Royal College of Art ADS 5
CARBON COPIES
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
HOUSES TOWERS COMPLEX SHAPES MID-RISE AIRPORTS HOSPITALS/LABS BRIDGES
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Andrew Reynolds Ching Yuet Ma Chloe Shang Daniah Basil Abdulazeez Al Mounajim Dario Biscaro Grant Donaldson Hayden Mills Janice Lo Lee Hei Yin Luca Luci Miles Elliott Mir Jetha Xinyi Shen Zhiting Jin Groupwork Royal College of Art
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CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION Purpose of research Terminal 4 Barajas Airport Site location Design concept Typical structural bay Existing components Structural solutions Construction methodology Ventilation system
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 24 26
2.0 EXISTING CONDITION Building section Detail 1 - roof Detail 2 - V column to branches Detail 3 - Y column to branches Detail 4 - Y column to floor
30 34 36 38 40
3.0 CARBON COPY A Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof Detail 2 - V column to branches Detail 3 - Y column to branches Detail 4 - Y column to floor
44 46 50 52 54 56
3.1 CARBON COPY B Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof Detail 2 - V column to branches Detail 3 - Y column to branches Detail 4 - Y column to floor
60 62 64 66 68 70
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74 76 80
4.1 WHAT IF? ... B Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof
84 86 90
5.0 DATA COMPARISONS Summary Embodied carbon (existing) Cost analysis (existing) Embodied carbon (Carbon copy A) Cost analysis (Carbon copy A) Embodied carbon (Carbon copy B) Cost analysis (Carbon copy B) Embodied carbon (What if?...A) Cost analysis (What if?...A) Embodied carbon (What if?...B) Cost analysis (What if?...B)
94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104
6.0 FINDINGS Final comparitive findings
106
7.0 APPENDICES Sketches and mark-ups from tutors / consultants
108
8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS Roofing details V support details Y support details
122 128 130
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4.0 WHAT IF? ... A Summary Building sections Detail 1 - roof
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1 INTRODUCTION
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
AIRPORT AND BIG SHEDS TYPOLOGY
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We are in a climate emergency. The construction industry contributes an estimated 40% of total carbon emissions in the world annually. 11% of which resulted from manufacturing materials and products such as steel, cement and glass, which has always been the superior choice for airport construction. With these two facts in mind, this research investigates the methods and envirionmental impact of the biggest airport terminal in Spain:Terminal 4, Barajas Airport. Through a detailed analysis of the existing condition, we propose alternative solutions that are both econimcally viable and radically better for the environment. Terminal 4, Barajas Airport, designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners and Estudio Lamela, is a typical modular design building constructed mainly of steel and concrete. This project uses a typical Structural bay of the terminal as a research module. Through this research, we have concluded that by changing materials and construction methedology it is possible to build a carbon copy development of that proposed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners that is faster, cheaper and greener.
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EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
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Figure 1.1 Exterior view of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport
COST COMPARISON
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
TERMINAL 4 BARAJAS AIRPORT LOCATION
Terminal 4 Barajas Airport, Madrid, Spain
ARCHITECT
Estudio Lamela & Richard Rogers Partnership
AREA
470,000m
COMPLETION
2005
CLIENT
AENA
ENGINEERING FIRM STRUCTURE
Anthony Hunt Associates, TPS with OTEP; HCA SERVICES.
LIGHTING CONSULTANT
Arup/Speirs and Major Associates
FACADE ENGINEER
Arup
INSTALLATIONS
TPS; INITEC. Façade: OAP Façade Engineering.
STRATEGIC DESIGN AUTHORS
Warrington Fire Research
COST CONTROLLERS
Hanscomb y Gabinete de Ingeniería
ACOUSTIC
Sandy Brown
ILLUMINTARIOS ASSESORS
Jonathan Speirs
LANDSCAPE
dosAdos
CONTRACTOR
UTE Ferrovial, FCC, ACS, NECSO, SACYR
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Figure 1.2 Interior view of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
SITE LOCATION
TERMINAL 4
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
The site is located in the northeast of Madrid, in the district of Barajas, 12 kilometers from the center of the capital of Spain and separate 2km northwest of the rest of the T1, T2 and T3 with which it communicates with a shuttle bus (Airport Shuttle) free. The entire operation of the airport system also extends the municipalities of Alcobendas, San Sebastián and Paracuellos de Jarama.
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Figure 1.3 Site plan of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport
Figure1.4 OS map
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
DESIGN CONCEPT
Madrid’s Barajas Airport, designed by Richard Rogers Partnership in collaboration with Estudio Lamela, features a kilometre-long undulating steel roof, shaped in cross-section to resemble a bird in flight. This roof is supported on a bank of central columns painted in the colours of the spectrum and is punctuated by a series of roof lights providing natural lighting throughout the upper level of the terminal.
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Light-filled ‘canyons’ divide the parallel floors that accommodate the various stages of passenger processing - from point of arrival, through check-in and passport and security controls to departure lounges and, finally, to the aircraft. https://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/898
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Figure 1.6 Facade terminal, cross section
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Figure 1.5 Interior view of Terminal 4, Barajas Airport
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
TYPICAL STRUCTURAL BAY
18m x 121 for Rooftop
72m
x 46.5 for Level 2 x 106 for Level 1 x 121 for Level 0 x 85 for Level -1
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x 89 for Level -2
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0m
27m
54m
108m
216m
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Figure 1.7 Terminal section
Figure 1.8 Roof of Terminal 4 Barajas Airport
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EXISTING COMPONENTS
SIMPLE STRUCTURAL BAY WITH STANDARD DETAILS
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The basic element of the terminal is a system of post-stressed concrete beams (fig. 1) and columns from which metal supports (fig. 2) branch off that support the winding main beams of the building roof. Thus, a double-curvature, modular, and repetitive surface is generated that spans over the entire area occupied by the buildings.
