HIDDEN DIMENTION Gene Therapy &Research Centre Graduation Project
RAZAN YOUSEF – UNIVERSITY OF JORDAN
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Introduction *Genetic researches recently have been a very important issue . *Human beings are basically made with the genes which is the main content of the cell it self .
*Sometimes some errors occurs when some genes grow in a wrong way . *This why we studied this issue to introduce a new way of treatment in Jordan *To prove that these errors are not the end of the human life and he can still be productive . *Being courage ,self confident helps the patient more than the therapy itself .
Intro
Project Justification
Concept
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Why we choose this project ?!
- Recently the number of people who have genetic errors or a problem with the cells are increasing . - The evolution in technology of medicine forces us to think about new solutions for this issues. - human lives are important so this project was an opportunity to introduce this way of treatment in Jordan to those who need help. - this unique way of treatment not only in Jordan but also in the middle east will benefit a lot of people in the whole region. - Jordan is one of the Leading countries in Medical Tourism .
- Numbers of Jordanian Doctors achieved a global & advanced discoveries so we decide to provide them with specialized center in order to achieve more discoveries . - Exploit the enormous capability for the treatment of many diseases .
Project Definition A Facility dedicated to the research discovery and development of methods and systems for gene therapeutic treatments and transplantation.
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
History of Gene Therapy A. 1960: The concepts of Gene Therapy was introduced. B. 1970: Friedman and Roblin author of a paper in Science titled "Gene therapy for human genetic disease?� cite the first attempt to perform gene therapy C. 1990: The first approved gene therapy case at the National Institute of Health, U.K. It was performed on a four year old girl named Ashanti DaSilva. It was a treatment for a genetic defect that left her with an immune system deficiency A. New gene therapy approach repairs errors in messenger RNA derived from defective genes. This technique has the potential to treat the blood disorder Thalassaemia, Cystic fibrosis, and some cancers. B. Sickle cell disease is successfully treated in mice.
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
1992: Doctor Claudio Bordignon working at the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases 1999: Death of Jesse Gelsinger in a gene-therapy experiment resulted in a significant setback to gene therapy research in the United States 2006: Scientists at the National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, Maryland) have successfully treated metastatic melanoma in two patients. This study constitutes one of the first demonstrations that gene therapy can be effective in treating cancer. 2007- 2011: Research is still ongoing and the number of diseases that has been treated successfully by gene therapy increases. • Retinal disease • Color blindness 2011: Medical community accepted that it can cure HIV as in 2008, Gero Hutter has cured a man from HIV using gene therapy
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Project Description
Project description
This genetic center will be divided into three main aspects including: -
therapy
Healing ,fighting, fixing and finding a new way of genetic treatment
researches Collecting and Uniting researchers of different fields . One common goal; development of medicine in Jordan.
psychological
Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods to help a person change and over come problems
Educational Recruiting future teams and reserving the title as pioneers in developing techniques through Education and handing down experience and skills.
Also, some functions will be added to this project to give it the social style. This will help the patient to treat quickly and get up again .
Concept
Cases Program
Site
Intro
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Project Importance 1. genetic therapy to over come diseases which is not held in Jordan yet. 2. employing a lot of unemployed people in the region. 3. make the area more active. 4. improving the research services in Jordan. 5. ecological benefits. 6. improve Jordan stability in the region.
People affected By the project Patient
stakeholders
Middle east
employee
government
inhabitants
inhabitants
investors
Graduated Students
It will be served all genders and generations and for people with average income and wealthy people .
Potential in Jordan regarding cells Political stability
Strong will of decision makers Pioneer in stem cell purification A method that raised the success of transplantation from 20-90%
Officially certified world wide In developing stem cell treatment
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Intro
Possibilities for the Future of gene therapy
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Fighting and Winning the War on Cancer. Developing Drugs that Tell Your Cells What to Do. Growing Replacement Tissues in the Lab. Healing Spinal Cord Injuries. Improving Treatments for Huntington’s, Lou Gehrig’s, and Parkinson’s disease. 6. Helping Stroke Victims. 7. Beating Multiple Sclerosis. 8. Reversing Retinal Degeneration . 9. Fixing a Broken Heart . 10. Assisting Diabetes Patients .
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Exploring Religious Questions ..! Islamic viewpoint Gene therapy is Permissible depending on many evidences in Islam. That made it useable in the Islamic world Treatment is a duty religiously if lack of treatment resulted death. Because self preservation is one of the basic necessities that must be preserved.
Catholic viewpoint The roman catholic church has held that each human being has a unique soul from the moment of conception ,the majority of catholic people supported genetic therapy
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Exploring Ethical Questions .. ! - Who will have access to therapy ..? - Is it interfering with God’s plan ..? - Should people be allowed to use gene therapy to enhance basic human traits such as height, intelligence etc. ...? - Is it alright to use the therapy in the prenatal stage of development in babies? - Who decides which traits are normal and which constitute a disability or disorder? - Will the therapy only benefit the wealthy due to its high cost? - Could the widespread use of gene therapy make the society less accepting of people who are different?
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* Beneficence :the genetic therapy benefits the diseased person to treat him from those errors.
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*Non- maleficence : genetic therapy must not cause harm to other people.
Concept
Exploring Ethical Questions .. !
*Respect for individual autonomy : person autonomy must be protected to preserve his rights in living .
This means that from the moral point of view gene therapy must be used in a positive way to improve human beings lives and it is always rejected when it causes harm to other people .
Goals and Objectives Implement the latest revolution technologies in research and clinical applications
To be a pioneer in genetic research& therapy at both national and regional level
Be a center for advancement in education and training on gene research in the Arab World
Provide advanced labs and equipment for facilitate
To train and develop experts to be able to develop and innovate gene therapy
Introduce a training ship program in a space designed for trainees.
Using the latest technology methods for research such as simulation method Promote technologies application in public and private buildings
Providing a space to exchange the information with researchers .
Ensure continuous education and knowledge on gene therapy. Preparation experts to be able giving information's and experiences to the public .
Create fruitful and scientific environment to encourage interaction and joint research among the members from different disciplines. create Responsive environment that provide all provide all physical and emotional needs. promoting the social contact for the user of facility .
promote ecological aspect to protect the natural green land in the area introduce sustainable system to the facility Recycling remains DNA From Research to use in different field
To enhance the activity and development of the area Provide an opportunity to employee a lot of people Provide an attractive activity to encourage people to visit the facility Gallery & lecture room for local people to know about disease and the latest treatment techniques
To serve as a primary scientific resource and an authoritative voice on diseases issues in the whole region.
Conduct scientific research related to diseases and statics of diseases which are spread in Jordan
Lecture halls and seminar rooms to distribute awareness publicize updated research and treatment in gene therapy
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* What should we focus on designing the project ‌?!
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Mission 1- study the mechanism and methods of gene therapy researches . 2- how to provide a comfortable environment for researches and therapy . 3- how to create a suitable environment for specific function . 4- how to make the project integrate in harmony with the surrounding community .
Vision A promising future to disease treatment
Do not forget Genes can be Unpredictable ?
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Genes • • • • •
The basic unit of heredity Are carried on a chromosome Encode how to make protein DNA RNA protein Proteins carry out most of the functions of life. • When there is a mutation in the gene, Changes in the conformation and functions of the protein Diseases
Causes of Diseases infections
Genetic diseases
Accidents
Diseases due to mutations in somatic cells
Inherited diseases 1. Due to genetic mutationsnuclear, Mitochondrial 2. Chromosomal abnormalities 3. Complex traits, multifactorial disorders
Complex traits
1. 2. 3. 4.
Deletions- ranging from 1 bp to mega base Insertions- including duplications Single base substitutionMissense mutations- replace one amino acid with another in the gene product 5. Nonsense mutations replace one amino acid codon with a stop codon 6. Splice site mutations create or destroy signals for exon/intron splicing 7. Frame shifts can be produced by deletions, insertions or splice mutations
cause inherited diseases
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Genetic variations
Genetic Diseases
Environmental Diseases
Complex Diseases
- Cystic fibrosis
- Alzheimer disease
- Influenza
- Down syndrome
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Hepatitis
- Sickle cell disease
- Diabetes (type 2)
- Measles
- Turner syndrome
- Parkinson Disease
Environment
Genes
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
What is Gene therapy ? Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individual’s cells and tissues to treat A disease
It is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development.
Types of Gene Therapy • Somatic Cells:
• Germline Cells:
1.
1. 2.
2. 3.
Majority of cells in the human body Not passed on to future generations Less controversial and more effective if started sooner
3.
Cells exist in sperm and eggs Potential of having negative effect for future generations Potentially most effective
Somatic Cells •
• • • •
Cells are removed from body before treatment. Grown in lab, fix gene and insert back into body through blood stream. Many cells to work with. Higher risk for older children or young adults. Used to treat illnesses such as cancer, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy.
