Common birds of IITA by IITA FOREST PROJECT

Common

birds of IITA

Adeyanju Taiye Ottosson Ulf Shiiwua Manu www.iita.org

ÂŠ International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 2012 IITA Ibadan, Nigeria Telephone: (234-2) 7517472 Fax: (234-2) 2412221 E-mail: iita@cgiar.org Web: www.iita.org To Headquarters from outside Nigeria: IITA, Carolyn House 26 Dingwall Road, Croydon, CR9 3EE, UK Within Nigeria: PMB 5320, Oyo Road Ibadan, Oyo State

ISBN 000000000000000000 Correct citation: Adeyanju A Taiye, Ottosson Ulf and Shiiwua Manu. 2012. Common Birds of IITA. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 144 pp Printed in Nigeria by IITA

Acknowledgements Many thanks to Dr John Peacock for his support, optimism, and contribution and to senior birding companions in the field, especially Mr Philip Hall and Dr Matt Stevens. Thanks also to Deni Bown for editing and for stimulating company in the field. AAT is particularly grateful to his wife, Temidayo Adeyanju, for her keen and unwavering support without which field work at IITA would never have been as interesting. All pictures from DR. A. P Leventis except, Grace Torkura: pages 25, 49-top, 51, 63, 87-top. Taiye Crossby Omotoriogun: pages 39-bottom, 85-top, 119, 121, 127-top,133-top. Adeyanju Adeniyi Taiye: pages:33-top, 111, 127-bottom.

Common Birds of IITA This IITA Guidebook will help you to identify many of the most common birds in the lake and forest areas of the campus. For each bird there is a photograph, a scientific name, common names in English and French, a description of the bird and notes on its ecology. The aim of this booklet is to encourage appreciation and enjoyment of Nigerian birds in their habitats.

Contents Pelicaniformes Ciconiformes Anseriformes Falconiformes Galliformes Gruiformes Charadriformes Columbiformes Musophagiformes Cuculiformes Caprimulgiformes Apodiformes Coraciformes Passeriformes

Introduction History The IITA Ibadan campus (7˚30’N, 3˚55’E) covers approximately 1000 ha and is the headquarters of the Interna onal Ins tute of Tropical Agriculture, one of the world’s leading research partners in finding solu ons to hunger, malnutri on, and poverty. When acquired for agricultural research in 1967, the area was secondary forest interspersed with villages, farmland, and bush. The occupants were re-housed and much of the area was cleared for research, administra ve, service, and residen al purposes, leaving some 350 ha of forest to regenerate. In addi on, there are various smaller wooded areas, an Arboretum, several lakes, and a reservoir which was formed in 1979 by construc ng the John Craig Dam on the Awba River. The wetland areas, together with forest, bush, farmland, and gardens provide a diversity of habitats for plants and animals, especially birds and bu erflies. The bird species found at IITA include water birds found at both rice paddies and lakes; forest birds and generalists; and palearc c migratory birds such as the Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix), and Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). The forest reserve has been categorized by Birdlife Interna onal as an Important Bird Area (IBA) and is home to the endangered endemic Ibadan Malimbe (Malimbus ibadanensis). Management The IITA Forest Reserve is managed by the IITA Forest Project as a nature reserve for educa onal and research purposes. No hun ng or trapping is allowed and collec ng and disturbing of animals and other forest resources is strictly forbidden. Checklist of birds The first checklist for IITA was compiled by several birdwatchers/ ornithologists who visited the reserve and submi ed lists of their sigh ngs. A comprehensive review of the species richness of the area was ini ated by the authors, John Peacock, Phil Hall, A.P. Leven s, and guest ornithologists in 2009 (Ma Stevens) and 2011 (Guus Hank). Other research students who supported this update are Taiwo Crossby Omotorigun, Grace Torkura, and Temidayo Adeyanju. This is ongoing and currently includes over 220 bird species classified into 58 families and 21 orders. A ringing program has also been introduced to determine some of the undergrowth species that might escape detec on by sight. Over 1000 birds have been ringed; the most common from ringing data for 2010 to 2011 being the Gray-headed Bristle-bill (Bleda canicapillus) and Yellow-whiskered Greenbul (Andropadus laƟrostris). Climate and vegetation Ibadan lies in the transi on zone between the equatorial rain forest to the south and savanna to the north. The forest in this area is dry semideciduous, with a mixture of fast growing pioneer species, such as Ceiba pentandra, Newbouldia laevis, and Albizia spp., interspersed with slow growing emergents including Milicia excelsa and AnƟaris africana together with abundant climbers and lianas, especially of the genera Combretum and Dioscorea, and an under storey of small shrubs such as Chassalia kolly, Mallotus opposiƟfolius, and Sphenocentrum jollyanum. The yearly average rainfall is 1220 mm with a pronounced dry season beginning in November and ending in March the following year; temperatures range from a minimum of 21–22 °C to a maximum of 27– 34 °C.

