Sustainability of the Biofuels and Biorefinery
Claudinei Andreoli
PRIMER FORO IBEROAMERICANO DE CIENCIAS PARA LA ENERGÍA 11 – 13 June 2012 Quito, Ecuador
The Concept of Biorefinery Ø The concept is analogous to the concept of oil refineries: they are plants or industries or fabrics that convert biomass (feedstocks) into others products: Energy – Foods – Fibers PlasTcs -‐ Chemicals – Enzymes PharmaceuTcals
Current energy supply and use are unsustainable – economically, environmentally and socially. ExecuTve Director, IEA
Copyright and All Reserved Fenix S&I© 2012
Types of Biofuels Ø ConvenTonal biofuel tech (first-‐generaTon) • • •
Sugar and starch-‐based ethanol Oil crop based and fats biodiesel Biogas thru anaerobic digesTon
Ø Typical feedstocks: • • •
Sugarcane and sugar beets Corn and wheat Oil crops – canola, soybean, oil pam and animal fats
Ø Advanced biofuel tech (second-‐ or third-‐generaTon) • • • • •
HVO (Hydrated vegetable oil) Lignocellulosic biomass (celullosic ethanol) Biomass-‐to-‐liquids (BtL)-‐diesel Bio-‐syntheTc gas (bio-‐SG) Novel tech – algae-‐based biofuels and sugar into diesel-‐type biofuels
Overview of biofuels blending targets and mandates Country
Current mandate/target
Future mandate/ target
Current Status
ArgenTna
E5, B7
n.a
M
Bolivia
E10, B2.5
B20 (2015)
T
Brazil
E20-‐25, B5
B20 and 36% reducTon M, T GHG (2020)
Chile
E5, B5
n.a
T
Colombia
E10, B10
n.a
M
European U.
5,75%
10% renewable energy T in transport
Mexico
E2 in Guadalajara
E2 in Monterey and Mexico City (2012)
USA
48 billion liters
136 BL (60 BL cellulose M ethanol in 2022)
M
CommercializaTon status of biofuel technologies Advanced biofuels Conven9onal biofuels Basic /Applied
DemonstraTon
Early Commercial
Commercial
Cellulosic ethanol Ethanol from sugar and starch crops
Bioethanol
Diesel-‐type Biodiesel from Algae; biofuels Sugar-‐based hydrocarbons Novel fuels (eg furanics)
Others fuels
Biomethane
BtL diesel from gasificaTon + FT
Hydrotreated vegetable oil
Biobutanol; DME; Pyrolysis-‐based fuels
Methanol
novel routes with reforming reforming
Source: Modified from Bauen et al., 2009
(by transesterificaTon)
Bio-‐SC Biogas (anaerobic digesTon)
Hydrogen All other GasificaTon Biogas Liquid biofuel
Biodiesel
Gaseous biofuel
Ø Roadmap Purpose of the Biorefinery q IEA analysis presented in ETP 2010 and its BLUE Map Scenario, shows that, inter alia, to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gases around 450 parts per million (ppm) to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C, a significant increase in use of low-‐carbon biofuels will be required by 2050. q AviaTon jet fuel – 50% replacement of fossil fuel for sustainable biofuels and 50% reducTon in GHG by 2050. Green Economy and Sustainable Development
World Ethanol ProducTon 160 140
All Others
45
China
40
EU-‐27
100
Brazil
80
All Others Malaysia U.S
35 Billion Liters
Billion Liters
120
World Biodiesel ProducTon
U.S
60
Brazil
30 25
ArgenTna
20
EU-‐27
15
40
10
20
5
0
0 2000
2005
2010
2020
2005
2010
2020
EvoluTon of Sugarcane Area and ProducTon Brazil (1990-‐2011) 10.000 9.000
Sugarcane Area (000 ha) -‐ Brasil
700
Sugarcane Produc9on (m t) -‐ Brasil
600
8.000 7.000 6.000
500 400
5.000 4.000 3.000
300 200
2.000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
0
100
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1.000
Global energy use in the transport sector (lem) and use of biofuels in different transport modes (right) in 2050 7% 27%
13%
26% 37%
23%
13% 2% 2%
11%
26%
13%
Hydrogen
Gasoline
Diesel
Jet fuel
Heavy fuel oil
NG and LPG
Electricity
Biofuels
Road passenger transport Road freight transport AviaTon
Sustainability of Biorefinery
Social • Employment • Land issues • Smallholder integraTon • Food Security
Environmental • NER and GHG emissions • Soil Quality • Water use and quality • Biodiversity
Economic • Energy Security • Balance of payments • Financing • Fuel Cost
The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy First edition December 2011 10 NaTons and 7 internaTonal organizaTons
Presented a set of 24 Sustainability-‐related themes and Indicators
Energy Sustainability Index
ESI = (Energy balance * EE)/ WUE
Energy crop
Energy balance Energy Efficiency Water use efficiency (MJ fossil/MJ biofuel) (MJ biofuel/MJ) (m3/L biofuel)
ESI
sugarcane
5.1
0.2613
1.725
0.772
corn
1.5
0.326
2.655
0.184
oil palm
8.0
0.228
3.403
0.536
soybean
1.43
0.086
12.222
0.010
Source: Andreoli, Pimentel & Souza (2012).
Environmental Sustainability 2
Net energy raTo of corn ethanol
1,5 1 0,5 NEB 0 -‐0,5
Hill 2006 Pimentel 2008
Wang Liska 2009 EPA 2010 2008
-‐1 -‐1,5 Source: Andreoli & Pimentel, 2012
USDA 2010
Comparison of energy balance of sugarcane ethanol LIFE CYCLE PHASE
Macedo (2008)
Farming and transport
210.2
Fuel Production
Boddey Wang (2008) (2008) (MJ/ton) 159.70 194.2
Andreoli et (2012) 389.59
23.6
34.04
37.2
8.07
233.8
193.74
231.4
397.66
1,926.0
1,756.8
1,952.0
1,802.0
176.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Electricity surplus
82.8
0.0
279.0
230.06
Renewable output
2,185.0
1,756.8
2,231.0
2,032.06
9.3
9.1
9.6
5.11
Fossil Input Ethanol Bagasse surplus
Energy balance Source: Andreoli et al., 2012
Life-‐cycle GHG of different conven9onal and advanced biofuels and current state of technology Advanced biofuels
140
Conventional biofuels
% Emission Reduc9on to Fossil Fuel
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -‐20 -‐40 R&D/Pilot
Demonstration
Commercial
Diesel
-‐60 Source: IEA analysis based on UNEP and IEA review of 60 LCA studies
Gasoline
Andreoli, C. et al. (2012)
Natural gas
Economical Sustainability of Biodiesel
Economical Sustainability of Bioethanol
Economical Sustainability of Bioethanol
EvoluTon of Ethanol, Sugar and Gasoline Prices – 2003-‐12
Conclusions ü Are the energy and biofuels economically and environmentally sustainable? ü There will be available land and water for all energy use in 2050? ü This Forum should propose the creaTon: “Centro Iberoamericano de Bioenergia”
Gracias! Claudinei Andreoli Fênix Soluções e Inovações Tecnológicas claudinei.andreoli@fenixsita.com.br
The Book of Biofuels -‐2012
h{p://www.amazon.com/Economic-‐Environmental-‐Biofuels-‐ Advances-‐Agroecology/dp/1439834636