CARBON COPIES HOUSES TOWERS COMPLEX SHAPES MID-RISE AIRPORTS HOSPITALS/LABS BRIDGES
Andrew Reynolds Ching Yuet Ma Chloe Shang Daniah Basil Abdulazeez Al Mounajim Dario Biscaro Grant Donaldson Hayden Mills Janice Lo Lee Hei Yin Luca Luci Miles Elliott Mir Jetha Xinyi Shen Zhiting Jin Groupwork Royal College of Art
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
4 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5
ADS 5
CONTENTS
Purpose of Research Kings Cross R5 Development
8 10
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
1. INTRODUCTION
2. EXISTING CONDITIONS 14 15 20 30 42 56
3. CARBON COPY PROPOSALS Introduction Material Studies: Timber and Stone Carbon Copies: Structure, Embodied Carbon, and Cost Carbon Copy 1: Self Standing Stone and CLT Carbon Copy 2: Stone Veneer and CLT Carbon Copy 3: Structural Stone Operational Carbon
64 66 84 84 102 120 140
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
Background Design Summary Drawings Material Studies: Brick and Concrete Analysis: Structure, Embodied Carbon, and Cost Operational Carbon
4. FINDINGS Comparisons Overall Savings Embodied Carbon Analysis Cost Analysis Carbon Copy 1 Carbon Copy 2 Carbon Copy 3 Conclusions
150 152 154 155 156 158 160 162
5. FURTHER APPLICATIONS FOR TYPOLOGIES
164
6. CATALOGUE OF MATERIAL COMPONENTS
172
5
6 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
1 INTRODUCTION
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
ADS 5
ADS 5
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
7
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
MID-RISE TYPOLOGY This paper looks at alternative materials and methods of construction that can aid in decreasing the embodied carbon in the construction industry. It particularly looks at the Mid-Rise Urban Block typology The case study chosen is the Kings Cross R5 Urban Block Development by Maccreanor Lavington Architects and Porphyrios Architects. It is a mid-rise commercial and residential development. It is 15 storeys high, with a total GIA of 13,750 m2, across the three blocks of the development. To study the significance of urban housing blocks and predominant ways of building in concrete while also examining possibilities in a mass revolution that in conglomeration will hugely reduce the number of carbon at a city scale. This is done by exploring alternative construction materials and design techniques at the chosen typology. The structural and environmental capacity of timber, stone and brick superstuctures will be examined against cost analysis. Many communities and policymakers in cities around the world do not like the growing number of residential towers, but they also realise that houses are not a sustainable urban solution. Between these two extremes, there is a missing middle of mid-rise buildings that relate to the street and are within the height of trees.
8
A mid-rise building is a structure that has between five and 10 storeys and is equipped with a lift. More specifically, the National Fire Chiefs Council classifies medium-rise buildings as ‘structures whose uppermost habitable floor is less than 30m and greater than 18m above ground level measured from the lowest side of the building’. This definition is based on the knowledge that standard firefighting turntables have not historically been able to access buildings that are more than 18m high. Mid-use buildings often offer a mix of residential uses as well as commercial ones. They have various economic, environmental and social benefits, such as building as a scale which supports vibrant and walkable urban realms, hugher property values and more tax revenues.
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
8000000 7000000
EMBODIED CARBON / KGCO2E
6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 -1000000 -2000000 CARBON COPY 1
CARBON COPY 2
CARBON COPY 3
EXISTING
CARBON COPY 1
CARBON COPY 2
CARBON COPY 3
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
EXISTING
4000000 40000000 3500000 35000000
COST / GBP
3000000 30000000 2500000 25000000 2000000 20000000 1500000 15000000 1000000 10000000 500000 5000000 00
REGULATIONS FOR MID-RISE BUILDINGS As mid-rise buildings tend to rise higher than 18 metres, Building Regulations have set additional requirements for the materials and façades used for this typology to guarantee fire safety. 1. Applications for tall or large buildings should include an urban design analysis. 2. Applications for tall buildings should generally be limited to sites in central zones 3. Relate well to the form, proportion, composition, scale and character of surrounding. 4. Only be considered in areas whose character would not be affected adversely by the scale 5. Incorporate sustainable design and construction practices 6. Have ground floor activities that provide a positive relationship to the surroundings 7. Incorporate publicly accessible areas on the upper floors, where appropriate 9
ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
1.0 INTRODUCTION
EXISTING CONDITION
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
KINGS CROSS R5 DEVELOPMENT When the building was designed in 2008, it was done so in the contect of an empty site location ready for development. Prior to its development, urban aspirations of the site had been developed by The Camden City Council, Argent Consultants and Allies and Morrison. Thus, when developing this site, the architects seeked inspiration from buildings which could have been on the site and those that will be added following the completion of the masterplans developed. The London Development Plan aims to ensure development proposals achieve the highest possible intensity of use compatible with local context, good design principles and with public transport capacity. King’s Cross is identified as part of the Central Activities Zone where developments are expected to maximise plot ratios. The Plan sets minimum targets for growth and states that these should be, where possible, exceeded. The councils main objective will be to create firm links between the development and the local area so that it is a relevant and positive addition to, and well integrated with, this part of London. This integration includes: Physical connections – The opportunities for better east-west and north-south movement across the site Economic connections – New jobs should be widely available, offering more opportunities for those who find it difficult to work for many reasons Social links – The Councils are keen to see and create a balanced and successful development that recognises cultural diversity Completing the picture – A large development like King’s Cross Central will take place in stages. Each major phase of the comprehensive development should contain an appropriate mix of different uses, including housing Working with the community – In King’s Cross, the focus is on community involvement, better access to jobs and training, improving local people’s qualifications through education, safer streets and an attractive environment; and
10
Achieving sustainable development.
1.1.11. Looking to the future, there are a number of projects at different stages, that have major implications for King's Cross: 1.1.11. Looking to the future, there are a number of projects at different stages, > major Theimplications St Pancras that have forInternational King's Cross: and Domestic Station, CTRL
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Hall BM
TCB
98 100
37
en
ar
Tave(PH)
RO
IX
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PH
s
St
21.5m
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(PH)
s Hall
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97 99
Cl
1 to
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70
59
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St
ET
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21.8m
Hotel
31.6m
Tunnel
BM
BM
ET
92
90 92
se Hou 35 lton 1 to
91
usti
72
RE
1 to 36
20.7m
Mar y’s
SM
s
24.5m
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4
1 to
0
BR
LE
18.7m
AD
CRESCENT
St
TCBs Joseph’s
St
Sta
Posts
SL
GO
23.2m
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El Sub Sta
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201 to 220
Centre
Housing Density Boundaries HG10
250 to 278
22.9m
LB
19.2m
se
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Bollard
Battle Bridge
AD
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TCBs
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Towing Path
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TT
PL
BR
29
WB
21.8m g Path al Towin Can on Uni El Sub Sta al nd ’s Can Gra ent Reg
Signal Box
BM 25.00m
BA
Warehouse Trough
CLO
York Way Court 24.2m
24.44m
WB
El Sub Sta
24.6m
Pond
Playground
Oakshott Court
N TO NG
Aug
1
ST
76
8
N
E PD
Kate Greenaway Nursery School
274 to 293
s
Towing Path
Metropolitan Walk EN47
Metropolitan Walk Potential Connection or Alternative Metropolitan Walk Potential Connection or Alternative Route EN47
Posts
PH
BM
Canal Regent’s Canal
Posts
116
El Sub Sta
PlayGroun
El Sub Sta
Albert Wharf 22.5m
22.9m
El Sub Sta
Depot
90
Policy LC10
Playg
Library
Shelter
Grand Union
DW
AY
Pond
9m
(Terminus)
1
mbe
SW
S Bridge
16.8m 114
SM
Playground
Canal KING’S CROSS Regent’s Canal
25.2m
Regent’s Canal Open Space Regent’s Canal Open Space Appendix EN3, RC8 Appendix EN3, RC8
Area for Green Chain and Corridor Community Regeneration Area for EN47 Policy LC10 Community Regeneration
1 to 11
Towing Path
OD
21.5
BM 20.80m
0
49
SM
15
11 13
9
Grand Union
24.3m
GO
BM
Play Area
Walker House Sub
Cha
89
RI
St
78
ent Reg se Hou to 8
118
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(PH)
80
St
ur Arth
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ER
130
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22.2m
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110 to 162
186
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102
m
90
27 to
22
194
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ing
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to
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to
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194
188
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181
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86
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171
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T
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22.3
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24.0m
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to
224
LANE
171
RK YO
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Walk
Walk
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15
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8
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BM
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PH
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Posts
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Maiden Lane Bridge
24.5m
BM 25.00m
180
20.8m
112
47
51
SE
Court
Chamberlain House
151
Post
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to
hott Oaks
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60
6
52
163
52
163
Linkwood
LANE OADFIELD
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202 to
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Walk
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Rosebank
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8
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15
46
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se
118
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to
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57
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28
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ET
to
27
82
63
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RESCENTN LANE
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SM
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86
Tiber
TCBs
LB
110
104 102 106 108
53
19.2m
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Transfer
17.2m
71
73
El Sub Sta
85
7880
21.8m
23.8m
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Station
77
75
Monica Shaw
to
Waste
17.7m
93
87 85
79
RE
to
37
84
Prim 4 1 to 14 9 to
91 89
83
81
3
19.5m
TCB
40
ery
83
48 50 52
CE
5
19.4m
LY
Nurs
Day
60 62 64
59 St Aloysius’ Convent 61
47 49 51
32
unity e
22
113 114
AD
77 7981
’ sius ol Aloy Scho St ary
RC
Garage
Hotel
16
1
19.8m
PO
Maria Fidelis Convent School
Euston Station
Depot
1 to
2
106 108
OEN
PH
20.7m
St Augustine’s House
PH
Euston Station
STREERS M SE SO O CL
27
ST
to
N
14
Prim
59
ard’ Rich
TO
1 to
St
12a
El
t’s gare se Mar Hou
RO
IX
ras Panc ol StTCBsScho y and ary Mar E Prim of C
PH
21.5m
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to
46
105 107
to
22
12
NG
1 to
RI
138
se RC Hou ol sius ne’s Scho TOWN Aloy usti SOMERS ary St
Aug
ET
N TO NG
146
RE ST
ER
St
RI
W
ER W
118
rd’s Richa Sta House Sub
El
St
150
OLT
St
St Aloysius RC Church
n’s e Marti Hous
Tave(PH)
20.9m
Oakshott Court
S
59
AD RO D IXROA OENN PHGO
The Cock rn
LB
43
Ho ’s 11 8 Joan1 to 1 to
St
Euston Station
EE
RC
37
79
154
SH
use
St
St
PU
98 100
77
ER
130
EV
Ho
d Woo e Hous
Day e Centr
Club
142 144 146 148
20.4m
26
21.1m
9m
97 99
75
th
You
SOMERS TOWN
17
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Hill-W Hou
21.4
ET
PLA
SM
IE
Monica Shaw
ST
90 92
RE
SM
EN
9 to
8991
ET
RE
ET
ST
RE
N
ST
t Cour
116
N TO
88
ST
BM
36
hott
St Mary’s Church
Day Centre
87
N
82
Flats
to
Oaks
114
SM
CH
Hall
Walker House
85
7880
33
ael’s
4 1 to 14 9 to
29
Comm Centr
69
s ony’ AnthFlats 84 83
86
TO NG
67
130
lt
School
SE
PD