Types of somatic gene therapy
Ex vivo
In vivo
cells are modified outside the body and then transplanted back in again
genes are changed in cells when the cells are still in the body
called ex vivo because the cells are treated outside the body
called in vivo because the gene is transferred to cells inside the patient’s body
Germline Cells • Correct abnormalities of gene involved in reproduction. • Abnormalities are seen before becoming tissue. • Controversial- “playing God” with unformed tissue. • Most effective during embryonic stage. • Potential negative affects on future generations.
What Happens?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Cut a piece of DNA with restriction enzymes Insert the pieces into a plasmid Analyze gene Define defect or disease Make a plan for treatment Replace defective cells with “normal� cells Insert new cells into patient through vectors
Strategies of Gene Therapy Targeted augmentation mutation Targeted Targeted inhibition therapy correction. killing of (GAT) of gene specific Gene
cells.
expression.
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
1- Gene augmentation therapy • For diseases caused by loss of function of a gene, introducing extra copies of the normal gene may increase the amount of normal gene product to a level where the normal phenotype is restored. • Targeted to clinical disorders where the pathogenesis is reversible. • Applied to autosomal recessive disorders. NORMAL PHENOTYPE (increase in gene X product)
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
2-Targeted killing of specific cells • Popular in cancer gene therapies. • Genes are directed to the target cells and then expressed to cause cell killing. • Direct cell killing – inserted gene are expressed to produce a lethal toxin or a gene encoding a prodrug is inserted, conferring susceptibility to killing by a subsequently administered drug.
Direct Killing of DISEASE CELLS
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
3-Targeted mutation correction • Normal gene inserted into the genome to replace nonfunctional gene • It can be done at different level: • At gene level, based on homologous recombination. • At RNA transcript level, by using particular types • of therapeutic ribozymes.
Targeted Gene Mutation Correction
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
4-Targeted inhibition of gene expression • If diseases cells display an inappropriate expression of a gene (in case of many cancers), a variety of different system can be used specifically to block the expression of a single gene at the DNA,RNA or PROTEIN levels.
Methods of Gene transfer Viral methods 1. 2. 3.
retrovirus vectors adenovirus vector herpes simplex vectors
Non-Viral vectors 1.
2. 3. 4. 5.
Oligonucleotides Naked-DNA Polyplexes Lipoplexes Liposomes
Viral method by adenovirus vector
BY Liposomal Method
Intro Site
• Recessively inherited disorders are conceptually the easiest inherited disorders to treat by gene therapy. • The first apparently successful gene therapy was initiated in 1990 for adenosine deaminase deficiency. • Cystic fibrosis. • Familial hypercholesterolemia (fh). • Gaucher’s diseases • For neoplastic disorders & infectious disease
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Gene Therapy for inherited Disorders
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
GENE THERAPY TRIALS FOR INHERITED DISORDERS • DISORDER ADA deficiency
CELLS ALTERED GENE THERAPY STRATEGY T-cells & hemopoitic stem cells
Cystic fibrosis
Familial
Respiratory epithelium
Liver cells
Hypercholestemia
gene. Gaucher’s disease
Ex vivo GAT using recombinant retroviruses containing an ADA gene. In vivo GAT using recombinant adenoviruses or liposometo deliver the CFTR gene Ex vivo GAT using retrovirus to deliver the LDL Receptor
Hemopoitic stem cells
Ex vivo GAT using retroviruses to deliver the glucocerebrosidase gene.
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Problems of Gene Therapy • • • • • • • •
Short-lived nature of gene therapy. Problems with viral vectors. Multigene disorders. Chance of inducing a tumor. Acute immune response to viral vectors Repeated treatment needed Genes “lost” when the cell goes through mitosis Viral vectors could become pathogenic Genes spliced at random into the genome could upset other genes
CONCLUSIONS • As scientist discover more genes & their functions, the potential for this treatment is limitless. As we know our fate is indeed in our gene. • Theoretically, gene therapy is the permanent solution for genetic diseases. • But it has several complexities. At its current stage, it is not accessible to most people due to its huge cost. • Gene therapy have the potential to revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Applications • Curing genetic diseases • Correcting cancer genes • Inducing cancerous cells to make toxins so they kill themselves • Blocking viral genes (e.g. HIV) • Creating stem cells from somatic cells • Thalassemia • Sickle cell anaemia • cystic fibrosis • Genetic diseases, hematological disorders, acquired immunodeficiency syndromes, cancers are mainly treated
Has “incredible therapeutic potential.” Potential to find cures to genetic diseases. Defects can be eliminated and not passed on to future children. Stops suffering of patient and family.
Cases Program
• • •
• The virus is replication deficient ,so its safe and is suitable for the treatment of a variety of diseases.
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Positive Aspects
• Give hope of healthy life to cancer patient. • For certain disease that do not have any cure except gene therapy, it could save many lives
• Gene therapy has the potential to eliminate and prevent hereditary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, ADA- SCID etc. • It is a possible cure for heart disease, AIDS and cancer. • It gives someone born with a genetic disease a chance to life. • It can be used to eradicate diseases from the future generations.
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Negative Aspects
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• Immune system can destroy the vector.
• Very expensive for patient. “Make the rich, richer, and the poor, poorer.” • • • •
“Designer babies” may be made. Harmful effects. Against religious beliefs. “Playing with God and Mother Nature.” Random insertion can disrupt normal genes.
• Retroviruses use rapidly dividing cells as targets. The non dividing cells can not be used. • Cosmetic industry may monopolized this gene therapy if it is used in enhancing beauty and in vanishing the aging effect, rather than used for treatment of a disease.
• Immune response to the transferred gene stimulates a potential risk to gene therapy. • Viruses used as vectors for gene transfer may cause toxicity, immune responses, and inflammatory reactions in the host.
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Recent Developments • In a new gene therapy method developed by University of Florida in Jan 2012, researchers found treatment for a common form of blindness ( Xlinked retinitis pigmentosa ) that strikes both youngsters and adults. • A gene therapy called NLX-P101 dramatically reduces movement impairment in Parkinson's patients, according to results of a Phase 2 study published on March, 2011 in the journal Lancet Neurology.
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
The patient
: any recipient of health care services
Physical
Psychological
*Affecting memories *Changing in body and cells *Dimensioned eyesight *Reduce ability to think clearly *Slower reaction and agility *Greater susceptibility to disease
*Depressed mood *Deal with social isolation *Hence feels integrity or despair lessoned hearing
Services
*Accommodation for care *Health care *Therapy *Researches *Psychological therapy
Genetic therapy center
*Education * Caring * Exercise * Health screening * Meals * Medical Care * Physical therapy * Recreation * Respite care * Socialization * Supervision
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Site Selection Criteria 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The site is far away from the city crowded. The site have an appropriate slope , with a good views. The access to the site is suitable and easy to notice . The orientation of the slope give a chance to design in a passive direction. The site is located in urban development region which consist of building a new residential ,recreational , exhibition , shopping , media and entertainment facilities . 6. The site located approximately in the center of Jordan , in the north of Amman connecting it with the southern cities of Jordan . 7. The natural features and beautiful views surrounding the site . 8. The area is quit isolated and away from traffic jam and visual pollution ,so it provide the researcher a suitable and comfortable working environment . 9. The region is characterized by the diversity of land use which facilities the construction of this center in this region . 10. the site is half rocky and half dirt – track so we will use the rocky part in building construction and the other part in landscape .
Site Analysis
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Location/macro-micro Amman Jordan General Information Area : 92.300sq km (35.637 sq miles). Population: 7 million . Capital: Amman. Government: Constitutional Monarchy since 1952 The airport road is primary spine of the capital region linking it with the national airport as well as the Amman development corridor . * Currently being completely reconstructed – with services road on both sides – and planted to accommodate light – rail transit . * Queen alia airport is also being expanded from 3-9 million passengers .
The road is under enormous development pressure to accommodation residential , recreational , exhibitions , shopping , meda and entertainment
The project is located in the capital of Jordan -Amman- exactly in southern side of the city
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Site
Intro
Location
Near the airport rod exactly one kilometer away from the main street in the district of jawa .
Khuraibet elsouq ,jawa, andAl-yadoudeh
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Location Jawa is located on the southern side of Amman city .. 15 km far away from the airport . A new modern district in Amman during the expansion of Amman city was established in 1967 in the time of establishing the queen alia airport . It is easy finding place and visitors can easily approach that place using public transportation .
