SMART MATERIALS by jonathan creel

Advanced Studies in Construction Technology TTU-5334-001 Maria Perbellini Jonathan Creel

-Introduction *definition *useage -Applications *rewriteable photonic paper *portable lighting *magnochromatic microspheres *self healing polymers *nanoparticle inks *energy coating *insuladd paints *nanoprotex *nanoprotect glass -Base Materials *nanocrystalline *fullerenes *carbon nanotubes *nano copper *nano gold *nickel-tungsten alloys

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16

-Intention *academic goal *OLED *Photovoltaics -Existing Examples -Innovate -bibliography

DEFINITION Nanomaterials is a field which takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those which have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions. Nanoscale is usually defined as smaller than a one tenth of a micrometer in at least one dimension,[1] though this term is sometimes also used for materials smaller than one micrometer.

figure 2-9. Smart Materials and Technologies

The term ‘nanotechnology’ has attracted considerable scientific and public attention over the past few years. The prefix ‘nano’ indicates the the dimensional scale of a thing or a behavior is on the order of a few billionths of a meter and it covers a territory as large, if not larger, than thatrepresented by micro-scale. For comparison, the head of a pin is about one million nanometers across whereas a DNA molecule is about 2.5 nanometers wide. Given that individual atoms are nanometer size (for example, 5 silicon atoms is equivalent to one nanometer), then the ability to build structures one atom at a time has been a provocative objective for materials scientists. In its simplest form, nanotechnology conceptually offers the potential to build ‘bootom up,’ creating materials and structures with no defects and novel properties. ( Smart Materials and Technologies- for the architecture and design professions, pg. 44)

Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials Addington, Michelle, and Daniel Schodek. Smart Materials and Technologies: for the architecture and design professions. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005. 1

APPLICATIONS

Photonic Crystals - Rewritable Photonic Paper

Product Photonic crystals allow light photons to be controlled as electrons are controlled through semiconductors. Process UFe3O4@SiO2 colloids exposed to a magnetic field and cured with a UV process to fix the photonic structures inside the PEGDA matrix. A hydro-scopic salt solution reacts with the hotonic crystals, diffracting colors onto the paper. Rinsing the paper with water returns removes all trace of the reaction. Applications Graphic printing is looking to this proces because of its rewritability, low toxicity of the manufacturing materials and inks, it is inexpensive. Structurally, photonic paper is sturdier and brighter than traditional papers. This paper is actually brighter than liquid crystal.

APPLICATIONS

Nano Products - Portable Light

Product The Portable Light is a solar powered light that can be easily tramsported and after charging for three hours in the sun will provide ten hours of illumination. Devices -The solar cells of the portable light are made of a fabric that has been treated with the nanomaterial copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) which can be printed or spray applied.

Applications Used by the semi-nomadic, indigenous Huichol people of Mexico, who travel hundreds of miles to religious sites or farmlands. Australian Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, with the help of staff from the Centre for Appropriate Technology in Alice Springs. Resources http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/04/27/nomad_hum.html?category=human&guid=200704271 03030 Kennedy & Violich Architecture, Boston MA

APPLICATIONS

MAGNO-CHROMATIC MICROSPHERES

Properties: Microscopic polymer beads that change color instantly and reversibly when external magnetic fields acting upon the microspheres change orientation Key Benefits: Excellent structural stability Stable photonic materials with tunable colors can be Possible Uses: Environmentally friendly pigments for paints Rewritable or reusable signage, posters, papers and labels

Resources http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=8087&ntid=122&pg=2 5

APPLICATIONS

SELF HEALING POLYMERS

Properties: A polymer system based on weak, reversible bonds that can heal itself when heated has been created by UK and US chemists. The new polymers could be further developed and used in the aerospace and other industries, say the researchers. Key Benefits: At room temperature, flexible, self-supporting material A broken film could be re-healed by simply pressing the broken ends gently together and heating briefly at 80째C. When the mix is cooled the interactions reform and the original appearance and strength of the material is regained

Resources http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/September/11090901.asp 6

APPLICATIONS NANO-PARTICLE INKS

Properties: Solar cells could soon be produced more cheaply using nanoparticle â&#x20AC;&#x153;inksâ&#x20AC;? that allow them to be printed like newspaper or painted onto the sides of buildings or rooftops to absorb electricity-producing sunlight. Key Benefits: 1/10th the orIginal cost of conventional manufacturing of solar cell panels Less material to make a solar cell Semi-transparent allowing for application on glazing

APPLICATIONS ENERGY COATING

Properties: Similar to the way a plant absorbs sunlight and turns it into chemical energy to fuel the growth of a plant, energy coatings absorb sunlight and indoor light and convert them into electrical energy. Energy coatings are produced by working on the nano scale by injecting a dye into titanium dioxide, a white pigment commonly used in toothpaste and paint. The dye, applied to a flexible material, absorbs energy from both the sun and indoor light. This light energy travels through the titanium dioxide and a series of electrodes and is converted into electrical energy.