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Figure 1.9 typical structural bay
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Figure 1.10 Exploded axonometric drawings
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS METAL V-SUPPORTS Each main beam has four support points - two in the centre and two on the sides - all of which lean on metal supports embedded in concrete plinths of a special design for the building structure support. (Fig1.11) The trunco-conical central supports are inclined forming a V with a section of 750 mm in the base and of 400 mm at the head. These elements were fabricated from 16-mm thick S355 steel plate and are joined to the main beams by means of a spherical joint with a 42 CrM04+QT steel pin. (Fig1.12)
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METAL Y-SUPPORTS RODS The support points of the main beam ends consist in Y-shaped columns at an angle of 19º. Like a Y letter, the top section branches off in two separate arms each supporting a main beam. (Fig1.13) The selection of this structural option gave rise to a significant architectural constraint: these elements must cause minimum visual impact through the facades while contributing, at the same time, to the spatial definition of the canyons. They are formed by two elliptical tubes made of 14-mm thick steel plate in grade S355 with sections of 480 mm and 240 mm. Even though they receive only a vertical reaction and despite their inclination and Y-shape, a very important bending effect is generated, partially reduced by the stays located at the head of either arms and by the bottom flexible connection. (Fig1.14) In the sections where they run parallel, these tubes are plate-joined at different heights, thus yielding a performance equivalent to that of battened columns. The arm top sections are joined by a tubular stay (Ø159.20). The bottom support is articulated by means of a 42 CrM04+QT steel pin, whereas the upper end is joined to the main steel beam using a spherical joint with a 42 CrM04+QT steel pin.
FACADE CURTAIN WALL & STAINLESS STEEL RODS
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The facade curtain wall contributes significantly to the stability of the assembly by bracing the roof structure to the concrete beams by means of a system of stainless steel rods distributed over the entire building perimeter. (Fig1.15)
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Figure1.12 V supports (indoor) Figure 1.11 V supports (outdoor)
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Figure 1.14 Y supports (outdoor)
Figure 1.13 Y supports (indoor)
Figure 1.15 Facade curtain wall & stainless steel
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
MAIN BEAMS
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With a length of 72 m, on-site measured, and arranged at 9 m from each other under the entire roof surface, the main beams allow for a geometric profile that has a great relevance to the eye-catching shape of the building. These seagullwing profiled beams are symmetric I sections with variable edge dimensions, ranging from a 1500 mm depth in the centre to a 750 mm depth in the area of the leaning shores. The wings have a section of 500 x 30 mm, with the web being made of 15 mm thick plate. For this, steel grade S355 J2G3 was selected except in the areas with higher curvature radii where, due to the stress increase produced by the deviation of the longitudinal strains, it was necessary to use a higher steel grade in the wings (S420N).
SECONDARY BEAMS Forming arches between the main beams, perpendicular secondary beams were used leaving a 3.5 m span between them. They were fabricated from rolled sections (IPE-500, HEB-500, and HEB-700) in grade S355 J2G3 that support UPN100 purlins in grade S275, on which the roof surface leans.
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EXPANSION JOINTS They are arranged at 72-m intervals to correspond with the building expansion joints, placed cross-sectionally on one the sides of the main beam, with a sliding bearing system for all the secondary beams set on to it.
A SPECIAL BRACING SYSTEM RODS It was set up to prevent buckling in some components along the roof, to distribute horizontal forces, and to optimise load transmission to the support elements. AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Figure 1.16 Secondary beams and bracing system
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE STRUCTURES They are made up of 40 circular & rectangular pillars and reinforced & posttensioned beams. (Figure 1.17) 40 rectangular section forming porticoes with the structural modulation of 18 by 9 m of the building.
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The circular pillars have diameters between 1.2m and 0.8m. The rectangular pillars are found in the central and central porticoes. (Figure 1.18) Paired form forming a rigid transverse action gantry post-tensioned beams. 180m wide by 0.8 meters deep both on Level 0 or lower and on Level 1 & Level 2. Their length is 18m spans with the expansion joint. The active reinforcement it consists of tendons of 15 cords each measuring 0.6 inches. (Figure 1.19) The slab on its surface is made up of precast pre-stressed alvelar plates of 7 with 38m between supports and 20cm / 30cm deep and a layer of compression of 10cm thk. The rest of the floors are reinforced concrete slabs. There are areas of smaller surface executed with prefabricated plates with a section for passage of facilities.
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Figure 1.17 Rectangular and circular concrete pillars
Figure 1.19 Post-tensioned concrete beams
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Figure 1.18 Central concrete support
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
A E
B F
C G
D
H
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J
N
K
O
L
P
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Figure 1.20 Hypothesis of the Construction Process T4 Madrid Barajas Airport
https://www.deepl.com/en/translator#es/en/ Hip%C3%B3tesis%20del%20Proceso%20 Constructivo%20Aeropuerto%20T4%20Madrid%20 Barajas
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
VENTILATION SYSTEM
Displacement ventilation systems are widely used in spaces of small and medium heights (up to 7.5 m), taking advantage of their high efficiency in removing contaminants by means of the air stratification. The higher the return is placed, the lesser airflow rate is needed to match the additional cooling load due to radiation from the ceiling.
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
The system consists of displacement diffussers on both sides of the central V-support, supply jet nozzles in totem where the exhaust air returns, and jet nozzles air curtain right at the bottom of facade curtain wall.