Jawa
Intro Concept
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Site
Airport Surrounding
Birs’s eye
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Surroundings Al-bayadr 10km
Our site
Al-yadodeh 5km
Na’or 3 km
Al-matar 15 km
Amman urban development
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Intro
Historical background
1967 Area: 31.250 km2
1972 Area: 60.000 km2
1985 Area: 300.000 km2
2010 Area: 900.00 km2
Population: 60000
Population: 120.000
Population: 400.000
Population: 2.300.000
Contents: Tabarbour, Yajouz, Abdoun, OmOthaina, Al-Zohour, Arrawda, Al-Jwaideh, Al-matar, Almadeena Arriadiia.
Contents: Aweileh, Wadi Alseer, Sweifiie, Om-Assommaq, Arrasheed, Almanara, Alqweisme.
Contents: Abu Alanda, Al-Yasmeen, ABU-NSAIR Al-Kamaliia, Arrahmaniaa, Al-Hashmy, Al-Karameh, Maysaloon.
Expansion to the east (desert). Amman is expanding by a ratio equal 10% yearly and it could probably expand to the east according to high population in the capital.
Intro
Urban Development
Concept
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Site
Airport road urban development The airport road is primary spine of the capital region linking it with the national airport as well as the amman development corridor .
For the period of 1953 and before till 1967 : al-matar street was vacant unoccupied agriculture land.
For the period of 1967 and before till today : Al-matar street has been a very effective street in amman and the expansion along the road has extremly been increased .
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Airport road urban development Currently being completely reconstructed with service road on both sides and planned to accommodate light-rail transit . Queen alia airport is also being expanded from 3-9 million passengers.
The road has been developed enormously Accommodate new residential , recreation , exhibition , shopping , and media + entertainment .
Intro Site
Airport road is now a Major connection between Amman and airport that starts from the 8th circle in amman and goes through jawa al-qastal and reaches south to airport .
Concept
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Airport road
• constructed in 1967. •From airport road to the site less than a minute and vice-versa. •Major street width ( 30-40m ). It was developed in 2010 and an extension was added to benifet more people
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Airport road These corridors will provide Amman is with safe, easy access to all parts of the City, and: • Serve as primary traffic and transit corridors. • Offer mixed-use development options. • Incorporate ‘green’ features . • Serve as economic conduits for the transport of goods .
• Protect and complement the city’s heritage and antiques. • Complements Amman’s unique urban fabric and topography. • Maintains public views of key landmarks. •Protect existing stable neighborhoods. •Ensures land-use compatibility. •Promotes mixed-use in order to encourage pedestrians friendly neighborhoods
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Intro
Approaches to the site
Concept
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Site
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Accessibility
Intro
Al Quds College
Concept
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Site
Al-karama hospital
Petra university
National park Nabaa alanad restaurant Golf club
Al-Gamadan park
Facilities
Al-zaytoneh university
Intro Site
Land marks Amman wave
Concept
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Airport road
6
Ghamadan park 5 1 4
3 Amman national park
Bsharat golf club
2
Dunes club 4
Concept
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Site
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Land Use
Concept
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Site
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Existing Built up Area
Intro Concept
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Site
Solid and void
Solid Void The site
Green areas
Concept
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Site
Intro
Infrastructure
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Accessibility
The site
Main street Secondary street
Intro Concept
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Site
Transportation On the airport road the transportation way to approach the site is using the bus line is connecting Amman with al-jiza which come through the cross connecting the site with the main road . Another easy way of accessing the site is using a taxi from any point to our site .
Bus line
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Traffic density and peak points Vehicles transportation
Peak points 7-9 a.m. 2-4 p.m.
legend Vehicles 100%
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Noise
The site is considered quiet
Intro Site
Site layout : 360 *150 350*140
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Site Dimension
Site area : 53000m sq.
Intro Concept
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Site
Natural Physical features
Rocky land Soil land
Intro Site
Site 3d
Concept
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Topography
Contour period is 2m
Intro Concept
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Site
SECTIONS
Section A-A
Section B-B
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Drainage System Water drainage in the site could be danger in winter because of slope
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Views To The Site From west
From East
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Views To The Site From North
From South
Concept
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Site
Intro
Views from The Site
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Views from The Site View (A)
View (B)
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Views from The Site View (C)
View (D)
-Quercus iIex: Ever green tree Found in woods
Concept
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Site
Intro
Vegetation
-Olea europaea: Evergreen tree Spread in farms
-Cupressus sempervirens: Ever green tree Used in streets sides
Intro Concept
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Site
Vehicular Circulation
Minor Movement
Concept
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Site
Intro
Utilities
Electricity
Intro
Wind and Sun path diagram Wind diagram in Jordan
Sun path diagram in Jordan
Concept
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Site
Climatic Data
Wind Rose chart explain the direction of wind in Jordan from(2001-2015). The prevailing wind in Jordan from north west and south west
Intro Site
Normal monthly mean for temperature 1991-2015
Concept
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Climatic Data
Concept
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Intro
Climatic Data
Site Sun path
Wind direction in winter and summer
Intro Concept
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Site
Climatic Data
Summer Winter
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Climatic Data Mean Wind Speed 'knot' 1991-2015
Total Rainfall Amount (mm) 1991-2015
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Climatic data Normal monthly mean for temperature 1991-2015
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Condition in the site Conditions
excellent
Very good
good
bad
notice
The site is far away from crowded
Quite area
Recreation places
National park Ghamdan park
Accessibility
Surrounding by 2 street
Topography Transportation
Bus , taxi , private car
Medical service Commercial shop Religious service Emergency service
Dahyet alfarooq sooq
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
S.w.o.t Analysis Strength:
Opportunity
Has good view . Far away from crowded which make healthy environment . Has two street which provide more than one entrance . has natural feature Easy to access . Located in urban development area. Far 10 km from the airport which helps foreign visitors to easily approach the site .
region is characterized by the diversity of land use that increases the variety of uses and users . Improve the economic in the area. Use vacant land in new project. Lighten up the area . Suitable area for recreational use. Creating new character to the area. Even if the region is crowded in the future the surrounding of the site will always be vacant .
Weakness Poor infrastructure. Land prices. Lighting is poor. Transportation is weak. Very cold area in winter. most of the land is a soil land .
Threat Not enough security. Soil erosion due to rain. The site is half rocky & half soil. Water gathering in the front of the site .
Medical waste type
Definition Solid waste, liquid or gaseous resulting from various medical institutions and health care centers, hospitals and other
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Ferryboat Anatomical Sharp Chemical Pharmaceutical Compressed Toxic genes Radioactive
This is strength point for site criteria ( location near to the site )
Location
Located in alsowaqa , al-ghabawi
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Findings Surrounding streets are wide.
The site have easy access from adjacent areas. The surrounding area is quiet because it is empty . A lot of lots are vacant makes the neighborhood un-crowded .
Main services are not provided in the area in addition to its lack in the entertainment facilities and culture . There is no constraints on the orientation of facades because of the good
quality of views from all directions. The highest height in the area according to land use highest would be 15 m maximum so it will not cover over the project design.
Urban sprawl leading towards the south will enhance the adjacent area to the site and provide more needed services and increase users numbers.
Intro Site
Streets permit creating 2 or more entrances to serve the project.
Concept
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conclusion Facilities that are oriented to serve the patients and interact with the community must be added. The design will be 2 or 3 floors to be appropriate and ease mobility for patients. also the projected shadow of the building will not affect the surroundings
neither their shadows will theirs will affect our design. The use of trees to block undesired seasonal wind and excessive sun radiation.
The plants used in the design landscape will simulate the ones existing in the area and other types that are appropriate with the climate.
Intro
1
Concept
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Site
conclusion
ď ś The project must benefit the great views from all directions
ď ś Also , our project must benefit from the vacant area in the neighbor hood to prevent the shadows from other building on our design
Intro
2
Concept
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Site
Conclusion
Area within setback may be used for : (the one with the blue color ) -Parking . -Extension of the center park . -Landscaped buffer .
Intro
3
Concept
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Site
Conclusion
The trees around the site helps in protecting from the sun as shown by the light green and on the eastern side trees must be planted as presented by the dark green .
Intro Concept
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Site
Conclusion
Parking can be built here to benefit from the secondary street and make less traffic
4
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
conclusion Free standing walls can be added to prevent cold winter winds to reach the building
Out side area must be protected from the wind in winter .
