CARBON COPIES HOUSES TOWERS COMPLEX SHAPES MID-RISE AIRPORTS HOSPITALS/ LABS BRIDGES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Purpose of research Introduction to case study Programme
6 8 10
2.0 EXISTING CONDITION Site and location Design concept Areas and volumes Photographic survey Graphic documentation Structure Construction methods General scheme Key detail Materials origins Transport requirements
14 16 18 20 30 48 50 60 62 64 66
3.0 CARBON COPY Timber space frame General scheme Proposed detail Performance result
72 74 76 78
4.0 WHAT IF Form finding Catenary arches General scheme Proposed detail
82 84 86 88
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON Carbon copy What if
94 104
6.0 FINDINGS Performance result
108
7.0 APPENDIX Timber space frame Sequential roof
112 114
6 COMPLEX SHAPES
1 INTRODUCTION
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
COMPLEX SHAPES During Term 1 of 2021/22, the Royal College of Art’s Architectural Design Studio 5 (ADS5) concentrated on building elements, their origins, carbon sequestering materials, and how they can be joined, bound, and brought to completion.
COMPLEX SHAPES
ADS5 investigated seven building typologies: - Houses - Bridges - Complex Shapes - Towers - Mid-rise Buildings - Airports - Hopsitals and Laboratories Alternative materials and construction methods were researched and evaluated in an attempt to propose a greener, faster and cheaper design alternative for a chosen building within each building typology. The scope of the analysis prescribed that the doppelganger design retained the original programme and form.
8
This report is for Complex Shaped Cultural Buildings. It takes the design of the Heydar Aliyev Centre as a case study to understand if complex geometry could be realized using alternative materials and construction methods.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
CASE STUDY
Title: Heidar Alyev Centre Typology: Cultural centre Location: Baku, Azerbaijan Client: The Republic of Azerbaijan Architects: Zaha Hadid Architects
COMPLEX SHAPES
Area: 101801 m2 Year: 2012 Main contractor: DIA Holding Consultants: Tuncel Engineering, AKT, GMD Project, HB Engineering, Werner Sobek Engineering & Design, Etik Fire Consultancy, Mezzo Studio, ENAR Consultants, Sigal, MBLD, Subcontractors and manufacturers MERO, Bilim Makina, Arabian Profile, Lindner AG, Sanset İkoor, Quinette, Baswa, Astas, Kone Elevators, Ikmam, MM Mühendisler Mermer, HRN Dizayn, x, Remak Makina, Tema, MIM Mühendislik, Elekon Enerji Sistemleri, NIS Epoksi Kaplama Sistemleri, Light Projects, Limit Insaat, Doka, Zumtobel, Solarlux, Bolidt
10
Project team: Zaha Hadid, Patrik Schumacher, Saffet Kaya Bekiroglu, Sara Sheikh Akbari, Shiqi Li, Phil Soo Kim, Marc Boles, Yelda Gin, Liat Muller, Deniz Manisali, Lillie Liu, Jose Lemos, Simone Fuchs, Jose Ramon Tramoyeres, Yu Du, Tahmina Parvin, Erhan Patat, Fadi Mansour, Jaime Bartolome, Josef Glas, Michael Grau, Deepti Zachariah, Ceyhun Baskin, Daniel Widrig, Murat Mutlu, Charles Walker
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
HEYDAR ALIYEV CENTRE
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Figure. 1 Aerial view of the site Source: Google images
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
PROGRAMME
As part of the former Soviet Union, the urbanism and architecture of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, was heavily influenced by the planning of that era. Since its independence in 1991, Azerbaijan has invested heavily in modernising and developing Baku’s infrastructure and architecture, departing from its legacy of normative Soviet Modernism. Zaha Hadid Architects was appointed to design the Centre following a competition in 2007. Built on the site of a Soviet munitions factory, the Centre is the primary building for the nation’s cultural programs. It is named after Heydar Aliyev, the first secretary of Soviet Azerbaijan from 1969 to 1982, and president of the Azerbaijan Republic from 1993 to 2003. It aspires to express the sensibilities of Azeri culture and the optimism of a nation that looks to the future. The Heydar Aliyev Centre is a 57,500 m² (619,000 sq ft) building complex. Not a single straight line was used in the design. All of its functions, together with entrances, are represented by folds in a single continuous surface. This fluid form creates an opportunity to connect the various cultural spaces, while at the same time, providing each element of the Centre with its own identity and privacy.
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First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Fourth floor
Fifth floor
Sixth floor
Seventh floor
Eighth floor
Library
Exhibition space
Auditorium
Multipurpose
Restaurant/Bar
Commercial
COMPLEX SHAPES
Groundfloor
13
14 COMPLEX SHAPES
2 EXISTING CONDITION
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
SITE AND LOCATION
LOCATION
1 Heydar Aliyev Ave, Baku 1033, Azerbaijan
GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
Western coast of the Caspian Sea
CO-ORDINATES
40.3959° N, 49.8678° E
POPULATION
2181800 (2014)
AREA
2140 km2
HEIGHT
28m below sea level
CLIMATE
Temperate and semi-arid climate
TEMPERATURE RANGE
4 to 26.4 °°C
AVARAGE TEMPERATURE
14.6 °°C
PRECIPITATION
around 210 mm/yr
WINDS
Strong winds all year
SNOW
Occasional winter snow storms up to 144 km/hr
EARTHQUAKE RISK
Moderate
GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
In the vicinity of volcanoes and salt lakes
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Figure. 2 Aerial view of the location Source: Google maps
Figure. 3 Aerial view of the site Source: Google maps
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
DESIGN CONCEPT
CONTINUOUS FLUID SURFACE: The design of the Heydar Aliyev Centre establishes a continuous, fluid relationship between its surrounding plaza and the building’s interior. The plaza, as the ground surface; accessible to all as part of Baku’s urban fabric, rises to envelop an equally public interior space and define a sequence of event spaces dedicated to the collective celebration of contemporary and traditional Azeri culture. Elaborate formations such as undulations, bifurcations, folds, and inflections modify this plaza surface into an architectural landscape that performs a multitude of functions: welcoming, embracing, and directing visitors through different levels of the interior. One of the critical, yet challenging, elements of the project was the architectural development of the building’s skin. To achieve a continuous surface that appears homogenous, meant a broad range of different functions, construction logics and technical systems were brought together and integrated into the building’s envelope. Advanced computing allowed for the continuous control and communication of these complexities among the numerous project participants.
