Refuge - Thesis Book - By Rasha Kudsi by Rasha Kudsi

REFUGE

Rasha Kudsi

A home away from home

Acknowledgements I would like to extend my gratitude to, my beloved parents for their unconditional support friends, for inspiring me to work harder and design smarter my professor, for his guidence and en encourgement

ABSTRACT As the world population expands with no reduction in con�ict, there has been a rapid increase in the numbers of refugees. Refugees have existed for decades. Yet, the design solution of their accomadation has not progressed. This global crisis requires new solutions to help refugees. Through extensive research, my aim will be to create a better living situation for refugees.

TABLE OF CONTENT 72-73

Chapter 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Who are Refugees 1.3 Who Protects them? 1.4 Problem//Global Situation 1.5 Relevance 1.6 Aims and Objectives

3 Chapter 4.0 Case Study - Zaatari 5 Camp, Jordan 7 4.1 Context Overview 4.2 Breaking the Grid 4.3 The Wall 8-9 4.4 Shelter Spaces 10 4.5 Art 11 4.6 Education 12-13 4.7 Market 14-15 4.8 Water 16-17 4.9 Waste Management 18-19

Chapter 2.0 Experience of a Refugee 2.1 Their Terror 2.2 Timeline in History of Refugees 2.3 Their Journey and Travel 2.4 World Land Bridge 2.5 Refugee Camp as a Home 2.6 Temporary vs Permanence 2.7 Burning Man

20-21 22-23 24-25 26-27 28-29 30-31 32-33 34-39

94-95

Acknowlegment Abstract Table of Content

Chapter 3.0 Design Shelters 3.1 Structure of a Camp 3.2 Current Shelter Design Modules 3.3 Innovative Shelter Design Modules 3.4 Module Analysis

Chapter 5.0 Case Study – Dadaab Complex, Kenya 5.1 Overview 5.2 Circulation 5.3 Water 5.4 Health 5.5 Protection 5.6 Food 5.7 Market 40-41 5.8 Enviroment Shel 42-45 5.9 Shelter 46-51 52-67 68-71

74-77 78-79 80-81 82-83 84-85 86-87 88-89 90-91 92-93

96-109 110-113 114-117 118-121 122-125 126-129 130-133 134-137 138-139

Chapter 6.0 From Emergency to Durable Solutions 6.1 Failure of Refugee Camps 6.2 Signi�cance of Children 6.3 Design with Play 6.4 What makes a great plave? Chapter 7.0 Site Analysis - Refuge Island 7.1 Overview 7.2 Views & Landmarks 7.3 Weather Analysis 7.4 Initial Plan

140-141 Chapter 10.0 Program Analysis 10.1 Group Categories in Camps 142-143 10.2 Individual Needs 144-145 10.3 Existing Camp Guidlines 146-149 10.4 Prototype Estimation 150-151 10.5 Entire Camp Analysis 10.6 Program Area 152-153 10.7 Program Approach 154-155 156-157 158-165 166-167

Chapter 11.0 Manifesto Conceptual Design Approach 11.1 Overview 11.2 Stack 11.3 Assemble 11.4 Compact 11.5 Roll 11.6 Fold 11.7 Origami 11.8 Relation 11.9 Geometric

Chapter 8.0 Site Analysis - Predature Nature 8.1 Overview 8.2 Circulation 8.3 Program Analysis 8.4 Weather Analysis

170-171 172 173 174-179

Chapter 9.0 Site Analysis - Africa 9.1 Overview 9.2 Views & Landmarks 9.3 Weather Analysis 99.4 Initial Plan

180-181 Citation Page 182-183 184 185 186-191

168-169

192-193 194-195 196-201 202 203 204-205 206 207 208-209 210-211 212-215 216-219 220-221 222-225 226-227 228-229 230-231 232-233

1.0 Introduction

Background The refugee crisis demonstrates a lack of preparation among nations to address such an international emergency that has existed for centuries in history and through current time. The reality of refugees is that they are victims of terror, whether it is produced by political, economic, natural disaster, famine, civil war or other reasons. The reasons of such issues are out of a scope of an architect. Nonetheless, this matter should be addressed, as the refugee crisis is not something that is inherently new to us as a problem, it has plagued humanity within di diﬀerent times of history, and should be scoped for current and future generations. This will be done by analyzing data as well as lessons learnt from the existing refugee camps to facilitate and create a better living situation for them. They �ee from disasters or trauma to go to a place of refuge, but in history, this refuge that they �ee to, are often the continuity of their tragic path. The United Nation Refugee Agency states in the instruction manual that prefabricated emergency shelters have proven as a non-practical option due to cost and cultural issues. (1) After these predicaments, they should be taken to a place of refuge, the state of being safe or sheltered from pursuit, danger, or diﬃculty. (2) where they will be acknowledged, in establishments with activities and things to do, being useful, overcoming the existing trauma they have endured, not creating another one. – AS ARCHITECTS WE MAKE A STAND –

Who are Refugees? They are men, women, and children. They are victims of terror �eeing from persecution and dangerous environments, seeking safety in other countries. The 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, as amended by its 19�� protocol de�nes a refugee as a person who �owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country… ” (3) Although refugee is known to be a gloomy term, due to the harsh events they endure or reality of stay they are in now. They should be thought of as guests, staying in another country for a short while due to personal problems, as that is how they should be treated.

11 Image 1

Who Protects Them? As the refugee crisis is unfolding internationally, millions of people �ee their homes to avoid terror. Fortunately, many organizations are working in providing safety, homes, and resources for refugees. They vary from charities, rescue committees, aid organizations and so on. Although the most current recognized agency is known to be the UNHCR, the United Nation Refugee Agency – The UNHCR was established by allied forces after World War II, in 1950, to provide aid for current and all future refugees. The UNHCR pursues international protection to ensure countries are aware and aid their obligations to protect refugees.(4)

12 Image 2

Image 3

Image 4

Image 5

Image 6

Image 7

Image 8

13 Image 9

Image 10

A Statistical Nightmare The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) publishes an annual refugee Global Trends report. Listed below are key statistics from the 2017 Global Trends report. (5)

68.5

MILLION FORCIBLY DISPLACED WORLDWIDE

as a result of persucution, con�ict, or generalized violence

25.4 million refugees 19.9 million refugees under UNHCR’s mandate

16.2

MILLION NEWLY DISPLACED An outrageous estimation of 16.2 million people being displaced in 2017.

44,400 NEW DISPLACEMENTS EVERY DAY An average of 44,000 people were being forced to �ee their homes every day in 2017.

A disparity of ideas and lack of planning is only aided to intensify the current problems

85% 3.5

Developing regions hosted 85 percent of the world’s refugees under UNHCR’s mandate, about 19.9 million people.

MILLION PEOPLE

For the fourth consecutive year, Turkey hosted the largest number of refugees worldwide with 3.5 million people.

1 in 6 Lebanon continued to host the largest number of refugees 1 in 6, relative to its national population. Jordan hosts 1 in 14 and Turkey 1 in 23.

52% CHILDREN Children below 18 years of age constituted about half of the refugee population in 2017, up from 41% in 2009 but similar to more recent years.

173,800 UNACCOMPANIED AND DEPERATED CHILDREN The conservative estimate takes into account children who sought asylum on an individual basis in 2017.

MAJORITY OF REFUGEES CAME FROM

SYRIA 6.5 M

World Map of Refugees The refugee crisis is also something that will not ‘blow over’, it is a fundamental issue that is threatening to increase unless given the thought into its issues and highlighted struggles around its entirety.. The graphic below is a diagram exploring the number of refugees by country throughout the world stating that every country, even yours, endures the great issue.(6)

NETHERLAND 111,629

UK BELGIUM 162,299 68,623 GERMANY 1,413,127

CANADA 160,442

SWITZERLAND FRANCE 116,857 401,729 SPAIN 54,028 GREECE 83,418

ALGERIA 100,614 EGYPT 289,231 NIGERIA REPUBLIC 315,723 OF CHAD

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 929,850

612,917

CAMEROON 598,570 VENEZUELA 123,714 SUDAN 3,323,629 ECUADOR 145,333

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 5,144,931

RUSSIAN ITALY SERBIA UKRAINE TURKEY LEBANON SYRIA SWEDEN 327,709 354,698 252,523 1,844,785 3,789,320 1,018,416 7,033,114 FEDERATION 210,389

JORDAN 734,841 JAPAN 33,980 CHINA 322,439 THAILAND 593,241

IRAQ 4,501,786 ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN 979,525

YEMEN 2,419,806 ETHIOPIA UGANDA 1,970,983 1,575,148 KENYA 506,915

MALAYSIA 241,438

INDIA 207,665 BANGLADESH 932,334 AFGHANISTAN 2,454,451 PAKISTAN 1,852,850 AUSTRALIA 96,512

Aim and Objectives A single architect cannot act with a ‘god complex’ imposing a unique solution to a multitude of complex problems which can be diﬃcult to address. One can, however, through deep understanding of their history, needs, and capacities, propose another strategy to create and enhance a refugee’s stay. It is a lack of preparation and collaboration into how we deal with such events that lead to devastating consequences, which of often go on for many years after the catalytic events has already past. My aim will be to make a better living situation for refugees, accommodating them through a humanitarian strategy and design. To consider the refugee camps as an instrument and an opportunity to activate these deserted areas. To create a sustainable strategy that will symbolize the idea of cyclic chain, a creation out of destruction, life out of death.

