AS+GG City Design Practice by Civic Advocates

CI TYDESI GNPRACTI CE RI CHARDWI LSON, AI A, AI CP r i c h a r dwi l s on @s mi t h gi l l . c om 001 . 3 1 2 . 8 7 0. 4 01 1 www. s mi t h gi l l . c om

Table of Contents CONTACT INFO

FIRM INTRODUCTION

Richard A Wilson, AIA AICP City Design Director

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

30 West Monroe st. Suite 400 Chicago IL 60603 T +1 312 870 4011 C +1 312 758 4998 RichardWilson@smithgill.com

TRANSFORMATIVE DESIGN

PROJECTS 1. NORTH AMERICA CHICAGO CENTRAL AREA PLAN CHICAGO DECARBONIZATION PLAN MILLENNIUM PARK CHICAGO RIVERWALK NORTH BRANCH FRAMEWORK LAKESHORE EAST CHICAGO LAKESIDE PULLMAN NATIONAL MONUMENT 2. EUROPE CANARY WHARF GOLDEN HORN SHIPYARD 3. ASIA SEUN DISTRICT #4, SEOUL BAISHIZHOU, SHENZHEN GREAT CITY, CHENGDU GREAT CITY, XIXIAN ECOLOGICAL CITY, TIANFU ERQI DISTRICT, WUHAN CBD EXPANSION, BEIJING JUMERIAH GARDENS, DUBAI KACARE, RIYADH MATAF CAPACITY OF THE HOLY MOSQUE, MAKKAH 4. GLOBAL EVENTS EXPO 2020 DUBAI EXPO 2017 ASTANA CHICAGO 2016 OLYMPIC BID WASHINGTON 2024 OLYMPIC BID

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

FIRM INTRODUCTION Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (AS+GG) approaches each project – regardless of size or scale – with an understanding that design has a unique power to influence civic life. We strive to design healthy communities that have a positive impact on the environment and that inspire people to care for the world. AS+GG utilizes an integrated design approach that emphasizes a symbiotic relationship with the natural environment – a philosophy the firm terms “Global Environmental Contextualism.” This approach, which builds upon a site and/or building’s fundamental response to its environmental factors, combined with renewable energy strategies and utilization technologies, represents a fundamental change in the design process in which “Form Follows Performance.” Our design is predicated on the understanding that everything within the built and natural environment is connected. All design should stem from and be enriched by the interrelationships of local, regional and global context. AS+GG designers are global leaders in multiple disciplines, including Architecture, Urban Design, Sustainability and Project Management. Our expertise includes large-scale urban district planning, design and construction, high-performance supertall towers, corporate office, hotel and residential complexes, high-end retail, cultural facilities, museums and exhibition facilities, educational buildings, high-tech offices, streetscapes, public infrastructure and sustainability consulting. Sustainable design is integral to and embedded into all of our work. Our firm was founded in 2006 by Partners Adrian Smith, Gordon Gill and Robert Forest. The firm has ranked among the top 10 global architecture firms since its founding, and, in 2015, was ranked the #1 firm in the United States by Architect Magazine. Much of this success stems from the firm’s commitment to dedicate an annual percentage of profits into design research to propel the profession forward. AS+GG has 90 employees in offices in Chicago and Beijing with projects in more than 30 cities around the world.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE The City Design Practice of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture is one of the most progressive, engaging and award-winning urban design practices in the world. The firm specializes in the Planning, Design and Construction of large-scale urban districts in historic and emergent cities worldwide. The City Design Practice is committed to the design of Urban Environments that Exceed 2030 Carbon Reduction Goals. As the global population continues to grow and most people now live in urban areas, cities must continue to evolve to be more Resource Efficient, Resilient and Equitable to ensure high living standards and robust economies, while also adapting to rapid technological and environmental driven change. We believe that designing buildings, public spaces and infrastructure to existing codes and design standards that often become out-of-date by the time large-scale projects are constructed is simply not good enough. Through Firm-Initiated Research and Leadership in the planning, design and construction fields, we enable our clients to set the curve for resilient, sustainable development within economic frameworks that deliver profitable returns. For each project, global benchmarks for sustainable design are established that address Resource Efficiency and Social Wellbeing. Goals and strategies are then developed and supported by evaluation tools and metrics that guide every decision of the planning and design process. Using this approach, AS+GG achieves exceptional results for our clients and the cities and regions we serve. When designing new urban districts, we are committed to the belief that buildings and infrastructure should be Intelligent, Connected and Resilient to future environmental, social and economic changes. Integration with local and dispersed IoT technologies, hand held devices, wearables, etc. allows for costeffective, ongoing, dynamic adjustment of building systems and infrastructure to optimize performance. We endeavor to advance Smart City designs that Improve Productivity, Quality of Life and Operational Costs. Intelligent infrastructure is an integral component of an urban ecosystem. Elements include clean energy storage and distribution, environmentally-responsible waste collection, recycling and energy recovery, decentralized waste water treatment, reclaimed water distribution and rainwater management, management of on-demand goods collection and delivery, low carbon and smart mobility, and other emerging technologies. The City Design Practice is led by Richard Wilson, an award-winning architect and city planner with 30 years of global design and construction experience throughout the Americas, Asia, Europe, India and the Middle East.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