Edith Neville Primary School
AD
151
130
65
m
160
ho
ers
162
Ev
ST
9 to
3
to
40
LS SU OS
RO
N
Adventure Playground
23.8m
TR
NA GRA
Track
17
134
RI
ate
Sta
RE
M
34
ER
Est
22.34
Sub
ET
Hou
Cycle
16
to
GO
PH
60 621 64 to
Mich
St
M HA EN ALD
112
The Doreen Bazell Hall
CLO
EN
HA
47 49
Place
Lawrence
Delhi Street
Library
Camden Town Special Policy Area Policy CT1 - 4
Playgr
COPENHAGEN STREET
24.2m
WB
Natural Park
110
104 102 106 108
53 51
SM
El Sub Sta
St
48 50 52
28
se
26
am
E RE ST
ET
18 19
RE
W
wn To
se
Hou
18
El
BM
47 49 51
73
21.7m
T
102
N TO G
1
LY
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32
3
79
don ren
1 to
land
’
Hardwick House
h
to
ET
ST
2
Sports Centre
77 7981
59 61 63
47
olas Nich Flats
Playg
BM 27.18m
274 to 293
WB
g Path al Towin Can on al Uni nd s Can Gra ent’ Reg
138 23.2m
18.4m
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Court
235
PO
Depot
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18
N
77
Cla
Mor
RC ol sius Scho SOMERSAloy TOWN ary to 36 se St Prim 1 Hou
rs
174
1 to
St
St Augustine’s House
Hill
FB
17
14
RE
31
GTO
29 130
se Hou
26 21.2m
20.9m
ras her’s 32 Panc ol stop 1 to St Scho and aryChri St MaryE Prim of C
PH
M HA EN ALD
Depot
30
IN
ex Suss
16
se
Hou
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Park
17.7m
71
SM
3
40
to
cis’
Towing Path
Natural
Playground
5
ET
RE
to
9
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TO
St
8
s aret’ e MargHous
PH
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ST
17
8
NG
me
138
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1 to
35
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RI
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1 to
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ARR
134
ON
1 to
se Hou
to
enh
10
S E
41
CH
40
104
ALT
Club 37
Fran
Sts
St Pancra Church Old
73
5
9
ST
ATT
PL
El Sub Sta
24.1m
25.2m
Pond
Pond
2
4
6
8
Towing Path
El Sub Sta
Pond
20.8m
BM 20.80m
77
75
20.4m
21.1m
ET
th
St
1
seSt Martin House
Hou
BP
Kate Greenaway Nursery School
DW
20.1m
93 87
85
79
PH
21.49
RE
You
21.6m
Transfer
Station
PLACE
OUTRAM
Playground
25.4m
Shelter
24.6m
s
Adventure Playground
ST
se
rge’s
Playground
PH
BM
Depot
Shelter
142 144 146 148
91 89
83 81
1
7
11 13
17
Edith Neville 19 18 Primary School
South Camden
1 to45
St
Wo
ER M SO OS CL
ET
18 19
RE
CH
BM
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PL
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EN CH
Community School
43
’s
18
PE
ST
42 43 44
N
45 46
ins Coll ol iam y Scho
158
St
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IN
31
to 1 to
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AL
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lcot
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30
147
ER
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BM
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ood e
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5
9
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71
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75
W
El
ET
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18
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34
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to
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40
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to
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47
73
EE
14
29
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ony’s
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t
235 m
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22.1m
12
kfoo
104
m 23.61
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STR
61 63 62 64 65
ET
ex Suss
m
40 1 to45
e Hous
73
Hardwick House
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12
eck ckb Sto
10
TO NG
to
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22.21
35
BM
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Post
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T
Day Centre
ore
1 to 1 to
PE
RI
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103
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des
N
S EW ET M RE Y ST IT N UN NRY
AR
AL
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RE
4 146
186
Mic
to
32
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(PH)
ST
St Mary’s Church
PH
3
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kled
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to
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ate
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m
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AM NH
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DE
AL
22.6m
1 to
9
Air Shaft
Air Shaft
24.44m
26.1m
Waste Transfer Natural Park Station
ET
1
7
11
Waste
King’s Cross Opportunity Area 90 Chapter 13
Playgro
24.1m
PCs
18.4m
TO
41
CH
am
119
69
Est
188
use
154
Ho
192 190
1 to
Geor
to
13
RE ST RN REET BU ST ED T M PLAT 13
17
St Pancras Gardens
Post
CRESCENT
9
7
8
19 18
Community School
21.7m
21.2m
e
Hous
18.6m
G
ET
IN LD
S
O
42 43 44
Willi ndar Sir Seco
to
67
se
n Tow
Hou
36
on
Nep
Hou
se
18
n
foot
37
cis’
Fran
St
Waste Transfer Station
D Fn Playground
The Gardener’s Cottage
TCBs
51 to 82
Naish Court
FB
Depot
Natural Park
Park
Monument
G
EW
ON
RE
6
Sts
maso nry
Natural
272
St Pancras Church Old
Hosp ital
King’s Cross Opportunity Area Chapter 13
LB
33
24.2m
138
21.6m
20.0m
Shelter
Panc
il Rho Cec
M
m
9
65
1 to
end
H
se
26
nha 1 to
dwi
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22.1m
12
1 to
Beck
PH 1 to
e
gh 40 er’s 32 er’s e 33 to nlei toph 1 to toph Hous Cra Chris Chris St
IG
1 to
Mick
12 k kbec Stoc
1 to
ST
AY
22
32
St
se
Hou
Y R WA
BM
Y
22.21
1 to
163 8 184
102 to 110 97 to 105
Clar
18
secot Wol Hou
26
n
10
IT
BM
to 159 to 180 16
to
N
se1 to
Hou
18
olt re
1
LE
1 to
1 to
nso
23.0m
UN
45 46
104
TO NG
1 to
land
160
rsh 12
ledo
St
25
AN
ses
Joh
ET
RE
71
1 to
ge’s
CR
12
ok
8
ET
RE
37 to 48
Track
42
INGT
19
53 54
158
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162
Eve 1 to
1 to
GEW
ID
BR
17
nd grou Play
rs
174
to
2
ST
Cycle
61 63 62 64 65
to
ER me So
m
23.17
Bro
ET
49 to 56
se
147 103
BM
5
Hou
22
RE
er Shelt
24
St
ras
LD
South Camden
21.7m
FB 94 to 96 116 to 118
26.1m
Natural Park
uary
PCs
FB Post
GO
PH
School
Hous
Hou
PH
9
33
Y
ET
1 to
ehou Ston
146
se
18
win
3
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to
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3
114
63
AR
RE
tock
24
to
186
1 to
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to
24
19 24
to
AN
20.6m
37 to 48
1 to
Cals
119
se
15
to
ses
115
to
111
73
Hou
22.6m
23.2m
32
93
ET
Mayford 103
W
188
192 190
26
1 to
to
h Hou leig
40
Cran
RE
une 92 to Nept (PH) 88
nson Joh
15
49
GR
m
E
ET
102 to 110 97 to 105
to
ST
Y ST
21.51
Track
AC
24
land
E ST
Cycle
1 to
Hart
EG
RE
163 to 184 159 to 180
4
Bro
H
MLE
BM
49 to 56
LL
ock
24
n
ST NN MDE
to
15
FB
13
CR
1 to
er Shelt
Calst
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L CO
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22
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1 to
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1
23.2m
ses
CA
20.6m
EG
r
ET
17 25
IG
LE
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12
ok
1 to
15
El Sub Sta
FB
21.5m
maso
Gardens
St Pancras Gardens
Post Goldington Crescent Gardens
21.7m
PH
164 to 179
33
nd grou Play
to
Hou
22
16
24
LL
se
Dart
24
ehou
1 to
Shelte
RE
115
to
79 15
24
1 to
1 to
RO
m
CO
E Ston
ST NN MDE CA
80
5
to
Games Court
Car Park
Games Court
94 to 96 116 to 118
FB
111
to
to
E ST EGLydford
21.51
27
r
Shelte
The Gardener’s Cottage
18.6m
ENT
9
8
ON
21.7m
FB
93
en l Geff enta nis Den ronm exe Envi th Ann Heal
20.0m
St Pancras
D Fn
80 LT
Slipway
SM
Hosp ital
TCBs
BM 19.28m
ST T RN EE STR EDBU M
7
6
A CH
28.5m
11 13
Posts
25.2m
British Waterways St Pancras Yacht Basin
St Pancras Coroner’s Court
ras
Post
20.3m 13
School
Place
Lawrence
1 to 11
Depot
FB
British Waterways St Pancras Yacht Basin
nry
272
Panc
CRESC Trough
Crowndale Court
Court
St Pancras Coroner’s Court
Monument
Games Court
164 to 179
Tunnel
65
1
CR
BM
and Hartl
1 to
n
lyn AC
22
ngto
1 to
New
E PL
LL
EG
LL
8
ton Kings e Hous
1 to
42
to 59
1
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Mayford
CEDA
16 21
31
24
CO Darti
8
ton e Norbi Hous
1 to
CH
Games Court
St
Goldington Court
TCBs
20.3m
FB
Playgr
Posts
24.2m
l for s pita ase Hos l Dise pica Tro
21.5m
ary
Posts
33 25
LB
33
25.2m
Mort
(PH)
2 to 22
LB
ST
N
PH
FB
29 21
COPENHAGEN STREET
Gardens
20.2m
TO
25.4m
El Sub Sta
FB
GO College Arms LD CAMDEN TOWN INGT ON
PH
2 to 2
2 to 22
Car Park
n Geffe is ental xe Denn onm Envir th Anne Heal
2
4
6
8
Oblique Bridge
St Pancras
Warehouse
El Sub Sta
Goldington Crescent Gardens
to 59
1
Crowndale Court
AL
Air Shaft
BM 24.93m
Mortu
WB
Post
26
25.4m
Oblique Bridge 23.6m
3 to 24 82
36a
T
Delhi Street BM 27.18m
BM 24.93m
El Sub Sta
64 80
36e
36 Playgro 28
Playground
Posts
STREE
PLACE
OUTRAM
Playground
El Sub Sta
Slipway
Other Public and
217
Other Public and Private Open Space Private Open Space Policy EN48, Appendix EN3 Policy EN48, Appendix EN3
Area of Special Character Metropolitan Walk Area of Special Character Chapter 15 EN47 Chapter 15
50 66
58 74
Garage
FB
FB Driving Range
25.4m
Chy
FB
90
Garage
29.8m
Posts
33 25
29 21
BP
LBs
l for pita ases Hos Dise ical Trop
St Pancras Hospital
E
AC
PL
E COLLEG
1 to 114
92
20
17 to
1 to
24
ord
8
on Kingst House
1 to
L CO YA ROerton
Dulv
1 to
Lydf
be
lyn
27
24
1 to
scom
1 to
Bran
New
8
Sta
on Norbit House
1 to
Sub
Theatre
46
to
El Sub Sta
al
m
BM 19.28m
Trough
Calsto
28.5m
Can
22.7 Chy
ELL
3 to 24
FB
Lt Twr
Driving Range
El Sub Sta
St Pancras Hospital
88
8
47
rd
n
El
El
Godwin
ion
al
AD
’S RO
(London
RAND
64 80
82
to
t
23
elfo
1 to
Cam
24
erto
1 to
Dulv
be
TCBs
24 ck
1 to
Sub Sta
1 to 20
21.4m
Un Can
SM
Goldington Court
E
TCBs
Court
21.0m
FB
87
d
24
scom
Sta
1 to
Sub
Bran
Cran
22.7m
Warehouse
College Arms
44
The Lodge
81 to
23
El
broo
14
65 to 87
1 to
mon Beau als Anim ital Hosp
elfor Cam
15
AC
e
Men’s
nd
Adventure Playground
City
50 66
58 74
90
T
26.3m
Gra
21.8m
24
1 to
land Hart
30.3m FB
28
30.3m
36 28
Playground
Posts
STREE
Tank
90
Path
Central London Local Areas Chapter 14 217
47
14
16
29.8m
El Sub Sta
tal
20.2m
1 to 114
Godwin
Colleg
ng
ing
al
’s
WB
L’S
DEL RAN
36a
Lt Twr
T9
26.3m
Can
Central London Covent Garden Local Areas Chapter 14
Policy EN62
El Sub Sta
Paget n Centre Christia Mission)
Garage
Conveyor
ent
RAS WAY ST PANC
6
ks 21.0m
Worki
28
Conveyor
T9
Reg
ROAD DALE Helston CROWN ET RE The Lodge
ion
Ancient Woodland Policy EN62
47
Playground 18 20 26
22 24
ROAD
36e
Conveyor
El Sub Sta
CAMDEN TOWN (PH)
LB
Bingfield Park
Adventure Playground Depot Playground
(London
Chy
2 to 22
2 to 2
8
Covent Garden
7
30.2m
Bingfield Park
El Sub Sta 14
16
City
Depot
LBs
Beaum Hospi als
El Sub Sta
64
5
7
Paget Centre Christian Mission)
30.3m
Warehouse
Sorting Office 23.6m
RAS WAY
t mon Beau als Anim ital Hosp
72
Wor
ont
PH
Posts
Bingfield Park
5
Depot
Sta Sub
El
Conveyor
e
Anim
PL
EGE
COLL
7
k
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Central London Area Ancient Woodland Chapter 14
Central London Area Chapter 14
TAYPORT
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m 28.9
GIF
Playground
WB WB
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Warehouse
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29.3m
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27.0m
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63
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24.0m
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29.9m
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Jubilee Waterside Centre 21.7m
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27.5m
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LEGEND
64
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Abbotsbury
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Sturminster
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5
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St Pancras Station extension
30
Model and illustration of St Pancras Station extension Model and illustration of
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
>
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The St in Pancras 2007; International and Domestic Station, CTRL site restoration and landscaping be completedstation >infrastructure, The King’s Cross-St Pancras LondonwillUnderground in 2007; upgrade, with two new ticket halls, entrances and public realm The King’s Cross-St Pancras London Underground station improvements, will be completed by 2007; upgrade, with two new ticket halls, entrances and public realm > P&O Developments have started the redevelopment of the four improvements, will be completed by 2007; blocks immediately to the of King’s Cross referred P&O Developments have started theeast redevelopment of the Station, four to as ‘Regent’s Quarter’. The development should be complete blocks immediately to the east of King’s Cross Station, referred by 2007;Quarter’. The development should be complete to as ‘Regent’s >by 2007; The restoration of St Pancras Chambers, with proposals for hotel The restoration of St Pancras proposals hotel works. and residential uses, Chambers, by 2007-8,with alongside theforCTRL and residential uses, are by 2007-8, the CTRL works. 2004; Applications likely toalongside be submitted in Spring Applications are likely to be submitted in Spring 2004;
>
The development is currently referred to as ‘King's Cross Central’ and it is likely to take place over the period 2007-2018. Initial applications are expected in early 2004;
4
6
11
Figure 3: An aerial view of the illustrative KXC masterplan.