“ The world will not be destroyed

by those who do evil, but by those who watch them without doing anything. ” (7) — Albert Einstein

19 Image 11

2.0 Experience of a Refugee

Their Terror �ach refugee goes through a di�erent e�perience, where it is in their origin of trauma and con�ict, to their type of journey and �nally to their e�perience of their stay. The con�ict could di�er from, natural disasters to wars to famines to civil wars and so on. The most relevant and most recent crisis has been subjected to political wars, such as civil wars. In this situation some refugees may decide to leave slowly, or after a long period of time when their situation is getting worse. They could also make the decision suddenly. When they do, there’s no time to plan, pack or prepare them for such journeys ahead, after leaving their home. Most people seek refuge in another part of their country, others decide to cross the borders. This puts them at great risk, either way due to getting attacked, having lack of food, water and shelter. Their travel can last for days, weeks or even months. Some have been turned back from the border or even reached a terrain that is too dangerous or diﬃcult to cross. There are two main journeys that most endure, one would be by land, and other by Sea. Both are known to be very dangerous paths.

22 Image 12

23 Image 13

Timeline of Refugee Displacements De�ning a date since �hen refugees have e�isted is near to impossible to determine the cause� origin and destination as they are al�ays in a constant state of �u�. Highlighted Political/Natural Disaster Events in History that resulted in refugees (7)(8)(9) :

War/Political

Natural Disaster

Famine

1905 Valparaiso Earthquake Messina Earthquake

1910

1915 WWI

Armenia

1920

Great Dayton Flood Avezzano Earthquake

China

Germany

Iran

Haiyuan Earthquake Turkey - Greece

1925

Great Kanto Earthquake

Russia

Mississippi Flood

1930

China Flood Ukraine

1935 Chinese Civil War

Yangtze River Flood

1940 Iran

WW2

1945 India Pakistan

1950 The Korean War

Vietnam Ashgabat Earthquake United States Blizzard

1955

1960

Algerian War

Lituya Bay Tsunami Vietnam War

China 24

War/Political

Natural Disaster

Famine

1965

1970

Palestinian Iraeli War

Bhola Cyclone

Bangladesh

1975 Tangshan Earthquake

1980

Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Ivanovo-Yaroslavl Tornado

1985

1990

Bangladesh Cyclone

1995

Great Hanshine Earthquake

North Korea

Afghanistan Earthquake

2000

2005

Cambodia

U.S Invasion of Afghanistan U.S Invasion of Iraq

Democratic Republic of Congo Hurricane Katrina

2010

Typhoon Saomai

Haiti Earthquake Tsunami Japan

Somalia

2015 Arab Spring

2020 25

Their Journey & Travel For those who travelled by Sea -This decision is a matter of life or death. There are many obstacles in this journey, whether it is getting lost, drown due to overcrowding, risk a storm or high winds. For those who travelled by Land – Refugees that move on foot have a higher risk at getting caught. Not only that, but they risk not getting any shelters in a long time. A small minority of the refugees can aﬀord to travel by taxi or coach to the border.

Remember that children embark these journeys.

26 Image 14

START

DESTINATION 27

The World Land Bridge

Refugees can come from any point from around the world. Their travel to a place of refuge is known to be a diﬃcult and dangerous path. Resembling the Silk Road, an ancient network of trade routes that was central to cultural interaction between the regions for many centuries. The Land Bridge symbolizes a land belt connecting the entire world, globally allowing for unprecedented trade and travel.

� look at how the �ow of migrants currently intersects and correlates with the conceptual path of the World Land Bridge.

Spine Network/Sprawl Sea Trade Silk Road

Median of Disasters

If one takes the potentiality for crisis previously discussed under the future of what the refugee crisis potentially holds in store, and combines this with the planned network of the World Land Bridge, a very distinct correlation can be found. The World Land Bridge forms a near perfect median to the data cloud of potential disasters. This proves therefore the shortest path at any given time for any potential event. Utilizing the World Land Bridge plus its support networks as a safe zone for refugees would therefore shorten the �ourney which they would need to take in order to �ee the impending crisis and relocate to an area of safety.

Potentiality of Catastrophe

Main Tailored Path

Support Networks of Main Path

Refugee Camp as a Home Once the refugee arrives to the camp, they administrate a welcoming process, which includes distribution of nourishment, and water. Usually, the medical attention given is the most important for the arrivals. Through registering, the typical wait is usually three to four days. After acceptance, they proceed towards the camp. Relief agencies usually attend to small children �rst. (10)

The guidelines de�ne the shelter as an element that provides the refugees with

SECURITY PROTECTION

LOVING STORAGE SPACE PRIVACY

UN Handbook

31 Image 15

Temporarity VS Permanence The issue of temporality is one of the most important and ignored elements of any refugee camp. Occupants will naturally seek a sense of permanence in their life. The lack of acknowledgment leads to urban designs that fail to function permanently or temporarily. Refugee Camps often occur in a sudden manner, which ultimately ends in an immediate shelter solution, such as rows of tents, these often transition into long term settlements. When refugees are displaced for more than 5 years, the UNHCR considers it a protracted refugee situation. (11) Two thirds of refugees live in protracted situations, and the average time a refugee spends in a refugee camp gets up around to 5 to 20 years. (12) Although they are intended to be temporary, the camp stays for durations that mirror permanent residence.

32 Image 16

5 - 20 YEARS

33 Image 17

TEMPORARY CAMP: BURNING MAN In the open desert, �at ground, springs Burning Man. Burning Man is a festival. A temporary city. A global cultural movement based on 10 practical principles. All people of all ages can attend this event, As long as participants below 18 have a legal gaurdian with them. They gather in the middle of the desert, to camp with little material, carrying tents or portable shelters, to stay in the temporary festival for a week. A lot can be learnt from this festival, as it could be used as an experiment to explore and upgrade refugee systems that exist today. Their principles and event can be very similar to refugee camp, as the principles are: (13)

Image 18

34 Image 19

Relation to Burning Man 1) Radical Inclusion Anyone may be a part of Burning Man. To welcome and respect the stranger. 2) Gifting - It is devoted to acts of gift giving. The value of a gift is unconditional.

Refugee Camp To welcome and respect new members of refugees arriving to the camp. The act of gifting is similar to an act of Donation, where people would give out their toys, food and so on...

3) �ecommodi�cation The community seeks to create social environments that are unmediated by commercial sponsorships, transactions, or advertising. 4) Radical Self-reliance Encourages the individual to discover, exercise and rely on his or her inner resources. 5) Radical Self-expression This arises from the unique gifts of the individual. 6) Communal Eﬀort To strive, produce, promote and protect social networks, public spaces, works of art, and methods of communication that support such interaction. 7) Civic Responsibility Community members who organize events should assume responsibility for public welfare and to communicate civic responsibilities to pa participants. 8) Leaving No Trace - They are committed to leaving no physical trace of our activities wherever we gather. 9) Participation - It is believed that transformative change, can occur only through the medium of deeply personal participation. 10) Immediacy - The reality of people around us, participation in society, and contact with a natural world exceeding human powers.

Refugee camps are private areas that are hard to access, usually people would want to visit them as a touristic guide rather than to understand. Refugee people try to collect as many recources as possible, even waste, to help them accomodate better into their shelter or in use for survival.

Refugee camps develop communities, with also blocks and sectors. Some refugee would assign a leader in the community and work together into �nding solutions, or exp expressing their issues.

There are many installations such as art, or classes in order for refugees to express in the camp.

Organizations and Goverment Aid usually organize the camp, and are to be responsible over the refugees. Refugees are sought to be temporary, and would be expected to not leave any damages or issues towards it’s receptive country. Camps have created many programs in order to give refugees some activites to participate and engange in. Camps have created many programs in order to give refugees some activites to participate and engange in.

Burning Man - Pavilions How is it possible, that so many thousands of people can gather in one place, build a city, have fun for a week, and vanish without a trace? A temporary city erected on the dry lake of the Black Rock Desert in northwestern Nevada, approximately 100 miles (160 km) north-northeast of Reno. The design of Black Rock City is a radial arc, which has allowed the festival to gr grow or shrink every year without changing the urban plan. In the sight, not only does it accomodate shelters, but also contains temporary pavillions around the camp to activate the participants and to allow them to wonder around. The circulation method used in Burning Man, would be the use of bicycles or walking. The pavillions allow people to wonder and each pavillion has its own purpose. Some can be statements in an art form, some are physical, and some used to explore. In the end, these pavillions can somehow be educational and fun at the same time.

Image 21

36 Image 22

Image 23

Image 24

Image 25

Image 26

37 Image 27

Image 28

Burning Man Camp Layout Through History

(14)

1992

1996

The original form of the camp was a circle. This was not particularly planned, but formed instinctively from the traditional camp�re circle.

A hub gradually developed which centralized services and provided a gathering place. By 1996, a second circle called Ring Road surrounded that.

Image 29

Image 30

1997

1998

The 1997 plan was to be loosely based on the previous camp-centric schemes, with the Man ancillary to the camp. Additionally, it was to have speci�ed roads and street names, along with other urban amenities. The settlement was constrained to an ungainly arc which spread out laterally from the center.

In a conceptual break with the previous camp-centric concept, the city was arranged around a geographic center formed by the location of the Burning Man. This position functioned like the �xed point of a drawing compass. From that spot our builders could survey the arc that de�ned the curve of Black Rock �ity�s concentric streets. These streets initially formed less than half a circle and were sub-divided into blocks. They an icon and an environment in which it felt as if each participant was co-related.