TRANSFORMATIVE DESIGN The resonance and efficacy of our work is clearly demonstrated by the realization of built works, many of which represent the “first of their kind.” The firm has undertaken and succeeded in the delivery of bold challenges for a variety of national, regional, municipal and private sector clients, including: DESIGN THE WORLD’S TALLEST STRUCTURE AS+GG Partners designed Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, which is currently the world’s tallest building. DESIGN A 1-KILOMETER TALL TOWER AS+GG designed Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Now under construction, it will be the world’s tallest structure. REDUCE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF A MAJOR CITY AS+GG prepared the Chicago Central Area Decarbonization Plan for the City of Chicago to address the 2030 Challenge for carbon reduction. DESIGN A HIGHLY-SUSTAINABLE CITY FOR 100,000 INHABITANTS AS+GG designed Great City located outside of Chengdu, China. DESIGN A HIGH-PERFORMANCE URBAN STORMWATER DISTRICT AS+GG designed a new central business district in Wuhan, China, that captures and reuses 90% of all stormwater at building, block and public realm scales, while capturing, cleansing and returning the remaining 10% to recharge the Yangtze River Basin. DESIGN ICONIC ARCHITECTURE TO CREATE WATERFRONT IDENTITY AS+GG Partners designed Canary Wharf to create a globally-recognized waterfront identity for the City of London. DESIGN OF NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS AS+GG Partners designed the first NetZero energy supertall building in the world for China – Pearl River Tower. DESIGN OF POSITIVE ENERGY BUILDINGS AS+GG designed the original Masdar Headquarters building in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Masdar is widely recognized as a pioneer project in the advancement of international sustainable city and building design.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

NORTH AMERICA

01 CHICAGO CENTRAL AREA PLAN Chicago, USA

02 CHICAGO DECARBONIZATION PLAN Chicago, USA

03 MILLENNIUM PARK Chicago, USA

04 CHICAGO RIVERWALK Chicago, USA

05 NORTH BRANCH FRAMEWORK Chicago, USA

06 LAKESHORE EAST Chicago, USA

07 CHICAGO LAKESIDE Chicago, USA

08 PULLMAN NATIONAL MONUMENT Chicago, USA

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CHICAGO CENTRAL AREA PLAN CH ICAGO, U SA

The Chicago Central Area Plan sets forth a bold vision for the growth of Downtown Chicago. The plan establishes development policy for increased density and building heights, transportation projects to support growth, and urban design projects focused on public streets, new parks, lakefront access and riverfront improvements. Projects total $20 billion and are phased in four-year increments with associated federal, state and municipal funding strategies. To date, 70% of the projects have been implemented.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