12 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
2 EXISTING CONDITION
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
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MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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ADS 5 ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
BACKGROUND
This submission for R5 North comprises the North, West and East Blocks of Plot R5. The North Block ranges from 8 to 16 storeys in height; the West Block is 8 storeys; and the East Block is 2 storeys (all including ground floors). When complete, the four buildings making up R5 North and R5 South will be linked at ground floor level to create a complete urban block footprint. The accommodation within R5 North comprises: • 63 GNSR residential apartments, including 21 larger three bed units, at levels 1 to 7 of the North Block; • 40 Shared Ownership residential apartments at levels 8 to 15 of the North Block; • 40 Extra Care residential apartments with associated communal facilities at levels 1 to 7 of the West Block; • 1 Open Market apartment at level 1 of the East Block; • 5 Commercial units at ground floor (capable of sub-division) totalling 675sqm and providing for a variety of use classes • Associated amenity, plant, refuse and cycle storage
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CUB
ITT
PAR
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CUB
ITT
PAS
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MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
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EAST LANE GARDEN
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
DESIGN SUMMARY
Site
Lower: Site plan for Kings Cross R5 by Maccreanor Lavington
Kings Cross R5
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
Plot R5 is located in Development Zone R, which sits on the northeastern edge of the broader KXC masterplan. R5 North will form an interface with the existing buildings on York Way and mark an important entry point into the site, with the masterplan’s primary green open space and north-south route (Cubitt Park) running along the western side of the West and North Blocks. R5 North is bound by very different environments on its four sides: • York Way, forming the northern boundary to the site, is an existing busy vehicular route • Cubitt Park and North Square: To the west of Plot R5, a succession of routes and spaces are proposed from north to south, namely, North Square, Cubitt Passage and Cubitt Park • East Street, forming the eastern edge to Plot R5, will be a new street within the KXC site. When complete, it will be a no through road for vehicles (with the exception of emergency vehicles), terminating just beyond R5 South where it meets the Zone R Garden.
Constructions Completed 2 no. disabled parking bays for residents and visitors
On-going Constructions
N
40
15
Figure 41: Plan showing temporary location of visitor parking bays to the West Block and the disabled bays along York Way
Fenman House
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Massing The plot has set out its own aims whilst designing the blocks Public Realm: Maintaining a clear hierarchy yet connections to the major streets and public spaces surrounding zone R
16
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
Built Form, Character and Identity: A relationship with the townscape that is not only visual - the height and form of the buildings - as well as functional - the nonobstruction of daylight to not only the apartments but also the streets Residential Environment: Creating communal spaces that are liveable for the residents among the blocks themselves. Internally, the overall massing accommodates the provision of outdoor spaces from cut-outs, compensating such with the heightened towers that reach the allowed maximum heights, and creating openings towards the South so natural daylight could reach the courtyard.
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1.3
1.3
Massing Massing and Townscape and Townscape The Outline The Permission Planningand Permission associated associated Plans Parameter Plans 16 storey Helping to create a continuous strong facade alongPlanning the Outline Taller elementsand areParameter carefully positioned to look past each perimeter of the R-Zone. other and the other local tall buildings.
ROYAL COLLEGE OF ART
Scheme Scheme Description Description
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
tower 16 storey is positioned tower ison positioned North onBlock, the witha pair aBlock, further with a further The size of The massing of the the North Block of R5 North forms on York Way withelement R4, the location the tallon element a described indescribed Section 1.1inarticulate Section 1.1 thearticulate concept of thea concept consistent of aand consistent courtyard to 16 and storey tower 16 storey element tower envisaged on envisaged theofSouth Block the setting South whenupBlock this when this regular rhythm of tall elements along York Way. legible public legible face to public the edge face of to the Development edge of the Development Zones, with Zones, a with a is brought forward is brought in due forward course. in due Thecourse. tall element The tall on the element Northon the for North housing. Figure 8: Diagrams showing how the R5 massing works with the local massing and townscape theless rigid less rigidof approach internal approach to each internal Zone.toThe each design Zone.for The R5design North for R5Block Northis positioned corners, ope Block isoff-centre positionedtowards off-centre the towards north-eastern the north-eastern corner, corner, KXC masterplan, R5 is shown front centre. respects these respects parameters these along parameters its twoalong edges itsfacing two edges York Way facing York Way places which which it centrally places between it centrally S5 between (which isS5 permitted (which isuppermitted to family up to of thr and Cubitt Park, and Cubitt while Park, at thewhile sameattime the reacting same time to the reacting likelyto the alikely a maximum a height maximum of 84m height AOD),ofand 84mthe AOD), 16 storey and the element 16 storey of R4 element(all of linked R4 geometry and geometry massingand of its massing neighbours, of its neighbours, in particularinBuildings particular Buildings (74m AOD). This (74msets AOD). up This a cluster sets of uptall a cluster buildings of tall along buildings York Way along York program. Way R2, R4 (both R2, approved), R4 (bothR3 approved), and S5. R3 and S5. and providesand theprovides North Block the tower North with Blocka tower bright,with southerly a bright, aspect southerly aspect A smaller 2 overlooking overlooking the R5 courtyard. the R5 courtyard. The maximum The allowable maximum height allowable of development height of development for Plot R5 is for set Plot out R5 is set out courtyard, in Parameterin Plan Parameter KXC014.Plan This KXC014. plan permits This plan a maximum permits height a maximum of height of The shoulder The level shoulder of 12 storeys level ofestablished 12 storeys established by R2 and R4 bysteps R2 and R4asteps deliberate 78.5m AOD in78.5m the north AOD of inthe theR5 north site,ofreducing the R5 site, to 77.0m reducing AODtoin77.0m the AODdown in theto 8 storeys down to on8the storeys Northonand theWest North Blocks and West of R5,Blocks offering of R5, offering street. south. The proposed south. The heights proposed for R5 heights Northfor areR5 below North these are below levels thesealevels more modest a more but urban modestscale but urban to Cubitt scale Park. to Cubitt The heights Park. The on R5 heights on R5 A colonnade with the tallest with element, the tallest the element, 16 storeythe North 16 storey Block North tower, Block at 77.9m tower, at North 77.9m were North carefully were considered carefully in considered order thatinthe order tall that elements the tall elements between the AOD and theAOD West and Block theat West 54.1m Block AOD. at 54.1m AOD. are perceived are as perceived “towers” as and“towers” the lower and elements the loweraselements “urban as “urban floor is acti blocks”, withblocks”, the tower with having the tower morehaving of an object more character of an object and character the and the The emerging The buildings emerging within buildings Development within Development Zone R haveZone tended R have tended units and a shoulders being shoulders part ofbeing a perimeter part of3)block aTowers perimeter context. block context. R5 Footprint is extruded to a 30m to incorporate 1) East facade 2) Cuts introduced to allow introduced to relate to to a incorporate variety of forms, a variety typically of forms, with typically a lowerwith shoulder a lower shoulder an urban bl A courtyard formed by a a pair on York cut away to allow light into additional light into the courtyard and surrounding building heights and The massing ofdatum. the North Block-of R5 forms and level of taller a series elements of taller positioned elementson positioned each building. on each With the location With for the the location towerfor element the tower on long R5 element North on identified, R5 North the identified, façade: the An ‘o perimeter block 16m - does not level theand courtyard and adjacent reducebuilding. overlooking. facilitate views. Way with R4, the location of of the tall element setting upaa series allow sufficient light into the central R4 plot. Thissize is exemplified This is is by exemplified the approved the Building approved R4 Building and thecreate R4 current public spac remaining volume remaining was volume developed wastodeveloped optimise indoor to optimise and outdoor indoor and outdoor of Plot TheR5 size of such Plot that R5 by itisrequires such thata itcut requires out to acurrent cutand out a the to create a storey is positioned tower is onpositioned the North on Block, the North with aBlock, further with a The further regular rhythm of tall elements along York Way. space. proposals forone proposals R5side, North. for R5 taller North. elements The taller areelements carefully are placed carefully into the bloc spaces spaces foruse. residential use. courtyard to courtyard leaving to The one a side, reasonable leaving adepth reasonable ‘C’ shape depth block ‘C’ shapeplaced block for residential element storey tower envisaged element onenvisaged the South on Block the when Souththis Block when this Figure 9: The stages of design development for R5 Building as a whole. to respect proximity, to maximize proximity, maximize and aspect reinforce and key reinforce views key views uses are de housing. Cuts forrespect housing. are made Cuts through areaspect made the remaining through the ‘C’remaining shape at the ‘C’ shape at the ard brought in due forward course. in due The course. tall element Theon tallthe element North on thefor North and public spaces and public at ground spaces level. atthe ground In thesunlight level. casetoof In R5 thedefining North, case ofthe R5 North, thea corners, opening corners, up the opening courtyard up to more courtyard more and sunlight aand defining ned ck is off-centre positioned towards off-centre the north-eastern towards the north-eastern corner, corner, family family majorofbuildings; three major thebuildings; North, South the and North, West South Blocks and West Blocks ich centrally placesbetween it centrally S5 (which between is S5 permitted (which up is permitted to up toof three (alloflinked (all linked floor), at ground each containing floor), each a different containing part a different of R5’s part of R5’s maximum ght of 84mheight AOD),of and 84m theAOD), 16 storey and the element 16 storey of R4element R4 at ground program. program. m sets AOD). up aThis cluster setsofuptall a cluster buildings of tall along buildings York Way along York Way edNorth provides Block thetower Northwith Block a bright, tower with southerly a bright, aspect southerly aspect A smaller 2 storey A smaller East 2Block storey is East placed Block on the is placed eastern onside the of eastern the side of the erlooking R5 courtyard. the R5 courtyard. courtyard, activating courtyard, theactivating frontage the to East frontage Streettoand Eastproviding Street and providing a steps deliberate a contrast deliberate in scale contrast within in scale the smaller within space the smaller of thisspace of this vel e shoulder of 12 storeys level of established 12 storeysby established R2 and R4by steps R2 and R4 wn ys on to 8 the storeys North on and the West North Blocks and of West R5,Blocks offering of R5, offering street. street. more but urban modest scale butto urban Cubitt scale Park. toThe Cubitt heights Park.on The R5heights on R5 A colonnade isAwrapped colonnade internally is wrapped around internally the courtyard around the to mediate courtyard to mediate efully rth were considered carefullyinconsidered order that in theorder tall elements that the tall elements between the human between and the building human scales. and building Streetscales. frontage Street at ground frontage at ground easperceived “towers” and as “towers” the lower andelements the lower as elements “urban as “urban floor is activated floorall is around activated theallblock around by the entrances, block by commercial entrances, commercial cks”, towerwith having the tower more of having an object morecharacter of an object andcharacter the and the units and a special units and façade a special treatment. façade The treatment. identity of The R5identity North as of R5 North as oulders part of being a perimeter part ofblock a perimeter context.block context. an urban block an is urban articulated block isbyarticulated the use of by twothe different use of two types different of types of façade: façade: face’ An wrapping ‘outside face’ around wrapping the block around addressing the block alladdressing all nthfor thethe location tower element for the tower on R5element North identified, on R5 North theidentified, the An ‘outside o allow 3) Towers - introduced to relate4)toThe East Block 4) The - added East Block to provide - added to provide 5) Courtyard Garden 5) Courtyard - a canopy Garden - a canopy 6) Street frontage 6) Street - animates frontage the- animates the public spaces, public and aspaces, lighter type and aoflighter façadetype to all ofelevations façade to all facing elevations facing me maining was developed volume was to developed optimise indoor to optimise and outdoor indoor and outdoor he courtyard and surrounding building heights and a deliberate contrast a deliberate in scale contrast and ain scale and a introduces a human introduces scalea to human the scale to the plot’s plinth. plot’s plinth. aces entialfor use. residential use. into the block. into This the treatment block. This andtreatment the arrangement and the arrangement of ground floor of ground floor facilitate long views. human moment. human moment. space. space. uses are described uses are in more described detailinlater more in detail this section. later in this section.
ription
n - a canopy scale to the
Floorplan and Configuration of Uses As stated previously, the various residential tenures are distributed The proposals for R5 North provide a total of 14,237sqm (GEA, across the three blocks, with GNSR and Shared Ownership being excluding plant, refuse and infrastructure elements as per Table located in the North Block between 1st to 7th floors and 8th to 15th 1 and Annex B of the Outline Planning Permission) of mainly floors, respectively. The Extra Care facility is accommodated at residential accommodation. Overall, 144 units are proposed, of 1st to 7th floor level of the West Block, whilst a single Open Market which 21 are family sized 3 bedroomed units. As stated above, unit occupies the 1st floor of the East Block. The arrangement of the blocks also provide 5 commercial units at street level as these tenures is illustrated in Figure 12 below and is described well as extensive communal areas, amenity space and servicing infacades further detail in relation to the building entrances, cores and facilities, as shown in Figure 10. describes ‘Internal’ and 7)‘External’ ‘Internal’ and ‘External’ facades 6) Street frontage 6) Street - animates frontage the - animates the The following7)section amenity spaces in the following pages. the configuration of these uses, their relationship to each other plot’s plinth. plot’s plinth. and the public ream.