5
Concept
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Site
Intro
Conclusion 6 Proposed zoning 1
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Conclusion EDUCATIONAL ZONE RESEARCH LABS SOCIAL ZONE THERAPY CENTER ADMINISTRATION ZONE ANIMAL RESEARCH LABS
7
Proposed zoning 2
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
Sustainability SOLAR PANEL • Encouraging the use of solar energy to reduce air pollution 1- Covering cars parking with solar panels 2- Using solar lights
Intro
Site response Amman national park
wind
Surrounding
Concept
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Site
Bsharat golf club
Winter wind
Trees buffers Green vacant areas surrounding the site support the views from the site which makes the main orientation is toward these views
Sun path
Drainage
Concept
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Site
Intro
Site response
Therapy zoning which doesn’t need sunlight
• •
Educational zone with horizontal louvers False elevation
Psychological Zone to allow researches in the morning
The drainage of water gives the ability to establish a water feature in the zone of gathering
Intro
Vehicular
noise
Concept
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Site
Site response
Patients’ zone
Possible entrance
The site is quiet but to prevent all the noise
Views from the site
Views to the site
Open view to the Open view to park a green area
Filtered view to the surrounding area
Filtered view to the airport road
Views through the site
Intro Concept
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Site
utilities
The availability of the two minor street helps in supplying the site with the utilities needed all over the site
Multi function create a path between function as a connection point
Without the need to distribute the utilities all over the site
Intro Site Concept
Cases Program
Main entrance
Secondary entrance
labs
Animal lab
Therapy
Social
research
SECTION A-A
research research Surgical Clincal recover
SECTION B-B
Educational awareness
Intro Site
THERAPY RESEARCH
Concept
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SOCIALL
RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL
Intro Site
NATURAL LAND
Concept
Cases Program
NATURAL LAND
THE SITE
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
LOCAL CASE STUDY JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Jordan - Amman
Queen Rania hospital
Jordan - Amman
REGIONAL CASE STUDY Farouk medical center
Iraq
INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Building
Stanford , California , USA
Institute of Functional Genomics
Salamanca uni ,Spain,
National laboratory of genome
Guanajuato. Mexico
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Waterloo, Canada
JU . Stem Cell Research Center Project definition
• • • • •
Location :University of Jordan , Amman, Jordan. Project area: 3200sqm. Architect: engineering department at Jordan university. Client : university of Jordan Opened in 2014
Why to choose this case study ? 1- Local case study which help us to understand the functions and circulations and area of functions .
2- has a clinical and surgical part ( therapy zone ) 3- stem cell therapy has apart for genetic researches . 4 to know about laboratory and their function and about instrument in lab
Project area &massing
Basement area
816.0 sq. meter
Ground floor area
816.0 sq. meter
First floor area
792.0 sq. meter
Second floor area
768.0 sq. meter
Stair case area
25.545 sq. meter
Elevator area
16.185 sq. meter
Total area = 3233.373 sq. meter
Main functions Services
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Percentage of function
LABS Reception waiting Lecture room
Administration offices Changing room services
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Percentage of function
Control room
Liquid nitrogen (cold room)
electricity mechanical
boiler electricity
BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Percentage of function
FIRST FLOOR PLAN Doctor & nursing room Clinical unit Sterilization room Operation unit JU .
Training Room LABS offices Services
Stem Cell Research Center
Percentage of function
waiting Preparation room
Culture room
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
Deep freeze
Login zone
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Main zoning
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Circulation
Horizontal circulation VERTICAL CIRCULATION
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Circulation
After clinic zone the sample send to the second floor.
Special corridor for public circulation let them to see the process of stem cells treatment.
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Structure plan
The building structural system is a reinforced concrete frame.
The distance between columns varied according to functions
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
2
1
2 1
1
Preparing room Culture room
1
SECOND FLOOR PLAN The only entrance to the cell culture chamber is through the preparation room to be protected and make them sterile
1- cultural room Where cell cultivation 2- preparation lab
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
SAFETY CABINET class 4
vortex
Dark room
SAFETY CABINET class 1
Room paint is black Very sensitive for light No windows! for Radioactive materials
Class 1 closed from the all sides to prevent pressure and air from enter Used for harm sample and has to ware gloves
Class 4 closed from the back side to prevent pressure Used for harmless sample
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Used to save the sample while working
Uv box Inverted microscope
Freezer -30
Vacuum pump This tools exist in every lab however its function This microscope is to See cell division and recorded on video format
Used to save the sample in Article gels , on degree 30 to prevent bacteria from grow
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Used to heat the sample
Plates for safety Jacket Bonnet Eyeglasses Shoe glove
Four Type of medical Waste
For fire emergency
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Conclusion 1. Understanding the relations between the main functions and specify its minimum required areas.
Therapy zone
2. Let the public interact with the project by providing a special circulation in research zone separated by glazed Partitions . 3- clinical unit is open area has beds for recovering .
In the same floor
4- electromechanical play role in the environment of lab
Supported lab
Main laboratory References : 1- dr .abdullah alabadi - manger of stem cell center 2- dr hanan dawod – dr in stem cells and genetic study
JU . Stem Cell Research Center
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Building
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Definition of project • • • •
Location : Stanford , California , USA Gross Square Footage : 16888 SQM Architect : ZGF Owner : Project Owner’s Presentative Is MR. Dangoria
Why to Choose this Case study ? • Functional Aspect . • Has A Good Distribution For Function & Unique Circulation Between Circulation . • The Building Is Designed To Be A “ Hub Of Interact ‘’ For Stem Cell Related Research Across Specialties.
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research Building The school of medicine is on the Stanford campus in Palo alto , California . Located strategically at the heart of the medical school Campus .The building is located within a five-minute walk of 95% of The SOM facilities.
This will give the stem cell program the opportunity to leverage the Best that the institution provides in the way of support , establishment Of scientific collaborations, and interactions with existing faculty , And access to core facilities. The stem cells research building Will consolidate the central Components of the stem cell Program at Stanford in one Facility
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
•
The Institute Is Focused On Making Discoveries In stem cell research and translating them into preclinical applications ,innovative therapies ,and treatments . • Constructing anew building to provide lab facilities and unique research capabilities to support the ambitious mission of the siscb/Rm. • The lorry . Lokey stem cell research building (sim1) will house the Stanford stem cell biology and regenerative medicine institute , integrating researchers from multiple specialties and disciplines including cancer, neuroscience ,cardiovascular medicine , transplantation, immunology, bioengineering ,and developmental biology.
Formal Entrance
Secondary Entrance
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
In the three minute walk to the Stanford hospital , researches will be able to share their finding with the doctors who can implementing them as therapies and treatment
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Ground Floor plan
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Analysis – function
First Floor plan
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Analysis – function
Second Floor plan
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Analysis – function
Ground Floor
First Floor
Second Floor
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Analysis – circulation
Ground Floor
First Floor
Second Floor
Analysis – Main Zoning
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Analysis – function
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Ground floor graph
SIRM tissue culture
Two pl offices labs
SIRM lab SIRM tissue culture Large conference
Administrative offices offices CER Instrument room Inset room microscope TC Dark room Gas closet corridor
Another entrance
entrance
Linear equipment room Instrument room Janitor Administrator office
WC’S atrium
Storage cafe
atrium
Auto clave
corridor
TC labs
TC corridor corridor Two pl offices Instrument tool corridor Fours labs Linear equipment Administrator office t room Two administrator offices Medium conference Kitchen break Grande conference Four pl offices electrical labs CER Media preparation telecom microscope Gas closet radioisotope Instrument rooms
Two pl offices
Analysis – Exterior The Lokey stem cell (sim1) building exterior blends the classical architectural heritage of Stanford with use of glass atriums and steel elements to promote both privacy from stem cell research laboratories within the building while maximizing transparency and integration of indoor and outdoor community The exterior carries through on this approach , externally expressing the building layout with design element such as limestone bracketing in the curtain wall that visually seriates each area .
Limestone Curtain wall with sun shaded
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Exterior
Case Building Material Glass
Lime Stone Steel (Alcabond )
EAST ELEVATION Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Analysis – Interior Each of the three above-grade floors is composed of two wings that respectively accommodate five and six laboratories each . Within each of these wings or neighborhoods , labs and faculty offices are clustered to maximize the investigators’ interactions with their own labs, and with their peers and peer s’ labs
Support lab
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
View to the atrium from the northern side
View to outside Triple volume
Interior view
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Interior
1- flexibility 2- usability 3- cost effectiveness 4- collaboration Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Prototype interior lab furniture
Interior
Benches ( working table ) Using Calm color ( white and blue ) Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Conclusion 1. Understanding the program of stem cells research center obviously and studying the percentage of function. 2. High proportion of glass in the facades to allow researchers to communicate with the outside world, and providing them with suitable environment. 3. There is strong connection between Main labs and support labs and they Cant be replaced in different space.
support lab
Main lab
4. Use of local architecture for Stanford city that appear by using Limestone and shape of opening. 5-Make interference zoon for researcher to share idea with doctor to implement it as a treatment
offices
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Administration
Lorry I . Lokey Stem Cell Research
Institute of Functional Genomics
Institute of Functional Genomics Project definition
• Location : Salamanca, Spain, The University of Salamanca is the oldest university in Spain • Architect: Matay Associates • Project year : 2010. • Biology and genetic research
Why to choose this case study ? 1- this genetic t center is well-functioned project . 2- the materials used for the exterior 3- concept of auditorium & façade 4- outdoors between labs and section
Site plan
street parking greenery building
entrances Circulation
Institute of Functional Genomics
Its topography is rugged, with a difference of up to 6 m between the outermost points
Institute of Functional Genomics
Basement plan
Laboratories Supported labs services
Institute of Functional Genomics
Ground floor plan
storage
circulation
SUPPORTED LAB
Laboratories
Atrium
Institute of Functional Genomics
First floor plan
services
cafeteria
SUPPORTED LAB
circulation offices
Laboratories
Institute of Functional Genomics
second floor plan
services
Lecture room
SUPPORTED LAB
circulation offices
Laboratories
Institute of Functional Genomics
3rd floor 2nd floor 1st floor Basement
3rd floor 2nd floor 1st floor Basement
Outdoor area Vertical circulation
Type of structure : waffle slab To give me high span
Institute of Functional Genomics
a large concrete brackets allow shelter the space for expeditions (the other major access area)
hold cryogenic gas tanks.