Image 31

Image 32

1999

2000 -

Oriented the blocks annularly in order to better provide for future expansion. The theme that year was the “Wheel of Time”. Basically the burning man statue would act as a clock in the the centre. Although the theme changes each year, they continue with the time analogy in naming streets.

The �ve annular streets created in 1997 grew to thirteen in 2007, and the arc of our city, originally less than half, now extends to two-thirds of a circle around the Burning Man. A city designed to accommodate 9,000 participants in 1998 developed a capacity for 50,000 in ten years.

Image 33

Image 34

Image 35

3.0 Design Shelters

Structure of a Camp Although regularly built as temporary emergency devices for refugees, camps often turn into durable spatial formations that can last for decades. They are usually built and run by the government of a host country. According to the UNHCR vocabulary, a refugee camp consists of: settlements, sectors, blocks, communities and families. 16 families make up a community, 16 communities make up a block, 4 blocks make up a sector and four secotrs are called a settlement. (15)

FAMILY COMMUNITY

BLOCK

SECTOR

SETTLEMENT

Image 36

UNHCR GUIDELINES

80 - 100 PEOPLE - ONE WATER TAP

(16)

20,000 PEOPLE - ONE HEALTH CENTRE X20

6-10 PEOPLE - ONE LATRINE

20,000 PEOPLE - ONE HOSPITAL X20

10,000 PEOPLE - ONE DISTRIBUTION POINT X10

5000 PEOPLE - ONE SCHOOL

20,000 PEOPLE - ONE MARKET X20

80 - 100 PEOPLE - TWO REFUSE DRUMS X5

Guidelines (9) 45

Shelter Design Modules The implicit assumption of such life-saving emergency shelter is that the displacement of the refugee will not outlive the serviceable lifetime of it. The two main types of emergency shelters that are provided are the tents and the caravans. �helter is �rst provided in the form of tents, however over time a move has been made towards providing refugees with higher quality shelter in the form of caravans.

- “the tents... give evidence that the camps are not permanent settlements. The tent has become a political signi�er.” (��T��, ��)(17)

Image 37

“The preferred shelter among refugees is the caravans as it feels more solid and conveys a stronger sense of privacy and security to its inhabitants” (A day in the life)(18)

Materiality appears to be the main issue as in the case of the tents. While the tents give a nomadic set of feeling, the container reminds of a construction site accommodation.

Shade is the most important element of construction, it is assumed that people will be spending most of the day time outside of their structures

The roof also is at grate importance as it keeps away the rain and oﬀers protection from the sun.

The walls are considered to be barriers of privacy in shelters, also used to protect from harsh enviroments.

The �oor is the ne�t element to be considered of importance after the roof. It provides thermal insulation, safety from creatures and a clean su surface to use.

UNHCR Tents �uilding materials change as the phases of permanence set in. �lastic sheeting is often the �rst resource distributed to aﬀected populations. It is the primary material in the temporary phase of construction. Tents are the �rst design when it came to emergancy shelters, they are considered with low of cost, easily assembled and a short-term solution. (19)

Maintaining its sheltering and WATER PROOFING capacities in all types of climates.

The LIFE EXPECTANCY is expected to have a life span of 1 year.

Oﬀers families a total living SPACE of 16 square meters.

One tent with all accessories can be PACKED into a master bundle.

It has 1� m� main �oor area, plus two 3.5 m2 VESTIBULES

location can HOST up to 5 people

The tent takes around an hour or less of TIME to assemble depending on experience

Zaatari Refugee Camp, Jordan

Image 38

UNHCR - Ikea’s House Module Initially funded by the IKEA Foundation and designed by Swedish social enterprise Better Shelter in cooperation with UNHCR, the UN Refugee Agency, They are updates of the tents that have been used since World War II.(20)

Kara Tepe, Lesvos

Image 39

General Information & Description:

Illuminated by a SOLAR-POWERED LED light

The LIFE EXPECTANCY last up to 3 years; 6 times longer than a typical refugee tent.

LOCKABLE from the inside or out using a padlock.

Oﬀers families a living SPACE of 17.5 square meters.

MODULAR DESIGN Windows and doors can be placed wherever needed.

structure can HOST up to 5 people

The module takes around four hours of TIME to assemble depending on experience

Medecins Sans Frontieres, Ghorka District, Nepal

HabiHut

(21)

TYPOLOGY: FRAME

HabiHut, LLC is located in Bozeman, Montana. the lightweight aluminum framework and the plastic panels results into an aﬀordable, safe, durable and more importantly a weatherresistable shelter. It was created to provide shelter in places where valuable natural resources are limited and the need for quick, durable and sustainable housing is required.

BY: BRUCE STERLING 2011 Modular, honeycomb shape creates diﬀerent spaces for school, medical or community center. Constructed of HIGH-DENSITY, UV resistant polypropylene copolymer panels. The OCCUPANCY is 4 - 6 people. All parts are INTERCHANGABLE, so future repair is convenient. Can be constructed with MINIMAL LABOR in fewer than 2 hours. Dual layer panels have an internal air pocket that provides INSULATION from outside temperatures and UV protection. WEATHER RESISTANT‚ repelling rain, wind and dust, and protecting inhabitants from exposure to the elements. The LIFE EXPECTANCY is 10-15 years. Will not crack, peel or fade. The supporting frame structure features HIGH STRENGTH extruded aluminum.

Camp Jacmel, Haiti

Image 40

Image 41

Image 42

The Reaction Housing System TYPOLOGY: STACKABLE

The product is called an “Exo Housing System.” It’s a shelter that’s inexpensive, reusable, portable, and “smart.” Designer Michael McDaniel conceived of the idea after Hurricane Katrina.(23)

BY FROG DESIGN 2011

The Exo comes in a number of formats but the standard version is composed of two parts; a base plate and an upper shell. Exo units aren’t limited to the single unit form. The units can be connected to create a more standard home with a family room Four people can set up one Exo unit in under two minutes. They estimate that a housing park of about a thousands huts can be installed in an eight-hour work day by a crew of 20 workers. Unit that measures about 7.8 square meter and 2.7 meters tall. The interior is about 7 square meter of livable area. Units come with utility hookups for power, heat/AC, water, and sewer services. Stackable and designed for temporary Material made of a polypropylene composite laid over an aluminum super structure.

Austin, Texas, USA

54 Image 43

General Information & Description:

Recovery Huts

(24)

TYPOLOGY: STACKABLE SECTIONS Recovery Huts oﬀers a line of instant emergency shelters to make a diﬀerence in the life of displaced persons. Their purpose is to increase in frequency, be versatile and quick -to-deploy. Seeking to provide for those in nee need.

BY HARRY SKINNER 2006 A shelter consisting of four equal sections that snap together. Several openings provide natural light and a doorway. Four anchors keep the shelter in place. Recovery Huts is made of 100-percent-recyclable Biax material. Allows sunlight to �lter in while oﬀering protection from harmful UV rays. The shelters are produced and delivered in four stackable sections, weighing no more than 27 kilograms each, making them light enough for a single person to transport. 30-minu 30-minute set-up by a single individual with minimal tools and skills. It intends to serve, with a 7 square meter basic footprint which can be enlarged or connected to other huts through the use of extender sections. Made to last for years with easy take-down and setup.

Bellingham, Washington, UsA

56 Image 44

Image 45

Shelterbox

(25)

TYPOLOGY: COMPACT

ShelterBox is an international disaster relief charity that provides temporary shelter and life saving supplies to displaced families.

BY TEAM SHELTERBOX 2011 A Shelter inside a small box, which is easy to store and ship. Even though the size of the small box is �xed, the size of the shelter could be easily modi�ed to an extent. The Shelterbox is not created for a long term solution. The main element in this shelter, is the storage. Each ShelterBox typically contains a tent designed to withstand extreme weather conditions, water puri�cation �it, blan�ets, tools, and other necessities. The occupancy of the tent inside �ts �� people� disas is diﬀerent and so they would prepare a Each disaster shelter according to the community and the size and needs of the aﬀected families.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

58 Image 45

General Information & Description:

Image 46

Igloos from Refugee Life Jackets TYPOLOGY: RECYCLE Artist Achilleas Souras used hundreds of discarded refugee life jackets to assemble an igloo at Milan design week. Souras said the vests still had the smell of the sea. “When I touched them, I realized that every one of these life jackets represented a human life.”(14)

Image 47

(26)

BY ARCHILLEAS SOURAS 2017

The resulting waterproof structure is intended as both a shelter and a welcome point for arriving migrants. His �rst igloo used �2 jackets, the structure is made from 1,000 abandoned garments. Souras cut and folded the jackets to resemble blocks of ice before assembling them together.

Medecins Sans Frontieres, Ghorka District, Nepal

Image 48

Image 49

Refugee Housing TYPOLOGY: PREFABRICATED Sobek and the company Aktivhaus recently completed a modular development for 200 Syrian refugees in the German town of Winnenden.

(27)

BY: SOBEK AND THE COMPANY AKTIVHAUS 2011 Prefabricated in a factory and swiftly assembled on site like Legos. It kills the typical refugee imagery of a tent where most refugees are situated, this exhibits more life and civilization. The development also needed to be �exible enough to be converted for diﬀerent uses in the future and to be easily expanded on or deconstructed. Each 60-square-meter module is constructed using timber frame construction and is stacked to create two stories. The airtight walls, clad in larch, are made with high levels insulation—consisting of hemp and wood �bers—to minimize energy demands. Most materials used are resource conserving and recyclable. Sobek estimates that the modules could last hundreds of years if they are well cared for.