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The Heydar Aliyev Centre principally consists of two collaborating systems: a concrete structure combined with a space frame system. To attain large-scale column-free spaces which enables the visitor to experience the fluidity of the interior, vertical structural elements were absorbed by the envelope and curtain wall system.
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48100 sqm of continuous fluid surface
Vertical supporting structure
COMPLEX SHAPES
Axonometric views
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
AREAS AND VOLUMES
GROSS INTERNAL AREA (G.I.A):
COMPLEX SHAPES
NETT INTERNAL AREA (N.I.A):
10670 m2 - 18.7%
TOTAL SITE AREA:
111300 m2
ESITIMATED VOLUME:
285000 m3
LEVEL
G.I.A.
N.I.A.
RATIO
Groundfloor plan
15800 m2
2750 m2
17.4%
First floot plan
1000 m2
1950 m2
17.7%
Second floor plan
10000 m2
1950 m2
19.5%
Third floor plan
9000 m2
1950 m2
21.6%
Fourth floor plan
5200 m2
1200 m2
23.0%
Fifth floor plan
2500 m2
450 m2
18.0%
Sixth floor plan
1700 m2
200 m2
11.8%
Seventh floor plan
950 m2
200 m2
21.0%
Eighth floor plan
850 m2
200 m2
23.0%
39100 m2
--
--
Canopy
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57000 m2
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First floor: 11000 m2 1950 m2 - 17.7%
Second floor 10000 m2 1950 m2 - 19.5%
Third floor: 9000 m2 1950 m2 - 21,6%
Fourth floor: 5200 m2 1200 m2 - 23%
Fifth floor: 2500 m2 450 m2 - 18%
Sixth floor: 1700 m2 200 m2 - 11,8%
Seventh floor: 950 m2 200 m2 - 21%
Eighth floor: 850 m2 200 m2 - 23%
COMPLEX SHAPES
Groundfloor: 15800 m2 2750 m2 - 17.4%
21
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY NUMBER
SUBJECT
LOCATION
PHASE
1
Site aerial picture
outside
completed
2
S-W facade
outside
completed
3
S-E facade
outside
completed
4
S-E facade detail
outside
completed
5
N-W facade detail
outside
completed
6
South-East facade
outside
completed
7
Main hall groundfloor
inside
completed
8
Main hall first floor
inside
completed
9
Tower corridor
inside
completed
10
Auditorium
inside
completed
11
Auditorium
inside
completed
12
Auditorium
inside
construction
13
Canopy space frame
outside
construction
14
Space frame
outside
construction
15
Concrete core
inside
construction
16
Steel structure
outside
construction
17
Outher skin detail
outside
construction
18
Outher skin detail
outside
construction
19
Outher skin detail
outside
construction
20
Canopy detail
outside
construction
21
Canopy detail
outside
construction
22
Canopy detail
outside
construction
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2
3
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4
25
26 COMPLEX SHAPES
7
8
9
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11
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10
27
28 COMPLEX SHAPES
13
14
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15
29
30 COMPLEX SHAPES
17 18
19
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22
21
COMPLEX SHAPES
20
31
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
DRAWINGS TITLE
SCALE
CUT HEIGHT
Site plan
1:3000
--
Ground floor plan
1:1000
+ 0.00 m
First floot plan
1:1000
+ 7.00 m
Second floor plan
1:1000
+ 12.00 m
Third floor plan
1:1000
+ 17.00 m
Fourth floor plan
1:1000
+ 22.00 m
Fifth floor plan
1:1000
+ 27.00 m
Seventh floor plan
1:1000
+ 32.00 m
Eighth floor plan
1:1000
+ 37.00 m
Ninth floor plan
1:1000
+ 41.50 m
Canopy plan
1:1000
+ 47.00 m
South-West elevation
1:1000
--
South-East elevation
1:1000
--
North-West elevation
1:1000
--
North-East elevation
1:1000
--
Longitudinal section A-A
1:1000
--
Trasversal section B-B
1:1000
--
Longitudinal section C-C
1:1000
--
Trasversal section D-D
1:1000
--
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Second floor plan +12.00 m
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Third floor plan +7.00 m
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Fourth floor plan +22.00 m
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Fifth floor plan +27.00 m
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Sixth floor plan +32.00 m
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Seventh floor plan +37.00 m
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Eight floor plan +41.50 m
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Canopy plan +47 m
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S-E and S-W elevations
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
STRUCTURE
The building composes three different structural systems, each realised with different materials and techniques.