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Figure 1.21 Ventilation system
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Return air
4 air nozzles
Return air duct
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Supply air duct nozzles
Exhaust air (return)
Supply jet nozzles in totem
Jet nozzles air curtain
Displacement diffusser
Displacement diffusser
Figure 1.22 Ventilation diagram
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2 EXISTING CONDITIONS
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Steel roof with zinc cover + concrete & steel support + steel facade + concrete slabs & beams
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND AND BIG BIG SHEDS SHEDS
1:200
5.775m
±0.000m
-8.400m
-15.135m
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72 m
Front Section
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2
3
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6 1 1mm thk. zinc 2 Steel grade
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8
3 4
9
5 6 10 7
S355 J2G3 Roll Section Secondary beam Steel grade S275 UPN-100 purlins 5mm laminated bamboo strips Steel grade S355 double-elliptical tubes Facade curtain wall ＆ Stainless steel rods Concrete plinth Reinforced concrete slab
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8 Poststressed concrete beams 9 Concrete columns
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10 Reinforced concrete slab 11 Reinforced concrete
1:200
0
2
10
20M
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Foundation beams
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Steel roof with zinc cover + concrete & steel support + steel facade + concrete slabs & beams
1:200 1
2
3
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
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5.775m 5
6
±0.000m
-8.400m 1 1mm thk. zinc 2 Steel grade
3 4
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S355 J2G3 I beam Section Main beam 50mm Steel rod Steel grade S355 double-elliptical tubes Facade curtain wall ＆ Stainless steel rods Concrete plinth
-15.135m
4.5 m
Side Elevation
9m
4.5 m
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2
3
1 Steel grade
5 6
7 8
S355 J2G3 Roll Section secondary beam 2 Steel grade S355 J2G3 I beam Section Main beam 3 Ø400-750x16 mm Steel grade S355 double-trunco-conical central support 4 Concrete plinth 5 Reinforced concrete slab
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6 Poststressed
concrete beams 7 Concrete columns 9
8 Reinforced
concrete slab 9 Reinforced concrete
Side Section
1:200
0
2
10
20M
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Foundation beams
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS
DRAWINGS
DETAIL 1
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DRAWINGS
DETAIL 2 1:20
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DRAWINGS
DETAIL 3 1:20
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DRAWINGS
DETAIL 4 1:20
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CARBON COPY A: ENTIRELY TIMBER
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3.0 CARBON COPY A
SUMMARY ENTIRELY TIMBER In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener. Carbon copy A using mostly timber makes it a negative embodied carbon and the greenest option among all. However, using a large amount of laminated wood, which also makes it the most expensive option, is even more costly than the existing building made with steel and concrete, making it the least preferable choice in reality.
152.3% IN EMBODIED CARBON
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EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
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36.3% IN PROJECT COST
COST COMPARISON
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Figure 3.0 EMBT’s Timber Central Station in Naples
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3.0 CARBON COPY A
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + timber support + timber facade + timber slabs & beams
1:200
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
Refer Detail 3
R
5.775m
Refer Detail 4
±0.000m
-8.400m
-15.135m
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72 m
Front Section
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2
3
Refer Detail 2
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6 7
8
1 20mm thk. limestone tile 2 500x750mm section Glulam hardwood secondary beam 3 hardwood purlins
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4 5mm laminated bamboo strips
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5 Timber “V”-supports 6 Timber “Y”-supports 10
7 CLT softwood slab 8 Glulam hardwood beams 9 Glulam hardwood column
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10 Stone slab
1:200
0
2
10
Stone foundation beams
20M
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3.0 CARBON COPY A
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + timber support + timber facade + timber slabs & beams
1:200 1
2
3
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
4
5
5.775m
6 7
±0.000m 1 20mm thk.
8
limestone tile 2 500x750mm
3 4 5 6
Glulam hardwood Main beam 50mm Steel rod 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm Hardwood central support
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7 150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window 8 Steel Connector
-8.400m
-15.135m
4.5 m
to floor
Side Elevation
9m
4.5 m
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1
2
3
5
1 500x750mm section
2 6 7
3 4
8
5 6
9 10
1:200
0
2
10
7 600x1800mm
Glulam hardwood beams 8 Glulam hardwood column 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation beams 20M
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Side Section
Glulam hardwood secondary beam 500x1500mm Glulam hardwood Main beam 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm Hardwood central support CLT softwood slab
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3.0 CARBON COPY A
DRAWINGS
DETAIL 1
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3.0 CARBON COPY A
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34 5 4 56 6
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Timber “V”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway
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7 8
8 7 8 1 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column
5 40mm Bea
6 40mm Cro steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 1 700x700mm 5 40mm7 Bearing Hardwood steel plate ø60mm ste Pin Timber “V”-supports glulam column 6 40mm Cross conn 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 1400x700m connection detail steel plate 2 20mm 4 Cross 40mmconnection Connection steel plate isometric cutaway glulam colu 1 700x700mm 57 40mm Hardwood Bearing stee steel plate 1 700x700mm Hardwood 5 40mm Bearing steel plate ø60mm Pin Timber “V”-supports 6 40mm Cross conne 3 glulam 40mm column Bearing steel plate connection detail glulam column 6 40mm Cross connection 8 1400x700mm Hard steel plate 24 20mm Cross connection 40mm Connection steel plate isometric cutaway glulam column steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate 7 ø60mm Pin Timber “V”-supports steel plate 7 ø60mm Pin Timb 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 1400x700mm Hardw connection detail 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 Connection conn 1400x700mm Hardwood 4 40mm steel plate isometric cutaway glulam column 4 40mm Connection steel plate glulam column