Winneden, Germany

62 Image 50

63 Image 51

Cardboard Cathedral TYPOLOGY: RECYCABLE Pritzker Laureate Shigeru Ban may be as well known for his innovative use of materials as for his compassionate approach to design. He has applied extensive knowledge of recyclable materials, particularly paper and cardboard, to constructing high-quality, low-cost shelters for victims of disaster across the world. The Cardboard Cathedral is a temporary replacement for the city's former Anglican cathedral, which was destroyed by the earthquake that struck the city in February 2011.

Image 52

(28)

BY: SHIGERU BAN 2011 With an expected lifespan of around 50 years, it will serve the community until a more permanent cathedral can be constructed. The building features a triangular pro�le constructed from 98 equally sized cardboard tubes. The main hall has the capacity to accommodate up to 700 people, plus eight steel shipping containers house chapels and storage areas below. Cardboard used is a low-cost material that is easily available, recyclable and also happens to be very strong – “strong enough to meet the stringent earthquake codes of countries such as Japan. ”(15)

Image 53

Image 54

Paper Log House

(29)

TYPOLOGY: ROLL RECYCLED A popular and well intentioned method of design is the re-use of waste materials from other, more wasteful nations. In 1995, after a huge disaster of an earthquake, Shigeru Ban proposed to create an emergency shelter in Kobe, Japan.

Image 55

BY: SHIGERU BAN 1995 The foundation consists of donated beer crates loaded with sandbags. The walls are made from 106mm diameter, 4mm thick paper tubes, with tenting material for the roof. The 1.8m space between houses was used as a common area. For insulation, a waterproof sponge tape backed with adhesive is sandwiched between the paper tubes of the walls. spa for one unit is 52 square meter. The unit are The space easy to dismantle, and the materials easily disposed or recycled.

Image 56

Image 57

SHELTER LIFE SPAN ESTIMATION Time is one of the most challenging and signi�cant factor when it comes to refugee camps, as their arrival would be a sudden short notice, their shelter would be built to last for approximately a year, but their stay ends up for a decade or two, or sometimes even more. The study of each shelter lifespan will give a rough idea of materials and how fun each can function.

1 1

50>

CARDBOARD CHURCH

PAPER TUBE EMERGANCY SHELTERS

PAPER LOG HOUSE

SHELTER BOX

RECOVERY HUTS

REACTION HOUSING SYSTEM

HABIHUT

IGLOO

REFUGEE HOUSING GERMANY

AMOUNT OF YEARS

SHELTER TYPES

50>

8 7

Construction TIME

0 2 The average module should be set up in less than 2 hours, depending on the amount of individuals working on it. It can vary from 2 mins to 2 hours, but not more. Also should be constructed with minimal tools and skills.

15 MINS

30 MINS

1 HOUR

1.15 HOUR 1.15 HOUR 2 HOUR

Space Average Shelter size from data collected is around �.� s�uare meters, �tting a family, with the occupancy of 4 - 6 people.

PACKAGING TYPOLOGY there are diﬀerent types of packaging methods for materials of shelters.

Fold

Roll

Assembled

Compact

Stacked

Twisted

Features

Several Openings

Should not crack, peel or fade

Weather Resistant Utility Hookup - Power , AC, Water...

Easily Stored and Transported

Connected and Interchangable

4.0 Zaatari Refugee Camp

Background Located in a desert region near the border of Syria and Jordan, Zaatari is one of four refugee camps in Jordan, and is the oldest and largest. The camp was established when, as the in�u� of refugees increased, voluntary sheltering of refugees by Jordanian families could no longer absorb the �ow. �s a result, in July 2012, UNHCR, together with the Jordanian Hashemite Charity Organization (JHCO), opened the camp. Camp planners and managers had only 2 weeks to come up with a plan to accommodate refugees entering Jordan. They provided land from an old military base, an area of 5.3 square kilometers.(30)

60 + 0- 4

18 +

18-59

0-17

5-11

12-17

0- 4

0-17

5-11

18 +

12-17 18-59 60 +

These statistics are based on active registrations in the UNHCR database. Users are cautioned that the actual population is subject to uncertainties including incomplete camp departure information and other variables.(31)

Camp Design Structure In the dry and dusty Jordanian desert, 30,000 tents and shelters are situated, to provide home for refugees, Fortunately there are 3 hospitals, 3 schools and 3,000 shops selling food, clothes and basic necessities inside the camp. The formal layout of the camp is a grid system with caravans placed in rows; the spacing of the caravans is designed to accomodate vehicles, guard against �re, and promote hygiene. (32)

Circulation

There are two main circulation pathways, One main with is highlighted in red, this path is the one the UNHCR uses to distribute goods and circulate throughout the camp. It is paved. The secondary is used by both, but mostly is for the refugee refugees, establishing their districts.

Camp District Layout 1 2

3 4

11 10

The camp structure is divided into 12 districts, each district number is created as the camp grew, Starting with 1 and ending with 12. Each district is highlighted containing it’s own number of sectors.

Final Camp Formation

Through this diagram, combining both structure and circulation, it can be seen how the camp formed.

Breaking the Grid

The grid layout is the most common approach towards the planning of refugee camps. It is often a functional and logical desicion when planned from an aerial point of view. However, the layout experienced at human scale becomes static and a boring soltion. Refugees began altering and moving built elements in order to suit their needs and to match their vision of built environment. Although the UNHCR organized the camp layout, the refugees would still adjust and adapt their shelter to their own preferences. As shown in the Zaatari camp formation, it appeared as a spontanious settlement that kept growing and developing naturally in time, similar to how a city progresses. It’s simply human behavior, an alteration to give it more of a comfortable and to have their own sense of ownership towards it. They can adjusted to be oriented, clustered or isolated. They even alter the shelter istelf, creating holes for ventalation, doubling the sheets or so on.

Image 58

Image 59

Sepember 3, 2011

November 15 2012

January 3, 2013

Febuary 3, 2013

April 15, 2013

The Wall A fundamental trait of the refugee camp is the fence around it that de�nes its edges. Al �aatari is surrounded by a metal mesh fence. This fence allows visual communications from both sides, but does not change the fact that refugees freedom expands to the walls of the camp. Even though secuirity is a priority for organizations that manage refugee camps, it cannot be denied that the idea of living in a gated community aﬀects the individual’s psychology. It unconsiously associates with cages or prison. The presence of a barrier always causes the side eﬀect of curiosity, which makes an individual wonder what is like to be on the other side. “ The only cure for the Wall Disease was to bring the Wall down” - Di Cintio (33) Despite the fact that refugees live in a fenced settlement, there are some positive outcomes as well. The fact that the camp has controlled access points creates a sense of safety for the younger generation, to feel free and roam around the community.

Fence Around Camp

Image 60

Zaatari Shelters In Za’atari there are two types of shelter: tents and caravans. Both Modules details are in chapter 3, analyzing UNHCR’s existing shelter types. To summarize, the tent has a life span of 1 year. However, the Syrian refugees stayed longer in the Zaatari camp. The tents have expired which is why, the UNHCR created a new plan, “ Our plan is to eventually ‘caravanise’ the whole camp, so that every family has the security of living in a solid building that they can turn into their home. ” - UNHCR (34) There are 7,822 tents in camp while having 24,000 caravans, the camp started out with only tents provided, but the longer the stay, the worse the situation got, which obliged the UNHCR to act, and ‘caravanise’ the camp. The tents and its open plan layout deprives the people from privacy. With the Zaatari’s shelter layout, having very minimal space between the tents, the tent’s fabric materiality makes refugees feel exposed. The structure as well is inappropriate for the hot climatic and sandstorm conditions of the desert topography of North Jordan. (35)

The Tents

The Caravans

7,822 tents in camp

24,000 caravans in camp (Statistics correct as of August 2017)

Occupant Analysis of Refugee in each Shelter:

Image 61 Image 62

Art �ther than the modi�cation of each shelter towards the refugee’s preferences, the U�� team have also provided them with paint tools and crafts, for them to paint and decorate their surroundings. An artistic intervention in the camp demonstrates how children’s explosion of energy can be redirected and rather than being destructive, it can be productive. Using caravans as blank white canvas for their art and thus bringing diversity and playfulness to the elevations of the housing units. This was a way of expression they were limited to. It added more life and color towards their caravans and the camp itself, to avoid the dull, desertly and white look it obtained before.