COMPLEX SHAPES
CONCRETE CORES: The concrete cores were constructed first and is the vertical supporting structure. Mainly made from a series of casted on site reinforced concrete, the system provides three main areas responsible for resisting most of the vertical and horizontal loads of the building. COMPOSITE SLABS: Second are horizontal slab floors consisting of longspan steel beams with reinforced concrete slabs casted on top of a metal deck. The floors are mainly supported by the concrete cores, spanning the gaps that divide them. In some areas they are also partially supported by the steel frame of the canopy (see below). STEEL SPACE FRAME:
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The canopy has a double-curved free-form geometry and is built up in several layers with different functions. Its main supporting structure composes a MERO double-curved space frame made of solid steel ball nodes and CHS members. It spans between the three concrete cores but also directly connects to the ground. The space frame’s ability to transmit loads to the ground from and to different directions allowed the free-form design of the Centre.
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Concrete cores
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Composite slabs
COMPLEX SHAPES
Steel space frame
Systems combined
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
EXTERNAL SKIN: The exterior skin comprises an openjoint rain-screen system (cladding the building’s roof and exterior walls and extending into some of the interior ceiling as well), and the plaza, with a steady and invisible transition between the two. The latter, the plaza, is made from glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) panels, whereas the rain-screen cladding is made from glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) panels with a gelcoat layer to colour match the ground condition of the GFRC panels. Each GFRP panel has a 120mm perpendicular return on all edges (to give the illusion of solid stone) with 50 mm wide primary joints between panels, allowing access to fixings, and 15 mm wide transverse joints. All panels are uniquely shaped and sized. The precise design required considerable specialist engineering and 3D modelling. The total surface area is about 39100 m2 for the cladding and another 9000 m2 for the plaza.
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Both cladding and plaza panels are defined by architectural joint lines, which depend on the limits imposed by their production and transportation. The joint lines create a unique and free-flowing pattern, enveloping the entire building and the plaza.
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Figure. 6 Solid skin panels Source: Google images
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
SUBSTRATE TO THE SOLID SKIN:
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COMPLEX SHAPES
The external surface - an open-joint rain-screen cladding system (see below) - required a secondary steel substructure to fix it to the space frame. The secondary steel structure is attached to the nodes of the space frame by means of rods. The secondary steel layer interfaces the space frame chord nodes’ geometry and that of the double-curved cladding system. The cladding system is connected to the secondary steel layer with metal fixings. The substructure covers about 39 000 m2 of roof area and consists of more than 12 500 elements, all of which are individual.
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Figure. 5 Substrate to solid skin Source: Google images
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
COMPOSITE INSULATION PANELS The first layer is a prefabricated weatherproofing tray system which rests on the top chord nodes of the primary roof structure space frame. The trays consist of two U-section purlins, a trapezoidal metal deck in between, a self-adhesive vapour barrier, two layers of rigid, non-flammable rockwool insulation and a weatherproofing membrane on top. The trays are connected via overlapping metal flaps covering the gaps between adjacent trays. Due to the free-form shape of the space frame, all four corner bays covered by any given tray are not in one common plane, but twisted. Therefore, maximum acceptable warping criteria for the cold-bending of the four corner trays during installation were defined. Trays exceeding these criteria were produced with a triangular form, with two triangles and an additional U-section purlin in the middle. The support on the space frame stools and the fixing of the trays were achieved with spherical washers in order to accommodate the varying support angles.
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All weatherproofing trays were preassembled off-site, according to their actual dimensions, and lifted up to the roof as complete units. This allowed most of the work to be done before facing the very windy working conditions several metres above ground.
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Figure. 4 Substrate to outher skin Source: Google images
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
SPACE FRAME The canopy has a double-curved freeform geometry and is built up in several layers with different functions. Its main supporting structure composes a MERO double-curved space frame made of solid steel ball nodes and CHS members. This structural system makes no differentiations and does not introduce variations for the supporting structure in any part of the building. This, no matter what the geometry of the canopy is or the predominant forces acting in particular locations. Such a system needs to rely on the stiffness and redundancy of the structural elements in order to distribute and resist different loads. This approach resulted in the use of large amounts of materials, in an effort to both support a nonspecific structure and resolve geometry weakness. The design and geometry of the building was not pragmatic and ignored environmental and sustainable solutions.
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Figure. 8 Space frame Source: Google images
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
INTERNAL SKIN
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COMPLEX SHAPES
The internal skin of the building has the same geometrical complexity as the exterior skin. In addition, the architectural intention was also to divide the interior skin visually into “bands” in the crossbuilding direction, again emphasizing the theme of the plaza wrapping around the building. The system consists of a layer of purlins holding curved substructure tubes at a 50 cm spacing. The tubes have thin steel plate fixings attached to them on a 50 × 50 cm grid. The tubes and their fixings were designed to match the 3D curvature of the interior skin. The interior cladding, consisting of fibrereinforced flexible boards, was attached to the fixings by site-drilled screws. After installing a larger area of boards, the architectural joints and the curved slots for lighting, spotlights, loudspeakers, and other mechanical and electrical systems were cut out on site and filled with seam profiles. Skimming and painting provided the final touches.
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Figure. 7 Inner skin Source: Google images
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GENERAL SCHEME STRUCTURE MODULE A portion of 4x4 meters has been taken as example for the calculations and the comparison among the existing and the proposals. To find the values referring to all the 30000 m2 of the canopy, the results must be multiplied 1875 times. 4m
COMPLEX SHAPES
4m
LAYER
MATERIAL
M3
KgC02e
COST £
External skin
GFR polyester
0.608
8539
3200
Substrate str.
Steel profiles
0.057
615
1118
Whaterproofing
0.048
14
320
Rigid insulation
1.920
88
800
Vapour barrier
0.016
0.02
80
Steel decking
0.093
1003
1280
Steel purlins
0.031
334
607
Space frame
Steel profiles
0.165
1780
3238
Substrate str.