Site boundary
King’s Cross Central King’s Cross UrbanCentral Design Urban ReportDesign R5 North Report 15 R5 North 15
Listed buildings Commercial unit Residential entrance Communal courtyard with openings to street Commercial street frontage Commercial unit with street frontage Residential entrance
Brown roof
Shared Ownership Tenure
Communal terrace
tion of entrances for the various Private terrace Figure 12: Diagrams indicating the distribution of tenures and amenity spaces throughout R5 North
ute
Cubitt Park Residential entrance Commercial unit Commercial street frontage Major vehicular route
Social Rent Tenure
17
Green roof Extra Care Tenure
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Programme
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
The facades of the development are designed as a continuous streetscape facing the major traffic - two main streets North and East of the property, and becoming the backdrop of the green space in the West. The proposals for R5 North provide a total of 14,237sqm of mainly residential accommodation. Overall, 144 units are proposed, of which 21 are family sized 3 bedroomed units.
1.3 Scheme Description
The various residential tenures are distributed across the three blocks, with GNSR and Shared Ownership being located in the North Block between 1st to 7th floors and 8th to 15th floors, respectively. The Extra Care facility is accommodated at 1st to Courtyard 7th floor level of the West A central courtyard of approximately 560sqm ope Block, whilst a single Open main residential entrances to the North and We Market unit occupies the courtyard will provide private amenity space fo 1st floor ofisthe East Block. although it anticipated that the GNSR tenants are
primary users due to the availability of other am
18
Terraces are located onCare residents. This Shared Ownership and Extra the heart the proposals, being surrounding on the 1st offloor and 8th component blocksaccessible of R5, and is intended be the floor, providing residents can meet and outdoor spaces - interact the in a safe, peacef The space will also specifically provide for ‘unde courtyard flanked by the play. building blocks are situated Allprovide blocks will overlook the space, although additio to communal living be all created by the location of the cycle stores at gro for the residents as well North Block and theentrance. openings in the eastern colon as better sunlight
provide glimpses out onto East Street (and vice ver
Figure 16: Illustrative sketch of one of the 1st floor roof terraces
The design of the courtyard will include a colon perimeter providing a unifying element and hum larger residential blocks. The colonnade will b structure; the thin leading edges and cross-m colonnade construction contrasting with the heavy surrounding buildings. The underside of the colonn
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Area schedule with gross internal floor area of each floor.
Residential (including circulation spaces)
Alternative Uses
Offices
Utility Elements
Total
Ground
223
599
76
746
1644
1
1493
1493
2
1413
1413
3
1413
1413
4
1413
1413
5
1413
1413
6
1413
1413
7
1413
1413
8
421
421
9
421
421
10
421
421
11
421
421
12
421
421
13
421
421
14
421
421
15
421
421
MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
Floor
14,983
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
DRAWINGS
Ground Floor
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First Floor
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2nd - 7th Floors
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8th - 15th Floors
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“Kings Cross R5 North” will be the focus of this research and exploration.
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MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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26 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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Flats Layout of rooms at different types of unit remain similar and typical - bathrooms for the elderly homes are accessible and hence occupy a larger area.
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All rooms are provided with full-height bay windows whilst balconies are provided only to rooms facing inwards and Southwards to the courtyard.
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In the North Block over 67 of the 103 units are dual aspect, together with the position of the core it was aimed to maximise apartments between North and West block overlooking each other. Usable balconies have a minimum area of 4.7 sqm, provided to 35 units.
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
MATERIAL STUDIES The two main specific materials that Kings Cross R5 comprises of are concrete and bricks - concrete solely for the load-bearing structure and brick as the enveloping material. We should understand these two materials in all perspectives before suggesting any substituting proposal that would produce any change.
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CONCRETE Composition Raw materials for concrete are available cheaply and in abundance for most places around the globe, hence used so widely and extensively disregarding geographical distinctions. Concrete is formed by mixing the aggregates with water and the binding agent that is cement, the process known as hydration.
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Viable aggregate can include gravel, crushed stone, sand, slag or geosynthetic aggregates - this makes up 60-80% of the the concrete mix. Cement on the other hand is a chemical combination of calcium, silicon, alluminium, iron and etc.
Sand and gravel quarry, both material, one coarse and one fine suit different types of concrete mix.
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Strength Concrete is popular not just because of available material compositions, but also ts performance. It is plastic and malleable when newly mixed - giving possibility to create fluid forms that any possible formwork can be created - and it is strong and durable when hardened. The other most noteable quality it has is sharing the same thermal expansion properties with steel, which makes reinforced concrete a far stronger and flexible material than on its own - handling both compression and tension forces well as one unified, monolithic material that is joined by pouring.
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Meiso no Mori Funeral Hall, Toyo Ito, 2009, utilises reinforced concrete’s bespoke qualities to create a form that is complicated to produce and assemble otherwise.
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Embodied Carbon: Production and Transportation
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In the overall production of concrete, the making of cement itself is energy intensive and therefore contribute heavily to its carbon footprint. To manufacture portland cement, the most common type of cement, raw material principally of limestone, clay, slate and others are quarried and crushed, then put into a cement kiln. The material is heated at 2, 700 degrees Fahrenheit, and the amount fuel that the burning would take forms the major carbon footprint.The mixing of aggregates, cement and water can take place off-site or on-site; whilst transportation of concrete can account for carbon footprint, over 95% of UK’s concrete is produced within UK, with an average 12 km delivery distance from concrete mixing to construction site.
Possible Reduction in Carbon Emission One argument to the high carbon factor of concrete calls for accounting its durability - that it being low-maintenance and long-lasting means reduction in overall production of new material to replace them. Regarding fuel consumption to fire them, concrete industries suggests that the use of biofuel or renewable energy could reduce its carbon footprint; whilst adding Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag or fly ash could make up to 15-30% of the cement, reducing abiut 35% of carbon emission - that is yet confined by weight, cost and availability, making these substitution still uncommon to implement with few examples.
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Cement industries: Material grinding and burning sites in UK
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Precast floor element made of slag / fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, cementfree, in Queensland’s University GCI Building, 2013
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BRICK Composition
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Bricks are often clay-based, being a type of fine-grained natural soil, mixed with water to form wet clay. The mixture then is pressed into a mould - therefore enabling unique though most of the time regular, shapes - sent to the kiln to burn, in order for them to dry and harden. Bricks could be categorised into facing bricks or engineering bricks. The former used mainly for external aesthetics, being weather resistant, they could be mouled differently to achieve certain textures; the latter have a higher compressive strength and is used structurally such as groundworks, manholes and retaining walls.
Facing bricks: Extruded and wirecut with machines
Facing bricks: Soft mud bricks with hand-made processes
Engineering bricks: Clay-based or mixed with other materials
Strength
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Bricks are formed with clay - the most abundant material possibly on Earth. They are often associated with vernaculars because of how primitive it could be made with hands in the lack of machines. A local circular economy could be one upside to using bricks most sustainably. Bricks have a high compressive strength, they were used as structural load-bearing walls before the popularity of concrete that deferred them into mainly an enveloping material.They are durable under harsh weather carrying rainwater stains and dirts. Chosen as an enveloping material, they often aim to “echo” a certain history in a literal sense; but practically the mortar joined brick envelope also reduces the need for complex secondary fixtures and hence simplifying the process.
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Tate Modern, Adaptation of the Turbine Hall and the new extension: Bricks are used almost reminiscently to evoke historical reference, only as a cladding material - hinted by the punctured joints
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Embodied Carbon: Production and Transportation
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The main carbon footprint that clay bricks posess lie within their production process. The brick kilns to burn the wet clay usually involve the use of fossil fuels, or other forms of energy - this is particularly true when producing engineering bricks that have to undergo excessive heat to have a stronger compressive strength. Specially moulded bricks at specific conenctions or angles means a brand new formwork is needed; or rather bricks would have to be cut and hence becoming unnecessary waste. Below: The Interlock: bespoke facade of twisting bricks compromising 5000 special bricks of 44 different types
Despite being a common material, brick demands in UK are particulalrly high that lcoal sourcing and production cannot fulfill - in 2017 of the 2.4 billion bricks 20% have to be imported, adding to embodied carbon in transportation.
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Possible Reduction in Carbon Emission Bricks in ancient times were sun-dried to harden and strengthen, now replaced by machinery burning to accelerate the process - the efficiency of such is maximised by a monitoring system that effectively dry the bricks minimising excessive heat.
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Newport Street Gallery: 6000 special bricks were handmade or standard machine made; and blended with vast variety of bricks to match the existing building
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Shapes of tunnel kilns were made more efficient; natural gas to fuel the firing; and modes of retrieving waste heat were investigated to reduce the carbon footprint of the burning process. Later material such as the use of sand lime bricks could also reduce the amount of mortar needed to form joints. Local brick material sourcing should also be conducted to minimise transport especially viable in small scale productions.
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2.4 General 4: Adjacent Development and Townscape General 7: Reinforcement of Street Hierarchy
and/or scale of façade elements.
In contrast to the buildings with a longer history in the surrounding neighbourhood General Guideline 7: - bricks were deployed structurally in the external wall; whereas the King Cross R5 mobilises the bricks onlydetailed as a cladding layer, along otherreinforces “delicate”the materials How the design of buildings street including the glazed for ceramic panels and the concrete hierarchy, through, example, location of precast entrances. ledges which adorn the building.
2.10
Entrances are centrally located within both the West an Blocks, their treatment contrasting with the shopfronts w either side to highlight their presence in the street scen strong, colourful residential entrance to the North Blo positively address the street by creating a front door on Way and alongside ground floor commercial uses, will e the diversity of uses along this route. As a result, York W benefit from 24 hour activity and begin to feel like a ‘mai rather than simply a traffic artery. Similarly, the entranc West Block on Cubitt Park will establish this space as an ‘a alongside other emerging buildings which will overlook t
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General Guideline 4: refers back to the historical The materials of the facade buildings of medium sized workshops and warehouses in the How the detailed design of the building responds to adjacent vicinity and their choices are mainly aesthetic, besides the development and its townscape qualities, through, for weathering properties of bricks.Lighter bricks in the inward example, setbacks, choice of materials, and arrangement facing facade supposedly reflect more light into the courtyard.
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Envelope Detail
The three proposed blocks are designed to form a ‘family similar approach to order and scale, but with varied deta those facades which present themselves onto the public and those which face into the communal spaces. In this treatment of the facades is a direct reflection of the hi of spaces onto which they face. This is most pronounced ‘internal’ facades which are much simpler in articulation of materials than those facing the public realm, building traditional architectural language of buildings and blocks Clarity and Simplicity fronts and backs. Further detail on the treatment of these The has been to strive for a clarity and simpli is setintention out in Section 1.3 and our response to Design Guid planning the building which reflects itself in a rati in Section of 2.10 based facade. Space planning, appearance, structure, There are also subtleties in the ‘external’ facade design b and performance become intrinsically linked with the the different public spaces. For example, the York Way there is an honest and inherent quality and legibility to th is the most rigid and ordered of the facades, whilst the The bays are clearly defined through the regularly spac to Cubitt Park is more informal in its ordering with vary and horizontal projections. The typical details are k widths and window sizes reflecting the internal progra and crisp, whilst providing depth to the facades. For ex communal and private spaces. typical window is deep set from the line of the brickwo Special treatments areare employed element jambs offacade the window frame detailed on in key aluminium building mark out a change form the or an important ord jun thinnest to possible profile. It isinfrom considered the public realm. For example, on the north facade of th proportioning of elements, and the texture and pattern o Block, verticality of theistower element is highlight that thethe building’s richness derived. deviation from the regular order through the application of Repetition and below Difference tone of ceramic the windows and through the omi the horizontal pre-cast concrete spandrel at every other le The facades of each block are carefully ordered, wi consideration given to those facing onto the commu (‘internal facades’) and those looking out over the pu (‘external facades’). The composition of elements and arc language is deliberately repetitive but with subtle va detailing and materiality to reflect the orientation an functions of the buildings.
