PRIMER FORO IBEROAMERICANO DE CIENCIA PARA LA ENERGÍA Quito, Equador, 11-‐13 Junho 2012
Advanced Biofuel Biorefineries: How much are they complex ?
Francisco Gírio
Head of Bioenergy Unit at LNEG Coordinator of SIADEB National representative on the European Industrial Initiative in Bioenergy National representative on the EC Committe on Sustainability of Biofuels and Bioliquids
SIADEB – Sociedad Iberoamericana para el Desarollo de las Biorefinerias (created under the auspices of Red Cyted 310RT0397 “SIADEB”) Quieres ser miembro ?
Registo: www.siadeb.org
BIORREFINERY CONCEPT Biochemical Pla9orm – Biomass fracEonaEon through physico-‐chemical and biological conversion processes of biomass elemental components in order to produce biofuels, chemicals or intermediary building blocks; Biochemical Plataform
Vegetable Biomass Animal Microbial
Sugars, Lignin, ...
Residues
Biofuels Thermal and/or electrical energy
Bioenergy Bioproducts
By-products
Thermochemical Platform
CO, H2, Bio-oil, ...
Thermochemical Pla9orm -‐ Biomass thermal treatment processes that envisages the producEon of syngas or bio-‐oil as a building brick to their conversion in bioenergy (electricity and heat), biofuels and chemicals; Adapted from: Sousa, G. (2010), Workshop de Biorrefinarias, LNEG, Alfragide, 29 Set.
CONVENTIONAL BIORREFINERIES
Oleaginous Biorefinery
Starch Biorefinery
Source: Joint European Biorefinery Vision for 2030 – Project Star-‐COLIBRI
ADVANCED BIORREFINERIES
Green Biorefinery
Source: Joint European Biorefinery Vision for 2030 – Project Star-‐COLIBRI
ADVANCED BIORREFINERIES
AquaQc (Marine) or Algae Biorefinery
Source: Joint European Biorefinery Vision for 2030 – Project Star-‐COLIBRI
EUROPEAN SET PLAN FOR BIOREFINERIES supporQng DEMO and FLAGSHIP plants up to 2020
8
EUROPEAN SET PLAN FOR BIOREFINERIES supporQng DEMO and FLAGSHIP plants up to 2020
9
Advanced Biorefineries: How much are they complex in the future (or the challenges to overcome during next 10 yrs) Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock Lignocellulose recalcitrance
Feedstock prices Multi-product Bioeconomy
Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses What will be the role of algae ? How to better integrate different technologies ? Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Consumer acceptance
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ? Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk) Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)
Demo and flagship Units 10
Advanced Biorefineries: How much are they complex in the future (or the challenges to overcome during next 10 yrs) Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock Lignocellulose recalcitrance
Feedstock prices Multi-product Bioeconomy
Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses What will be the role of algae ? How to better integrate different technologies ? Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Consumer acceptance
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ? Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk) Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)
Demo and flagship Units 11
Feedstock for ConvenQonal and Advanced Biofuel-‐based Biorefineries
Source: Savage, N. (2011) Nature, vol. 474, 23 June.
2007/2008: Biofuels too much dependence from vegetable oils and cereals led to generalised criQcisms by media
13
Influence of the feedstock price on biofuels producQon cost STOP IN 2008 DUE TO FEEDSTOCK PRICES
Abengoa, Babilafuente, Salamanca
set07
Source: Lurgi biodiesel technology from rapeseed
apr08
set07
Prices: FOB Creil
14 apr08
World PopulaQon will increase more than 9 Billion people before 2050 (+34%)
Source: Graham-‐Rowe, D. (2011) Nature, vol. 474, 23 June.
…and world energy demand will increase 49% unQl 2035
49% 84%
14%
Source: hXp://www.eia.gov/oiaf/ieo/highlights.html
Sustainability “hot issues” about Biomass for Energy
ü Environmentals (biodiversity, excessive water consumpEon; GHG emissions savings,…) ü Land Uses (direct and indirect effects) -‐à compeEEon food vs energy ü Socials (respect for human rights, work internaEonal convenEons, ….)
Environmental impact of the biofuel different generaQons LCA well-‐to-‐wheel (not considering LUC and ILUC)
Fossil fuels 50% saving
90%
1st generation
2nd generation
saving
18
Land Use Changes (LUC) RED DIRECTIVE (28/2009/EC), for purposes of use in EU market, Biofuels shall not be made from raw material obtained from : Ø Land with high biodiversity value (e.g. primary forest, protecEve lands, grasslands); Ø Land with high carbon stock (e.g. wetlands, conEnuously forested areas) and Ø Peatlands.