Steel profiles
0.053
571
1040
Internal skin
GFR gypsum boards
0.48
125
1600
18779
13283
45,891,181
32,460,331
Composite panels
TOTAL
60
TOTAL FOR THE BUILDING
Substrate to the solid skin
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Solid skin
Composite panels
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Space frame
Substrate to the internal skin Internal skin
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Plan view of a typical portion of the space frame
4x4 meters portion used as a mean of comparison between the different options
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KEY DETAIL
Fibrorinforced plastic panels
Substrate to the solid skin
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Composite panel
Corrugated steel decking
MIRO Spacea frame
Substrate to the internal skin
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Internal skin
Ø
12 cm
Ø
Whaterproofing Rigid insulation Vapour barrier Steel decking Steel profiles
Ø
15 cm
Tubular steel profiles
Ø
15 cm
Tubular steel profiles
Ø
12 cm
Tubular steel profiles
15 cm
Ø
10 cm
Ø
6.5 cm
Ø
10 cm
Ø
6.5 cm
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Ø
Tubular steel profiles
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0.2 cm 12 cm 0.2 cm 0.4 cm 0.6 cm
Fibroreinforced plastic panels
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15 cm
3 cm
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40
50
Fibroreinforced gypsum boards
100
Detail
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MATERIALS ORIGIN MANIFACTURER
Mero-TSK Prichsenstadtd GmbH & CO.KG Blim Makina Mero-TSK International GmbH & CO.KG Mimi Engineering Construction Steel End Norm Cement Norm MMC Arabain Profile Lindner Grouo Lindner GFT GmbH HUECK HUECK Estrusion GMBH & CO. KG
COMPLEX SHAPES
Safi YApi SIstemleri Hueck Doka Kalip-Iskele Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. Ikoor HQ Ikoor Manufacturing BASWA acoustic AG Astas Gayrimenkul Bolidt Synthetic Products B.V.
PORTS
Trieste Port, Italy Venice Port, Italy Izmir Port, Turkey Haydarpasa Port, Turkey Samsun Port, Turkey Porti Port, Georgia Jabel Ali Port, UAE Busher Port, Iran Anzali Port, Iran Baku Port, Azerbaijan Norfolk Port, USA
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Bibraltar Port, Botswana
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
SUPPLIER MATERIAL
SUPPLIER
LOCATION
Steel Space Frame
Mero-TSK
Germany
Bilim Makina
Turkey
(received for installation)
COMPLEX SHAPES
Structural Steel
Cement
(assumed supplier as largest producer in region and second closet factory to site)
GRFC, GFRP External
MIM Mühendislik
Turkey
Norm Cement
Azerbaijan
Arabian Profile
Cladding, Plaza
66
Internal Skin Cladding
United
Arab
Emirates
Lindner
Germany
TRANSPORT REQUIREMENTS ROUTE AND MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
DISTANCE/KM
Truck
732
Trieste Port, Italy to Izmir Port, Turkey
Ship
2000
Izmir Port, Turkey to Bursa, Turkey
Ship
331
Bursa, Turkey to Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey
Ship
147
Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
1100
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902
TOTAL DISTANCE
1816 Truck
454
Samsun Port Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
460
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902 1816
TOTAL DISTANCE Truck
TOTAL DISTANCE
54 54
Sharjah, UAE to Jebel Ali Port. UAE
Truck
58
Jebel Ali Port, UAE to Bushehr Port, Iran
Ship
650
Bushehr Port, Iran to Anzali Port, Iran
Ship
1280
Anzali Port, Iran to Baku Port, Azerbaijan
Ship
280
Baku Port, Azerbaijan to Baku Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
74
TOTAL DISTANCE
2342
Dettelbach, Germany to Trieste Port, Italy
Truck
759
Trieste Port, Italy to Izmir Port, Turkey
Ship
2000
Izmir Port, Turkey to Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey
Ship
470
Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
1100
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902
TOTAL DISTANCE
COMPLEX SHAPES
Ankara, Turkey to Samsun Port, Turkey
Baku, Azerbaijan to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
ADS 5
Prichsenstadt, Germany to Trieste Port, Italy
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
5231
67
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
SUPPLIER MATERIAL
Glass Curtain Façade
SUPPLIER
LOCATION
Hueck
Germany
Safi Yapı Sistemleri (glass manufacturer)
COMPLEX SHAPES
Formwork
A. Wooden Cladding (American White Oak)
Doka
Turkey
Ikoor
Virginia
(received for fabbrication)
U.S.A
(assumed American White Oak sourced from Virginia, one of the two American States which produce the largest amount of the tree)
Acoustic Ceilings
68
Polyurethane Floors
Turkey
BASWA
Switzerland
Bolidt
Netherlands
TRANSPORT REQUIREMENTS ROUTE AND MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
DISTANCE/KM
Truck
1064
Trieste Port, Italy to Izmir Port, Turkey
Ship
2000
Izmir Port, Turkey to Istanbul, Turkey
Ship
459
Istanbul, Turkey to Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey
Ship
22
Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
1100
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902
TOTAL DISTANCE
5547 Truck
47
Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
1100
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902
TOTAL DISTANCE
2049
Norfolk Port, USA to Gilbraltar Port, BoT
Truck
6460
Gilbraltar Port, BoT to Izmir Port, Turkey
Ship
3200
Izmir Port, Turkey to Ankara, Turkey
Truck
618
Ankara, Turkey to Samsun Port, Turkey
Truck
454
Samsun Port Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
460
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902
TOTAL DISTANCE
COMPLEX SHAPES
Gebze, Turkey to Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey
12094
Baldegg, Switzerland to Venice Port, Italy
Truck
519
Venice Port, Italy to Izmir Port, Turkey
Ship
2060
Izmir Port, Turkey to Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey
Ship
470
Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
1100
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902
TOTAL DISTANCE
5051
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht, Netherlands to Trieste Port, Italy
Truck
1311
Trieste Port, Italy to Izmir Port, Turkey
Ship
2000
Izmir Port, Turkey to Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey
Ship
470
Haydarpaşa Port, Turkey to Poti Port, Georgia
Ship
1100
Poti Port, Georgia to Baku, Azerbaijan (site)
Truck
902
TOTAL DISTANCE
ADS 5
Lüdenscheid, Germany to Trieste Port, Italy
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
5783
69
70 COMPLEX SHAPES
3 CARBON COPY
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5 COMPLEX SHAPES
71
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
3.0 CARBON COPY
TIMBER SPACE FRAME
HYBRID TIMBER-STEEL SPACE FRAME WITH RECONSTITUTED STONE SANDWICH PANELS
COMPLEX SHAPES
In an attempt to replicate the form of the design, this appoach retains the use of the original structural model but with more sustainable materials. Sustainably sourced hardwood is one of the leading carbon sequestering materials used in the construction industry. The proposal replaces the CHS members of the Mero space frame with timber elements, while still keeping the bespoke steel nodes for structural stability. Structural steel has very high embodied carbon and reducing its use should drastically reduce the overall carbon footprint of the Centre. Although Azerbaijan has issues with deforestation and imports more timber than they produce, this material is easily, and cheaply, available from neighbouring Turkey and other countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia, compared to importing the steel CHS members for the space frame from Germany. In addition, the GFRP (another material with very high embodied carbon) will be replaced with resconstituted stone panels sandwiching carbon sequestering thermacork insulation. This will also negate the need for superfluous secondary steel structures.