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Order Pelicaniformes Scientific name Phalacrocorax africanus Common name Long-tailed Cormorant, Reed Cormorant, (Cormoran Africain) DescripĆ&#x;on A dark-colored bird with a long slender tail, always seen close to water. The under parts of juveniles are whi sh in color. The bill is yellowish and shorter than in herons and its feet are webbed. Adults are black with a short crest on the head, though non-breeding adults are duller. Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds mainly on fish and is capable of diving deep into the water to catch its prey. The feathers are not resistant to water and therefore it can o en be seen out of water drying its feathers. Cormorants are usually solitary but are frequently in pairs. Males and females do not look the same i.e. not sexually dimorphic. DistribuĆ&#x;on Lakes and ponds, always close to water. Status Resident.

Phalacrocorax africanus

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Ardea cinerea Common name Gray Heron (Héron cendré) DescripƟon A large, gray heron with a very long neck and graywhite breast. Adults have a black supercilium or black stripe above the eye, a white crown, and yellow bill. The chest is whi sh and the under wings are normally grayish in flight. Juveniles have darker bills and no nape plumes. Ecology Mainly carnivorous. The gray heron is mostly solitary but can o en be seen in small groups on trees beside the dam. It hunts by remaining mo onless for a long me and striking at unsuspec ng prey. It feeds on fish, frogs, and insects. DistribuƟon Lake and damp grassland. Status Resident/migratory.

Ardea cinerea

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Ardea purpurea Common name Purple Heron (Héron poupre) DescripƟon The body is mainly gray in adults, with a black-striped reddish head and neck. The under wings are grayish-black. Juveniles are brownish with less dis nc ve stripes. The under wings are grayish-black. The bill is yellowish and the crown has black plumage. Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds on invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and small mammals. DistribuƟon Around wetlands, especially in reed beds. Status Resident and migratory.

Ardea purpurea

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Ardea melanocephala Common name Black-headed Heron (Héron mélanocéphale) DescripƟon As the name suggests, it is a large gray heron with a black line above the eye and a black crown, hind-neck, and mantle. Its bill is dark gray; the neck is whi sh. Adults have plumes on the nape and mantle. Its legs are gray. The under wings are divided into white and gray which clearly dis nguishes it from the gray heron. Ecology Mainly carnivorous. It feeds on fish, frogs, and insects using the stand-and-wait technique to capture its prey. DistribuƟon Lake and damp grass/farmland. Status Migratory.

Ardea melanocephala

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Nycticorax nycticorax Common name Black-crowned Night Heron (Bihoreau gris) DescripƟon It has a black crown, nape, back, and mantle. The body is gray, with pale under parts, and the legs are yellow. Juveniles are diﬀerent in appearance, being brown-gray or buﬀ with white spots on the upper parts and brown-striped in the under parts. They resemble young or juvenile Li le Bi erns (See page 24). Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds on invertebrates and small vertebrates. It is not sexually dimorphic and is gregarious outside the breeding season. As the name suggests, it is nocturnal and roosts under cover during the day. DistribuƟon Mainly under the shade of trees around the dam during the day. Status Resident and breeding.

Nycticorax nycticorax

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Butorides striatus Common name Striated Heron, Green-backed Heron, Green heron, (Héron strié) DescripƟon The body in mainly grayish-green with wing panels bordered chestnut. It has a yellow eye-ring and dark greenish feathers on the head and back, an erec le black crown and grey under parts, with a chestnut and white stripe from neck to belly. The legs are yellow. Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds on invertebrates. DistribuƟon Found around the dam. Status Resident and migratory.

Butorides striatus

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Ardeola ralloides Common name Squacco Heron (Crabier chevelu) DescripƟon A small-sized heron, white in color when in flight but brown when standing, which gives it camouflage. The eﬀect of seeing white feathers in flight and brown when standing is the result of specialized filo-plume feathers which have brownish stripes. It looks like a diﬀerent bird in flight to its observed features when it lands. Its bill is bluish, long, and pointed with a black p. The legs are yellow. Ecology Carnivorous. Most o en uses the wait-and-capture technique for prey. It remains in a frozen stance un l prey reaches strike range. Solitary, but some mes seen in mixed flocks of Egrets and Plovers. They are not sexually dimorphic. It roosts on shrubs close to the forest lake. DistribuƟon Margins of lake. Status Resident.