DOWNTOWN CORE

StreetTRANSIT and block structure COVERAGE

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

PRIMARY CORRIDORS

RIVER FRONTAGE

SYSTEM

STREET NETWORK

SOFT SITES

TOURIST DESTINATIONS

LANDMARK

INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS

Tourism LAKEFRONT

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CHICAGO DECARBONIZATION PLAN CH ICAGO, U SA

The Chicago DeCarbonization Plan provides the strategy for the reduction of environmental impacts and carbon emissions related to land use, existing and new buildings, and infrastructure. The plan establishes the process for maintaining the economic and cultural vitality of the urban core, from an energy and carbon perspective, by analyzing seven areas of carbon production and reduction relevant to meeting 2030 carbon reduction goals. Chicago continues to implement projects from the plan, including increasing residential density, upgrades to the pedway system, activation of green spaces, addition of new schools to the downtown district, and express bus and bike lanes for more efficient public transportation.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

MILLENNIUM PARK CH ICAGO, U SA

AS+GG Partners led the master planning for Millennium Park. The park was conceived as a series of programmed rooms that complete the Grant Park framework for downtown Chicago. The park was built over an active commuter railway, bus transitway and multi-level public parking. The park contains public art, water features, gardens and performance venues. The economic impact of the park is significant as it has already generated $2.6 billion in visitor spending and $1.4 billion in adjacent residential development since completion in 2004.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CHICAGO RIVERWALK CH ICAGO, U SA

Master plan for the development and operation of the Chicago Riverwalk. The plan established the strategy for the construction of a 3-mile pedestrian walkway with activity zones along the south bank of the Chicago River. Now complete, the Riverwalk is universally accessible to all visitors with a variety of spaces that accommodate passive and active recreation. This was accomplished with a 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122; expansion into the river to provide area for pedestrian underbridge walkways. Construction of the riverwalk was completed in two phases and opened in July 2015 to international acclaim.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

NORTH BRANCH FRAMEWORK CH ICAGO, U SA

Coordinating master planning services, site design, sustainability strategies and engineering coordination for 760 acres along the Chicago River North Branch in the city center. The framework identifies employment and land use changes over three decades as a basis for market-based zoning revision, including an ongoing shift from traditional manufacturing towards advanced manufacturing, innovation, high tech offices and other uses. Infrastructure projects addressing all modes of travel and open space projects addressing riverfront access are addressed together with design guidelines for implementation.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

LAKESHORE EAST CH ICAGO, U SA

The development strategy addressed a parcel that had sat vacant for decades due to difficult site constraints and elevation changes. The plan created a major public park as the focal point around which architecture was used to transition from ground level to adjacent city streets 30 feet above grade. Lakeshore East connects to the Chicago Riverwalk and Lake Michigan and features 9.5 million square feet of residential, hotel, grocery store, restaurant and school buildings with a resident population of 15,000 people.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CHICAGO LAKESIDE CH ICAGO, U SA

Master Plan for redevelopment of a 500-acre brownfield site on Lake Michigan. A former steel manufacturing plant, this site has been cleared and fully remediated to make way for 38 million sf of mixed-use office, residential and entertainment districts for 13,500 residents and a daytime population of 50,000 people. Extensive lakefront park, marina and boat slip areas create unique identity for the development, while also managing 90 percent of all stormwater on site and celebrating extant industrial features as icons set within public parkland.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

PULLMAN NATIONAL MONUMENT CH ICAGO, U SA

Master Plan and site design for the United States of America’s first “Urban National Park” located in the Pullman neighborhood of the City of Chicago. The plan identifies 30 initiatives focused on elevating the visitor experience and accommodating anticipated growth in tourism from its current 15,000 people to more than 300,000 annually. Pullman railcars are widely recognized to have transformed the US railroad system by enabling long distance passenger travel. The Visitor Center is currently under construction and is scheduled to open on Labor Day 2020. This date is significant because Congress established Labor Day to commemorate national labor strikes that actually originated in Pullman.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