Institute of Functional Genomics
The auditorium of amoeboid form
Ground floor plan
located on the northern head of the building is configured as a (formal and constructively) differential element that marks the main entrance to the building
Curved roof the best hand acoustics to absorbed sound
Institute of Functional Genomics
The solution adopted led to: the construction of a unitary and compact building continuous and semi-transparent mask inspired in genetic coding processes.
Abstract color Coding process
real color Institute of Functional Genomics
After which the plan is organized around eight functional large vertical holes (four indoor and four attached to the facade), thereby obtaining a foamed interior provided with natural lighting.
Institute of Functional Genomics
The compaction of the program also allowed us to liberate most of the plot's surface, and to project terraced/landscaped plates to allow the coexistence of the outdoor leisure area with controlled parking strips.
Institute of Functional Genomics
Institute of Functional Genomics
Institute of Functional Genomics
National Laboratory of Genomics
National Laboratory of Genomics Project definition
• • • •
Location : Irapuato, Guanajuato. Mexico. Project area: 13500 sq.m. Architect: TEN Arquitectos . Project year : 2007. Why to choose this case study ? 1- this genetic therapy center is well-functioned project . 2- the materials used for the exterior . 3- facades used in the project . 4- The site topography and conditions similar to our site .
The location and geology of the site ..?
Description
An empty field with a fault line deep below
gave rise to the metaphor that defines the form of the building an inscribed line divides the program in half, with the laboratories on one side and the administrative and auditorium spaces on the other,
admin
auditorium
laboratories
National Laboratory of Genomics
Site plan
Outdoor Vehicular Circulation
Genomic center
National Laboratory of Genomics
Level 1 plan
Atrium Laboratories Gathering area Fridge (liquid nitrogen ) SUPPORTED LAB And STORAGES Entrance Cafeteria
National Laboratory of Genomics
Level 1 Zone Cafeteria
liquid nitrogen
LAB
LAB
LAB
Gathering area
liquid nitrogen
SUPPORTED LAB And STORAGES
National Laboratory of Genomics
LAB
Detailed Plan
Sorting Cells tissues and selection cells
Courts
Analytic al labs
Preparin g tissues Sorting tissues and Tissues Supporting Supporti Office clinic cells engineering ng lab 2 lab 1 support
Courts
Courts Storages and services
National Laboratory of Genomics
circulation
Outside Vertical circulation Horizontal circulation
National Laboratory of Genomics
Level 3 plan
Laboratories Lecture rooms
National Laboratory of Genomics
Level 5 plan
Administration
National Laboratory of Genomics
Sections plan
plan
Vertical circulation
Outdoor area
National Laboratory of Genomics
Vertical circulation Outdoor area
National Laboratory of Genomics
Sections
Vertical circulation
Outdoor area
National Laboratory of Genomics
The transparency and precision of the facades
bring the landscape into the building
the contrast between structure and surroundings is an uncompromising reminder of the role of engineering and high technology in the study of genomics
The almost camouflaged effect of the entire project gently integrates building and site; at the same time, it lends an air of intrigue to the activities within.
National Laboratory of Genomics
Exterior The facades in the genetic center on the side of the clinics always have small narrow windows to prevent the direct sun light Narrow and small openings
On the other side of this center the openings are wide and huge due to the need to benefit the direct sun light and control the use of unsustainable energy resources .
National Laboratory of Genomics
Exterior The facades in the genetic center on the side of the supported labs and storage always have small narrow windows to prevent the direct sun light Narrow and small openings
On the other side of this center the openings are wide and huge due to the need to benefit the direct sun light and control the use of unsustainable energy resources .
High transparency
National Laboratory of Genomics
National Laboratory of Genomics
Queen Rania Hospital Project definition
• Location : amman , jordan • AREA : 28480 SQ •
Why to choose this case study ? 1- to study the relation between surgical room and care unit 2- to study the patient bed relation 3- functional aspect
Components and basic elements of hospital:
Entrances: Hospital often have separate entrances to the vertical lines of motion and basic hospital entrances are:
1. Nursing Units 2. Detection and treatment sections 3. Foreign clinic 4. Services and medical assistance 5. Public services 6. management.
1. Entrants patients and visitors entrance 2. Outpatient entrance. 3. Ambulance entrance. 4. The entrance to the service. 5. The entrance to the morgue.
- Relay spatial movement line method: 1. region-oriented abroad: includes outpatient clinics, pharmacy, emergency reception, management. 2. The second outer zone: laboratories and blood bank, radiology, physical therapy. 3. The middle part: operations, intensive care, childbirth, and premature babies. 4. Interior Region: Department include inpatient stay. 5. The public services area: includes nutrition services, laundry and room service, storage, maintenance, morgue, mechanical and electrical services, communication, security, ambulances, parking, crew accommodation.
Queen Rania hospital
Chart showing the relationship between hospital departments with each other horizontally:
ADMINISTRATION
GENERAL SERVICES INTERNAL HOSPITAL (INPATIENT DIVISION)
Main Entrance
INTERNAL MEDICAL TREATMENT DIVISION
EMERGENCY ADJUNCT THERAPUTIC SERVICES
Emergency Entrance
ADJUNCT DIAGNOSTIC SERVICES
OUTPATIENT
DIVISION
Queen Rania hospital
Outpatient Entrance
Chart showing the relationship between hospital departments with each other vertically:
Queen Rania hospital
Outpatient Department:
Queen Rania hospital
Emergency department
Queen Rania hospital
Department of Management and Pharmacy
Queen Rania hospital
Department laboratories (and blood banks):
Queen Rania hospital
Radiology Department and its agencies:
Queen Rania hospital
Queen Rania hospital
Department of Physical Therapy :
Queen Rania hospital
Operations
Queen Rania hospital
Functional relationship between the elements Wing Operations:
Queen Rania hospital
The intensive care unit
Queen Rania hospital
Department of Central Sterilization:
Queen Rania hospital
Department of Nutrition
Queen Rania hospital
* Hospital components (building) Queen Rania Al Abdullah held a children's hospital on the 43,000 m2 include the hospital building associated external works for him. Hospital capacity of 200 beds, distributed as follows: 168 beds spread over three floors and by 6 sections. 18 beds for intensive care 14 Incubator Taking into account the privacy of the child and his companions as each section is 28 beds and family organization within each section as follows: 2 isolation 4 private 6 distributed on three family rooms 16 beds divided into four rooms
Queen Rania hospital
Site plan
Main entrance
Hospital Parking
Queen Rania hospital
Ground floor plan
Daily operations
Ct
Surgery
Administration
Queen Rania hospital
First floor plan
Patient rooms Clinics
Queen Rania hospital
Second floor plan
Patient rooms Clinics
Queen Rania hospital
Third floor plan
Patient rooms Intensive care unit
Queen Rania hospital
Section A-A
Queen Rania hospital
SECTION B-B
Queen Rania hospital
Queen Rania hospital
As for the materials used for construction in Queen Rania Children's Hospital has been using the following materials:
Stone. the glass . Aluminum. And it has been added breakers of the sun on the windows And so as to control the amount of light entering the According to the building and directed the Interior his job.
GLASS
ALMINUM
STONE
Queen Rania hospital
Horizontal sun breakers
Queen Rania hospital
Main lobby
Note here is the use of false ceilings and the use of dark colors that help to minimize the vacuum and reduce the rise, and the use of the buffer walls in place and in a manner designed Mentasagh them, and also note the use of many of the ornamental plants.
Interior court
Queen Rania hospital
note here is the use of pseudonyms Pitch roof in slanting passages provide good ventilation, and the use of columns and note the glass walls that provide natural lighting place. We also note the use of pvc flooring different colors. And the use of wood in the ceiling panels to absorb and reduce the echo from the audio unit.