Konarka, the major producer of energy coatings, develops and manufactures power plastic that is inexpensive, lightweight, flexible and versatile. The light-activated power plastic film can be embedded within devices, systems and structures. Since the manufacturing process uses the printing technology, the film can be produced in any color and transparency. The film can be applied to structural systems, windows, roofs, glass and effectively produce energy. Resources http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanocoatings.htm 8

APPLICATIONS INSULADD PAINTS

Properties: The complex blend of microscopic hollow ceramic spheres that makes up INSULADD® have a vacuum inside like mini-thermos bottles. While the use of INSULADD® on interior walls is extremely beneficial, its use on exterior walls is even more dramatically effective since it blocks the extreme heat of the sun. INSULADD® ceramic-filled paint on interior walls looks like ordinary flat wall paint. The ceramic materials have unique energy savings properties that reflect heat while dissipating it. The hollow ceramic microspheres reflective quality affects the warming phenomenon called “Mean Radiant Temperature,” where heat waves from a source such as direct sunlight cause a person to feel warmer even though the actual air temperature is no different between a shady and sunny location. It is the molecular friction within the skin caused by the sun’s radiant energy waves which makes the body feel warmer.

Resources http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanocoatings.htm 9

APPLICATIONS NANOPROTEX

Properties: Nano-protex is a water-based NANO impregnation with very high penetration depth for textile. The product is repellent to water and the adherence of foreign matter to the surface is decreased. The Nano-particles adhere directly to the substrate molecules, deflecting any foreign matter.

Key Benefits: Water-repelling Dirt-deflecting Weather protection UV - weather-resistant Easy to clean- Self cleaning effect

Resources http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanocoatings.htm 10

APPLICATIONS NANO_PROTECT_GLASS

Properties: Nanoprotect Glass is a special nanotechnology product, manufactured by Nanotec, with a long term self cleaning effect for glass and ceramic surfaces. The NANO-particles adhere directly to the material molecule and allow the surface to deflect any dirt and water.

Key Benefits: Water-repelling Dirt-deflecting Lime-rejecting Weather protection UV - weather-resistant Prevents fungus growth Easy to clean= Self cleaning effect

Resources http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanocoatings.htm 11

BASE MATERIALS

Nano Materials - Nanocrystalline Materials Definition

Nanometer scale, heterogeneously structured crystallines. Devices -Quantum dot fluorescent biodetectors -Copper iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size -Copper zinc iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size -At nano scale is no longer a metal,becomes a semiconductor -1-D nanowires, 2-D nanofilms and 3-D supercrystals

Applications A potential application is to aid firefighters, who now wear protective masks containing copper-manganese-oxide. That materialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effectiveness at getting rid of CO, however, lasts only 15 minutes, while nanogold protects for several hours. One such reaction is the conversion of carbon-monoxide (CO) to carbon-dioxide (CO2). Nanogold catalyzes this at room temperature and with 100-percent efficiency. Resources http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-04zb.html 12

BASE MATERIALS

Fullerenes/ Carbon Nanotubes

Definitions -Fullerenes are molecules composed of carbon in the shape of hollow spheres, or ellipsoids; fullerenes in a cyllindrical for are called nanotubes. Properties -High tensile strength -High electrical conductivity -High ductility -High resistance to heat -Due to the lack of surface exposure they have relatively no chemical reactivity Applications A potential application is to aid firefighters, who now wear protective masks containing copper-manganese-oxide. That materialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s effectiveness at getting rid of CO, however, lasts only 15 minutes, while nanogold protects for several hours. One such reaction is the conversion of carbon-monoxide (CO) to carbon-dioxide (CO2). Nanogold catalyzes this at room temperature and with 100-percent efficiency.

Resources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene http://cnst.rice.edu/ 13

BASE MATERIALS

Nano Copper

Properties -Copper aluminum oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size -Copper iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size -Copper zinc iron oxide nanopowder, <100 nm particle size Applications -Bouisol-colloidal copper used as a fungacide since 1931. -Used an an algaecide in the treatment of water in swimming pools. -Used in polymers and plastics, lubricants, inks and metallic coatings -Copper interconnects on silicon chips in computers. -Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) has recently developed metal nanofluids based on nanoparticles of copper that would have application in improving the efficiency of automobiles, heating/air conditioning systems and industrial equipment. -Antimicrobial Materials - research is being done at MIT Resources http://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2006/01/copper_nanotechnology.html Nano Gold Properties -Created in small enough chunks turns red, yellow, blue and other colors -Becomes an excellent catalyst at 3-5 nm -At nano scale is no longer a metal, becomes a semiconductor -1-D nanowires, 2-D nanofilms and 3-D supercrystals

BASE MATERIALS

NICKEL- TUNGSTEN ALLOYS

Properties: Nano-material which exhebits more stability and safety than that of chrome, but offers the same amount of function in the electro-plating process. Key Benefits: Adds a protective coating and shiny luster Safer than electro-plating with chrome which is a carcinogenic process Cheaper process than chroming. Possible Uses: Electro-plating of many industrial metals, bathroom fixtures, and any other visible metal objects. Resources http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=7966&ntid=122&pg=3