General 12: Quality and Attention to Detail General Guideline 12:
In a residential building of this scale and complexity, certain governing principles were established to help maintain the original design aspirations and to contribute to the realisation of a coherent group of buildings. The same rationale has been applied to each of the blocks making up R5 North, and the emerging scheme for R5 South, with both being considered side by side as the design has progressed. The principles that have informed the proposed design and choice of material detailing is set out below alongside an explanation of their application. Further details can also be found in our responses to General Guidelines 1, 2 and 7 in Sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4, respectively. Figure 55 (left and above): Illustrative view of R5 North from East Street showing the contrasting treatments of the external and internal facades and example (above) of typical Clerkenwell warehouse building
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How the detailed design of the building maintains quality and attention to function and detail on all elevations.
‘External’ Facades
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The external facades are richly detailed, rigorously or highly articulated brick facades. They are articulated regular rhythm of vertical brick piers projecting from t with a series of horizontal pre-cast concrete spandrels lines of the floors that project forward in line with the pie each bay created by these features, further articulation i by a profiled glazed ceramic panel above and below eac that provides a level of detailing that can be appreciat moves closer to the building. These panels also serve a purpose by concealing the ventilation systems into the fl
The ground floor facade is unified through the use of finel specially designed, pre-cast concrete elements which projecting frame around each bay to provide emphasis to and shopfront. The profile of this frame is carefully co
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
ANALYSIS
STRUCTURE The building structure is entirely composed of a concrete frame that would be cladded with bricks as an outermost weathering layer. The choice of the mode of construction and structural materials have not been mentioned or discussed in the report - but mostly concern labour and material costs, as well as time of construction.
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The mid-rise typology that the building is maintained at 15 storeys reduces the urge of employing a steel frame construction that is applied more widely at higher rise buildings with its lower dead load.
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Loadbearing
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- Stud walls in between concrete piers - Pre-installed concrete ledges to carry bricks
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The outward facing facade is cladded with a darker colour of bricks, whilst surfaces built up of metal C-sections provide the interfaces for brick claddings where there are no concrete structures. Bricks are fixed by extensions from the edge of the slabs, as well as the precast ledge every two floors.
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Ceramic spandrel panels are installed which also covers the insulation layer.
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The inward facing facade is installed with full height openable windows, as insulation is installed behind the brick claddings that were extended from the edge of the slab. The wall buildup consists of the outermost layer of brick, behind such is a cavity followed by insulation touching the external face of the structure.
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Ventilation ducts go through the ceilings and release through the outlet at the edge of the envelopes behind the bricks.
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PLANS
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1:200 GF - 7F Floor Plan - Existing Conditions
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1:200 8F - 15F Floor Plan - Existing Conditions
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SECTION DETAILS
1 Dark facing bricks 2 Precast concrete ledge
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3 Glazed ceramic panel 4 Brick parapet 5 EPS (assumed) Insulation 6 235 mm Concrete Slab 7 Plasterboard 8 Plywood Flooring 9 70 mm EPS Insulation
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EMBODIED CARBON ANALYSIS MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M3
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E/M3
Aluminium Sheet (Powder Coated)
Envelope
174.0
3,356,634
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
1.6
27,011
Concrete Blocks
Partitions
2275.0
737,100
Reinforced Concrete
Superstructure 3092.4
2,065,456
Clay Bricks
Envelope
226.7
124,850
EPS Insulation
Envelope
415.0
40,255
Flat Glass
Envelope
49.4
178,125
Plasterboard
Fit Out
381.0
99,822
Vapour Barrier
Envelope
11.1
918.81
Cermic Tiles
Envelope
15.4
16,170
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TOTAL
7,368,237
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COST ANALYSIS
ELEMENT
AMOUNT
COST
Clay Bricks
Envelope
3,270 m2
£ 196,200
Concrete Floors
Superstructure
8,750 m2
£ 1,137,500
Concrete Walls
Superstructure
3,302 m2
£ 660,400
Concrete Blocks
Partitions
5,000 m2
£ 375,000
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
2 m3
£ 4,000
Plasterboard
Fit Out
19,050 m2
£ 381,000
Reynaers Windows and Glazing
Envelope
1333 m2
£ 333,125
EPS Insulation
Envelope
5,190 m2
£ 51,900
TOTAL (AS CALCULATED) TOTAL COST OF TOTAL SCHEME (ONLINE) TOTAL COST OF SELECTED AREA (ONLINE)
£ 3,406,625 £ 26,000,000 £ 18,117,315
PERCENTAGE OF PRICE THAT WILL CHANGE
18.8 %
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MATERIAL
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2.0 EXISTING CONDITION
OPERATIONAL CARBON
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OVERVIEW
Passive Design
- Thermal performance of the envelope - Natural lighting
Internal Building Systems
- Heat Interface Unit - Mechanical ventilation - Intelligent lighting system - Sanitary ware and appliances - Building Management System
Landscape
- Sustainable drainage system - Ecology - Material recycling - Excavation and re-use of top soil
Wider Site Systems
- Low-carbon district energy system - Site-wide drainage infrastructure
Construction
- CO2 Monitor, report and set targets for
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• • •
materials productions off-site; transportation to site; and construction on site
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KINGS CROSS CE ENTRAL R5 NOR RTH ENVIRON NMENTAL SU USTAINABILIT TY PLAN
KINGS CROSS CE ENTRAL R5 NOR RTH ENVIRON NMENTAL SU USTAINABILIT TY PLAN
PASSIVE C DESIGN Colour:
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Thermal:
Neutral 0.7 (min n)
V Visible light transmission t n (LT Factor) :
The external envelope can significantly reduce energy demand - the need to address thermal comfort issues innsmittance Summer whilst(G minimising the use of mechanical cooling. T Thermal tran G-Value): 0.40
(max)
The building fabric performance will exceed the requirements of Part L of the
lding constr ruction proce ess shall inccorporate ro obust details s as de The buiRegulations Building 2010. ment (BRE) in order to e ensure building air tightness for Researcch Establishm The appli insulation the envelope the building is of high performance, an ed of pressure e of of50pa orr less. These ant imp e figuresmainly are ofatheir significa build-up in terms of the use of insulation and air-tightness. 3 2 Fig 2: Orien ntation of R5 North h overlaid on a dia agram showing thee sun paths uirement of 1 10 m /hr/m at a an applied d pressu Regulation Part L minimum requ ding energy consumption n by improving the air tig ghtness in reducing the build 3.1.3 Build ding Envelope, specific cation and th hermal perfo ormance Lighting:w will reduce the e energy required to heatt the spaces. result, ernal envelope can act as a an importtant climatic modifier. A well-designeed external envelope The exte Daylight factorred that the filtration oftosunlight apartments, that isin summer, can sign nificantly duceencourages energy demand. Th ermal comforrt issues he need addressinto the while miinimising e use ofform mec chanical oling, has opening ha ad a strong influence the uppon the design of R5 assisted by thethe building with thecoo courtyard that exposes blocks. North. Pass sive solar de esign 3.1.4
p in terms off the specifie ed glazing sttandard and insulation le evels will The building fabric performance mportant visionments of of na atural htingRegu islations an i2010 onsideration The prov tthe requirem Partt L ofdayligh the Bu uilding w with low U-va alues in will pass . Materialsco exceed be speci ified to ensur re that infiltra ation rates al lso exceed th he requireme ents of Part L L. design tteam have made a conscious effo ort to optimise daylight penetr
commen t osed the high den nsity environm the(2010 co0)nstraints imp posed b Elemen nt nsurate with Propo constru uction Bu uilding ment, Regu ulation 2 2 U ent Valu ueplots (W/m K) Valueation (W/m K)of the different adjoining g developme and d the Uorienta d bloc cks of R KXC sch heme. Co ommercial Residentia ial Externa al Wall
0.26
0.3 35
0.30
Roof 0.18 0.2 25 0.20 day ates the reco ommended d dwelling ylight factors from th Table 2 below indica Expose ed floor 0.22 0.2 25 0.25 and Sunlig to Good P ractice 1”, which is also re Daylight Glazing g 1.8ht:(including ( A Guide w window 2.2 2 2.0 1991 frame) ) able Homes – Technical guide g 2008” Sustaina Table 1: C Comparison of proposed p and cu urrent Building R Regulation U-Va alues
Area
R Recommend ded Dayligh ht Factor (DF F)
Bedroo om
1 1%
olar gains in nto the aparrtments but maintain a high level of o natural In orderr to reduce unwanted so Kitchen 2 high 2% h perform mance double glazing will be used oon all facades. The lighting andn energy efficiency, w will R have the following1.5% glazing Living Room 1characteristics :
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JANUARY Y 2011/DM/0511 1131 ENVIROM MENTAL SUSTA AINABILITY PLA AN
Pag ge 8 of 41
Table 2: S Summary of dwe elling recommen nded daylight faactor from Code for sustainable homes
The perfformance of the key habitable spacess within the apartments a have h be year usin ng a dynamiic modelling software pa ckage to ens sure that, as s extern winter to o summer, the quality of daylight w within the spa aces remains consi calculate ed daylighting levels com mply with the e standards in the BRE guidance
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Glazing
Reynaers aluminium window systems were used. These solutions address the challenges and optimised thermal ratings. They meet the latest insulation requirements (at the time of design), being a thermally improved, three chamber energy-efficient system. The thermal breaks - sandwiched between each frame’s interior and exterior - is made from polyamide which prevents heat loss through the frame. This was chosen in order to match Camden Council’s goal to enhance and improve standards of affordable living for King’s Cross residents.
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Thermal insulation properties for King’s Cross R5 were considered to be a “crucial considetation”. All residences connect to the district heating network for high insulation and ventilation, and the window systems installed helped enhance this.
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INTERNAL BUILDING SYSTEMS Heat Interface Unit:
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Retrieving heat energy as well as utilsing the energy through a control system - to provide for hot water and heating to apartments. Mechanical Ventilation: Integrated with heat recovery - preheating the incoming air with exhaust air that is warm; an automatic system that responses to internal humidity - a slim duct system would direct air indoors from the ceiling, outwards to the grilles in the facade. Lighting: Energy efficient lighting - low energy, high efficiency compact fluorescent light fittings; lighting control system with intelligent dimming that would respond to lighting necessity. Sanitary ware and appliances: Hardwares that utilises water usage in households; irrigation water to be utilised.
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Building management system (BMS): Automatic control system and monitoring operation that records and controls the building services to operate at maximum efficiency.
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1.6
Environmental Performance and Eco 1.6
The proposals cases exceedi the KXC Outlin A combination services and a that will return Building Regu The proposals cases exceedi In developing the KXC Outlin on the minimu A combination Permission to services and a equivalent to that will return (CfSH), or a ‘ Building Regu assessment ha which shows In developing 4 As onrating. the minimu apartments an Permission to pre-assessmen equivalent to resulting (CfSH), orinaa ‘p assessment ha Outlined below which shows part of the R5 4 rating. As • High build apartments an u-values th pre-assessmen resulting in a p • Passive so shading (e Outlined below partofofthe thebuild R5
Environmental Performance and Eco LANSCAPE Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS):
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Green and brown roof as well as the internal courtyard would attenuate slightly to the peak surface runoff by detaining rainfall through retention and infiltration and by encouraging evapotranspiration in warmer days. Ecology: Provision of brown/ green roof accommodates wildlife habitats that are undisturbed by the residents. Recycled materials: The brown roof uses crushed masonry and spoil that is planted with wild grasses that slightly mobilises upcycling.
•
Connectio High build hot waterth a u-values
•
High speci Passive so shading (e Installation of the build to monitor Connectio High efficie hot water a integral he ventilation High speci
• • •
Top soil:
•
Possibility to re-employ the excavated soil that could be used as landscaping material from the construction site. Figure 45: Stony grassland roof (top) and semi intensive living roof (bottom).
•
Installation to monitor
•
High efficie integral he ventilation
Figure 45: Stony grassland roof (top) and semi intensive living roof (bottom).
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CARBON COPIES
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3.0 CARBON COPIES
INTRODUCTION
Following the analysis of the original structure, sustainability and cost analysis of the original structure, this report then begins to look at alternative structrual scenarios and their respecture wall build-ups to analyse the best carbon-copy lower carbon and lower cost response. Carbon Copy 1.
CLT Interior Structure with a Self Standing Stone Facade
Carbon Copy 2.
CLT Interior Structure with a Stone Veneer Facade
Carbon Copy 3.
Loadbearing Stone Structure
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3.0 CARBON COPIES
MATERIAL STUDIES TIMBER
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Sustainable timber is timber that has been harvested responsibly from well-managed forests that are continuously replenished and ensure that there is no damage to the surrounding environment. Trees also absorb carbon very rapidly while they are growing and absorb less as they age, so sustainably managed forests where timber is harvested and replaced can potentially be more of an effective carbon store than an undisturbed forest. Morevoer, timber is durable, and can be easily maintained, has warm aesthetic properties, is highly versatile, quick and simple to build with, great in earthquakes, is a good insulator, non-toxic and is a humidity regulator. The UK’s two main certification schemes – the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) – assure that all wood and wood-based products originate from sustainable sources. Therefore, as much as 90 per cent of timber used in the UK is certified at present.