Example: Tropical forest accumulates carbon stocks above soil of 235 ton/ha whereas palm trees only fix 48 ton/ha This means that the deforestation of a tropical forest for the cultivation of palm tree to produce the equivalent of 60 000 FAME biodiesel tons will requires 59-years of palm tree plantation in a 12 000 ha to compensate the carbon stock losses due to the previous deforestation
NET GHG EMMISSIONS DUE TO LAND USE CHANGES
Source: Hoefnagels et al (2010) Renew. Sust. Ener. Rev., 14:1661
Indirect Land Use Changes (ILUC)
Brasil Sugar cane dos not directly deforest Amazon neither….. however, ILUC can occurs due to soy field displacement from South to North (eg. Amazon region)
Advanced Biorefineries: How much are they complex in the future (or the challenges to overcome during next 10 yrs) Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock Lignocellulose recalcitrance
Feedstock prices Multi-product Bioeconomy
Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses What will be the role of algae ? How to better integrate different technologies ? Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Consumer acceptance
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ? Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk) Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)
Demo and flagship Units 22
Lignocellulosic biomass: recalcitrance & heterogeneity Zhang YHP (2008) Reviving the carbohydrate economy via multi-product lignocellulose biorefineries. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35:367-375
MULTIPRODUCTS IS THE KEY
source: IEA Bioenergy: Task 42-‐ Biorefineries
Furfural Great potenQal: • Polymers • Solvents • AddiEves for fuels (diesel), • Composite materials • ...
Kamm, et al. 2006
MULTIPRODUCT BIOREFINERY (How size is the Market ?) ü The heterogeneity of lignocellulosic material allows to produce a range of
products as broad as the exisQng in petrochemical industry; ü there are few chemical products with markets large enough to absorb the producEon of a massive biorefinery; E.g. Energy-‐based Biorefineries
Main product= Biofuels (Bioethanol, Biodiesel, others) By-‐Products= Bioproducts , Electricity, Heat
ü What is the opQmal scale for each Biorefinery….How small/ large should be a biorefinery ? ü E.g. Small/medium scale for rural areas ü E.g. Large for installaEons located near ports or industrial sites
Advanced Biorefineries: How much are they complex in the future (or the challenges to overcome during next 10 yrs) Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock Lignocellulose recalcitrance
Feedstock prices Multi-product Bioeconomy
Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses What will be the role of algae ? How to better integrate different technologies ? Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Consumer acceptance
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ? Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk) Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)
Demo and flagship Units 27
BIOMASS IS RENEWABLE….BUT NOT ENDLESS !!
20 Mtoe 227 TWh
80 Mtoe 45 Mtoe
Source: AEBIOM
BIOMASS AVAILABILITY
FONTE: Joint European Biorefinery Vision for 2030 Star-‐colibri -‐ Strategic Targets for 2020 – CollaboraEon IniEaEve on Biorefineries
Advanced Biorefineries: How much are they complex in the future (or the challenges to overcome during next 10 yrs) Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock Lignocellulose recalcitrance
Multi-product Bioeconomy
Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses What will be the role of algae ? How to better integrate different technologies ? Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Consumer acceptance
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ? Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk) Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)
Demo and flagship Units 30
How to Invest in Biorefineries Biomass Sustainability: Can you obtained it in a sustainable way ? Yes Technological Development: Can you produce it (product) ? • know-‐how availability
No
No
• technological barriers Yes Market ApracQveness: Can you sell it? • Market distribuEon control
Non-‐ OpEon No
• Market dimension Yes Economic: Can you make money out of it? • ProducEon costs vs selling price
No
InteracQons
• CaPEX, investment risk Yes
No CompeQQve Advantage: Can you do beper? • Strategic Partnerships
Yes
Valid OpEon Opportunity
• Process IntegraEon Adapted from: Sousa, G. (2010), Workshop de Biorrefinarias, LNEG, Alfragide, 29 Set.