72
The stone-cork panels will be flat and tringulated to reduce energy use during production and enable ease of installation.
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART ADS 5
Figure. 8 Ateliers Romeo structural sandwich panels consiting waste marble bonded over closed cell insulation with basalt cement in preparation for exhibition at the 2021 Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism.
COMPLEX SHAPES
Source: Groupwork, @ Groupwork_arch. (23 August 2021). <https://twitter.com/Groupwork_arch/ status/1429845673650884611> [accessed 4 December 2021]
Figure. 9 Test for a multi-bolt cast iron connecting forks for glulam birch members for a space frame. Source: M. Dickson and D. Parker, Sustainable Timber Design (Oxon: Routledge, 2015), p. 195.
73
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
3.0 CARBON COPY
GENERAL SCHEME STRUCTURE MODULE A portion of 4x4 meters has been taken as example for the calculations and the comparison among the existing and the proposals. To find the values referring to all the 30000 m2 of the canopy, the results must be multiplied 1875 times. 4m
COMPLEX SHAPES
4m
LAYER
Composite panels
Space frame
MATERIAL
M3
KgC02e
COST £
Reconstituted stone
0.365
302
3200
Whaterproofing
0.080
23
1120
Thermacork
2.240
-192
520
Hardwood members
8.832
-9038
4500
Steel connection
0.145
1563
2850
Plywood
0.080
-41
10
-7383
12,200
Internal skin TOTAL
74
TOTAL FOR THE BUILDING
-18,042,206
29,813,750
ADS 5
Timber-Steel space frame
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
Stone-Thermacork panels
Flexible plywood
COMPLEX SHAPES
Plan view of a typical portion of the space frame
4x4 meters portion used as a mean of comparison between the different options
0
40
80
120
160
200
400
General scheme
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
75
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
3.0 CARBON COPY
PROPOSED DETAIL
Reconstituted stone
Thermacork insulation
COMPLEX SHAPES
Reconstituted stone
Weatherproofing
Steel node, cone, sleeve, shear plane, connetion
Timber member
76
Flexible plywood
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
3.0 CARBON COPY
PROPOSED KEY DETAIL
ADS 5 COMPLEX COMPLEX SHAPE CULTURAL SHAPES BUILDING
Stone-Insulation Panel 01. reconstituted stone 02. thermacork insulation 03. weathering membrane Steel-Timber space-frame 04. steel node 05. steel sleeve 06. steel cone 07. steel shear plane 08. steel bolt connector 09. hardwood member
10. connection rod 11. connection steel plate 12. flexible plywood 13. silicone sealant 14. metal connection plate Tensioned Stone 15. sandstone block 16. steel anchorage 17. anchor head 18. steel tendon
1 77
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
3.0 CARBON COPY
PERFORMANCE RESULT
COMPLEX SHAPES
The cost of the canopy proposal is slightly less than the original design with a cost cut by about 8 percent. This is mainly due to the volume of hardwood needed. However, the environmental impact wil be extremely high with a reduction in embodied carbon by about 140% due to the high sequestering ability of the timber. Stone is another great carbon sequestering material used in the construction industry. Stone, including sandstone, is readily available in Azerbaijan and Icherisheher (the Old City of Baku) is both abundant with and resplendent in the material. There are several stone quarries locally. The proposal also replaces the concrete cores and concrete slab floors with tensioned stone cores and CLT floors respectively. Some structural steel will still be used but this will be drastically reduced.
78
Both stone cores and CLT floors have the advantage of being prefabricated which will reduce construction time on site. Although the timber members for the hybrid space frame will also be prefabricated, it will require machinery for installation but the energy used is anticipated to be less overall as three layers requiring such machinery
20
EMBODIED CARBON from 45,891,181 kg to -18,042,206 kg
-20
0
kgCO2e (1,000,000s)
40
ADS 5
EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
140%
Proposed Condition
20
8% PROJECT COST from 32,460,331 £ to 29,813,750 £
0
Cost (£1,000,000s)
COST COMPARISON
40
COMPLEX SHAPES
Existing Condition
Existing Condition
Proposed Condition
79
80 COMPLEX SHAPES
4 WHAT IF?
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5 COMPLEX SHAPES
81
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
4.0 WHAT IF?
FORM FINDING
PROPOSED APPROACH:
COMPLEX SHAPES
In its current particular conformation, the structural space frame requires the use of a massive amounth of material to be able to stand the heavy loads and the large span that the project involves. What if we modify the conformation of the envelope in shapes better suitable for distributing the loads they are subjected to? The proposed approach aims to achieve cheaper, more sustainable, and more lightweight structures through the adaptation of the shape of the outer envelope to the forces it has to sustain.