FIRE REGULATIONS In a fire, the outer layer of mass timber will char in a predictable way that effectively self-extinguishes and shields the interior, allowing it to retain structural integrity for several hours in an intense fire – a big contrast with steel. However, the UK government has released details of its ban on combustible building materials in the wake of the Grenfell Tower tragedy, revealing that it will limit the use of cross-laminated timber in construction.
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The legislation states that no combustible materials will be permitted on the external walls of any new buildings taller than 18 metres. In the legislation, it specified timber as one of these materials.
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CLT PANELS Murray Grove is built in 2009, with the superstructure entirely in mass timber. The CLT panels for external and internal walls, floor slabs and shafts are all pre-fabricated with solid timber.
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Termed as “honeycomb” structure, lateral forces are taken by shear walls that are arranged perpendicularly.
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CLT panels are finished by plasterboards in complaince with fire regulations and also servicing needs
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Structural walls include the entire periphery of the plan and most of the walls containing the service core in the middle
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Murray Grove was the first to suggest building alternatively with CLT, where residential layouts are often regular and demand partitions already. Prefabricated wall panels can easily accommodate the spaces required whilst saving time on site with the assembly of dry elements.
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GLULAM BEAM AND COLUMN STRUCTURE Mjøstårnet is built in 2019 with a glulam frame structure - this is adopted mainly to accommodate the need for open office spaces at the top floors. It is 10 storeys taller than Murray’s Grove and hence adding technical difficulties in terms of taking up wind load. The frame is erected independently to the prefabricated floor slabs and envelope sandwhich panels, which are also installed at the same time to protect the exposed frame from weather.
The prefabricated casette floor panels include both finishes, service space and sound insulation; whilst wall panels are installed in the same fashioned then applied with finish
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The structural column grids accommodate both the residential and office space at different floors
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CLT cores are merely carrying their own weight rather that the dead loads of the building
The main load-bearing structures are the column and beam structures that are strengthened by the diagonal bracing at the building peripheries. At the uppermost 5 floors concrete slabs are used instead of the prefabricated panels of laminated veneer lumber to add weight against the wind.
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GLULAM BEAM AND COLUMN / PREFABRICATION Treet is a 14 storey building that uses the glulam frame of columns and beam to further accelerate the construction process carrying prefabricated modular units. The units are made of conventional timber frames and are stacked on top of each other - the load is taken by the frame every 5 floors. The frame is then finished externally with insulation infills and rainscreen cladding, as well as curtain walling panels.
Section showing the integration of multiple prefabricated layers - the external finishing, the structural frame and the modular unit
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Crane picking up the prefabricated CLT lift shaft
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Concrete slabs are used at 3 different levels when the load of the modules are transferred to the frame - adding weight to the frame but also taking copressive force - utlising its material properties. This construction methodology again aims at enhancing the delivery speed by involving even more elements for prefabrication - even though not the most material-saving. 73
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COMPARISON: GLULAM VS CLT Mass timber can be employed in various ways - CLT panels / glulam beams and columns. They are distinguished from the above examples by different needs of spaces; as well as different delivery criterias ie. time and cost. In King’s Cross R5 our consideration takes place mostly in 3 areas that would form the basis of choosing how to work with mass timber for the alternative of this residential building.
Comparing wall and floor buildup of Murray’s Grove (left) and Mjøstårnet (right) and their respective dimensions
1. EFFECTIVE CEILING HEIGHT In the example of Mjøstårnet, the beams alone are 600mm deep, yet such is justified by the service spaces provided in between for cooling and ventialtion that office spaces require. In residential developments the demand for servicing spaces would be less.
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The depth of members can influence hugely the dimensions of spaces such as floor to ceiling heights - with maximum building height stipulated this could contribute to a lot of design constraints in delivering room spaces.
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Internal constraints in Mjøstårnet the office spaces and a specific Treet flat occuring every 5 storeys.
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2. LAYOUTS: FLEXIBILITY VS CONSTRAINTS In the two examples of glulam beam and column structures lateral stability is provided by diagonal trusses that are contained internally. Flexibility in some spaces mean constraints in others - whilst open office plan can accommodate these structures in circulation spaces, residential flats might be harder to accommodate.
Comparing internal walls and floor buildup of Murray’s Grove (left) and Mjøstårnet (right) - CLT panels already act as partition walls
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3. MATERIAL USE In King’s Cross R5, the layouts for residential flats are regular and many partitions are needed - the use of CLT is more beneficial in terms of material spending where vertical load bearing structures takes the place of the stud walls as partitions, saving additonal secondary strcutures. Together with the floor to ceiling heights and regularity in rooms, CLT panel structure is hence adopted in our later proposals using CLT structures as walls and floors, instead of beam and columns - that is specific to this case study.
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EXPRESSION The use of CLT wall and floor panels can be detailed differently according to both preference and performance. In some cases CLT panels are exposed internally in the walls and the ceiling to utilise its visual effects. Yet these decisions need to be paired with the considerations for performance and other requirements such as serrvicing that require detailing.
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Barrett’s Grove (top left) exposes its CLT walls compared to other additional requirements as needed (below)
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The build-up of the wall depends heavily on use of spaces - where particular noises is known there would be need for additional sound insulation, amongst party walls and also ceilings. The location and detailing of these devices would influence the overall perception of the spaces.
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Servicing of pipes, electric cables and air ducts need to traverse both the vertical and horizontal elements. Depending on the desired expressions (exposed or concealed CLT), these hardwares are deployed differently - mainly by drilling out the timber or adding new layers on top of them.
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SERVICING
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Drawing of hollow floor slab to enable servicing CLT handbook from Swedish Wood:
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https://www.woodcampus. co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2019/05/SwedishWood-CLT-Handbook.pdf
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Connections
CLT handbook from Swedish Wood:
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https://www.woodcampus. co.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2019/05/SwedishWood-CLT-Handbook.pdf
floor to beam
Wall to wall
Wall to Floor
CONNECTIONS Connections of timber members can be done differently with various elements.
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The choices can be again based on the visual effect that wants to be delivered, as well as the secondary elements that need to go on top of them, the choice of connections is to assist these additons.
Load-bearing CLT
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Eliminating the external walls and all load-bearing CLT structures are internal, with options of for the external walls.
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Ideal direct replacement of CLT honeycomb structure loadbearing external walls and internal party walls
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Existing building concrete frame of blade columns
Structural stone cavity wall accounting for all vertical structural elements Load-bearing stone
FROM CLT TO STONE
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The proposal for alternatives instigated from an entirely timber solution, that is met with the ban of using combustible material like CLT for the external walls in buildings over 18 metres tall. The CLT is henced pushed back, and the external wall opened up with options to using stone differently. The main idea is to use stone like how Mjøstårnet used concrete slabs - to add weight and stabilise the building from the taking the lateral forces of the wind load.
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a) Self-standing stone tied back to main structure / Carries its own weght b) Stone cladding as rainscreen / Carried by studwalls and the primary structure c) Structural stone cavity walls / Carrying reversely the load of the building
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EXTERNAL ENVELOPE IN STONE The following proposals look into how stone can be most effectively incorporated with CLT structures to achieve a building alternative, options include:
Stone Studwall Load-bearing CLT
a)
b)
c)
A)
B)
C)
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The three options of using stone have each a different impact to overall material consumption and construction - weighing differently in benefits and drawbacks. For example in self-standing stone (A) internal structures of the building can be reduced, compared to stone cladding (B) which is carried by the building; yet amount of stone in (A) will far exceed the other option whilst CLT thickness increase would have less impact in embodied carbon than the increase in amount of stone used - also raising the cost.
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INTERNAL STRUCTURE IN STONE
Structural plan for stone cavity walls (C) accounting for all vertical primary element / compared to internal partition walls (red line)
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With all external walls being load-bearing stone cavity walls the internal structural walls are limited to the central corridor where CLT span between the maximum distance of 7 metres - reducing the amount of strcutural walls between flats.
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Option (C) is a result derived from the two previous options, where the amount of material of stone is most justified - not wasting the mass nor diminishing it, but making it load-bearing to the building. Internal partition walls would only have to fulfill the needs for sound insulation and dividing layouts, erected in timber studs; whilst stone cavity walls internally and externally add weight to and brace the building.
Two types of internal walls, load-bearing stone cavity walls with acoustic insulation and timber stud wall as partitions - thickness to be increased for party walls
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3.0 CARBON COPIES
MATERIAL STUDIES STONE
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Structure Dimension stone has been employed as a structural material for thousands of years, but its use has declined in recent times. The loss of traditional skills and the rise of tindustrialisation has led this material to be perceived as expensive to quarry, cut and transport, being seen in the eyes of many as suitable only for cladding or flooring. Yet when paired with a modern approach to structural analysis, design and detailing, and a rigorous statistical analysis of material strengths, stone can realise its potential as a material fit for the 21st century. Used more recently by Fernand Pouillon in southern France after the Second World War, the idea of stone construction method seems anti-modern and raises concerns of progressive collapse. The current and conventional alternative is complex: employ a steel or concrete frame superstructure, fire rate, insulate, water proof, fix stainless steel rails through the former back to the frame, tape and seal vapour barriers. Then fix stainless steel clamps to the back of stone cladding panels before carefully hanging them, with grout being unnecessary but commonplace, due to its allusion to the traditional load-bearing nature of blocks.
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Late 19th and early 20th century innovations in steel and concrete frames no longer required the visible masonry to be load-bearing, leaving it free to become a selfsupporting façade tied back to a frame, becoming thinner still and supported by shelves at all floor levels. These incremental innovations and requirements for better thermal, fire and waterproofing performance have gradually created an overly complex building system that has become normalised for buildings of all scales.
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Types of Stone
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Many types of stones are available such as basalt, marble, limestone, sandstone, quartzite, travertine, slate, gneiss, laterite, and granite which can be used as construction materials. The stones used for building construction should be hard, durable, tough, and should be free from weathered soft patches of material, cracks, and other defects that are responsible for the reduction of strength and durability. Stones for construction purposes are obtained by quarrying from solid massive rocks
Basalt Stone was chosen for all schemes due to its light red colour, which resembles the colour of brick. It was also chosen due to its strength, which allows for smaller thicknesses to be used to achieve structural stability.
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3.0 CARBON COPIES
PROPOSALS CARBON COPY 1 SELF STANDING STONE AND CLT The first investigation looked at developing the existing design to explore new (and more sustainable) materials, such as CLT, stud walls and stone. The first proposal aims to change the design to into a post and lintel self standing stone facade that would connect to an interior stud wall and CLT floor and wall structure. The facade structure here is separated from the interior structure, where each work stand on its own.
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Case Studies Baretts Grove - Groupwork This case study utilises self standing bricks where the double-stacked and openbond of brickwork shows that the envelope is not load bearing, but a screen enveloping the whole facade.
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21% IN PROJECT COST
115%
IN EMBODIED CARBON
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PLAN
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1:200 Floor Plan - Carbon Copy 1
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SECTION DETAILS
1
200 mm Basalt
2
20 mm Air Gap
3
100 mm Themal Insulation
4
Wall Ties
5
Stud Walls
6
Bracket Connections
7
12 mm Plasterboard
8
275 mm CLT Floors
9
50 mm Acoustic Insulation
10
15 mm Floor Boards
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10
6
4 9
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8
1 3
2 5 7
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90 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
4
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6
5
3
2
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Detail Floor Plan - Carbon Copy 1
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1
92 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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AXONOMETRIC
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IN PROJECT COST
IN EMBODIED CARBON
EMBODIED CARBON ANALYSIS MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M3
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E/M3
Aluminium Frame (Powder Coated)
Envelope
87.0
1,678,317
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
1.2
20,258
Cross Laminated Timber
Superstructure 3,561.5
- 2,995,179
Plywood
Fit Out
125.9
- 64,240
Thermacork Insulation
Envelope
519
- 44,634
Basalt
Envelope
520.8
98,438
Flat Glass
Envelope
74.2
176,153
Vapour Barrier
Envelope
11.1
919
TOTAL PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE 94
21%
115%
- 1,129,966 - 115.3 %
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COST ANALYSIS
ELEMENT
AMOUNT
COST
Aluminium
Envelope
4,480 kg
£ 336,000
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
1 m3
£ 3,000
Basalt
Superstructure
521 m3
£ 260,400
Thermacork Insulation
Envelope
5,190 m2
£ 103,800
CLT
Superstructure
3,561 m3
£ 890,363
Plywood
Fit Out
6,298 m2
£ 94,470
VELFAC Window
Envelope
1,333 m2
£ 506,350
Vapour Barrier
Envelope
11,000 m2
£ 55,000
TOTAL TOTAL (WITH ADDED COSTS)
£ 2,651,253 £ 14,331,097
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE
- 20.8%
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MATERIAL
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RENDERED AXONOMETRIC
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98 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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EXTERIOR - EXISTING
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EXTERIOR - PROPOSED
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100 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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INTERIOR - PROPOSED
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CARBON COPY 2 STONE VENEER AND CLT STRUCTURE The second proposal for the envelope suggests a stone or slate veneer / cladding to replace the bricks currently in the exisitng building. The envelope is entirely dependent on the secondary structures behind them, that is carried by the primary load-beaing structures.