Advanced Biorefineries: How much are they complex in the future (or the challenges to overcome during next 10 yrs) Non-food biomass supply chain: Sustainable feedstock Lignocellulose recalcitrance
Multi-product Bioeconomy
Competition for lignocellulosic biomass uses What will be the role of algae ? How to better integrate different technologies ? Dedicated versus mixed 1G/2G biorefineries Consumer acceptance
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a commodity Same type of biofuels or novel molecules take the lead ? Economic barriers (eg. high CaPEX, high risk) Trade barriers (subsidies, etc)
Demo and flagship Units 32
Demo Plants for Advanced Bioethanol-‐based Biorefineries
The First Demo Advanced Biorefinery in Europe
Inbicon – Unidade de Demonstração, Kalundborg, Dinamarca
Kalundborg DemonstraEon Plant Pretreatment
Molasses Outlet
Receiving
Input: 30,000 t wheat straw
Enzyme suppliers: Genencor, Novozymes
Lignin Outlet
Ethanol Outlet
Investment: EUR ~ 60 mill., EUR ~ 10 mill. DK gov't support Supported with mEUR 9,1 by EU 7th FP – KACELLE project
Enzymatic Liquefaction
Distillation
Fermentation
Output: 5.4 mill. liters ethanol 13,100 t lignin pellets 11,250 t C5-‐molasses
Straw Handling
Thermal Pretreatment
Liquefaction
Fermentation & Distillation
Kalundborg DemonstraEon Plant Pretreatment
Molasses Outlet
Receiving
Lignin Outlet
Ethanol Outlet
Input: 30,000 t wheat straw Enzyme suppliers: Genencor, Novozymes
Investment: EUR ~ 60 mill., EUR ~ 10 mill. DK gov't support Supported with mEUR 9,1 by EU 7th FP – KACELLE project
Enzymatic Liquefaction
Distillation
Fermentation
Output: 5.4 mill. liters ethanol 13,100 t lignin pellets 11,250 t C5-‐molasses
Bioetanol 2G is actually sold in Denmark ! STATOIL sells Bio95 2G (Petrol 95% + 5% Bioethanol 2G)
Inbicon Process
Input: 30 000 ton wheat straw ConQnuous operaQon unQl final of fermentaQon process
High dry maper in pretreatment (35%) and hydrolysis (25% WIS)
Pretreatment
HE
Separação S/L
Ferm. C6 ENZIMAS
WHEAT STRAW ENZIMAS
LEVEDURA
LIQUIDOS C5
-‐ Non-‐sterile -‐ Near-‐zero effluents -‐ IntegraEon (key technology)
Concentração
DesEl. & RecEf.
MELAÇOS C5 steam
FEED LENHINA
42
Power Plant
BIOETHANOL 99,8% Yield of ethanol > 180 l EtOH/ton straw (86% DM)
INBICON – Integrated bioethanol biorefinery However….this is sQll the Bioethanol Biorefinery Current Stage (Inbicon Proces) Up to 25% of carbohydrate content remains unconverted ! C5-‐rich fracQon
Other biorefinery products More ethanol
PROETHANOL2G Integration of Biology and Engineering into an Economical and Energy-Efficient 2G Bioethanol Biorefinery
Inbicon DemonstraQon Plant, Kalundborg, Denmark
Project Overview
Francisco Gírio EU Project Coordinator
www.proethanol2g.org
The EU Project overview for a full integrated bioethanol biorefinery
INBICON – A future integrated biofuel biorefinery Pentoses Technology
46
INBICON – A future integrated biofuel biorefinery SSCF Technology
INBICON – A future integrated biofuel biorefinery CBP Technology
PROETHANOL2G – IntegraQng the wastewaters Palha de Trigo ou Bagaço/Palha de Cana
Pré-‐tratamento Sólidos Residuais (incl. Lenhina) Biomassa pré-‐tratada
Águas Residuais
Hidrólise EnzimáEca
Pilhas de Combus|veis
Fermentação
Gasificação
Recuperação/ Purificação de Lenhina
Gás de síntese
SS(C)F Caldo FermentaEvo DesElação (a baixa temperatura)
Fermentação
Bioetanol 2G
Electricidade
Produtos à base de Lenhina
Microbial Fuel Cells
ü Convertem a energia química
disponível nos substratos orgânicos diretamente em eletricidade. ü Conceito mais comum:
1 º O x i d a ç ã o d o s c o m p o s t o s orgânicos no ânodo, com produção de eletrões e protões; 2º No cátodo, o oxigénio reage com os protões transportados através da membrana e com os eletrões provenientes do circuito externo para produzir água.
(Lovley, 2006)
Microbial Fuel Cells A aplicação mais estudada e consensual para MFCs está no tratamento energeQcamente eficiente de águas residuais.
(LNEG 2010)
Implementação à escala industrial, ainda sujeita a limitações económicas e técnicas. (Instalação Piloto Advanced Water Management Centre Foster's brewery, Queensland (Australia))
PROETHANOL2G: IntegraQng spent lignins Palha de Trigo ou Bagaço/Palha de Cana
Pré-‐tratamento Sólidos Residuais (incl. Lenhina) Biomassa pré-‐tratada
Águas Residuais
Hidrólise EnzimáEca
Pilhas de Combus|veis
Fermentação
Gasificação
Recuperação/ Purificação de Lenhina
Gás de síntese
SS(C)F Caldo FermentaEvo DesElação (a baixa temperatura)
Fermentação
Bioetanol 2G
Electricidade
Produtos à base de Lenhina
Obrigado/Gracias /Thank you francisco.girio@lneg.pt