EUROPE

01 CANARY WHARF London, UK

02 GOLDEN HORN SHIPYARD Istanbul, Turkey

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CANARY WHARF LONDON , U K

AS+GG Partners led the master planning and urban design of Canary Wharf. Canary Wharf is a 39-ha waterfront site with 1.5 million sm of office and retail uses. It is home to the headquarters of numerous global and European banks, professional service firms and media organizations. The plan established a phased program of land development with transit, street, bridge, utility and parking infrastructure. The plan identified building locations, development densities, skyline profiles, public realm features and parkland locations.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

GOLDEN HORN SHIPYARD IS TANBU L, TU R KE Y

Master Plan for the redevelopment of a 30-ha, 2.5 km waterfront site located on the Golden Horn estuary of the Bosphorus Sea. A shipyard in existence since Roman times, this site is now being converted to mixed use development with office, residential and entertainment uses in the heart of Istanbul. A goal of this project is to accommodate as many as 50 million visitors per year. The development plan features adaptive reuse of industrial buildings and shipbuilding equipment for museum, performance venue and park use, alongside a new 1,000 boat marina. Infill development of 1 million sm is organized into a set of districts that are accessible by new transit lines and streetcar service.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

KOREA

CHINA

01 SEUN DISTRICT #4 Seoul, Korea

02 BAISHIZHOU LVGEM Shenzhen, China

03 GREAT CITY

ASIA

Chengdu, China

04 GREAT CITY Xixian, China

05 ECOLOGICAL CITY Tianfu, China

06 ERQI DISTRICT Wuhan, China

07 CBD EXPANSION Beijing, China

MIDDLE EAST 08 JUMERIAH GARDENS Dubai, UAE

09 KA CARE Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

10 MATAF CAPACITY OF THE HOLY MOSQUE Makkah, Saudi Arabia

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

SEUN DISTRICT #4 S EOUL, KO R EA

Redevelopment vision for a high-profile site located at the intersection of Jong-Ro 4 GA and Bae O Gae Street. The development addresses urban form and architectural design for approximately 275,000 sm of mixed-use development. The program includes office, officetel, hotel, service apartment, retail and cultural exhibition uses. The skyline profile respects the relationship between the JongMyo Shrine and Nam-San Mountain. A series of articulated and enhanced historic streets are maintained to shape the new district and to define the journey of those who came before and to welcome users who visit in the future. Watchmaker Street features copper details and facades; Water Street incorporates fountains and reflective surfaces that shimmer in light; Jeweler Street integrates stainless steel in paving and facades; and Bronze Street features bronze elements and forms the heart of the district. The architectural form of the buildings establishes a simple street wall around the perimeter, while stepped massing down into internal courtyards provides maximum sunlight access into public spaces. The open space ratio achieves 46%, while the landscape area of the project totals 73%.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

BAISHIZHOU LVGEM S HENZHEN , CHINA

Urban design plan and architectural concept for the Baishizhou Village Redevelopment Area in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen. This 46-ha site will be developed with 3.7 million sm of mixed-use buildings with a corporate office and hotel complex on Shennan Avenue, a major retail complex organized along a multi-level elevated park, high density residential buildings interconnected with sky bridge features, and cultural attractions, recreation areas and schools. The urban form of the development is the result of intensive fluid dynamic modelling to direct cooling breezes downward into public spaces in response to Shenzhenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hot, humid climate. This design strategy resulted not only in passive cooling benefits, but also economic benefits by maximizing high value views of Shenzhen Bay from the majority of office, residential and hotel units.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

GREAT CITY CH ENGDU, C HINA

â&#x20AC;&#x153;GREAT Cityâ&#x20AC;? will be a new 1 square kilometer development outside of Chengdu in central China. The project stems from an investigation into the relationship between high density urban living and sustainable development. It is intended to act as a prototype that can be replicated throughout the country. The city is designed as a completely self-sustaining entity, providing all basic services to its residents, through a sustainable and technological infrastructure that supports education, commerce, culture and an improved quality of life. It demonstrates how China can reduce its ecological footprint while creating economic conditions that are affordable for the majority of citizens and address contemporary social concerns, like the growing issue of quality of life for senior citizens. The city conserves farmland with over 80% of the site area preserved as either parks, natural areas, or other open space. It is planned to accommodate a population of 30,000 families of 100,000 people.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