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Slate used to be the most important building material in Scotland with over 80 quarries, the material is a kind of metamorphic rock (most commmon example being marble) sourced locally and used mainly as roofing material - it is a “found” material that would not requiring synthesising but cutting into appropriate forms and shapes. Improving: on minimising stone use:The previous proposal of self-standing stone already requires a studwall formed by windposts - to enclose the room and carry the insulations as well as necessary waterproofing layers. This option considers that the amount of stone - despite their minimised carbon footprint - can be further reduced as it becomes a form of cladding that does not even carry its own forces, but merely a thin weathering layer against rain and wind.
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12% IN PROJECT COST
121%
IN EMBODIED CARBON
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PLAN
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1:200 Floor Plan - Carbon Copy 2
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SECTION DETAILS
1
30 mm Stone Veneer
2
30 mm Air Gap
3
100 mm Themal Insulation
4
Wall Ties
5
Stud Walls
6
Bracket Connections
7
12 mm Plasterboard
8
275 mm CLT Floors
9
50 mm Acoustic Insulation
10
15 mmTimber Floors
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8
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6 9
1 2 3 5 7
4 10
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4
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6
5
3
2
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Detail Floor Plan - Carbon Copy 2
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7
1
110 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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AXONOMETRIC
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111
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IN PROJECT COST
IN EMBODIED CARBON
EMBODIED CARBON ANALYSIS MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M3
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E/M3
Aluminium Frame (Powder Coated)
Envelope
87.0
1,678,317
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
2.6
43,893
Cross Laminated Timber
Superstructure 4,038.7
- 3,396,522
Plywood
Fit Out
61.1
- 31,161
Thermacork Insulation
Envelope
519
- 44,634
Basalt
Envelope
77.9
14,732
Flat Glass
Envelope
74.1
176,153
Vapour Barrier
Envelope
11.1
919
Plasterboard
Fit Out
64.8
16,993
TOTAL
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12%
121%
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE
- 1,541,308 - 120.9 %
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COST ANALYSIS
ELEMENT
AMOUNT
COST
Aluminium
Envelope
9,480 kg
£ 711,000
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
5 m3
£ 12,500
Basalt
Superstructure
78 m3
£ 38,950
Plasterboard
Fit-Out
3,240 m2
£ 64,800
Thermacork Insulation
Envelope
5,190 m2
£ 103,800
CLT
Superstructure
4,039 m3
£ 1,009,668
Plywood
Fit Out
3,055 m2
£ 45,825
VELFAC Window
Envelope
1,333 m2
£ 506,350
Vapour Barrier
Envelope
11,000 m2
£ 55,000
£ 2,949,763 £ 15,944,665
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE
- 11.9% 113
TOTAL TOTAL (WITH ADDED COSTS)
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MATERIAL
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RENDERED AXONOMETRIC
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EXTERIOR - EXISTING
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EXTERIOR - PROPOSED
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INTERIOR - EXISTING
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INTERIOR - PROPOSED
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CARBON COPY 3 STRUCTURAL STONE The previous proposals require an interior load bearing structure to enclose the room and carry the insulations as well as necessary waterproofing layers. The final investigation explores the potential of incorporating the stone facade into the structural performance of the building.By depositing the structural load on the structural stone facade, it is anticipated that the amount of primary load-bearing structures of mass timber is eliminated, yet still an improvement to carbon footprint as amount of metal and plasterboard required is reduced.
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Case Studies Perraudin Architecture recently completed a stone house in Lyon.The building is entirely built up in load-bearing limestone walls of 40 cm. Precise coursing elevations define each stone, to be extracted, dimensioned and numbered in the quarry and then transported to the site. There, they are assembled using nothing but a thin bed of lime mortar.
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106% IN EMBODIED CARBON
24% IN PROJECT COST
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The work of Fernand Pouillon focused on the reutilisation of stone in construction during post-war urbanism and the modernism.
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PLAN
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1:200 GF - 7F Floor Plan - Carbon Copy 3
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1:200 8F - 15F Floor Plan - Carbon Copy 3
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SECTION DETAILS
1
100 mm Basalt
2
20 mm Air Gap
3
100 mm Thermal Insulation
4
100 mm Basalt
5
Steel Cable Reinforcement
6
Wall Ties
7
Steel Bracket
8
Mortar
9
50 mm Acoustic Insulation
10
15 mm Timber Floorboard
11
275 mm Cross-Laminated Timber Floors
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11
1 5 2 3 4 5
7 9
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6
10
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6
3
2
1
129
Detail Floor Plan - Carbon Copy 3
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130 MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
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AXONOMETRIC
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24%
106%
IN PROJECT COST
IN EMBODIED CARBON
EMBODIED CARBON ANALYSIS MATERIAL
ELEMENT
VOLUME M3
EMBODIED CARBON KGCO2E/M3
Aluminium Frame (Powder Coated)
Envelope
87.0
1,678,317
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
1.2
20,258
Steel Cables
Fixings
1.6
23,679
Cross Laminated Timber
Superstructure 2,844.0
- 2,391,804
Plywood
Fit Out
237.7
- 121,227
Thermacork Insulation
Envelope
519
- 44,634
Basalt
Superstructure 1,178.1
222,661
Flat Glass
Envelope
74.2
176,153
Vapour Barrier
Envelope
11.1
919
TOTAL
- 435,676
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE
- 105.9%
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COST ANALYSIS
ELEMENT
AMOUNT
COST
Galvanised Steel
Fixings
1 m3
£ 3,000
Basalt
Superstructure
1,178 m3
£ 589,050
Thermacork Insulation
Envelope
5,190 m2
£ 103,800
CLT
Superstructure
2,844 m3
£ 711,000
Plywood
Fit Out
11,885 m2
£ 178,275
VELFAC Window
Envelope
1,333 m2
£ 506,350
Vapour Barrier
Envelope
11,000 m2
£ 55,000
£ 2,551,345 £ 13,791,054
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE
- 23.8%
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TOTAL TOTAL (WITH ADDED COSTS)
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MATERIAL
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RENDERED AXONOMETRIC
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EXTERIOR - PROPOSED
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INTERIOR - EXISTING
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3.0 CARBON COPIES
OPERATIONAL CARBON
OVERVIEW
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While a reduction in embodied carbon can be achieved as demonstrated in Section 3.3, operational carbon throughout the lifecycle of the building must also be analysed in order to achieve a reduced Whole Life Carbon. Whole Life Carbon (WLC) includes embodied carbon, as defined in Section 1, and operational carbon. This includes carbon emissions associated with all in-use energy and embodied carbon associated with production and transport of materials for use in constructing, maintaining and deconstructing the building. The purpose of using WLC as a general aim is to help towards a building that can generate the lowest possible carbon emissions over its whole life (cradle-to-grave). Operational carbon is the carbon dioxide and GHGs emissions associated with the building's energy use due to heating, cooling, hot water, ventiltion, and lighting systems, as well as those associated with cooking, equipment, and lifts. Operational emissions can vary over the lifetime of the building and are governed by several factors, including building fabric efficiency, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system efficiency, fuel type, carbon factors and the way the building is used by the occupiers. While some aspects of these carbon emissions would not be able to change in a carbon copy version of the building (due to the programme, window areas, and height of the building), others, such as heating, cooling and ventilation, can be alterered to lead to reduced emissions quantity. According to the current Part L methodology to reduce operational carbon and the LETI design guide, passive design and energy efficiency measures can be used to reduce peak and annual loads.
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This sections looks at various changes that can be made to the design of the Kings Cross R5 Commercial and Residential Development that can aid in reducing the overall operational carbon (and hence WLC) of the typology.
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HEATING
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1. Using a heat pump An efficiently designed, installed and operated heat pump system, either at a building or heat network scale, can deliver immediate carbon emissions savings of 60-70% compared to conventional electric heating and 55-65% compared to an efficient gas boiler. As the grid decarbonises further in coming decades, the carbon savings delivered by heat pumps is expected to increase further towards 90-100% CO2 emissions reductions by 2050. Urban areas can bring additional challenges for heat pump retrofit in terms of strict limits on noise and finding suitable external and internal space. However, heat pump technology is diverse and versatile and, with appropriate design, installation and operation, heat pumps are technically viable across all London building types.
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2. Improving Fabric U-Values
FABRIC ELEMENT
EXISTING U-VALUE (W/m2K)
PROPOSED U-VALUE (W/m2K)
Walls
0.26
0.13
Floor
0.22
0.08
Roof
0.18
0.10
Windows
1.80
0.80
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The fabric of the building has a very significant effect on the thermal performance as well as the overall costs of heating a space in the colder months. Moreover, due to its impact on operational carbon, the thermal conductivities of the materials are utilised to optimise the U-value of the resulting wall. These are extracted from BRE BR443 to help achieve the U-values presented in the table above. In all carbon copy proposals presented, the insulation used is Mineral wool, due to its low thermal conductivity (0.035 W/mK) and low embodied carbon (as explained in the previous section). It’s thickness is changed from one proposal to the next (where structural and facing materials are chosen for their embodied carbon content) to ensure an equal U-value of all three proposals that adhere to the 2020 LETI guide recommendations.
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COOLING An increasing problem in homes in London (as well as most urban centers) is the issue of overheating. Tighter Building Regulations have made homes more energy efficient. As a result, new builds require much less energy to create a safe and comfortable environment for occupants; significantly reducing bills, improving health in winter and reducing heating requirements.These higher standards, however, combined with hot city temperatures increase the risk of overheating. Moreover, climate change is set to increase peak temperatures in London by 6.5 degrees Centigrade by the 2050s, thus increasing the urge to develop a sustainable ventilationa and cooling strategy. Additionally, there is an increase in the demand or housing in London in the form of dense flats. This then leads to added overheating risks as flats tend to suffer to a much greater degree when termpatures rise. This is due to the overcrowding and ventilation limits in flats. Overheating can be discussed as a factor of thermal comfort, which has a supposedly simple definition; ‘that condition of the mind that expresses comfort with the thermal environment’. However, as each of us has a very different idea of what being too hot or too cold means, creating a simple threshold comfort level is virtually impossible. Other variables also need to be taken into account; the ability of an occupant to change clothing and open windows, the availability of cooler rooms and the vulnerability of an occupant, will all have an influence on an individual’s thermal comfort. This creates a problem for the construction and property industry. Overheating risk is currently assessed using different criteria from one building to another.
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One of the many risks this issue poses is the need for increased access to cooling and ventilation methods in the future. In the future, homes may simply be uninhabitable, or at the very least, they will require very expensive retrofitting.
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GLAZING
In terms of cost, VELFAC windows would cost less that the existing Reynaers aluminium windows, with an estimated cost of 380 GBP/m2 compated to an existing estimated cost of 510 GBP/m2.
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VELFAC composite windows (shown in the figure below) will be used. These allow for the durability and versatility of aluminium and the sustainability of natural wood/. Aluminium is both highly durable and low maintenance, ensuring the windows will last 40 years or more. The wood frame contributes to great energy performance with U-values as low as 0.8 W/m²k .
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GLAZING
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Triple glazing thermochromatic Smart Glass can be applied to the current double glazing system at Kings Cross R5. This glass works by changing it transmittance when struck by incident solar radiation and becomes darker as temperatures increase. Benefits of Thermochromic Smart Glass Can be installed just as normal glass into a building facade Internal PVB lamination gives improved safety and noise insulation Glass changes between tinted and clear states within minutes Maintains a view to the outside at all times Reduces glare and hence the resulting discomfort and loss of productivity There are no wires to route, since it is not electrically-powered Reduces air-conditioning usage thanks to rejection of infrared
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The dynamic tinting results directly from radiant solar energy but could also be due to indirect thermal exchange, such as conduction or convection from adjacent building materials such as the glass itself, or from bricks, spacers or the metallic frame after they have been heated by the sun.
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A triple-glazed unit typically comprises:
The front piece of glass is needed as a wind barrier. The back piece of low-E coated glass keeps the heat which is retained in the thermochromic layer from re-radiating to the interior of the building. Single glazed windows, allowing for frames: U-Value = 4.5 W/m²·K; Double glazed windows, allowing for frames: U-Value = 3.3 W/m²·K; Triple glazed windows, allowing for frames: U-Value = 1.8 W/m²·K;
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a front sheet of glass a gas space (filled with air, argon or krypton) the thermochromic layer another gas space and a back low-E coated sheet of glass.