Note here is the main distributor in the presence of the reception counter staff, visitors and reviewers note that in the center lobby. We note the use of aliases Alastagaf colorful, and see the lighting units descending from the ceiling in order to give the most powerful flare up when they are less. The use of columns that help to carry this vacuum
Queen Rania hospital
We note here that in the main
We note that there are counter in the
lobby . The billboards for the
lobby each subdomain .Bishop
floors and put the contents of
colorful pseudonyms, but Billboards
these floors
and columns as well as to carry this vacuum And the use of different materials from ceilings which give the harmonic design And it helps to absorb the echo.
Queen Rania hospital
We note here that in the sub lobby has been used for the auditors Cafeteria It has been providing them with seats and tables for seating. And also there is a place for a small pool inside Cafeteria has been using Almzaiek floors in the walls and floor of the pool .
We note here the use of various aliases bishop and lighting units from those in the main distributor of them in sub-spreaders in different floors.
As well as the use of different colors for each sub-distributor in the different floors.
We note here that in the upper court used many materials such as stone and glass, it has also been put colored chairs and tables and planting many shrubs
Queen Rania hospital
We note here that the upper court used many materials such as stone and glass, has been set up chairs and tables and planting many shrubs...
But in some places it has been relying on artificial lighting even in the day time and that the lack of direct openings to the outside such as the internal passages and internal inclusions that reach to all floors.
The building largely depends on the natural day-lighting dramatically, especially in patient rooms Wait sections.
Queen Rania hospital
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics Definition of project • • • • • •
Location: Waterloo, ON, Canada Area : 64,000 FTS . Architects: Saucier + Perrotte architects. Budget : $ 25.5 million Completion : 2004 Materials : concrete and glass wrapped prism
Why to Choose this Case study ? 1- has an artificial lake . 2 Functional reason . 3- elevation material and design . 4- bridges and connection between masses .
The SITE • Located on the south shore of silver lake in waterloo park .
• Creating a setting for perimeter by manipulating the natural topology.
How ? • Bounded by a busy highway, a tranquil artificial lake and a parking lot . • However, since well – used of pedestrian pathways separated the building from father David Bauer drive and silver lake , the actual terrain near the building symbolically research this broader landscape
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
The Site
Artificial lake Main street
The institute Landscape
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
parking
Concept
Researcher’s offices north oriented , facing the soft side of the context ( the reflecting pool ) Administrative offices south oriented , facing the hard side of the site ( the city center )
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Ground floor plan Public access
auditorium circulation atrium library offices parking services
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Ground plan
offices
atrium
services
services
services
library parking
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
The design is takes inspiration from the wide-ranging, hard to define concepts that make up the subject matter of theoretical physics, at once micro- and macro-cosmic, rich in information and of indeterminate form and substance. Between city and park, the Perimeter Institute expands and inhabits the improbable space of the line separating the two. The building defines the secure zones of the Institute's facilities within a series of parallel glass walls, embedded in an erupting ground plane that reveals a large reflecting pool. The north faรงade, facing the park across this pool, reveals the Institute as an organism, a microcosm of discrete elements. The south faรงade, facing the city across train tracks and the city's main arterial road, presents the Institute as a unified but transforming entity, of enigmatic scale and content. Entry to the Institute is possible from both the north, along the reflecting pool, and the south, under the new ground plane.
Reflecting Pool
Concrete Berm
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Administration Offices Lecture Rooms Lecture Room . Theatre Seminar Rooms Researchers’ Offices Library Working Cubicles Lounges Bistro
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Exterior analysis
Administration ,seminar room , and communal spaces
Research offices , lecture halls and communal spaces
Public access to theatre , library , and external court yard . The bridge are a mean of continuation of ideas , for researcher to linger and exchange ideas , they extend beyond the faรงade opening views out into the surrounding
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
The interior of the Institute
The interior of the Institute is organized around two central spaces, the main hall on the ground floor and the garden on the first. Spaces for administration, meeting and seminar rooms, leisure and fitness spaces, and a multipurpose theatre for symposia and public presentations, have direct access to the main hall.
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
The circulation corridors running east-west are positioned between the opalescent glass planes, which are occasionally punctured and shifted to reveal views across the interior space of the hall.
Vertical circulation climbs these walls, tendrils of ground that run from the garden through the building. The garden - nature emerging from the vacuum - is crossed by three bridges that puncture all the planes, as well as the north and south faรงades. The bridges provide quick access to information, facilities and research colleagues. These conduits, which formally bind together the Institute, are routes crossing the improbable space between theoretical physics and everyday life.
Farouk medical center Project definition Location :Al-sulaymaniayah , Iraq • Architect: engineering department at Jordan university. • Client : university of Jordan
Why to choose this case study ? 1- Local case study which help us to understand the functions and circulations and area of functions .
2- has a clinical and surgical part ( therapy zone ) 3- stem cell therapy has apart for genetic researches . 4 to know about laboratory and their function and about instrument in lab
Ground floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING
Farouk medical center
Mezzanine floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING
Farouk medical center
First floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING
Farouk medical center
Second floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING
Farouk medical center
Third floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING
Farouk medical center
Fourth /fifth floor plan FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS ZONING
Farouk medical center
Section A-A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
Farouk medical center
ENTRANCES
Farouk medical center
CIRCULATION ANALYSIS
Farouk medical center
GROUND FLOOR
CIRCULATION ANALYSIS CIRCULATION ANALYSIS
Farouk medical center
MEZZANINE FLOOR
CIRCULATION ANALYSIS
Farouk medical center
FIRST FLOOR
CIRCULATION ANALYSIS
Farouk medical center
SECOND FLOOR
OPHTHALMIC DEP. ZONING
Farouk medical center
OPHTHALMIC DEP. ZONING
Farouk medical center
OPHTHALMIC DEP. ZONING
Farouk medical center
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Farouk medical center
FORM THREE MAIN MASSES WERE USED, TWO OF WHICH WERE RE-ORIENTED AND THE WHOLE FORM WAS SPLIT AND THEN CONNECTED WITH AN INTERMEDIATE MASS.
Farouk medical center
Farouk medical center
Chu Hall - Solar Energy Research Center Project definition • Location : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. • Project area: 39000.0 ft2. • Architect: SmithGroupJJR. • Contractor: McCarthy Building Companies .
Why to choose this case study ? 1- the entrance of this project is appropriate to benefit from the slope and to access the basement which is supposed to be a main storey in our building . 2- the facades helps in preventing direct sun light from reaching the building .
The entrance
The entrance for this project goes under ground to approach the laboratory area which has to be prevented from direct sun light .
This also helps in the easy approach from the ordinary people .
Suggested for the entrance of research lab to basement floor
The Entrance From the level of the ground floor the stairs goes down toward the basement level to approach the laboratory entrance . the entrance
Ground floor
basement
Solid and void
void solid
The percentage of solid is nearly 70% of the whole faรงade.
Facade The use of long glass strips to benefit the sun light in a definite function and prevent its approach to other functions
The percentage of the solid in the façade which is about 70% means that most of functions don’t need the direct sun light .
Most of biology researches needs the sun light to be prevented in the laboratories where the research are being done .
TecniA Biotechnology Institute Project definition
Location : Chablekal, Yuc., Mexico. Project area: 5412.0 m2. Architect: Augusto Quijano Arquitectos . Project year : 2014.
Why to choose this case study ? 1-The use of false facades to prevent the direct sun light . 2-The use of vertical louvers .
False facades
False facades  False facades are used to make a shadow on the facades itself. In this project it is used as louvers in front of the building to give it a modern view and make the design more beautiful .
Louvers
Louvers
 Vertical louvers are used here to benefit the design of the elevations and to break the direct sunlight on the northern elevations .
Central Taiwan Innovation Campus Project definition Location : No.2, Wenxian Rd., Zhongxing New Village. Project area: 24721.58 sqm. Architect: Bio-architecture formosana + NOIZ architects . Project year : 2014.
Why to choose this case study ? 1- the interior of this project is appropriate for psychological therapy. 2- The landscape of this project is useful for the patients and floats with the nature .
The landscape The use of water features in the project makes the air more comfortable . It makes a beautiful seen in the landscape and gives more life style for the project .
On a sloped land using the trerraces benefits from the views around . Using ramps to move from level to another makes the circulation easier than using stairs .
Landscape
ď ś The using of steel shell to make a shelter from the direct sun light and winter rain is perfectly reflected in this case using glass openings in the shell .
ď ś The grid used for the glass reflects a beautiful shadow on the ground makes it comfortable for people to set in these areas .