PART 2

Intention Many different applications are found within the realm of photovoltaic technology. As well, there are many different types of display technologies which are useful in their own ways, however, these two ideas have rarely been found in union. This blog is an introduction to developing a marriage of photovoltaic ink and OLED video technology within a single glazing unit. This concept has many useful places in our daily lives, but this is primarily an architectural inquiry.

green pix building construction 17

OLED An organic light emitting diode (OLED), also light emitting polymer (LEP) and organic electro luminescence (OEL), is a light-emitting diode (LED) whose emissive electroluminescent layer is composed of a film of organic compounds. The layer usually contains a polymer substance that allows suitable organic compounds to be deposited. They are deposited in rows and columns onto a flat carrier by a simple â&#x20AC;&#x153;printingâ&#x20AC;? process. The resulting matrix of pixels can emit light of different colours. Such systems can be used in television screens, computer monitors, small, portable system screens such as cell phones and PDAs, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. OLEDs typically emit less light per area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which are usually designed for use as point-light sources. source: wikipedia

Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays. reference: www.howstuffworks.com 18

PHOTOVOLTAICS Photovoltaics (or PV) is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting solar energy directly into electricity.[1] Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacture of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced dramatically in recent years.[2][3][4] Photovoltaic production has been doubling every 2 years, increasing by an average of 48 percent each year since 2002, making it the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fastest-growing energy technology, and then increased by 110% in 2008.[5] At the end of 2008, the cumulative global PV installations reached 15,200 megawatts.[6][7] Roughly 90% of this generating capacity consists of grid-tied electrical systems. Such installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) [8] or built into the roof or walls of a building, known as Building Integrated Photovoltaics or BIPV for short.[9] reference: wikipedia

There are many ways that photovoltaics are utilized, and furthermore, the capabilities of each type of installation usually is efficient in its own sort. One very interesting development is one which has progressed rapidly in the last year. Recently, scientists at MIT improved the field of photovoltaics by integrating nanotechnology to invent a ink which can be applied to the out rim of flat glass panels. The radiant energy is reflected toward the edges of the glazing using a transparent silicon film on the glass. This silicon is similar to the same structural component in OLED screens. PHOTOVOLTAIC INKS APPLIED TO GLASS IMAGE COURTESY OF COVALENT SOLAR The cost of photovoltaic power can be reduced with organic solar concentrators. These are planar waveguides with a thin-film organic coating on the face and inorganic solar cells attached to the edges. Light is absorbed by the coating and reemitted into waveguide modes for collection by the solar cells. We report single- and tandem-waveguide organic solar concentrators with quantum efficiencies exceeding 50% and projected power conversion efficiencies as high as 6.8%. The exploitation of near-field energy transfer, solid-state solvation, and phosphorescence enables 10-fold increases in the power obtained from photovoltaic cells, without the need for solar tracking. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 19

Existing Examples Green Pix http://www.greenpix.org/press/PDF/GreenPix_press-kit_EN.pdf Simone Giostra & Partners | Architects http://www.sgp-architects.com/ PVTV http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20040727/pv-tv-a-multifunctional-eco-friendly-building-material MSK http://www.suntech-power.com/products/docs/catalogs/MSK_Discover_EN_v3_28Oct2008_lo.pdf Monster Media http://www.monstermedia.net/index.php Covalent Solar http://www.covalentsolar.com/ Woehburk http://woehburk.de/en/index.php

Innovate

The polymer and anode layers are microscopic and can be applied using the same techniques found in laser printing. The human hair is approximately 200x the size. photovoltaic inks would be applied to the glass substrate, which is the same place that a silicon film would be applied to redirect radiant energy toward the edges. A frame would be necessary to conceal the mechanisms used to redirect the energy from the panel.

ENVISION During the day, a building facade could absorb radiant energy using photovoltaic OLED panels.

ENVISION At night, these panels could become a display; these glass walls could become completely opaque, show video signage. the possibilities are endless.

Addington, D. Michelle. Smart materials and new technologies for the architecture and design professions. Amsterdam: Architectural, 2005. Print. Architecture in the digital age design and manufacturing. New York, NY: Spon, 2003. Print. Ritter, Axel. Smart Materials in Architecture, Interior Architecture and Design. Boston: Birkh채user Basel, 2006. Web. Michael F. Ashby, Paulo J. Ferreira, Daniel L. Schodek. Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies andDesign, An Introduction for Engineers and Architects. Elsevier Ltd. 2009 compiled by materio. Material World 2: Innovative Materials for Architecture and Design. Amsterdam: Frame Publishers, 2006.

FURTHER RESOURCES http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials

http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/04/27/nomad_hum.html?category=human&guid=200704271030 30 Kennedy & Violich Architecture, Boston MA http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=8087&ntid=122&pg=2 http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2009/September/11090901.asp http://www2.arch.uiuc.edu/elvin/nanocoatings.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene http://cnst.rice.edu/ http://www.spacedaily.com/news/nanotech-04zb.html http://nanotechwire.com/news.asp?nid=7966&ntid=122&pg=3 www.howstuffworks.com Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 28