84 Image 63

Image 64

Image 65

Image 66

Image 67

Image 68

Image 69

Image 70

Image 71

Education Facilities Although a crisis occured, life must not stop. The Zaatari give activities and facilities to the refugees, and one of the most prominent is the education facilities. They provide learning and teaching with the help of volunteers. According the the UNHCR’S Zaatari’s survey they have conducted in regards to education.The majority of respondents went to school up to grade 9. One third reported having been trained in diﬀerent subjects. 49% of the refugee women interviewed have attended at least one training course in their lives while only 18% of males had one or more. (36)

Educational facilities around the camp

Image 72

87 Image 73

Market One of the strong points of the Zaatari refugee camp is the economy that refugees have established themselves in the camp. One promenade street accomodates a variety of refugee run businesses meeting the same needs of society, as an urban street. This street adds a vibrant character to the camp’s system as it becomes a point of attraction and concentratin of human activity. The Zaatari’s market has an estimation of 3,000 refugee-operated shops and businesses. They have created their own stores and own market in the refugee camp, acting as a self established city, with the observation of the UNHCR. In an article at ABC News, the reporter �ophie �cNeill write about the surprise of the Al Zaatari managers that �nd it outstanding how refugees set up new lives and successful local businesses by starting from absolute zero. They prove that settlements and their character depend entirely upon its inhabitants and their activities. they refer to the market street as their own ‘Champs Elysees’.(37)

Market Street

Image 74

89 Image 75

Water Collection Their basic structure is a large plastic barrel sitting on top of a basic wooden frame system. The construction is one of the most stable in the camp as it must be able to support the weight of the water it holds. In regards to water distribution, the Zataari camp depends on a network of trucks delivering water to communal public tanks instead of a water connection system. An average of 3300 m3 of water is delivered to the Zaatari camp by water delivering trucks every day. (38) Around two-thirds of households (67.8%) reported using the free water trucking from NGOs as their primary source of drinking water. �owever, there were signi�cant variations between districts, with the highest levels of free water trucking use recorded in District 8 and 9 (79.9% and 79.6% respectively) and the lowest in Districts 1 and 2 (55.3% and 57.2% respectively). (39)

Water Collection Diagram

8 9

Image 76

91 Image 77

Sustainable Approaches

Back then, rubbish was everywhere. While waste facilities in the form of mobile ‘dumpsters’ were present throughout the camp, they over�owed to the point that there was nowhere but the ground to throw rubbish. The concept was simple: families sort their waste and refugee cash for work volunteers collect it from each household and deliver it to the transfer area, where it is further separated and processed. (40) It is then sold to companies who trade in reusable materials, with pro�ts reinvested back into the pro�ect. The team adopted a public outreach campaign, encouraging households to separate their dry waste (such as cartons and cans) from their wet waste (like vegetable scraps), and more and more community members began to get involved. If peopledidn’t sort their rubbish in their homes, then the team would have received polluted recyclables which could not be sold.

92 Image 78

Waste Distribution in the camp

5.0 Dadaab Complex

Dadaab in Kenya - Context Analysis �s�ablished in ��, �he Dadaab ref�gee opera�ion has e�panded o�er �ime and no� comprises �he ��e camps of Dagahaley, Hagadera, Ifo, Kambios and Ifo II.

Image 79

97 Image 80

Ifo Refugee Camp

(41)

Size of Camp Area:

12.3 km2

Population:

84, 181

Average plot size per household:

12m x 15m

Households:

20, 677

�stablished in 1��1, Ifo is the oldest of the �ve refugee camps in �adaab. �ue to the in�ux of new arrivals �eeing war and famine in Somalia in 2010/11, theneighbouring Ifo 2 camp was established in 2011 to decrease population pressure in Ifo.

Camp Facilities

Image 81

Ifo Camp 1992

99 Image 82

Ifo Camp 1992

Dagahaley Refugee Camp

(42)

Size of Camp Area:

8.2 km2

Population:

30,000

Average plot size per household:

12m x 15m

Households:

36,286

Dagahaley camp was established in March 1992. For 14 years, the camp had a population of about 30,000. In 2011, most of the population in the Dagahaley outskirts moved to the new Ifo 2 camp.

Camp Facilities

100

Image 83

101 Image 84

Hagadera Refugee Camp

(43)

Size of Camp Area:

8.7 km2

Population:

106, 765

Average plot size per household:

12m x 15m

Households:

26, 469

Hagadera was established in 1992 and is the largest and third oldest camp in the Dadaab operation. The camp has one of the biggest markets in the region and a dynamic economy.

Camp Facilities

102

Image 85

103 Image 86

Ifo Refugee Camp 2 Size of Camp Area:

10 km2

Population:

51,436

Average plot size per household:

East 12m x 15m West 10 m x 12m

Households:

(44)

Ifo 2 is one of the newest refugee camps in Dadaab. It was opened in July 2011, to decongest Ifo and Dagahaley camps. Ifo 2 is divided into two sub-camps, Ifo 2 East and Ifo 2 West, and demarcated into 18 sections comprising of four to nine blocks each.

10, 989

Camp Facilities

104

Image 87

105 Image 88

Kambioos Refugee Camp Size of Camp Area:

5 km2

Population:

20, 480

Average plot size per household:

12m x 15m

Households:

4,348

(45)

Kambioos is the newest of the �ve �adaab camps. It was established in August 2011 and oﬃcially recognized by the Kenyan government in January 2013. The camp was originally planned for a population of 100,000 and can help reduce the population pressure in other camps.

Camp Facilities

106

Image 89

107 Image 90

Circulation Since the early 1990’s, the city of Dadaab, Kenya has played host to an ever growing number of refugees. It started with Daghley Camp, following Ifo, �ater on Hagedera, Ifo II and �nally Kambioos. The refugee camps in Dadaab also ‘broke the grid’, the UNCHR had a grid plan, but seen from the circulation routes, the older the camp, the more adapted it got, and transformed towards the needs of refugees with curved lines. There are three circulation patterns noticable in the circulation. The grid, orthagonal lines and organic lines. Ifo Camp

Hagadera Camp

Ifo 2 Camp

Daghaley Camp

Kambioos Camp

108

Typology Although the shelter patterns altered, as well as circulation patterns, the districts remained the same. As the refugee camps grew, UNHCR changed the typlogies according to the refugee’s needs. Shown in the diagram on the right, through progress, there was a play with courtyards and space.

Ifo Camp

Hagadera Camp

Ifo 2 Camp

Daghaley Camp

Kambioos Camp

109

Water

(46)

There are seven boreholes in Dagahaley and two outside the camp serving the host community. The borehole equipment is ageing, with low yields from old boreholes.

Seven operational boreholesprovide water in the camp. Six out of the seven boreholes, are PV SolarDiesel hybrid system, while one borehole is PV Solar stand alone.

Ifo has seven operational boreholes. There are 12,930 latrines, resulting in an average of seven persons per latrine (global standard is maximum 20).

Hagadera camp has seven operational boreholes. There are 201 water taps in the camp and 807 taps, which means that an average of 132 individuals share one tap. The accepted standard is 80 persons to share one tap.

There are two operational boreholes Kambioos but currently only one is in use. In late 2012, a water pipe system to the camp was constructed, towards achieving a better quantity and quality of water services. Women and children are no longer forced to walk long distances for water.

110

111

Image 91

112 Image 92

Image 93

113 Image 94

Education

(47)

Dagahaley has seven primary schools, two secondary schools and one adult literacy centre. The Government of Kenya’s ministry of education has installed solar power in �ve of Dagahaley’s primary schools as part of a wider programme to ensure power is available to all primary schools in Kenya.

Ifo 2 has ten primary schools (three in Ifo 2 East and seven in Ifo 2 West), and one secondary school.

Ifo has eight primary schools and two secondary schools as well as an adult literacy centre and a youth vocational centre.

Hagadera has seven primary schools and two secondary schools, one adult literacy centre, one vocational centre and one ICT training centre. Each class room in Hagadera holds 100 to 120 students, while the standard is 40 students in a class room.

Kambioos has three primary schools with a total population of 8,274 pupils.

114

Dagahaley Refuge Camp

Ifo II Refuge Camp

Ifo Refuge Camp

Hagedera Refuge Camp

Kambioos Refugee Camp

115

Image 95

116 Image 96

Image 97

117 Image 98

Health

(48)

MSF provides health services in Dagahaley camp using its own funds. Two of MSF’s four health posts in Dagahaley camp were closed and staﬀ moved to the remaining health posts and hospital.

Ifo 2 has one hospital, which was opened in June 2013, a maternity hospital and three health posts that are providing medical services to the refugees and members of the host communities.

Ifo has six primary health posts, which is below the standard of one health facility per 10,000 residents.

Four clinics and one hospital are serving an average of 454 patients per day. The ratio is over 28,000 individuals per each health clinic and therefore below the standard of 10,000 individuals.

Kambioos has one primary health post, which is below the standard of one health facility per 10,000 residents. There is no hospital in the camp. Clinical cases are referred to the IRC hospital in Hagadera.

118

119

Image 100

120 Image 101

Image 102

121 Image 103

Protection

(49)

Dagahaley has a transit centre for protection cases which is also used when refugees are transferred to other locations. There are 4 police stations inside of the camp, two located outer and the other two inside.

In order to increase the presence of the Police, UNHCR through Peace Winds Japan, constructed 25 accommodation rooms, for the Administration Police and handed them over in July 2014. There are 5 stations in total.

The camp is limited to three police stations, completely away from one another.

Hagadera camp has two police posts with a total of 75 police oﬃcers who are responsible for the camp security.

With the opening of a Protection Area in Kambioos in August 2014, the in-camp management of protection cases has become more eﬀective. The Protection Area has twenty T-shelters and can therefore host twenty families.

122

123

Image 104

124 Image 105

Image 106

125 Image 107

Food

(50)

Supplementary and therapeutic feeding programmes are implemented for children. Those with severe malnutrition are admitted to the stabilisation centre in the camp hospital.

Feeding programmes are implemented in addition to the general food distribution using two distribution points.

There is only one food distribution point in the camp.

WFP through World Vision distributes food rations twice a month. There is one food distribution point, where refugees collect food and non-food items through a biometric check system.

In June 2013, WFP opened a temporary food distribution point in Kambioos. This has positive protection implications, since bene�ciaries until then had to travel to Hagadera twice a month to collect their food rations.

126

127

Image 108

128 Image 109

Image 110

129 Image 111

Market

(51)

There is one market located almost at the border of the camp.

The market is located only in the West wing, compared to the other camps, it is the largest.

The market is centralized in the camp

The market is located where all the facilites are, in a form of community centre

No Market Established in this camp.

130

131

Image 112

132 Image 113

Image 114

133 Image 115

Vegetation

(52)

A tree nursery is producing seedlings for both the host and refugee communities. New arrivals have been cutting down trees in the spontaneous settlements in the outskirts of the camp, leading to con�icts with the host community.