Interior
The use of cold colors give the comfort for the users . These colors are used to make the place more calm and give the user the ability to be flexile with the place
The use of huge glass openings helps reduce the boredom of the corridors . Also, the false facades helps reducing the direct sun light into the building .
Connecting masses Outdoor stairs The use of stairs in connecting masses on different levels by moving people from the roof tops towards the buildings .
Bridges are also used to move from the inside of one mass into another mass . bridge
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Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)
The Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG) is an innovative centre for basic research created in December 2000 by initiative of the former Department of Universities, Research and Information Society (DURSI) of the Catalan Government. It is a unique center in Spain, based in a non-bureaucratic organization research model, whose objective is to promote basic research in biomedicine and, particularly, in the genomics and proteomics areas.
Genome Medical Center in Shiraz, Iran
Design: Emtiaz group Location: Shiraz, Iran
The building’s southwest side is hidden behind a façade of rotated aluminum panels which let in the right amount of sunlight without dazzling the people inside and ensure privacy inside the building, as well as bringing to mind the image of DNA. The very image of the volume alludes to genetics, reflecting the building’s purpose.
Concept
Cases Program Site
Program
Bubble diagram
Standard
Intro
Patient therapy process Entrance
Clinic
LABS
Sample room
Testing
Operating room
preparation Sterilization
patient ROOMS
PHYSOTHERAPY
GO HOME
Support LAB Multi disciplinary
Cell Bank
3 main dimension
research
vivarium
SUPPORTED LABS
CORE RESEARCH RESEARCH LABORATORY Gallery Clinical zone
LOBBY
Non logic response area Power of space Gathering area Hub of interact
therapy
SOCIAL Each axis will create some nodes (every node represent an activity or function)
Function relationship
USERS Relationship
section LABS
Lab Support Space assigned Core Facilities
bank
TOTAL
NO
Area
Total area (sq.m)
Research labs**
32
25
800
Recycled lab
3
25
75
support Research Labs
7
50
350
Procedure Room
5
15
75
Equipment room
5
20
100
Dark room+ microscope
10
10
100
Fume hood
5
15
75
Imaging
2
75
120
Gas & Chemical storage
1
50
50
DNA sequencing
2
30
30
Tissue culture room
8
15
120
Cold room
4
15
60
Blood
1
20
20
Cells and tissue
1
20
20
Genes
1
20
20
Research facilities
2060
section
Animal experiment
Research facilities
NO
Area
Total area (sq.m)
General labs
2
20
40
Special research lab
2
30
60
Safety cabinet
1
35
35
Cages room(3*3)
5
15
75
vivarium
1
50
50
TOTAL
255
Detail about research lab ( Pressure OF DNA ) ** section
Research labs
TOTAL
Research facilities
NO
Area
Total area (sq.m)
Isolation DNA Laboratory
4
25
40
Isolate proteins Laboratory
4
25
60
Laboratory electrophoresis
4
25
30
Imaging and documentation gel room
4
25
27
Laboratory chain reaction of polymers
4
25
Incubators cells
4
25
Washroom
4
25
Laboratory dry and wet sterilization
4
25
20 800
DEPARTMENTS
1. OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT RECEPTION +WAITING AREA INFORMATION EXAM ROOMS (6) NURSES ROOM DOCTORS ROOM STORE
AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 70 20 60 20 20 20 210 M. SQUARED
2. PHARMACY PHARMACY PREPARATION STORAGE STAFF & CONTROL
20 15 10 15 60 M. SQUARED
3. EMERGENCY RECEPTION+WAITING EXAM ROOMS (6) CONSULTATION ROOM
70 50 20
DEPARTMENTS POLICE PRESS ROOM OPERATION ROOM OBSERVATION ROOM DOCTOR ROOM NURSES STATION STORAGE
AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 20 20 20 20 30 20 270M. SQUARED
4. RADIOLOGY WAITING X-RAY ROOM STORE OFFICE FILM PREPARATION DARKROOM VIEWING ROOM
10 30 20 20 15 15 110M. SQUARED
5. LABORATORY & BLOOD BANK BLOOD BANK STERILIZATION & GLASS WASHING OFFICE
20 30 15 65M. SQUARED
DEPARTMENTS
6. SURGERY SUITE OPERATION ROOM (2) PREPARATION ROOM STORAGE STERILE ROOM DOCTOR OFFICE NURSE OFFICE CHANGING ROOMS (MALES & FEMALES) ANESTHETIC ROOM RECOVERY C.C.U. I.C.U.
AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 60 20 20 20 15 15 30 30 60 60 60 390M. SQUARED
DEPARTMENTS 7. IN-PATIENT DEPARTMENT SINGLE BED ROOMS (7) DOUBLE BED ROOMS (10) 4 BEDS IN A ROOM (4) NURSING STATION (2) VISITORS ROOM (2)
AREA (IN METERS SQUARED) 140 200 120 60 40 560M. SQUARED
DEPARTMENTS
AREA (IN METERS SQUARED)
DIRECTOR OF NURSING TOILETS NURSES RESIDENCE DOCTORS RESIDENCE
20 30 30 30 110M. SQUARED
services department
NO
Area
Total area (sq.m)
MECHANICAL ROOM
1
100
60
MAINTENANCE & WORKSHOP
1
50
30
LAUNDRY
1
50
30
GENERAL STORE
1
50
30
MAIN KITCHEN
1
100
70
DINNING ROOM
1
60
50
CENTRAL STERILIZATION
1
70
30
STAFF LOCKERS & OFFICES
1
50
30
Electrical room
1
60
60
Total
390
Administration
NO
Area
ca
GENERAL DIRECTOR
1
20
20
ADMINISTRATOR OFFICE
1
20
20
Security
1
15
15
PLANNING OFFICE
1
20
20
MEDICAL RECORD
1
20
20
CONFERENCE ROOM
1
40
40
STAFF OFFICES
3
20
60
DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPED OFFICE
1
20
20
Total
215
EDUCATINAL ZONE
NO
Area
Total area (sq.m)
library
1
70
50
E-library
1
40
40
Lecture room
3
40
70
auditorium
1
150
150
Conference room
1
30
30
Total
340
Parking ZONE
NO
Area
Total area (sq.m)
Cars
150
12
1800
Handicap cars
15
25
375
buses
3
15
45
Total
2220 NO
Area
Total area (sq.m)
Dinning area
2
40
80
toilet
3
21.6
64.8
Kitchenette
2
20
40
Storage
3
15
45
Counter
2
10
20
20
10
200 249.8
Services Cafeteria
Toilets Total
Total area = 3484.8*20% circulation =6969.95 m2
Percent of main section
RESEARCH
THERAPY SOCIAL
EDUCATIONAL
bank
activates
Administration
Physiological
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
Surgical Zone Gallery
HUMAN RESEARCH
RESEARCH SECTION
Clinical zone
THERAPY SECTION
Café + restaurant
SOCIAL SECTION
Lecture room
Library
EDUCATIONAL SECTION
Reception area W.C OFFICES ENTRANCE HALL
W.C CAFTERIA KITCHEN
SECURITY
ADMINISTRATION SECURITY
W.C
W.C
DIRECTIOR
PUBLIC RELATION
LOBBY CONFERANCE
FINANCIAL SECTION
HUMAN RESOURCES
OFFICE
OFFICE
Clinical and surgical zone X-ray room
Preparation room
Operation room Dirty room
CLINIC
M.R.I room
lobby Nursing section
lobby Sterilization
room Doctor offices
Recovery section W.C
W.C
W.C
RESEARCH ZONE ADMIN
W.C
CENETER OFFICES
OFFICES
Dark room
LOBBY
CENTER OFFICES
LOUNGE
Tissue culture
Autoclave Animal surgery
RESEARCH LABS
STAFF OFFICES W.C
IMAGING CORE
CORRIDOR
Radioisotope
Gaschemical storage
Electrical room
Faces room
Micro scope
EDUCATIONAL ZONE w.c
library AUDITORIUM
lobby
Lecture hall
Lounge (lobby)
w.c Lecture hall
Lecture hall
SURGICAL ZONE GRAPH
Clinical ZONE GRAPH pharmacy pharmacy
lobby
Nurse room
Soakage & biotheque
M.R.I room
X-ray room
w.C & shower
M. office
corridor
w.C & shower
corridor
Doctor room
Diagnose room
Doctor room
Diagnose room
Diagnose room
Diagnose room
Diagnose room
Diagnose room
Research laboratory ZONE GRAPH
lobby
corridor toilet
kitchenette
Faces room
Dark room
Stuff lounge
conference
corridor
Gas & chemical storage
Imaging Elect RadioisotopeAuto microscope Office rical clave room 30*lab research
instrument
T.C
T.C
Vivarium ZONE GRAPH lobby Service entrance M. office
toilet corridor
M. office
Imaging Micro room scope
Auto Radio facs clave isotope
Vivarium labs
instrument
T.C
Animals surgery
electrical
RAMPS
TECHNOLOGY REQUIERED EQUIPMENT BASIC OPERATION THEATRE EQUIPMENT:
OPERATING MICROSCOPE
VITRECTOMY MACHINE FOR VITREOUS WORK
YAG LASER
AUTOCLAVE - FOR STERILIZATION
OUTPATIENT AND REFRACTION EQUIPMENT:
KERATOMETER
SLIT LAMP
DIRECT OPHTHAL MOSCOPE
INDIRECT OPHTHAL MOSCOPE
SCHIOTZ TONOMETER
REFRACTOMETER
FUNDUS CAMERA
A-SCAN
STREAK RETINOSCOPE
WHEEL CHAIR MEASUREMENTS ANTHROPOMETRY STUDY
OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS
CORRIDORS OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS
WAITING ROOMS IN THE HOSPITAL ANTHROPOMETRY STUDY
OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS
ROOMS LAYOUT OPHTHALMIC HOSPITALS
Orientation The most suitable orientation for treatments and operating rooms is between north west & north-east
Bed: Population = A x S x 100 365 x PO
A= number of inpatient admissions/1000 population/year S= average length of stay PO= percentage occupancy Hospital classification Small hospital beds less than 250 Large hospital between 250-500 Huge hospital more than 500
MAIN DEPARTMENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
STAFF VISITORS EMERGENCY OUT PATIENT
CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
STRONG R. MEDIUM R. WEAK R.