82
The main cretaria of such operation is the individuation of specific areas within the supporting structure of the building that are mainly subjected to compression, tension or mixed forces. The geometry of the envelope and the disposition of the vertical structure helped us defining how the canopy could be divided into different areas, each of which might be suitable to be substituted with a different structural system.
COMPLEX SHAPES
TENSION ONLY STRUCTURES: Evolutionary structural optimization method is a simple but effective means for form finding for complex structures. It has been extended to structural topological optimization with different design interest, such as tension-only or compressiononly structures. When a tensile structure is to be designed, the compression-dominant elements are improper for the design condition, and therefore are first removed. The elements under tension but at low stress levels are considered as inefficient, and should be gradually deleted as well.
ADS 5
Figure. 9 EXAMPLE OF COMPRESSION ONLY STRUCTURE Armadillo vault - ETH Zurich Block Research Group
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
COMPRESSION ONLY STR: Compression-only structures take the familiar form of walls, arches, shells and grid shells. Unlike tension-only structures that deflect to balance the loads, compression-only structures do not have this luxury, as any movement increases the risk of buckling. This is a major risk for masonry structures, as they have little or no bending capacity other than that provided by the compression thrust. Masonry can behave differently from other engineering materials, such as steel and concrete. It is both orthotropic and nonlinear with little tensile capacity, and therefore it must be employed with care.
Figure. 9 EXAMPLE OF TENSION ONLY STRUCTURE EXPO ‘98 Portuguese National Pavillionm - Alvaro Siza
83
ADS 5
4.0 WHAT IF?
COMPLEX SHAPES
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
CATENARY ARCHES
1
4
2
5
3
6 Catenary arches obtained through the use of GeoGebra - https://www.geogebra.org/m/SPA65Fqk
A catenary arch is a type of architectural arch that follows an inverted catenary curve. Catenary arches are strong because they redirect the vertical force of gravity into compression forces pressing along the arch’s curve. In a uniformly loaded catenary arch, the line of thrust runs through its center.
84
Through the use of GeoGebra the shapes featured in the existing building have been approximated into catenary arches. Such a slight change in the geometry guarantees shapes able to better distribute the loads, significantly reducing the amounth of material required for construction.
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
2
ADS 5
5
Section A-A
1
1
10
20
3
30
40
4 50
6
100
1:1000
Proposed possible scheme of the structure Composite cross-laminated stone canopy and CLT cores Section A-A 1
10
20
30
40
50
100
COMPLEX SHAPES
1:1000
100
Comparative section
0
10
20
30
40
50
100
Comparative sections
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
0.100
85
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
4.0 WHAT IF?
GENERAL SCHEME STRUCTURE MODULE A portion of 4x4 meters has been taken as example for the calculations and the comparison among the existing and the proposals. To find the values referring to all the 30000 m2 of the canopy, the results must be multiplied 1875 times.
4m
COMPLEX SHAPES
4m
LAYER
MATERIAL
M3
KgC02e
COST £
Outher skin
Stone panel
0.40
680
200
Composite stone layer
0.20
500
300
Stone panel
0.40
680
200
Whaterproofing
0.048
14
800
Rigid insulation
10.00
5000
1280
Vapour barier
0.016
0.02
80
Stone panel
0.80
1360
450
Composite stone layer
0.40
1000
500
Stone panel
0.80
1360
450
Steel cables and plates
0.4
431
1000
11025
5260
20,671,875
9,862,600
Composite panel
Inner skin
TOTAL
86
TOTAL FOR THE BUILDING
GSPublisherVersion 0.14
GSPublisherVersion 0.14
ADS 5
Lower part of one of the vaults resting on top of a stone arch
Cross-lamianted stone panels kept together by means of post-tensioned cables.
COMPLEX SHAPES
80X80 cm avarage size
4x4 meters portion used as a mean of comparison between the different options
0
40
80
120
160
200
400
General scheme
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
87
4.100.100
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
4.100.100
Upper part of one of the vaults with the section of the panels progressively reducing
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
4.0 WHAT IF?
PROPOSED DETAIL
Silicon sealing
Stone panel Composite stone layer Stone panel
Whaterproofing membrane
COMPLEX SHAPES
Rigid insulation
Vapour barrier
Stone panel Composite stone layer Stone panel
88
External skin
0.2 cm 12/16 cm 0.2 cm 6 cm 2 cm
Post-tension steel cable
ADS 5
Ø
16 cm
Cross-laminated stone panel Whaterproofing Rigid insulation Vapour barrier Cross-laminated stone panel
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
52 cm
4 cm 0.2 cm 60/52 cm 0.2 cm 16 cm Ø
2 cm
Cross-laminated stone panel Whaterproofing Rigid insulation Vapour barrier Cross-laminated stone panel Post-tension steel cable
COMPLEX SHAPES
60 cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
100
Detail
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
89
100
4 cm 12 cm
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART COMPLEX SHAPES 90
4.0 WHAT IF?
PERFORMANCE RESULT
While the existing structures employ a large amount of material to resist the loads it is subjected to, a load-based approach could allow the non-linear and long-spanning structures featured in the project to be realized using less materials and in a more efficient way. Difficulties related to the particularity of the shapes involved would still require a high degree of precision and custom fabrication for the project, certainly going to affect the final costs and construction times. The possibility of making such shapes with this type of material, although plausible in small dimensions and scales, remains however to be demonstrated in projects of such large dimensions and complexity. Lastly, the system, although it would seem to help cut costs and emissions, proves not very functional for the integration of all the other systems that a building needs in order to properly function.