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1
el plate
ection
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0.2
0
1:20
Timber “V”-supports connection detail section
wood
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7 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
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3.0 CARBON COPY A
DRAWINGS DETAIL 3 1：20
1 1 2
1
2 3
2
3
3
4 5
4
4
5
5
6 6
6
7 7
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Timber“Y”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway
Timber“Y”-supports 1 ø250mm connectionglulam detail column isometric cutaway 2 20mm Cross connection Timber“Y”-supports steel plate connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate
1 2 3 4
1 ø250mm glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection ø250mm 5 20mm Bearing st steel plate glulam column 6 Cross connection 3 20mm Bearing steel plate 4 40mm Joint steel plate 20mm Cross connection 7 Hardwood glulam 5 20mm Bearing stee steel plate 5 20mm Bearing steel plate Timber“Y 6 Cross connection s 20mm Bearing steel plate 6 Cross connection steel plate 40mm connectio 40mm Joint steel plate 7 Hardwood glulam c 7 Hardwood glulam column 700mm ø
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3
ADS 5
4
5 6 7
AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS
1 2 3 4
5
6 7
Timber“Y”-supports connection detail section
1:20
0
0.2
1M
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el plate steel plate 40mm column 700mm ø
1
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3.0 CARBON COPY A
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DETAIL 4 1：20
DRAWINGS
1 1
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2 2 2
3 34 3
4
4
5 5
5 6 6
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1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam column
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2 40mm Cross connection steel plate Timber “Y”-supports connection 3 30mm Bearing detail isometric cutaway Timber “Y”-supports connection steel plate detail isometric cutaway 4 40mm Bearing Timber “Y”-supports connection steel plate detail isometric cutaway
1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam mmcolumn Hardwood 1 ø700 40mmcolumn Cross connection 2glulam steel plate Cross connection 2 40mm plate 30mm Bearing 3steel steel Bearing 3 30mm plate 40mm Bearing 4 steel plate steel plate Bearing 4 40mm 40mm Joint 5steel plate steel plate 6 30mm Anchor bar
5 40mm Join steel plate Joint 5 40mm 6 30mm Anch steel plate 6 30mm Ancho Timber tion de
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0.2
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1:20
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or bar
Timber “Y”-supports connection detail section
t
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3 4
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6
2
3 4
5
6
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CARBON COPY B: TIMBER + STONE
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3.1 CARBON COPY B
SUMMARY HYBRID TIMBER + STONE In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener. Carbon copy B uses mainly stone, making it almost a zero embodied carbon solution. Theoretically, stone can be used half of the volume compared to the existing building which can help reduce almost half the price and make it the best choice in carbon copy.
98.4% IN EMBODIED CARBON
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EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
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47.1% IN PROJECT COST
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Figure 3.1 New Fundamentals Research Group, in partnership with S.N.B.R., designed and fabricated a stone vaulted pavilion for Rocalia
COST COMPARISON
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3.1 CARBON COPY B
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs & beams
1:200
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
Refer Detail 3
R
5.775m
Refer Detail 4
±0.000m
-8.400m
-15.135m
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Front Section
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2
3
Refer Detail 2
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4 5 6
7
8
1 20mm thk. limestone tile 2 500x750mm section
9
Glulam hardwood secondary beam 3 hardwood purlins 4 5mm laminated bamboo strips
10
11
5 Hardwood branches 6 Stone column support 150 x 400 mm Hardwood 7 Stone slab 8 Post-tensioned stone
beams
beams
1:200
0
2
10
20M
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9 Stone columns 10 Stone slab 11 Stone foundation
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3.1 CARBON COPY B
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs & beams
1:200 1
2
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
3 4
5
5.775m
6 7
±0.000m 1 20mm thk.
limestone tile
8
2 500x750mm
Glulam hardwood Main beam 3 50mm Steel rod
-8.400m
4 250mm Hardwood
branches 5 Steel Connector
to branches 6 700mm
-15.135m
64
Royal College of Art
Column support
7 150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window 8 40mm Steel bracket
4.5 m
Side Elevation
9m
4.5 m
ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5
Refer Detail 1
1
2
3
5
1 500x750mm section
6 7
2
3 4
8
5
9
column support 6 Stone slab 7 600x900mm
10
1:200
0
2
10
Post-tensioned stone beams 8 Stone columns 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation beams
20M
Royal College of Art
Side Section
Glulam hardwood secondary beam 500x1500mm Glulam hardwood Main beam 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
4
65
ADS 5 ADS55 ADS
3.1 CARBON COPY B
Royal College of Art
DRAWINGS DETAIL 2 1：20
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS
1 1
2
1 2
3
3
4
2 3
4
5
5 4
6
5 6 7 6
7
8
8 7
Royal College of Art
Royal College of Art
8
66
Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway
1 Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail isometric 2 cutaway Timber+stone 1 “V”-supports 700x700mm Hardwood 3 connection detail isometric glulam column 4 cutaway 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate
1 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection 700x700mm Hardwood 5 steel plate glulam column 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 6 20mm Cross connection 7 4 40mm Connection steel plate steel plate 8 5 40mm Bearing steel plate 40mm Bearing steel plate 6 20mm cementsteel plate 40mm Connection 7 60mm Tension rod 8 700x680 Laminated Limestone
5 40mm Be 6 20mm cem 7 60mm Te 40mm Bearing s 8 700x680 La 20mm cement 60mm Tension r 700x680 Laminate
Timber+ connecti
Royal ADS 5 College of Art
1
ADS 5
2
3 4 5 7 8
AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS
1 2
3 4 5
7 8
rod ed Limestone
Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail section
1:20
0
0.2
1M
Royal College of Art
steel plate
67
ADS 5 ADS55 ADS
3.1 CARBON COPY B
DETAIL 3 1：20
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS
Royal College of Art
DRAWINGS
1
1 1
2
2 3 4
2 3 4
3 4
5
5 6
5 6
7
6
68
1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm glulam column 6 60mm 2 20mm Cross connection 7 800x7 Timber+stone “Y”-supports steel plate Lamin 1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm Bearing st connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linest glulam column cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate 6 60mm Tension st connection 2 20mm Cross 1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm Bearing steel plate7 800x700x690mm Timber+stone “Y”-supports steel plate glulam column 6 60mm Tension steel rod Laminated tensio connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linestone column 2 20mm Cross connection 7 800x700x690mm cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate Timber+stone “Y”-supports Tim steel plate Laminated tension connection detail isometric con 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linestone column cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate
Royal College of Art
Royal College of Art
7 7
Royal ADS 5 College of Art
2
3
ADS 5
4
5
6 7
AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS
1
2 3
4
5 6 7
Timber+stone “Y”-supports connection detail section
1:20
0
0.2
1M
Royal College of Art
teel plate teel rod m on n
1
69
ADS55 ADS Royal College of Art
ADS 5
3.1 CARBON COPY B
DRAWINGS DETAIL 4 1：20
1
1
AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
1
2 2
2 3
3
3
4 4
4 5 5
Royal College of Art
Royal College of Art
6
70
1 20mm cement Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection 2 Laminated tension detail isometric cutaway linestone column 800x700x690mm Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection 3 Tension steel rod 60mm r+Stone “Y”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway 4 Steel bracket 40mm isometric cutaway
6
5 6
1 20mm cement 2 Laminated tension 1 20mmcolumn linestone cement800x700x690mm 2 Laminated tension 3 Tension steel rod 60mm 5 30mm Anch column 800x700x690mm 4 Steellinestone bracket 40mm 6 Bearing stee 3 Tension steel 5 30mm “Y”-suA 5 30mm Anchor bar rod 60mm Timber+Stone 4 Steel bracket 40mm 6detail Bearing connection sec 6 Bearing steel plate 40mm
Royal ADS 5 College of Art
2
ADS 5
3
4 5 6
AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS AIRPORTS
1 2
3
4 5 6
Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection detail section
1:20
0
0.2
1M
Royal College of Art
Anchor bar g steel plate 40mm
1
71
Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
4
72
WHAT IF ? ... A: TENSILE TIMBER
ADS 5
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
73
ADS 5 Royal College of Art
4.0 WHAT IF?... A
SUMMARY TENSILE TIMBER In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener. What if A option uses alternative roof timber tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. The main difference is changing the shape of the beam in a more structurally natural form, which can reduce the number of timbers used to less than a half compared to Carbon Copy A. The structurally natural shape of the beam can help reduce the cost significantly. Also, it can still have a similar structure to the original design and requires no extra vertical support.structure to the original design and requires no extra vertical support.
93.6% IN EMBODIED CARBON
74
EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
Royal College of Art ADS 5
50.7% IN PROJECT COST
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Figure 4.0 AA Design + Make students test the limits of timber in tensile woodland canopy
COST COMPARISON
75
ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art
3.2 WHAT IF? ... A
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Tensile timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
1:200
5.775m
±0.000m
-8.400m
-15.135m
76
Royal College of Art
72 m
Front Section
ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5
1 2
3
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
4 5
6
7 1 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet 2 400x400mm Glulam
8
hardwood secondary beams 3 Φ100mm Bamboo bracing system 4 5 6 7
9
10
Hardwood branches Stone column support
Stone slab Post-tensioned stone beams 8 Stone columns 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation
1:200
0
2
10
20M
Royal College of Art
beams
77
ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art
3.2 WHAT IF? ... A
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Tensile timber roof with stone tiles + hybrid support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams
1:200 1
2
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
3 4
5
7
±0.000m 1 2
3 4 5 6
Royal College of Art
7
78
5.775m
6
8
20mm thk. limestone tile 500x750mm Glulam hardwood Main beam Φ100mm Bamboo bracing system 250mm Hardwood branches Steel Connector to branches 700mm Stone
8
-8.400m
-15.135m
column support
150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window
Stone slab
4.5 m
Side Elevation
9m
4.5 m
ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5
Refer Detail 1
1
2 3
5 6 1 800x400mm
7 8
9
10 11
Glulam hardwood Main beam 2 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet 3 400x400mm Glulam hardwood secondary beams 4 Φ100mm Bamboo bracing system
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
4
5 250MM Hardwood branches 6 700mm Stone column support 7 Stone slab 8 600x900mm
Post-tensioned stone beams 9 Stone columns 10 Stone slab 11 Stone foundation
Side Section
1:200
0
2
10
20M
Royal College of Art
beams
79
80 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
3.2 WHAT IF? ... A
DRAWINGS
DETAIL 1
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
81
Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
4
82
WHAT IF ? ... B: TENSILE TIMBER
ADS 5
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
83
ADS 5 Royal College of Art
4.1 WHAT IF?...B
SUMMARY STONE VAULT In order to reduce the overall emboided carbon, we bagan by changing the most carbon intensive elements of the existing structural solution - the reinforced concrete and concrete blocks. Why use concrete when you can use the inherient strength of stone in a carbon negative and more efficient process?
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
We have investigated four options, two carbon copies and two what if...options to assess which method is the greenest, fastest and cheapest. Our investigations show that with extended thinking about material qualities, Structural feasibility and detail node construction that it is possible to build carbon copies of the Barajas Terminal 4 that are cheaper and greener. What if...B option uses alternative roof stone tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. Compared to timber tensile structure in What if?...A, it eliminates the use of the bamboo bracing system, which can significantly reduce the amount of timber used, making it the cheapest option among all.
