o n and deepening of t h e woman's s u b o r d i n a t e r o l e ; f r o m t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f t h e w e s t e r n and c a p i t a l i s t i c ' v a l u e s ' , t o t h e progTBiiJiiate and s c i e n t i f i o d e s t r u c t i o n o f every c u l t u r a l f o r m w h i c h r e f u s e s t h e i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h them. I t means s t r u g g l i n g a g a i n s t an e x t e r m i n a t i o n ' s system w h i c h , pur s u i n g t h e c a p i t a l i s t i c a b s o l u t i z a t i o n o f t h e p r o f i t , denies t h e cond t i o n s themselves o f t h e man's l i f e , e i t h e r t h r o u g h t h e d i r e c t d e s t r u t i o n by hunger, wars and d i s e a s e s , o r t h r o u g h t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h a m b i e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h make t h e l i f e p o s s i b l e . I t means s t r u g g l i n g by t h e s i d e o f t h e P a l e s t i n i a n s w h i o h a r e f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t t h e s i o n i s m and by t h e s i d e o f a l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n a 8
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and t h e p e o p l e s w h i c h a r e s t r u g g l i n g a g a i n s t t h e i m p e r i a l i s m , i n p e r i p h e r i c c o u n t r i e s , as i n t h e h e a r t h o f t h e system and i n t h e US themselves. I t means c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e u n i t y a g a i n s t t h e common enemy, begi f r o m t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n and t h e enlargement o f t h e A n t s m p e r i a l i s t F i g h t i n g Front i n t h i s area. I t means s t r u g g l i n g f o r t h e s o c i a l i s t r e v o l u t i o n , f o r t h e comm
A t t a c k i n g and d i s a r t i c u l a t i n g t h e a n t i p r o l e t a r i a n and t i o n a r y p r o j e o t o f â&#x20AC;˘reform' o f t h e s t a t e . Constructing
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and o r g a n i s i n g t h e p r e s e n t terms o f t h e c l a s s - w a r .
A t t a c k i n g t h e c e n t r a l l i n e s oÂŁ t h e p o l i t i c a l cohesion o f WestEurop and t h e i m p e r i a l i s t p r o j e o t s o f n o r m a l i z a t i o n i n t h e M i d d l e East a whioh pass on t h e s k i n o f t h e P a l e s t i n i a n and Lebanese p e o p l e s .
Vorking f o r t h e a l l i a n c e s n e c e s s a r y t o o o n s t r u c t / c o n s o l i d a t e t h e t A n t i m p e r i a l i s t F i g h t i n g F r o n t w i t h t h e a i m o f weakening aaubcxxdxxx the i m p e r i a l i s m i n t h i s g e o p o l i t i c a l a r e a .
Honour t o a l l t h e r e v o l u t i o n a r i e s f a l l e n f i g h t i n g f o r t h e communis
The m i l i t a n t s o f t h e Red b r i g a f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the F i g h t i n g Communist P a r t y . Sandro Padula Franco S i n o i c h Rome, 1 8 . 5 . 8 9 .