20
EMBODIED CARBON from 45,891,181 kg to 20,671,875 kg
-20
0
kgCO2e (1,000,000s)
40
ADS 5
EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
54%
Proposed Condition
20
69% PROJECT COST from 32,460,331 £ to 9,862,600 £
0
Cost (£1,000,000s)
COST COMPARISON
40
COMPLEX SHAPES
Existing Condition
Existing Condition
Proposed Condition
91
92 COMPLEX SHAPES
5 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5 COMPLEX SHAPES
93
ADS 5
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
EXISTING KEY DETAIL 01
12 02
03
07
04
06
08
09
10
05
11
01. GFRP with gelcoat layer - 50mm primary joints - 15mm transverse joints - 120mm edge returns
Insulation panel 03. weathering membrane 04. rigid rockwool 05. self-adhesive vapour barrier 06. trapezoidal metal deck 07. u-section purlin
4.535m
COMPLEX SHAPES
02. CHS
12
MERO KK space-frame primary structure 08. steel node - Ø 110-350mm 09. steel sleeve 10. steel cone 11. CHS member - Ø 60.3-273mm - length up to 4.5m - galvanised - coated ISO 12944
13
13
17
02
18 14
20
16
94
19
12. connection rods 13. metal connection joints 14. calendared tubular steel 15. connection steel plates 16. flexboard 17. silicone sealant 18. metal connection plate 19. in-situ concrete 20. rebar reinforcement
15 16
ADS 55 COLLEGE OF ART ADS ROYAL
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON COMPARISON
PROPOSED KEY DETAIL
ADS 5 COMPLEX COMPLEX COMPLEX SHAPE SHAPE CULTURAL CULTURAL SHAPESBUILDING BUILDING
Stone-Insulation Panel 01. reconstituted stone 02. thermacork insulation 03. weathering membrane Steel-Timber space-frame 04. steel node 05. steel sleeve 06. steel cone 07. steel shear plane 08. steel bolt connector 09. hardwood member
Royal Royal College College of of Art Art
10. connection rod 11. connection steel plate 12. flexible plywood 13. silicone sealant 14. metal connection plate Tensioned Stone 15. sandstone block 16. steel anchorage 17. anchor head 18. steel tendon
1 95
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
EXISTING MODULE
Fibrorinforced plastic panels
Substrate to the solid skin
COMPLEX SHAPES
Composite panel
Corrugated steel decking
MIRO Spacea frame
Substrate to the internal skin
96
Internal skin
PROPOSED MODULE
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
ADS 5
Reconstituted stone
Thermacork insulation
Reconstituted stone
Steel node, cone, sleeve, shear plane, connetion
COMPLEX SHAPES
Weatherproofing
Timber member
Flexible plywood
97
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
EXISTING CONDITION STRUCTURE MODULE A portion of 4x4 meters has been taken as example for the calculations and the comparison among the existing and the proposals. To find the values referring to all the 30000 m2 of the canopy, the results must be multiplied 1875 times. 4m
COMPLEX SHAPES
4m
LAYER
MATERIAL
M3
KgC02e
COST £
External skin
GFR polyester
0.608
8539
3200
Substrate str.
Steel profiles
0.057
615
1118
Whaterproofing
0.048
14
320
Rigid insulation
1.920
88
800
Vapour barrier
0.016
0.02
80
Steel decking
0.093
1003
1280
Steel purlins
0.031
334
607
Space frame
Steel profiles
0.165
1780
3238
Substrate str.
Steel profiles
0.053
571
1040
Internal skin
GFR gypsum boards
0.48
125
1600
18779
13283
45,891,181
32,460,331
Composite panels
TOTAL
98
TOTAL FOR THE BUILDING
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
PROPOSED CONDITION STRUCTURE MODULE
ADS 5
A portion of 4x4 meters has been taken as example for the calculations and the comparison among the existing and the proposals. To find the values referring to all the 30000 m2 of the canopy, the results must be multiplied 1875 times. 4m 4m
Composite panels
Space frame
MATERIAL
M3
KgC02e
COST £
Reconstituted stone
0.365
302
3200
Whaterproofing
0.080
23
1120
Thermacork
2.240
-192
520
Hardwood members
8.832
-9038
4500
Steel connection
0.145
1563
2850
Plywood
0.080
-41
10
-7383
12,200
Internal skin TOTAL TOTAL FOR THE BUILDING
-18,042,206
COMPLEX SHAPES
LAYER
29,813,750
99
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
EXISTING KEY DETAIL
Ø
2 cm
Fibroreinforced plastic panels
12 cm
Tubular steel profiles
0.2 cm 12 cm 0.2 cm 0.4 cm 0.6 cm
Ø
Whaterproofing Rigid insulation Vapour barrier Steel decking Steel profiles
Ø
15 cm
Tubular steel profiles
Ø
15 cm
Tubular steel profiles
Ø
12 cm
Tubular steel profiles
15 cm
COMPLEX SHAPES
Ø
Ø
10 cm
Ø
6.5 cm
Ø
10 cm
Ø
6.5 cm
15 cm
3 cm
0
Detail
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
100
ion 0.1.100.100
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
10
20
30
40
50
Fibroreinforced gypsum boards
100
PROPOSED KEY DETAIL 4 cm 12 cm
0.2 cm 12/16 cm 0.2 cm 6 cm 2 cm
Post-tension steel cable
ADS 5
Ø
16 cm
Cross-laminated stone panel Whaterproofing Rigid insulation Vapour barrier Cross-laminated stone panel
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
52 cm
4 cm 0.2 cm 60/52 cm 0.2 cm 16 cm Ø
2 cm
Cross-laminated stone panel Whaterproofing Rigid insulation Vapour barrier Cross-laminated stone panel Post-tension steel cable
COMPLEX SHAPES
60 cm
0
Detail
10
20
30
40
50
100
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
101
100
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
EXISTING MODULE
Fibrorinforced plastic panels
Substrate to the solid skin
COMPLEX SHAPES
Composite panel
Corrugated steel decking
MIRO Spacea frame
Substrate to the internal skin
102
Internal skin
PROPOSED MODULE
ADS 5
Silicon sealing
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT COMPARISON
Stone panel Composite stone layer Stone panel
Whaterproofing membrane
Rigid insulation
Stone panel
COMPLEX SHAPES
Vapour barrier
Composite stone layer Stone panel
External skin
103
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
EXISTING CONDITION STRUCTURE MODULE A portion of 4x4 meters has been taken as example for the calculations and the comparison among the existing and the proposals. To find the values referring to all the 30000 m2 of the canopy, the results must be multiplied 1875 times. 4m
COMPLEX SHAPES
4m
LAYER
MATERIAL
M3
KgC02e
COST £
External skin
GFR polyester
0.608
8539
3200
Substrate str.