91.4% IN EMBODIED CARBON
84
EMBODIED CARBON COMPARISON
Royal College of Art ADS 5
70.6% IN PROJECT COST
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Figure 4.1W Amin Taha + Groupwork Amin Taha designed a sculptural pavilion for the 2018 Venice Biennale
COST COMPARISON
85
ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art
4.1 WHAT IF?... B
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Stone vault with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
1:200
5.775m
±0.000m
-8.400m
-15.135m
86
Royal College of Art
72 m
Front Section
ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5
1 2
3 4
6
7
1 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet
8
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
5
2 5 layers of 10mm
Limestone 3 800x400mm Glulam hardwood Main beam
9
4 Hardwood branches
10
5 Hardwood branches 6 Stone column support 7 Stone slab 8 Post-tensioned stone
beams
11
9 Stone columns
beams
1:200
0
2
10
20M
Royal College of Art
10 Stone slab 11 Stone foundation
87
ADS ADS55 Royal College of Art
4.1 WHAT IF? ... B
DRAWINGS BUILDING SECTION Stone vault with stone tiles + hybrid timber/stone support + timber facade + stone slabs, columns & beams
1:200 1
2
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
3 4
5
5.775m
6 7
±0.000m
1 1mm thk. ZINC
Sheet 2 500x750mm
Glulam hardwood Main beam 3 5 layers of 10mm
-8.400m
Limestone 4 250mm Hardwood
branches 5 Steel Connector
to branches
-15.135m
88
Royal College of Art
6 700mm Stone column support 7 150 x 400 mm Hardwood support facade window
4.5 m
Side Elevation
9m
4.5 m
ADS 5 College of Art Royal ADS 5
Refer Detail 1
1
2 3
5
1 800x400mm
6 7
8
9 10
1:200
0
2
10
4 250MM Hardwood branches 5 700mm Stone column support 6 Stone slab 7 600x900mm
Post-tensioned stone beams 8 Stone columns 9 Stone slab 10 Stone foundation beams
20M
Royal College of Art
Side Section
Glulam hardwood Main beam 2 1mm thk. ZINC Sheet 3 5 layers of 10mm Limestone
AIRPORTS AIRPORTSAND ANDBIG BIGSHEDS SHEDS
4
89
90 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
4.1 WHAT IF? ... B
DRAWINGS
DETAIL 1
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
91
92 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
5 DATA COMPARISONS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
93
ADS 5
5.0 DATA COMPARISONS
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
EMBODIED CARBON (EXISTING)
MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E
Zinc Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof finish Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
147 38,906 220 147 125
6,019,412 1,789,674 64,525 17,177 1,955,876
Galvanised steel profile Stainless steel
103 6,263
2,377,908 67,524,822
Bamboo
Metal deck Rod, roll section I beam and purlin Laminated strip
734
-687,075
Steel Concrete
Tube and support Plinth
2,012 2,584
21,698,068 1,725,951
Stainless steel
Window frame
605
6,520,678
Reinforced concrete
Beam, column, slab and foundation
275,493
120,941,501
94
TOTAL
293,036,452
Royal College of Art
COST ANALYSIS (EXISTING)
ADS 5
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
COST £
Zinc Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof finish Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
147 38,906 220 147 125
14,681,492 22,756,312 7,340,746 7,340,746 14,681,492
Galvanised steel profile Stainless steel
103 6263
11,745,193 23,308
Bamboo
Metal deck Rod, roll section, I beam and purlin Laminated strip
734
489,383
Steel Concrete
Tube and support Plinth
2,012 2,584
3,976 258,376
Stainless steel
Window frame
605
5,036
Reinforced concrete
Beam, column, slab and foundation
275,493
171,254,067
TOTAL
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
MATERIAL
250,580,126
95
ADS 5
5.0 DATA COMPARISONS
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
EMBODIED CARBON (CARBON COPY A)
MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125
554,960 713,303 708,861 1,789,674 64,525 17,177 1,955,876
Galvanised steel profile Hardwood
103 28,592
2,377,908 -29,249,629
bamboo
Metal deck Bracing,secondary beam, main beam and purlin Laminated strip
734
-687,075
Hardwood Steel
V support and column Rods and connector
5,690 296
-5,821,126 3,194,837
Hardwood
Window frame
751
-768,059
Hardwood Softwood Limestone
Beam and column Slab Foundation
67,541 108,023 90,193
-69,094,185 -75,940,324 17,046,401
96
TOTAL
-153,136,876
Royal College of Art
COST ANALYSIS (CARBON COPY A)
ADS 5
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
COST £
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125
880,889 1,763,300 1,468,149 22,756,312 7,340,746 7,340,746 14,681,492
Galvanised steel profile Hardwood
103 28,592
11,745,193 19,061,342
bamboo
Metal deck Bracing system,secondary beam, main beam and purlin Laminated strip
734
489,383
Hardwood Steel
V support and column Rod and connector
5,690 296
3,793,500 585
Hardwood
Window frame
751
500,527
Hardwood Softwood Limestone
Beam and column Slab Foundation
67,541 108,023 90,193
42,702,685 180,038,700 27,057,780
TOTAL
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
MATERIAL
341,621,331
97
ADS 5
5.0 DATA COMPARISONS
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
EMBODIED CARBON (CARBON COPY B)
MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125
554,960 713,303 708,861 1,789,674 64,525 17,177 1,955,876
Galvanised steel profile Hardwood
103 28,592
2,377,908 -29,249,629
Bamboo
Metal deck Bracing, secondary beam main beam and purlin Laminated strip
734
-687,075
Hardwood Limestone Steel
V Support Column Tension rods and connector
2,747 4,888 200
-2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110