GREAT CITY XI XI AN, CHINA

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Great Cityâ&#x20AC;? Xixian addresses 382-ha of land in the Xian region of China. It devotes 47% of the total area to farmland conservation, 5% to wetland conservation and restoration, 10% to roads and infrastructure, and 38% to urbanized areas. The design is based upon an extensive sustainable framework that is integrated into the layout and operations of the city. Eight sustainable themes address Sustainable Economics, Sustainable Transportation, Climate and Energy, Sustainable Community, Ecology and Biodiversity, Waste and Water, Sustainable Agriculture, and Sustainable Construction. Thirty goals are pursued for achieving a world-class level of environmental performance to enable Xixian to be one of the greatest urban achievements of the 21st Century.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

ECOLOGICAL CITY T IANFU, CHINA

Tianfu New District is located approximately 30 kilometers south of Chengdu. The city design builds upon the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique land features, including valleys, ridges and slopes, and reinterprets them as parks, plazas, pedestrian streets and retail corridors. The new city perpetuates the character and identity of the region by recreating local traditional design elements like narrow bamboo lined roads and pedestrian oriented walkways. The Master Plan integrates sustainable principles into an integrated approach towards meeting the overall objectives of environmental, economic and social sustainability. The city will include commercial, residential, office, cultural, medical, among other functions typically found in a city.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

ERQI DISTRICT WUHA N , CHINA

AS+GG designed a highly-sustainable, waterfront district in Wuhan, China, at the terminus of a new Yangtze River bridge. This district advances Chinese “Sponge City” design techniques in which a minimum of 60% of all stormwater is to be captured and reused on site. AS+GG’s innovative design exceeds these targets by capturing and reusing 90% of all stormwater at the district, block, parcel and building scales. It also uses iconic architecture to create signature identity for the city, while connecting bus rapid transit access from the bridge to the streetcar and subway service at the ground.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CBD EXPANSION B EIJING, C HINA

The Beijing Central Business District (CBD) Expansion Plan establishes a growth strategy organized around three new districts anchored by signature parks and green boulevards. New modes of public transportation are proposed, including express commuter rail service between the Beijing Capital International Airport, the CBD, and high-speed rail service at Beijing South Station. A new streetcar system is proposed to conveniently link all areas of the CBD, and every street would be bicycle friendly. To establish a pedestrianfriendly scale for development, the plan calls for a network of small, walkable blocks. The Beijing CBD plan provides the framework that will enable Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s capital city to grow as a global center for commerce yet be a green and ecological setting for healthy life.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

JUMERIAH GARDENS DUB AI, UA E

Master plan and urban design for a large-scale urban redevelopment along the Dubai waterfront featuring six large-scale districts. Detail design was prepared for the Atrium City and Central Park districts. These districts were anchored by signature office towers, residential development, cultural facilities, retail, park space and a multi-modal transit hub. A connected street grid and clear development blocks that support commercial and pedestrian activities is essential to promote urban density. The Central Park mall, canal-side hotels, and the district cultural facility combine to create a unique and active district center. These elements are organized around a significant new park adjacent to the canal promenade. A goal of the master plan was to provide assembly spaces with water access.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

KA CARE RI YAD H, SAU DI A R A BIA

King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, KA-CARE, is a new city dedicated to the development and deployment of sustainable energy policies, technologies, products and innovations. Located 40 km southwest of Riyadh, KA-CARE will be home to National Laboratories set within walkable urban districts and mixed-use neighborhoods. It will be connected to King Khalid International Airport by transit and be a welcoming place of business for people from around the world. Site planning, transportation, infrastructure, architectural and public realm design services were provided over several phases of the project.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