Steel profiles
0.057
615
1118
Whaterproofing
0.048
14
320
Rigid insulation
1.920
88
800
Vapour barrier
0.016
0.02
80
Steel decking
0.093
1003
1280
Steel purlins
0.031
334
607
Space frame
Steel profiles
0.165
1780
3238
Substrate str.
Steel profiles
0.053
571
1040
Internal skin
GFR gypsum boards
0.48
125
1600
18779
13283
45,891,181
32,460,331
Composite panels
TOTAL
104
TOTAL FOR THE BUILDING
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
5.0 DIRECT DATA COMPARISON
PROPOSED CONDITION STRUCTURE MODULE
ADS 5
A portion of 4x4 meters has been taken as example for the calculations and the comparison among the existing and the proposals. To find the values referring to all the 30000 m2 of the canopy, the results must be multiplied 1875 times. 4m 4m
MATERIAL
M3
KgC02e
COST £
Outher skin
Stone panel
0.40
680
200
Composite stone layer
0.20
500
300
Stone panel
0.40
680
200
Whaterproofing
0.048
14
800
Rigid insulation
10.00
5000
1280
Vapour barier
0.016
0.02
80
Stone panel
0.80
1360
450
Composite stone layer
0.40
1000
500
Stone panel
0.80
1360
450
Steel cables and plates
0.4
431
1000
11025
5260
20,671,875
9,862,600
Composite panel
Inner skin
TOTAL TOTAL FOR THE BUILDING
COMPLEX SHAPES
LAYER
105
106 COMPLEX SHAPES
6 FINDINGS
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5 COMPLEX SHAPES
107
ADS 5
6.0 FINDINGS
108
CARBON COPY WHAT IF
COMPLEX SHAPES
EXISTING CONDITION
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
PERFORMANCE RESULTS
EMBODIED CARBON referring to the canopy only
PROJECT COST referring to the canopy only
aproximately 45,891,181 Kg
aproximately 32,450,331 £
140%
8%
EMBODIED CARBON from 45,891,181 kg to -18,042,206 kg
PROJECT COST from 32,460,331 £ to 29,813,750 £
54%
69%
EMBODIED CARBON from 45,891,181 kg to 20,671,875 kg
PROJECT COST from 32,460,331 £ to 9,862,600 £
40 20 -20
0
kgCO2e (1,000,000s)
ADS 5
EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
Carbon copy
What if
Existing Condition
Carbon copy
What if
20 0
Cost (£1,000,000s)
COST COMPARISON
COMPLEX SHAPES
40
Existing Condition
It conclusion, it is possible to redesign the canopy of the Heyday Aliyev Centre to build it cheaper and greener. Both proposals, one for replacing an all steel space frame with a hypbrid timber-steel space frame, and the other of using catenary arches, suggest favourable results. The former is far more sustainable with a reduction by 140% in embodied carbon while the latter could be far cheaper with a reduction by about 69% in cost. It is also suggested that the time for construction will be reduced since more materials (like the stone and timber) could be sourced locally or from closer countries.
109
110 COMPLEX SHAPES
4 7 APPENDIX
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5 COMPLEX SHAPES
111
ADS 5
TIMBER SPACE FRAME
2 m avarage
COMPLEX SHAPES
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
7.0 APPENDIX
2 m avarage
0
Outher skin composition
112
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
40
80
120
160
200
400
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
Whaterproofing
ADS 5
Crosslaminated stone panels
Rigid insulation Timber truss
COMPLEX SHAPES
Timber truss
GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100
Outher skin composition
0
10
20
30
40
50
100
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
113
ADS 5
SEQUENTIAL ROOF
COMPLEX SHAPES
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
7.0 APPENDIX
0
Outher skin composition
114
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
40
80
120
160
200
400
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
15 15
Whaterproofing
ADS 5
Crosslaminated stone panels
Rigid insulation Timber truss
44 15
COMPLEX SHAPES
15 15
44
15
Outher skin composition
0
10
20
30
40
50
Timber truss
100
GSPublisherVersion GSPublisherVersion 0.1.100.100 0.1.100.100
GSPublisherVersion 0.2.100.100
115