Hardwood
Window frame
751
-768,059
Limestone Steel
Slab, beam and column Tension rod
137,747 80
26,034,104 858,764
98
TOTAL
4,638,112
Royal College of Art
COST ANALYSIS (CARBON COPY B)
ADS 5
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
COST £
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
2,936 44 220 38,906 220 147 125
880,889 1,763,300 1,468,149 22,756,312 7,340,746 7,340,746 14,681,492
Galvanised steel profile Hardwood
103 28,592
11,745,193 19,061,342
Bamboo
Metal deck Bracing, secondary beam main beam and purlin Laminated strip
734
489,383
Hardwood Limestone Steel
V Support Column Tension rods and connector
2,747 4,888 200
1,831,358 1,466,400 395
Hardwood
Window frame
751
500,527
Limestone Steel
Slab, beam and column Tension rod
137,747 80
41,323,975 157
TOTAL
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
MATERIAL
132,650,365
99
ADS 5
5.0 DATA COMPARISONS
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
EMBODIED CARBON (WHAT IF? ... A) MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
2,933 44 220 38,867 220 147 125
554,398 712,580 708,143 1,787,860 64,460 17,160 1,953,893
Galvanised steel profile Hardwood Hardwood
Metal deck Secondary & main beam Tensile structure
103 12,923 2,679
2,375,498 -13,220,024 -2,507,448
Hardwood Limestone Steel
V Support Column Tension rod and connector
2,747 4,888 200
-2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110
Hardwood
Window frame
751
-768,059
Limestone Steel
Slab, beam and column Tension rod
137,747 80
26,034,104 858,764
100
TOTAL
18,839,050
Royal College of Art
COST ANALYSIS (WHAT IF? ... A)
ADS 5
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
COST £
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool Bitumen elastomer Fibre felt Perforated aluminum sheet
Roof tile Channel and fixing Waterproofing Insulation Vapour barrier Vapour control Acoustic Insulation
2,933 44 220 38,867 220 147 125
879,997 1,761,512 1,466,661 22,733,245 7,333,305 7,333,305 14,666,610
Galvanised steel profile Hardwood Hardwood
Metal deck Secondary & main beam Tensile structure
103 12,923 2679
11,733,288 8,615,200 1,785,980
Hardwood Limestone Steel
V Support Column Tension rod and connector
2,747 4,888 200
-2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110
Hardwood
Window frame
751
500,527
Limestone Steel
Slab, beam and column Tension rod
137,747 80
41,323,975 157
TOTAL
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
MATERIAL
123,431,915
101
ADS 5
5.0 DATA COMPARISONS
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
EMBODIED CARBON (WHAT IF? ... B)
MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool
Roof tile Channel & fixing Waterproofing Insulation
2,933 44 220 22,000
554,398 712,580 708,143 1,011,996
Limstone Resin Hardwood Bamboo
Vault Adhesive Main beam & purlin Laminated strip
7,333 587 10,776 733
1,385,995 6,073,704 - 11,024,045 - 686,379
Hardwood Limestone Steel
V Support Column Tension rod and connector
2,747 4,888 200
- 2,810,220 923,832 2,154,110
Hardwood
Window frame
751
- 768,059
Limestone Steel
Slab, beam and column Tension rod
137,747 80
26,034,104 858,764
102
TOTAL
25,128,923
Royal College of Art
COST ANALYSIS (WHAT IF? ... B)
ADS 5
ELEMENT
VOLUME M³
COST £
Limestone Aluminum EPDM rubber sheet Rock wool
Roof tile Channel & fixing Waterproofing Insulation
2,933 44 220 22,000
879,997 1,761,513 1,466,661 14,666,610
Limstone Resin Hardwood Bamboo
Vault Adhesive Main beam & purlin Laminated strip
7,333 587 10,776 733
2,199,991 Unknown 7,184,128 488,887
Hardwood Limestone Steel
V Support Column Tension rod and connector
2,747 4,888 200
1,831,358 1,466,400 395
Hardwood
Window frame
751
500,527
Limestone Steel
Slab, beam and column Tension rod
137,747 80
41,323,975 157
TOTAL
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
MATERIAL
73,770,599
103
104 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
6 FINDINGS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
105
ADS 5 Royal College of Art
6.0 FINDINGS
FINAL COMPARITIVE FINDINGS CARBON COPY A: ENTIRELY TIMBER
AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Carbon copy A using mostly timber makes it a negative embodied carbon and the greenest option among all. However, using a large amount of laminated wood, which also makes it the most expensive option, is even more costly than the existing building made with steel and concrete, making it the least preferable choice in reality.
CARBON COPY B: HYBRID TIMBER + STONE Carbon copy B uses mainly stone, making it almost a zero embodied carbon solution. Theoretically, stone can be used half of the volume compared to the existing building， which can help reduce almost half the price and make it the best choice in carbon copy.
WHAT IF?... A: TENSILE TIMBER What if A option uses alternative roof timber tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. The main difference is changing the shape of the beam in a more structurally natural form, which can reduce the number of timbers used to less than a half compared to Carbon Copy A. The structurally natural shape of the beam can help reduce the cost significantly. Also, it can still have a similar structure to the original design and requires no extra vertical support.
WHAT IF?...B: STONE VAULT
106
What if...B option uses alternative roof stone tensile structure advised by the structural engineer. Compared to timber tensile structure in What if?...A, it eliminates the use of the bamboo bracing system, which can significantly reduce the amount of timber used, making it the cheapest option among all.