Ifo 2 camp was planned with special consideration towards protection of the environment. Greenbelts were established and planted with variety of tree species, to restore the lost vegetation and all refugee families were provided with seedlings during the relocation in 2011.

Serious environmental degradation has been caused by the overpopulation of the camp. Green belts (areas for natural regeneration of trees) have been established and are covering an area of 4.125 km².

Most of the green belts areas in Hagadera are currently devastated. Due to a lack of funding and limited stocks, �rewood distribution is now targeting only the most vulnerable refugees.

UNHCR‘s vision for Kambioos was to open a model of an eco-friendly refugee camp. In line with this, an environmental impact assessment of the proposed site was done in September 2009. Current activities include the establishment of green belts and rearing of tree seedlings.

134

135

Image 116

136 Image 117

Image 118

137 Image 119

Shelter Analysis Shelter Sizes in Dadaab Complex There are two types the UNHCR has shown, one with that is 12 m by 5 m and the other that is only provided in Ifo 2 Camp which is 10 m by 5 m. Although through thorough research, it has shown that although some are provided with shelters, they also adjust and pick up random material such as wood to create their own and more space.

12M

10M

Average Amount of People per Household:

Ifo Camp

(53)

Dagahaley Camp

Hagadera Camp

Ifo II Camp

84,181

87,180

106,765

51,436

20,480

20,677

36,286

26,469

10,989

4,348

4.0

4.7

4.0

2.4

Kambioos Camp

An Average of four people in a household,.

138

Image 120

139 Image 121

140

6.0 Design Approach

141

Failure of Refugees

After the trauma a refugee endures to be forced to leave their home, Refugee camps are often characterized as a continuity of their struggle and misery, rather than a place of refuge, a place of comfort, such as the feeling of being in a tough situation or event, but later going back home or even to a random safe place that gives comfort. A place of reassurance, that you will be cared for. One of the diﬃcult decisions refugees face is deciding which path to take, to enter a refugee, or to make it on their own. The term ‘Refuge’ should resemble a place of shelter, protection and safety. Unfortunately, Refugee camps do not obtain these three factors properly.

142

Image 122

143 Image 123

The Role of Children The reason to select the children as the main in�uencers to the design is the fact that they convey �� of the refugee population (all under the age 18). It can be used as a tool to help youngsters overcome trauma and save future generations. Their involvement since the inception of project until the actual building gives them a sense of ownership and attachment to it. The innovative process lies within not simply providing playing facilities (swing, slide, etc.) but rather in exploring opportunities that enable an approach that will hopefully act as a catalyst triggering longer-term goals to impact positive change for the personal and psychological development of the children.

144 Image 124

Relation to Shelters The relation to children with shelter design could be the similarity of shelter components such as folding, twisting, compact, stacking and so on... to types of toys that children play with, that can also be adaptive, with the same typologies. Here are some examples:

Paper Planes

Fold

Legos

Stacked Fidget Spinner

Ball string

Roll

Twisted /Balloon

Puzzles

Assembled

Compact

145 Image 123

(54)

Limitation into inspiration by designing with play

1. Point of View — how camp might be perceived from an adult’s point of view as compared to a child’s point of view.

2. Metaphor — culture or community meaning might the camp speak towards?

3. Movement — a new way for the shelter to move, the relationships between its static versus moving parts.

4. Add to Palette — use light and material color to communicate something new to your occupants.

5. Surprise — design the camp as a sensorial journey that presents a story to the occupants as they travel through its space.

The camp should amuse both adult and child. Even the adult have an inner child in them that can be used.

It should be set out to speak towards a better future, to give them hope after the trauma they endured.

The shelter would be adaptable, moveable and adopt a relationship with the site it’s in.

The palette could be white, and allow children to use it as a canvas, inspired by Zaatari.

Even the camp on an urban scale should be �owed in good circulation that would �t the refugees needs.

146

147 Image 126

CONSTANT MOVEMENT Since Refugees spend most of their time outside the camp, they are constantly moving.

ACCESSIBILITY Accessibility should be a balance between limited and �e�ible.

148

SELECTIVE EXIT The refugees choose where they enter or leave, marking their own circulatory organic path.

EVER-CHANGING MOVEMENT The shelter can be allocated wherever is pleased within the guideline.

149

What Makes A Great Place? Considering shelter design, to design a camp, there needs to be some key attributes to how to make it a ‘’successful’ or ‘happy’ place. The diagram below evaluates important aspects needed in a communal space that will enhance it. �t presents the four main keys, following its intangibles and �nally how to measure it. The (55) four main keys to be focused on are, sociability, uses ,image, and circulation.

Image 127

150

Enviromental Synergy �ne of the most signi�cant keys to be considered in refugee camps are its enviromental synergy. �nowing that refugees mostly fail due to its lack of planning. By collecting enviromental strategies, it shows that they reinforce each other. The diagram illustrates how the strategies are connected.(56)

Image 128

151

152

7.0 Refuge Island

153

Refuge Island - Dubai

The World Islands Located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. An arti�tial island composed of very small islands mainly made of sand retrieved from Dubai’s coasts, shaped into a map. Construction of the 300 islands began in �003, only to halt due to the �00� �nancial crisis.

Gulf

UAE

154 Image 129

Site Selection Most refugee camps are popularly situated in deserts, but why not have a camp on an island? There was always the issue that debated segregation of refugee camps from cities. Another issue is also the fenced wall, which acts as if a prison, or a cage. The World Islands breaks these issues, as the island itself is situated near to the city, yet far. There is no ph physical barrier, only a view of the City and Sea. Another factor that drove me to choose this site is that the designed intent of the camp is temporary as they’re supposed to be. The World Islands is deserted, because of the lack of funds, so the space can be taken advantage of for a short period of time. Lastly, with the most important factor is that this will be a prototype placement of the design.

155

Site Coverage

Area: 1.7km2

156

Views & Landmarks Landmarks

Sea

Views

The City Itself

Landmark: The World Islands

Landmark: Palm Jumeirah

157 Image 130

Temperature Analysis

(57)

158

Precipitation Analysis

159

Sun Path Diagram

(58)

160

Sun Rays & Shadows

December - Winter

Through the sun diagram, an analysis has been conducted of the sun’s position on site, resulting with the sun’s shadows. This has has been analyzed on two elaborate seasons, summer when it’s hot, & winter when it’s cold.

Sun Rays Shadows

Summer - June

Sun Rays Shadows

161

Wind Analysis

(59)

162

163

Initial Island Plan Analysis The proposed pro�ect before the �nancial crisis, this is the arrangement of programs, as well as distinguising the aspect of public and private on the island. The �gure on the right is an estimation of time taken to reach the island through a boat.

Private vs Public Public

Semi

Private

Proposed Programs

164

Chosen Site Border Access Route

This border can be used as a barrier, without actually involving fences which also limits accesses.

JUMEIRAH FISHING HARBOUR

7 MINS

6 M S IN

INS

7 MINS

10 M S IN UM SUQEIM FISHING HARBOUR

165

166

8.0 Predator Nature

167

Rethinking Al Zaatari

Middle East

Jordan Al Zaatari Camp is an existing refugee camp located in Mafra�, Jordan. �t was created to host Syrians �eeing from the Syrian Civil War.

168 Image 131

Site Selection The design intent is to create a better living situation for refugees, this includes future and current ongoing crisis. the zaatari camp was chosen to be another prototype of my project being adapted and illuminating and an existing camp. This camp is one of the biggest and most popular in the World.

169

Circulation

Secondary Road

Linear Main Road

Site Selection - Zaatari Camp Surrounding Site

170 Image 132

Program Analysis in Site

(60)

171

Temperature Analysis

(61)

172

Precipitation Temperature

(62)

173

Sun Path Diagram

(63)

174

Sun Rays & Shadows Through the sun diagram, an analysis has been conducted of the sun’s position on site, resulting with the sun’s shadows. This has has been analyzed on two elaborate seasons, summer when it’s hot, & winter when it’s cold.

December - Winter

Sun Rays Shadows

Summer - June

Sun Rays Shadows

175

Wind Analysis

(64)

176

177

178

9.0 Africa

179

Dadaab Complex, Africa

Africa

Kenya The Dadaab Complex is one of the biggest refugee camp in the world, the area holds 6 refugee camps in total that populate tens of thousands of people.

180 Image 133

Site Selection As the modern standard of a refugee camp situates in deserts, I chose a dry land, in Dadaab to resemble creating another refugee camp with the new design approach to show the diﬀerence and universe the design.

181

Distances

(65)

Destination Dagahaley Refugee Camp Ifo 2 Refugee Camp Ifo Refugee Camp Dadaab Hagadera Refugee Camp

Distances Ifo 2 Refugee Camp Ifo Refugee Camp Dadaab Hagadera Refugee Camp Kambioos Refugee Camp

4.8 Km 4.4 Km 6.2 Km 8.5 Km 6.4 Km

182 Image 133

Program Analysis

(66)

183 Image 134

Temperature Analysis

(67)

184

Precipitation Temperature

(68)

185

Sun Path Diagram

(69)

186

December - Winter

Sun Rays Shadows

June - Summer

Sun Rays Shadows

187

Wind Analysis

(70)

188

189

190

10.0 Program Analysis

191

Group Categories in Camp When a disaster occurs that leads to refugees, they end up in the camp with diﬀerent sectors of groups, whether they are families that have �ed together, children that could have lost their families through the journey or in the terror, elderly that either go through the journey with the rest or grow up in the camp, and women who have lost their husbands, or families in the terror.