MATAF CAPACITY OF THE HOLY MOSQUE MAK K A H, SAU DI A RA B IA

Urban design, architectural design and structural engineering services to develop strategies to increase the Mataf capacity of the Holy Mosque in Makkah. Strategies included structural modifications to remove columns, add escalators and bridges, expand rooftop access and add additional walkways to double the capacity from 48,000 to 105,000 pilgrims per hour. With an estimated completion date of mid-2018, the $21.3 Billion expansion project will be divided into three phases and include the addition of a new seven story building with 74 prayer halls, an ornate prayer hall spread over 250,000 sm and a 5,000 sm central ceremonial area.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

GLOBAL EVENTS

WORLD EXPOSITIONS

01 EXPO DUBAI 2020/DISTRICT 2020 Dubai, UAE

02 EXPO 2017 ASTANA Astana, Kazakhstan

OLYMPICS 03 CHICAGO OLYMPICS 2016 Chicago, USA

04 WASHINGTON OLYMPICS 2024 District of Columbia, USA

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

EXPO 2020 DUBAI DUB AI, UA E

Master planning, urban design and architectural design for Expo 2020 Dubai. Following the Expo, the entire site will transform into a mixed-use technology hub focused on global logistics to leverage its adjacency to the new airport and Jabel Ali, the third busiest deep-sea port in the world. Rebranded as District 2020, it will be an urban innovation lab with 32 million sf of mixed-use, work-live development with convention center, hotels, Science Exploratorium and UAE Mobility Institute. Al Wasl Plaza, the central attraction designed be AS+GG, includes a large-scale garden and performance venue framed by five office and hotel buildings. The plaza is covered by a 425â&#x20AC;&#x2122; wide by 220â&#x20AC;&#x2122; tall trellis that will be the largest spherical media platform in the world. In the evenings, the centerpiece transforms the daytime park into a dynamic 360-degree immersive experience that enables group experiences, while also creating an iconic identity that is instantly recognizable around the world. The space can be configured to accommodate large shows and events, as well as configured to create a sense of intimacy for quiet time operations.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

EXPO 2017 ASTANA ASTAN A , KA ZA KHSTA N

Master planning, urban design and architectural design for Expo 2017 Astana. AS+GG designed all of the buildings and public realm features. The design is oriented to optimize solar radiation in response to harsh winter conditions. This strategy improved human comfort and maximized energy generation by building-integrated photovoltaics. The site is currently undergoing conversion into Astana Expo City, a research park and integrated neighborhood with 700 residential units, offices, hotels, markets, and civic and educational facilities. The Congress Center and Energy Hall that were the main Expo exhibition halls now serve as district anchors and city cultural institutions.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

CHICAGO 2016 OLYMPIC BID CH ICAGO, U SA

Master planning, urban design and community engagement for the City of Chicagoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s domestic and international bids to host the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic games. The resulting master plan located the majority of venues within an easy walk of transit and in close proximity to both Downtown Chicago and the Lake Michigan waterfront. At the geographic center of the Chicago 2016 master plan was the Olympic Village designed to provide housing, training, and support facilities for athletes. After the Games, the village was designed to transform into a mixed-use, mixed-income community to revitalize adjacent neighborhoods and provide pedestrian and bike access to Lake Michigan.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE

WASHINGTON 2024 OLYMPIC BID DIS T RIC T O F COLU M B IA , U SA

Master planning, urban design and community engagement for the District of Columbiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s domestic bid to host the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic games. Working closely with the city, the local organizing committee and the United States Olympic Committee, a strategy was developed to build upon the Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s longrange plans to focus investment in underprivileged neighborhoods along the Anacostia River. The plan conceived a waterfront-focused, festivallike environment interconnected by pedestrian routes and existing transportation systems. The plan located 80% of the sport venues within a 4-km walk of a new Olympic Stadium and Athlete Village, and featured the National Mall and historic monuments as backdrops for the majority of sporting events.

CITY DESIGN PRACTICE