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
COST COMPARISON
Royal College of Art
EMBOODIED CARBON COMPARISON
107
108 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
7 APPENDICES
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
109
110 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
7.0 APPENDICES
PROPOSED ELEMENTS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
111
112 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
7.0 APPENDICES
NOTES AND SKETCHES
28 Oct 2021
Royal College of Art
2 Nov 2021
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
113
114 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
9 Nov 2021
ADS 5
Royal College of Art
16 Nov 2021
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
115
116 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
23 Nov 2021
ADS 5
Royal College of Art
28 Nov 2021
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
117
118 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
Royal College of Art
2 Dec 2021
ADS 5
Royal College of Art
17 Jan 2022
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
119
120 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
8 MENU OF COMPONENTS
Royal College of Art
ADS 5
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
121
ADS 5 Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS 122
8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS
ROOFING DETAILS CARBON COPY A AND B
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
123
ADS 5 Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS 124
8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS
ROOFING DETAILS WHAT IF ?... A
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
125
ADS 5 Royal College of Art AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS 126
8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS
ROOFING DETAILS WHAT IF ?... B
Royal College of Art
ADS 5 AIRPORTS AND BIG SHEDS
127
ADS 5
ADS 5 ADS 5 Royal College of Art
8.0 MENU OF COMPONENTS
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Timber “V”-supports connection detail Timber “V”-supports isometric cutaway connection detail isometric cutaway
1 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate Timber “V”-supports 3 connection 40mm Bearing detailsteel plate 4 isometric 40mm Connection cutaway steel plate
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steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 3 40mm Bearing steel plate steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate
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6740mm Cross connection ø60mm Pin steel plate 1400x700mm Hardw Pin 78ø60mm
glulam column 8 1400x700mm Hardwood glulam column
5 40mm 1Bearing steel plate 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 6 40mm Cross connection steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 7 ø60mm Pin steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 8 1400x700mm Hardwood 40mm Connection steel plate glulam4column
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Royal College of Art
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8 Timber+stone “V”-supports connection detail isometric Timber+stone “V”-supports cutaway
1 8 700x700mm Hardwood glulam column 1 700x700mm Hardwood 5 2 Cross connection glulam20mm column 6 steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection 3 40mm Bearing steel plate 7 steel plate 4 40mm Connection steel plate8
5 40mm Bearing steel p 6 20mm cement 40mm Bearing steel plat 7 60mm Tension rod 20mm cement 8 700x680 Laminated Lim
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3 40mm Bearing steel plate connection detail isometric 1 700x700mm Hardwood 4 40mm Connection steel plate Bearing steel plate cutaway 5 40mm glulam column 1 700x700mm Hardwood 6 20mm cement 5 40mm Bearing steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection glulam column 7 60mm Tension rod 6 20mm cement steel plate 2 20mm Cross connection Timber+stone “V”-supports 7 60mm Tension rod 8 700x680 Laminated Limestone 3 40mm Bearing steel plate steel plate connection detail isometric 8 700x680 Laminated Limestone stone “V”-supports Timber+stone “V”-supp 4 40mm Connection steel plate 3 40mm Bearing steel plate cutaway on detail isometric connection detail sectio 4 40mm Connection steel plate
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er“Y”-supports ection detail isometric way
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Timber“Y”-supports 1 ø250mm connectionglulam detail column isometric cutaway 2 20mm Cross connection Timber“Y”-supports steel plate detail steel isometric 3connection 20mm Bearing plate 4cutaway 40mm Joint steel plate
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2 20mm Cross connection 5 20mm Bearing steel plate steel plate 1 ø250mm 6 Cross connection steel plate 3 20mm Bearing plate glulam steel column 4 40mm2Joint steel plateconnection 7 Hardwood glulam column 7 20mm Cross 5 20mm Bearing stee steel plate 5 20mm Bearing steel plate Timber“Y”-supports 6connection Cross connection s 20mm Bearing steel40mm plate 6 Cross 3connection steel plate detail sec 4 40mm Joint steel plate 7 Hardwood glulam c 7 Hardwood glulam column 700mm ø
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1 ø250mm Hardwood glulam column 2 20mm Cross connection 7Hardwood 1 ø250mm steel plate glulam column Bearing steel plate 3 20mm 4 40mm Jointconnection steel plate Cross 2 20mm
5 20mm Bearing steel plate 6 60mm Tension steel rod 7 800x700x690mm 20mm Bearing steel plate 5Laminated tension 60mm column Tension steel rod 6linestone
7 800x700x690mm Timber+stone “Y”-supports steel plate Laminated tension connection detail isometric 3 20mm Bearing steel plate linestone column cutaway 4 40mm Joint steel plate 5 20mm Bearing steel plate 1 ø250mm Hardwood 1 ø250mm Hardwood 5 20mm Bearing steel plate glulam column 6 60mm Tension steel rod glulam column Tension steel rod7 800x700x690mm 6 60mm connection 2 20mm Cross Timber+stone “Y”-supports 2 20mm Cross connection steel plate 7 800x700x690mm Laminated tension +stone “Y”-supports Timber+stone “Y”-supp connection detail isometric steel plate steel plate 3 20mm Bearing Laminated tension linestone column ion detail isometric connection detail sectio cutaway 4 40mm Joint linestone 3 20mm Bearing steel plate steel platecolumn y 4 40mm Joint steel plate
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1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam column
1 ø700 mm Hardwood glulam column Timber “Y”-supports connection
40mm Cross connection detail 2isometric cutaway steel plate Timber “Y”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway3 30mm Bearing steel plate Timber “Y”-supports connection 40mm Bearing 4 Timber “Y”-supports connection detail isometric cutaway steel plate detail isometric cutaway
2 40mm Cross connect 1 ø700 mm Hardwood steel plate glulam column 3 30mm Bearing 2 40mm Cross connection 1 ø700 mm Hardwood steel plate steel plate glulam column 4 40mm Bearing 30mmCross Bearing 3 connection 2 40mm steel plate steelplate plate steel 5 40mm Join 4 40mm Bearing steel plate Bearing 3 30mm steel plate 6 30mm Anch steel plate 5 40mm Joint 5 40mm Joint Bearing 4 40mm Timber steel plate steel plate plate Ancho 6 30mmtion de 30mm Anchor bar 6steel
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CARBON COPY B
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1 20mm cement 2 Laminated tension linestone column 800x700x690mm 3 Tension steel rod 60mm 4 Steel bracket 40mm
1 20mm cement 2 Laminated tension linestone column 800x700x690mm 1 20mm cement 1 20mm cement Tension steel rod 60mm Timber+Stone “Y”-supports connection2 Laminated3tension 5 30mm Anchor 2 Laminated tension 4 Steel 800x700x690mm bracket 40mm detail isometric cutaway linestone column 800x700x690mm 6 Bearing steel p linestone column 3 Tension steel rod 60mm 3 Tension steel Stone “Y”-supportsTimber+Stone connection “Y”-supports Timber+Stone 5 30mm Anchor bar rod 60mm connection 5 30mm Anchor bar“Y”-supp 4 Steel bracket 40mm ometric cutaway detail isometric cutaway connection detail40mm sectio 6 4 Steel bracketBearing 40mm steel plate 40mm6 Bearing steel plate
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