Families

Children

Elderly

Men

Women

192

Image 135

Image 136

Image 137

Image 138

Image 139

193

To give them life, take their mind oﬀ of lost ones and terror they have experienced.

Life should not stop, they must continue learning and growing, to create a better future, for them and the world.

EDUCATION

They will need assistance, either upon arrival, or people get sick in general, so they will need to be take care of

MEDICAL LEISURE

Families CIRCULATION WORK As camps largen, they establish circulation methods

SECUIRITY

RESIDENTIAL

Once settled, they will be take care of by donation agencies, but through analysis refugees tend to also work in the camp and provide for themselves.

Just like in a normal neighborhood, there should be secuirity in order for them to feel safe.

A private place to sleep, and rest.

194

It’s usually instinct for men to look for jobs to be able to provide and start a family.

Could use all methods of circulation Could be injured upon arrival, or natural sickness, or potential violence occuring in the camp.

WORK

To go for any speci�c kind of learning

CIRCULATION

EDUCATION

MEDICAL MEN

RESIDENTIAL

LEISURE SECUIRITY

Men are able to provide for themselves with all the quali�cations of a home.

They will also require secuirity to protect them

Despite looking for work, they should also be provided with activities that can help them phsycologically and physically.

195

Program Analysis To go for any speci�c kind of learning

Will be provided with work to provide for themselves, or family.

Can use any method of circulation.

Will require protection

CIRCULATION

SECUIRITY EDUCATION

WORK WOMEN

RESIDENTIAL

Women are able to provide for themselves with all the quali�cations of a home.

MEDICAL LEISURE

Giving them activities and improving their quality of life and time.

Could have potential pregnancies, or natural medical assistance.

196

Some Elderly people are unable to walk, or use a bike, so some may need the use of a cart for an easier circulation. Due to old age, there should be a clinic or hospital nearby.

CIRCULATION MEDICAL

ELDERLY LEISURE

RESIDENTIAL

WORK

They are prone to quiet comfortable places to relax, and contemplate.

For some that are still able and want to provide, they should be accomodated with a special job that will �t their needs, such as �shing to get food.

As well, they will need a home without any kitchens and laundry room, removing any risks, as they should be taken care of.

197

Unable to use carts, or vehicles, these are the two most appropriate circulation methods.

Life shouldn’t stop, they must continue learning and their education, as it could save a future generation.

CIRCULATION

EDUCATION

MEDICAL

SECUIRITY

CHILDREN

RESIDENTIAL

Children require assistance for any complicated facilities, such as kitchens and laundry rooms.

In case of any illnesses, they should be provided medical assistance as they can be vulnerable.

Will require protection.

LEISURE

Childrens spent most of their day moving with activities, and should be provided with diﬀerent facilities to help them overcome their t struggles and trauma.

198

Majority of Group in Camp

(71)

Families

Children

Women

55%

Elderly

Men

199

Existing Site Planning Guidlines

(72)

FAMILY 5

5 5 5 5

Numbers refer to approximate amount of persons

5 5 5 5

COMMUNITY 80

BLOCK

1280

1 latrine per family 1 water tap per community 1 distribution point per sector 1 school per sector 1 market per settlement 1 feeding centre per settlement 1 health centre per settlement

1280

SECTOR 5120

1280

SETTLEMENT

5120

20,480

200

Prototype Estimation After conducting an analysis of the typology of a camp, the intent is to create a prototype conducting a targeted amount of people, and focus on the design, which can be doubled and adapted throughout the camp for the entire settlement. This resulted in giving an approximate amount of people, such as 4 in a family multiplied by 16, creating a community of 64 people, multiplied by 16 again, creates a block of 1024 people.

COMMUNITY

FAMILY

1 0x

2 =1

1280

BLOCK

201

Entire Camp Program Analysis

ENTRY POINT VIP GATE ARRIVAL GATE SERVICE GATE

SECURITY

PANTRY ROOM OFFICE TOILET

BICYCLE TRACK PEDESTRIAN CART ACCESS CAR ACCESS TRUCK ACCESS

ADMINISTRATION

CIRCULATION

RECEPTION STORAGE WAIT ROOM PANTRY TOILET MEETING ROOM

MEDICAL RECEPTION POWER ROOM STORAGE WAIT ROOM OFFICE

ICU CLINIC HOSPITAL PANTRY WASHROOM

202

SERVICE

VOLUNTEER HUB SPECIAL JOB OFFICE ARGICULTURE MARKET

WAREHOUSE NGO OFFICE FIRE DEPARTMENT POLICE STATION DISTRIBUTION RECYCLE/ WASTE BUILDING

WORK

EDUCATION PRIMARY SECONDARY HIGH SCHOOL STUDIO WASHROOM

BEDROOM DINING LIVING ROOM KITCHEN TOILET LAUNDRY

RESIDENTIAL

LEISURE PAVILION LIBRARY MEDITATION SPORTS

SOCIAL CENTRE GARDEN PLAYGROUND TEMPLE

203

Facility

SqM Permount of Peopl

Total Sqm

Gate VIP Gate Security Entry Gate Security Service Gate Security

15 sqm 15 sqm 15 sqm

Security Oﬃce Pantry Toilet

18 sqm 15 sqm 12 sqm

Administration Initial registration/health screening area: Si Site administrative oﬃce Pantry Toilet Circulation Residential Shel Shelter Restroom

100 sqm 7 sqm 5 sqm 12 sqm

25%

2m2 per family

2000 sqm

approx. family is 5 so 1000/5=200x2

Leisure Pavilions Temple Recreation areas Volunteer Hub Playground Social Centre Education Centre Classroom Nurse Room ga garden Library Washroom

6000 sqm = 400 sqm 70 sqm 70 sqm 150 sqm 100 sqm 250 sqm

25 people per classroom 25 people x 2.5 =

Work Market Agriculture

100 sqm 14 sqm 20.2 sqm 70 sqm 12 sqm 250 sqm 1000 sqm

Health Centre A reception & Waiting area Examination room & Consultation room treatment room Supply Storage Pantry Washroom

10 sqm 40 sqm 30 sqm 20 sqm 5 sqm 12 sqm

Service Distribution Point Warehouse Recycle/Waste Port

40 sqm 22 sqm 40 sqm

Total

Approx 11,000sqm

204

Prototype Program Proposal

COMMUNITY

FAMILY

x 80

1280

BLOCK

2 =1

Security Gate Administration Service Circulation Shelter Education Leisure Health Work

205

206

11.0 Design Approach

207

There is a complexity of creating a proper temporary shelters built to withstand rough weather patterns, transitional, and adaptable. With the goal of creating a marketable, portable shelter, we investigated using diﬀerent typlogies found in existing shelter designs. This includes, folding, assembling, stac stacking, rolling, compact, and twisting. These entities were tested to adopt the quickest packaging, simplest construction and fastest solution to the refugee shelter crisis.

208

Fold

Roll

Assembled

Compact

Stacked

Twisted

209

Stacked Legos Process Diagram

210

211

Stacked Arch

Top View Process Diagram

212

213

Assembled Sticks

Assemble

Top View

Process Diagram

214

215

Assembled Cloud

Assembled

Process Diagram

Top View

216

217

Compact Bubble

Compact Top View Process Diagram

218

219

Sushi Paper Roll

Roll Process Diagram

220

221

Rolled Sanctuary

Roll

Process Design

222

223

Folded Mouth

Fold Process Diagram

224

225

Origami In Japan, origami are more than just a child’s game. Granted, the “Art of Folding (“ori”) Paper (“gami”)” is taught as soon as kindergarten. But many grown-ups continue to make origami as a hobby. And, more importantly, it has become an art which adapted into architecture. Recently, it has also been a relatively wide-spread source of inspi inspiration for architects. The form is limited by the delicate nature of paper, where a planar paper surface, after folding, transforms to a 3-dimentional object.

226 Image 140

Three Main Types of Folding Origami can be useful in applications of engineering the shelter in terms of deployability, strength, insulation, ventilation and wind resistance. These capabilities can be found in 3 diﬀerent folding strategies that can unleash an array of possibilities in creating a shelter. In comparison to tents, origami structure self generates whereas, tents require additional parts for assembly and structure. Furthermore this would help even an unskilled person to expand the structure. A structure that can be easier to compact, carry, and store.

Yoshimura Pattern (Diamond Pattern)

Diagonal Pattern

Miura Ori Pattern (Herringbone Pattern)

Image 141

227

Typologies Presented n Origami The Origami itself is known to be charecterized and created with the art of fold, but when complexing the shape, it can be shown that diﬀerent typologies can be addressed on it. Using one simple model, this can present the potential of a shelter unit, adapting to however the refugees would need it to be.

Compact

Stack

Assemble

Image 142

228

Pull and Push

Image 143

Twist

Roll

Image 143

229

Geometrical Patterns and Instructions Origami is formed with symmetrical geometry. After unfolding an origami 3D paper model until it reaches a �at surface, a clearly de�ned creasepattern is formed. The crease pattern consists of two systems of lines, which, in the 3D con�guration, represent hills and valleys. These lines are usually indicated on paper with two diﬀerent line-styles Each and every origami form, there is always a math or algorithim to it. For each shape comes a diﬀerent manual. Below is an example of a manual to create the paper model on the right.

Image 144

Image 145

230

The proposed method has been used for the morphological exploration of architectural structures. To make use of all the research shown, with the study of the typologies and using the method of Origami to create playful design. This will be one way to exemplify and create a better living shelter and situ situation for refugee camps.