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF PATIENT ROOMS
NURSING SECTION IN IN-PATIENTS DEP. FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
NURSES STATION
NURSING SECTION IN IN-PATIENTS DEP.
TRAFFIC
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
TRAFFIC TO NURSES STATION
CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
MEDICAL PATIENTS CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
SURGICAL PATIENTS CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS ADJUNCTS
SERVICE ENTRANCE BEDS
VISITORS ENTRANCE
ADMIN.
AMB PATIENTS PATIENT ENTRANCE
EMERGENCY ENTRANCE
IN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP TO HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS
CIRCULATION DIAGRAM FOR THE IN-PATIENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS ADJUNCTS
VISITORS & PATIENTS ENTRANCE
SERVICE ENTRANCE
BEDS
ADMIN.
AMB PATIENTS
EMERGENCY ENTRANCE
IN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP TO HOSPITAL DEPARTMENTS
OUT-PATIENT DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
OUT PATIENT
LABORATORY & RADIOLOGY DEPARTMENTS FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
LABORATORY DEP.
RADIOLOGY DEP.
SURGICAL & DELIVERY SUITE FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
TO PATIENT’S ROOM
SURGICAL & DELIVERY SUITE FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
NURSES
DOCTORS
PATIENTS
EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
RADIOLOGY
TO BEDS AMBULANCE
PATIENTS
ADMINISTRATION FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
STAFF
PATIENTS
VISITORS
SERVICES DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUS SERVICES
SERVICES DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
Main kit Floor kit
DIETARY SECTION
SERVICES DEPARTMENT FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
LAUNDRY SECTION
PHARMACY FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
SPACE REQUIREMENT & PROGRAM For therapy zone
IN-PATIENTS STAFF
8.2 % 7%
28.4 %
5.1 % 1.7 %
ADMINISTRATION X-RAY THERAPY PHARMACY
5.9 %
9.5 % 8.8 %
EMERGENCY OUT-PATIENTS
17 %
LABS SERVICES SURGERY
THEORY (Abnormal)
Every human being is a complex case, we all have different backgrounds and a million fragments of incidents and emotions and interpretations that make us. We don’t believe in simple procedures and simplified steps in reaching a destination.
DEIGN DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY
And the DNA chain from a group of phosphate link in all nucleotides with sugar Al-rayboz oxygen deficient in nucleotide consists. The series nitrogenous bases in DNA molecule genetic information inventory, and arrange them so-called genetic Cipher that distinguishes living organisms from each other. The scientists James Watson and Francis Crick in the middle of the 20th century were able to discovery of the basic form of DNA ,
Nucleic acids that are causing the difference between human beings, in terms of: shape, and color.
It consists of two series of nucleotides wrapped around each other in a spiral,
Genetic is about how the information is stored and transmitted between generation
METHODOLOGY The moving body never jumps from one position to another, but always passes by a gradual transition
However when some genetic error happen On a very small orbit and can not be seen but it effect the hall body of human
Then The moving body jumps from one position to another, rabidly ,changing all position and all behavior . that called abnormality
Encoding of genetic in our body ( small changes make mutation )
Mutation: Variations in DNA sequence (substitutions, deletions, etc) . Can produce a gain of function and a loss of function. Recent and RARE. Gene mutation directly leads to disorder That’s what we called abnormal behavior in abnormality theory
Abnormality Theory
ABNORMALITY THEORY
“An abnormal reaction to an abnormal situation is normal behavior.” Viktor Frankl
Abnormal is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder. Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal, this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context.
*Deficits or defects in the structural or functional integrity of the nervous system lead to abnormal behavior. Types of biological abnormalities include: *Defective genes: Each chromosome contains thousands of genes (carriers of DNA) that influence psychological and physical development. Defective genes may adversely affect development . *Behavior genetics: the study of individual differences in behavior that are caused by differences in genotype (a person’s genetic makeup). Typically, it takes a combination of several altered genes to cause a disorder.
ABNORMALITY THEORY STATEMENT
The potential power of small changes The potential power of small changes
phenotype Physical changes occurred by small changes in DNA code
Genotype Genetic code in human being which effect the phenotype
Genotype
"Genotype" is an organism's full hereditary information.
"Phenotype" is an organism's actual observed phenotype
properties, such as morphology, development, or behavior.
The mapping of a set of genotypes to a set of phenotypes is sometimes referred to the genotype–phenotype map.
This is the "outward, physical manifestation" of the organism. These are the physical parts, the sum of the atoms, ;molecules, macromolecules, cells, structures, metabolism, energy utilization, tissues, organs, reflexes and behaviors
This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried by all living organisms. This stored information is used as a "blueprint" or set of instructions for building and maintaining a living creature. These instructions are found within almost all cells (the "internal" part), they are written in a coded language (the genetic code), they are copied at the time of cell division or reproduction and are passed from one generation to the next ("inheritable").
Defining which is normal and which is not Genetic behavior is unpredicted ..! ď Œ
NORMAL No mutation in genetic code ď Š
AB-NORMAL
N
AB
AB
ABN
ABAB
N
NN
NAB
mutation in genetic code (small changes led to mutation )
You need an error to open the door to the adjacent possible .. Steven Johnson Probability between normality and abnormality
AB -- ABNORMAL N -- NORMAL
BETWEEN NORMALITY AND ABNORMALITY .... LIES A LIFE
Between normal and abnormal behavior target was divided into 4 behaviors :
Separated
Visible
invisible
Direct
Simple
Complex
Indirect
Transfer
Collision
Intersection
Applications of the concept
Theoretical Approach
There are four types of relationships between normality and abnormality in our project including
Separation : in some areas of our project the abnormal parts is separated from the normal parts due to the difference between them . It depends on the function supported by the section .for example the abnormality of therapy zone is separated from the normality of the social zone .
Therapy
Social
Intersection in some cases of the project the abnormality intersects with the normality in the same section (part) , like what happens in the research part which includes both normal and abnormal actions for genes .
Abnormal
Research
Normal
Theoretical Approach
Collision in the case of collision there is a collision when the abnormality meets with the abnormality of another section , like the relation between the abnormality of therapy with the normality of research part .
Therapy
Research
Transform this case happens when abnormality of one part meets with the normality of another . like the normality of the research meets with the abnormality of the therapy with the normality of the research part . Therapy
Research
Intro Site Cases Program Concept
• Ascadi G, Dickson G, Love DR et al. Nature, 352,815-818 • Anderson WF.(1985) J. Med. Philosoph., 10,275-191. • Arbones ML, Austin HL, Capon DJ, Greenburg G. (1994) Nature Genetics,6,90-97. • Barinaga M. (1993) SCIENCE, 262, 1512-1514. • Bock LC, Griffin LC, Latham JA, Vermaas EH, Toole JJ. (1992) Nature, 355, 564-566. • Boris,lawrie k,Temin HM (1994) Ann. NY Acad.Sci, 716, 59-71. • Brody SL,Crystal R.(1994)Ann. NY Acad .Sci,716,90-103. • Cech T (1995) Biotechnology,13,323-326. • Chubb JM,Hogan ME,(1992)Trends Biotechnol.,10,132-136. • stemcell.uci.edu