Triple glazing can aid in reducing heat loss through the windows, thus reducing heating costs. Moreover, thermochromic smart glass has clear benefits in reducing solar heat gain into buildings, reducing air conditioning costs and contributing to ‘net-zero’ construction. Since the transmittance in the dark state is around the 10% mark, the view to the outside world is maintained, but glare is also reduced. Comparison Study 1m2 of a double glazed window will achieve a U-value of 1.4W/m2K, at a carbon cost of 142.5 kgCO2e. 1m2 of a triple glazed window will achieve a U-value of 0.8W/m2K, at a carbon cost of 213.8 kgCO2e. This demonstrates that triple glazing has superior insulative performance at a given thickness but at the cost of higher embodied carbon (increased by 50%).
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4 FINDINGS
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4.0 FINDINGS
COMPARISONS The table below compares the conditions of the existing building to the conditions of all three carbon copy proposals presented.
INFORMATION
EXISTING CONDITIONS
ENVELOPE
Bricks
INTERIOR LOADBEARING WALLS
Reinforced Concrete
Cross Laminate
INTERIOR FLOORS
Reinforced Concrete
Cross Laminate
EMBODIED CARBON
7,368,237 kgCO2e
- 1,129,966 k
COST
3,346,625 GBP
2,651,253
BENEFITS
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DRAWBACKS
CARBON CO SELF STANDIN
Self-Standing
The facade system is the main structure - redu thickness Follows building regulations at the time of Replacing of bricks construction (with regards to sustainability) intensive in production Thermal mass Replacing of concr Durable. A brick typically has a useful life of elements - with mass ti 150 years or more. Less EC and cost than t Trusted by the market Construction time can the brick laying option Lateral stability to be pro and weight of stone
High embodied carbon emissions High costs
Stone does not aid the can it be integrated? Stone will need to be ca to the original building and time less labour cost metal connections will will lead to added emb could be avoided
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OPY 1: NG STONE
CARBON COPY 3: STRUCTURAL STONE
Stone Veneer
Structural Stone
ed Timber
Cross Laminated Timber
Stone
ed Timber
Cross Laminated Timber
Cross Laminated Timber
kgCO2e
- 1,541308 kgCO2e
- 435,677 kgCO2e
GBP
2,929,763 GBP
2,551,345GBP
g Stone
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CARBON COPY 2: STONE VENEER
independent from ucing load and wall
which is energy - with stone Reduced cost of material in terms of stone rete load-bearing thickness imber the original design be reduced from
Less CLT - lowering construction costs Utilising exterior as a load bearing structure Increasing thermal mass No secondary steel - less fixings
ovided by the mass
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interior structure - dry asembly (better time) Fixings complexity increases / labour cost arved to look similar in assemby more labour costs secondary steel work Plasterboards Building is less carbon negative increased weight of clt structure - stability be needed - this Shear walls size need to be increased to bodied carbon than hold the facade - contrary to self-standing stone
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4.0 FINDINGS
OVERALL SAVINGS EMBODIED CARBON
8000000 7000000
EMBODIED CARBON / KGCO2E
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6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 -1000000 -2000000 EXISTING
CARBON COPY 1
CARBON COPY 2
CARBON COPY 3
0
EMBODIED CARBON / KGCO2E
-200000 -400000 -600000 -800000 -1000000 -1200000 -1400000 -1600000
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-1800000 CARBON COPY 1
CARBON COPY 2
CARBON COPY 3
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COST
4000000 40000000 3500000 35000000 3000000 30000000 2500000 25000000
1500000 15000000 1000000 10000000 500000 5000000 00 EXISTING
CARBON COPY 1
CARBON COPY 2
CARBON COPY 3
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2000000 20000000
40000000 20000000 3000000 35000000 19800000 2900000 30000000 19600000 2800000 25000000 19400000 2700000 20000000 19200000 2600000 15000000 19000000 2500000 10000000 18800000 2400000 5000000 18600000 2300000 18400000 22000000 CARBON COPY 2
CARBON COPY 3
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CARBON COPY 1
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4.0 FINDINGS
EMBODIED CARBON
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ANALYSIS
The two main aims of this project were to achieve a low-carbon, low-cost alternative to the existing building, while not changing the overall design or function of the spaces. This section focuses on the changes in embodied carbon (calculations demonstrated in Section 3), which shows that this aim was achieved in all three Carbon Copies explored. The first carbon copy begins with the idea of introducing stone and CLT into the building instead of the existing brick and concrete materials. This led to an overall reduction of 115% of the embodied carbon emissions in comparison to the existing conditions of the case study. Following this, we explored the idea of reducing stone materials and increasing the CLT available. This led to a further decrease in the embodied carbon, leading to a reduction of 121%. Finally, we explored utilising the stone facade for its structural qualities.Thus, bringing the stone structure into the wall and reducing the requirements for stone, which led to a slight increase of embodied carbon (a reduction of 106%).
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Due to the CLT and plywood materials used in all three proposals, they all present a chance for a negative carbon building scheme.
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4.0 FINDINGS
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COST
ANALYSIS This section focuses on the changes in the overall envelope cost (calculations demonstrated in Section 3). The aim of developing a cheaper solution was acheived in all three Carbon Copies explored. The original conditions were calcualted to have a cost of £3,346,625. Following the changed made in the first carbon copy, this cost was calculated to have a 21% reduction. MID-RISE URBAN BLOCKS
The second carbon copy, while it does achieve lower embodied carbon values, does cost 11%more than the first carbon copy, with an overall decrease of 12% when compared to the original scheme. This due to the increased requirement for metal fixings, plasterboard, and CLT to support the facade. On the other hand, the third carbon copy is the cheapest. It costs 13% less than the second carbon copy and 24% less than the existing conditions.
TOTAL MATERIAL USED / KG
AMOUNT OF FOUNDATION REQUIRED
CONSTRUCTION DELIVERY
OVERALL COSTS / GBP
EXISTING CONDITIONS
STONE
CLT
CONCRETE
MATERIAL PRICE / M3
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4.0 FINDINGS
CARBON COPY 1
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BENEFITS The facade system is independent from the main structure reducing load and wall thickness Replacing of bricks which is energy intensive in production with stone Replacing of concrete load-bearing elements - with mass timber Less EC and cost than the original design Construction time can be reduced from the brick laying option Lateral stability to be provided by the mass and weight of stone
changing the overall design or function of the spaces.
DRAWBACKS Stone does not aid the interior structure - can it be integrated? Stone will need to be carved to look similar to the original building - more labour costs and time Less labour cost metal connections will be needed - this will lead to added embodied carbon than could be avoided
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4.0 FINDINGS
CARBON COPY 2
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BENEFITS Reduced cost of material in terms of stone thickness
DRAWBACKS Dry asembly (better time) Fixings complexity increases / labour cost in assemby secondary steel work Plasterboards increased weight of clt structure - stability Shear walls size need to be increased to hold the facade contrary to self-standing stone
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4.0 FINDINGS
CARBON COPY 3
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BENEFITS Less CLT - lowering construction costs Utilising exterior as a load bearing structure Increasing thermal mass No secondary steel - less fixings
DRAWBACKS Building is less carbon negative
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CONCLUSIONS
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4.0 FINDINGS
Primary
Volume of CLT
Volume of Stone
CC 1
3,562 m3
521 m3
CC 2
4,039 m3
78 m3
CC 3
2844 m3
1178 m3
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Original
Volume of Concrete
Volume of Bricks
3,092 m3
227 m3
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Comparing the total carbon footprint and cost, as below, it can be seen that, based on the current calculations, the best carbon footprint achieved is in the second scheme. This scheme, however, was also found to be the more expensive. On the other hand, the first and third schemes were found to be very close in cost (100,000 GBP difference). However, the first scheme did seem to have a more negative footprint, attributed to its increased use of CLT as a building material.
Secondary
Results
Studwall
Fixings
Carbon Footprint
Cost
100%
100%
7,368,237
3,346,625
100%
50%
-1,129,966
2,596,308
100%
200%
- 1,541308
2,894,818
0%
150%
- 435,676
2,496,401
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Regarding the cost, it is important to note that these results will not be entirely accurate as it does not take into account the cost of prelimeraries in construction, the cost of labour, or the time taken to complete the construction. Literature review has found that with CLT floors added in exchange of concrete ones, a further percentage reduction of 15% can be achieved. Thus, in comparison, it is believed that Carbon Copies 1 and 2 should achieve lower costs.
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5 FURTHER APPLICATIONS FOR TYPOLOY
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5.0 FURTHER APPLICATIONS FOR TYPOLOGY
BACKGROUND
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OVERALL APPLICATION This section looks into the Kings Cross development masterplan in terms of its overall building uses, as well as understanding their respective existing building methodologies. We want to discern outside of our case study building R5 how relevant the proposals could be applied equally to the buildings built at the same period of time, in regards to their uses and forms.
LAND-USE Among the development plan, all the newly built residential land use, except site E, are mid-rise urban blocks of 18 metres or above. They are of different floor areas and have each a different visual expression.
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Apart from that, half of the builings are office spaces and the rest retail and institutional spaces - these different uses demand a different typology and hence are less relevant to our proposals, yet informs us of the level of sustainability and the more common mode of practice in the same context.
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Office Space Retail Cultural / Institutional
R5 (Site)
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5.0 FURTHER APPLICATIONS FOR TYPOLOGY
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APPLICATION
Floor area (m2)
Storeys
Total Floor Area
Construction Material for Concrete (m3) = FA*0.2 + FA*0.3*2.5
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Office 18166
9
163494
13370
6
80220
76209
9554
9
85986
81687
16200
11
178200
169290
4803
12
57636
54754
4281
14
59934
56937
5
11205
10645
2241
155319
Retail 1260
4
5040
4788
1348
3
4044
3842
10902
2
21804
20714
8833
2
17666
16783
603
3
1809
1719
1036
2
2072
1968
4283
12
51396
48826
Institutional 22656
6
135936
129139
3351
10
33510
31835
1556
2
3112
2956
Residential
Data for new building - uses and material construction in King’s Cross redevelopment Highlighted are the buildings in concrete and their respective volume of material (taking vertical elements as 30% of floor area)
1087
7
7609
7229
3527
10
35270
33507
5195
11
57145
54288
4992
14
69888
66394
2902
8
23216
22055
3372
10
33720
32034
11698
13
152074
144470
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1038569
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SCALE: R5 AS A MICROCOSM OF USE OF CONCRETE FRAME Our case study building represents one of the most dominant typology in the building industry being the concrete frame. In the new King’s Cross redevelopment alone over 80% of the developments are built in such way - and in material terms accounting for approsimately 1, 000, 000 m3 of concrete.
Use of concrete frame amongst building volumes
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Relative proportions (in volume) of building uses in King’s Cross redevelopment responding to table
SCALE: AMPLIFICATION OF CARBON REDUCTION Our alternative proposals suggest the use of stone and mass timber to replace in R5 bricks and concrete. Whilst so many other buildings are built in the similar fashion, the impact of our proposals would be amplified extended to a larger context - when our alternative proposals can readily substitute the studied typology of concrete frame buildings - not just in R5 itself.
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Construction for sites P2 and Q2, predominantly in concrete and otherwise steel frame
Besides the “conventional” building materials of concrete and steel, mass timber is currently employed only in the two-storey sports hall as well as the Google headquarters where CLT floor slabs are matched with steel and concrete.
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King’s Cross Sports Hall at Q2 - made entirely out of mass timber and exposed internally. Google’s GQ in construction
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CURRENT STATE AND LIMITS The model of our proposal using mass timber and stone cannot be applied directly when certain subjective elements need to be delivered for example forms and visual expressions. Yet through our proposal it is to posit that there can be more sustainable way to emulate the same language given enough investigations.
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Coal Drops Yard’s signature form need to be tailored if replaced with mass timber; it has to be acknowledged that the looks of bricks and pigmented percast concrete will not be fully recreated, in site T1, S4.
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6 CATALOUGE OF MATERIALS AND METHODS
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The following section includes details of componement/element connections.
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EXTERNAL WALL TO INTERNAL FLOOR CONNECTION CARBON COPY 1 - SELF STANDING STONE AND CLT
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EXTERNAL WALL TO INTERNAL FLOOR CONNECTION CARBON COPY 1 - STONE VENEER AND CLT
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EXTERNAL WALL TO INTERNAL FLOOR CONNECTION CARBON COPY 3 - STRUCTURAL STONE
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INTERNAL WALL TO INTERNAL FLOOR CONNECTION CARBON COPIES 1 AND 2 - CLT
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INTERNAL WALL TO INTERNAL FLOOR CONNECTION CARBON COPY 3 - STRUCTURAL STONE AND CLT
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