Image 146

Image 147

231

Citations 1) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “UNHCR HANDBOOK”,(assessed August, 2017) 2) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “The 1951 Refugee Convention”,(assessed October 12, 2008) 3) Duley, Giles. “Giles Duley's Photographs of Refugees' Journeys – in Pictures.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 3 June 2017, 4) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, “UNHCR-GLOBAL-TRENDS-2017”, (assessed January, 2018) 5) Refugees Deeply - Refugee News.” Timeline - Background Refugees Deeply, 6) “Operational Portal.” Document - Zaatari Camp's Facilities Map, 7) “Operational Portal.” Document - Cash for Work in Zaatari Camp August 2017- Basic Needs and Livelihoods Working Group, 8) “Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, 9) (UNHCR 2013b) 10) Mcclelland, Mac. “How to Build a Perfect Refugee Camp.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 13 Feb. 2014 11) “75 Years of Major Refugee Crises around the World.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 12) United Nations. “'I Would Have Paid to Do the Work I Was Doing'.” UNHCR, 13) “Open Source Online Platform Which Collects and Shares Questions, Problems, Ideas and Solutions Dealing with the Architectural Aspects of the Current Refugee Crisis.” 14) “Architecture for Refugees.” Future Architecture Platform, 15) United Nations. “UNHCR Global Trends 2017.” UNHCR, 16) United Nations. “History of UNHCR.” UNHCR 18) United Nations. “The 1951 Refugee Convention.” UNHCR 19) United Nations. “Resettlement Data Finder.” UNHCR News,

232

21) UNHCR Map Portal, maps.unhcr.org 22) “Refugees Deeply - Refugee News.” Oceans, News Deeply, 23) “History of Refugee Protection.” OUP Academic, Oxford University Press, 24) “Natural Catastrophes.” Our World in Data, 25) “Refugee Camps: How a Temporary Approach Is Harmful to Health.” ARCHIVE Global, 9 Feb. 2018, 26) 16 May, 2017 By Manuel Herz. “From Camp to City: 'Permanent Is Not the Opposite of Temporary'.” Architectural Review, 27) Habihut, www.thehabihut.com/products_01.html. 28) “Aid.” ShelterBox, www.shelterbox.org/shelter/aid. 29) (UNHCR 2013b) 30) Mcclelland, Mac. “How to Build a Perfect Refugee Camp.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 13 Feb. 2014 31) “75 Years of Major Refugee Crises around the World.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 32) United Nations. “'I Would Have Paid to Do the Work I Was Doing'.” UNHCR, 33) “Open Source Online Platform Which Collects and Shares Questions, Problems, Ideas and Solutions Dealing with the Architectural Aspects of the Current Refugee Crisis.” 34) “Architecture for Refugees.” Future Architecture Platform, 35) United Nations. “UNHCR Global Trends 2017.” UNHCR, 36) United Nations. “History of UNHCR.” UNHCR 37) United Nations. “The 1951 Refugee Convention.” UNHCR 38) United Nations. “Resettlement Data Finder.” UNHCR News, 39) Tucker, Emma. “16-Year-Old Artist Builds Igloos with Refugee Lifejackets for Moroso Installation.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 6 Apr. 2017 40) “The 10 Principles of Burning Man.” Burning Man 41) “Designing Black Rock City.” Burning Man Journal

233

Citations 42) Howarth, Dan. “The Best Temporary Structures from Burning Man 2016.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 10 Oct. 2016, 43) Howarth, Dan. “NK Guy Photographs Art of Burning Man in the Nevada Desert.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 15 June 2016, 44) Gibson, Eleanor. “BIG Architects' Mirrored Orb among Installation Highlights at Burning Man 2018.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 5 Sept. 2018 45) “Step 2: Shelter at Za'atari Camp.” UNHCR, 46) “Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, 47) “|| Maranie Rae ||.” Maranie Rae Photography, 48) “Syrian Refugees Struggle at Zaatari Camp.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 8 May 2013, 49) “Climate Amman.” Meteoblue, Meteoblue AG, 50) “WeatherSpark.com.” Average Weather in Garland, Texas, United States, Year Round - Weather Spark 51) “Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/31893. 52) “Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/32113. 53) “Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/32114. 54) “Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/32115. 55) “Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/32112. 56)“Operational Portal.” Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response, data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/32111. 57) Rawlence, Ben. “Story of Cities #44: Will Dadaab, the World's Largest Refugee Camp, Really Close?” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 17 May 2016, 58) Reuters. “The World's Largest Refugee Camp Is Closing Soon.” Business Insider, Business Insider, 23 May 2016,

234

59) “Dadaab Refugee Camps in Kenya, 20 Years on – in Pictures.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 24 Mar. 2011 60) “Dadaab Refugee Camp.” Boston.com, The Boston Globe, 12 Aug. 2011 61) Wright, Bruce. “Largest Refugee Camp Pictures: In Kenya, Dangerous Dadaab Camp Ordered Closed [PHOTOS].” International Business Times, 11 May 2016 62) D'Orsi, Cristiano. “Kenyan Court Forces the Country to Review Its Options on Dadaab Refugee Camp.” The Conversation, The Conversation, 10 Dec. 2018 63) “UNHCR Plan to Close Oﬃces Sparks Protests.” The Star, Kenya, The Star, Kenya, 2 Oct. 2017, 64) Ismail, Fatuma Omar. “Dadaab Refugee Camp Through The Eyes of a Child.” Oceans, News Deeply, 6 Apr. 2017 65) “Searching for Water in the World's Biggest Refugee Crisis – National Geographic Society Newsroom.” National Geographic Blog, blog.nationalgeographic.org/2017/04/07/searching-for-water-in-the-worlds-biggest-refugee-crisis/. 66) Lewis, Themba. “THEMBA LEWIS PHOTOGRAPHY.” Dadaab: the World's Largest Refugee Camp,

235

Citations Image 1: Image 2: Image 3: Image 4: Image 5: Image 6:

Duley, Giles. “Giles Duley's Photographs of Refugees' Journeys – in Pictures.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 3 June 2017, www.theguard ian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2017/ jun/03/giles-duley-photo graphs-of-refugees-journeys-in-pictures

Image 7: Image 8: Image 9: Image 10: Image 11: Image 12: Image 13: Image 14: Image 15: Image 16:

“Photography Pulitzer for Coverage of Refugee Crisis.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 28 Apr. 2016, www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2016/04/18/blogs/ photography-pulit zer-for-coverage-of-refugee-crisis/s/18-lens-refugees-slide-LQTA.htm

Image 17: Image 18: Image 19: Image 20: Image 21: Image 22: Image 23: Image 24:

Estrin, David Gonzalez and James. “Photography Pulitzer for Coverage of Refugee Crisis.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 18 Apr. 2016, lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/pho tography-pulitzer-for-coverage-of-refugee -crisis/.

Image 25: Image 26: Image 27: Image 28: Image 29: Image 30: Image 31: Image 32: Image 33: Image 34: Image 35: Image 36: Image 37:

Hunt, Elle. “Boy in the Ambulance: Shocking Image Emerges of Syrian Child Pulled from Aleppo Rubble.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 18 Aug. 2016, www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/18/ boy-in-the-ambulance-im age-emerges-syrian-child-aleppo-rubble

Image 38: Image 39: Image 40: Image 41: Image 42:

“Hope for a New Life.” World Press Photo, www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2016/spot-news/warren-richardson.

Image 43: Image 44: Image 45: Image 46: Image 47: Image 48: Image 49: Image 50: Image 51: Image 52: Image 53: Image 54:

“Inside the Zaatari and Mafraq Tent Camps.” Maranie Rae Photography, www.maranierae.com/zaatari-and-mafraq/0cvt40tjeuit4qgtb6n3xqip 8whm2

Image 55: Image 56: Image 57: Image 58: Image 59: Image 60: Image 61: Image 62: Image 63: Image 64: Image 65: Image 66:

Oswald, Vanessa. “Children Photograph What Life Is Really Like in Refugee Camps.” Resource, 31 Jan. 2017, resourcemagonline.com/2016/12/children-photo graph-life-in-refugee-camps /72703/.

Image 67: Image 68: Image 69: Image 70: Image 71: Image 72:

“Mark Power • Life Inside Jordan's Refugee Camps • Magnum Photos.” Magnum Photos, 13 Dec. 2016, www.magnumphotos.com/newsroom/society/mark-power-cities-deser

Image 73: Image 74: Image 75: Image 76: Image 77: Image 78: Image 79:

Syria's Displaced: A Photo Essay.” Dissent Magazine, www.dissentmagazine.org/article/syria-displaced-photo-essay-zaatari-refugeemp.

236

Image 80: Image 81: Image 82: Image 83: Image 84: Image 85: Image 86: Image 87: Image 88: Image 89:

Segal, Corinne. “Stranded in a Refugee Camp, This Syrian Photographer Teaches Budding Artists.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 11 June 2016, www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/zaatari-refugee-camp-syrian-pho tographer.

Image 90: Image 91: “Art Blart.” Art Blart, artImage 92: blart.com/tag/palestine-refugee-camps/. Image 93: Image 94: Image 95: Image 96: Image 97: Image 98: Image 99: Image 100: Image 101: Image 102: Image 103: Image 104: Image 105:

Sulcas, Roslyn. “An Irish Photographer's Images of Refugee Camps Win the Prix Pictet.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 4 May 2017, www.ny times.com/2017/05/04/arts/d esign/rich ard-mosse-prix-pictet-photography.html

237