Ardeola ralloides

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Egretta garzetta Common name Little Egret (Aigrette garzette) DescripĆ&#x;on It is a medium-sized egret with mainly white plumage, a black bill, black bia and tarsus, with long olive-yellow toes. The bill of juveniles is paler. Ecology Generally carnivorous. Always found around grass close to water and mudflats seeking for prey to come out of hiding. They are mostly solitary in habit, stalking their prey and striking with impercep ble speed. They feed mainly on invertebrates. DistribuĆ&#x;on Lake and farmland. Status Migratory.

Egretta garzetta

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Egretta intermedia Common name Yellow-billed, Egret, Intermediate Egret (Aigrette intermĂŠdiaire) DescripĆ&#x;on Much larger than the Li le Egret, it is white in color with a yellow bill, bia, tarsus, and toes. The neck is kinked and S-shaped. Ecology Generally carnivorous. It is solitary, found close to lakes and ponds seeking for prey. Its long pointed bill is used to capture prey and the long legs help it to stand upright in mud and above the vegeta on. DistribuĆ&#x;on Grassland around the lake. Status Resident/migratory.

Egretta intermedia

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Bubulcus ibis Common name Cattle Egret (HĂŠron gardeboeufs) DescripĆ&#x;on A white-colored Egret, much smaller and shorter than other egrets. Non-breeding adults have a pale bill and legs. Only breeding adults have rufous plumes on the nape, mantle, and breast as depicted in the photo. Bills and legs of breeding adults are reddish in color. Ecology It is carnivorous. O en found far from water, o en following a mowing tractor, in search of invertebrates, especially grasshoppers. They are gregarious, roos ng in large colonies near the Awba Dam and in the premises of the University of Ibadan. Their droppings are acidic and this kills the green leaves of the trees they roost on. However their droppings provide a rich source of nitrogen and phosphate to enrich the lake. DistribuĆ&#x;on Lake, grassland, and residen al areas. Status Resident/migratory.

Bubulcus ibis

Order Ciconiformes Scientific name Ixobrychus minutus Common name Little Bittern (Blongios nain) DescripĆ&#x;on The head and back of the adult is black while its under parts are brown. It has a yellow bill. Juveniles have blackstreaked plumage. Females have duller upper parts, however head sides are browner than in males. Ecology Carnivorous. This small heron feeds on invertebrates and fish. It is solitary though o en seen in pairs. When approached by an intruder it freezes with bill pointed upwards. DistribuĆ&#x;on Wetlands, in vegeta on such as reeds. Status Resident and breeding.

Ixobrychus minutus

Order Anseriformes Scientific name Dendrocygna viduata Common name White-faced Duck Whistling duck, White-faced Duck (Dendrocygne veuf). DescripƟon As indicated by its name, it has a white face, while the bill and the back of the head and fore-neck is black. The hind part of the neck is rufous-brown. The body is mainly brown with some white and black streaks on the flanks and edges of the feathers. . It is very dis nc ve in flight and is the only duck in the area that sings (‘whistles’) in flight. Ecology Generally omnivorous. This is the most abundant duck in IITA, feeding by using its bill to filter through mud. It also feeds on aqua c vegeta on. White-faced ducks are gregarious and seldom seen alone. They form large flocks and roost around the lakes, producing an enormous quan ty of droppings which are rich in phosphates and enrich the surroundings. The young are precocious and able to follow their parents a few hours a er hatching. DistribuƟon Mainly on the reservoir and Golf Course Lake, but also in the pond above the rice paddy at certain mes of the year. Status Resident/migratory.

Dendrocygna viduata

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Gypohierax angolensis Common name Palm-nut Vulture (Palmiste Africain) DescripĆ&#x;on Most of the body is whi sh in color with blackish primaries and secondaries. It has a raptor-like, creamy-colored bill and a conspicuous orbital ring or red patch around the eye. Juveniles are brownish in color. The bill is pped black and it has pale legs. Ecology Omnivorous. Presently this is the only vulture seen around the IITA campus and recently numbers have been rising. The young are o en seen in the company of adult parents. They are not sexually dimorphic. Vultures play an important role in the recycling of carrion. They do not feed only on carrion, but also take fish and palm nuts. When feeding on palm fruits it hangs upside down and uses its feet to hold the fruit. DistribuĆ&#x;on Around the lake, always close to the forest edge. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Gypohierax angolensis

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Elanus axillaris Common name Black-shouldered Kite, Black-winged Kite, Common Black-shouldered Kite (Elanion blanc) DescripĆ&#x;on A medium-sized raptor, mostly grayish-white with the excep on of the shoulders which are black. The feet are yellow. It is capable of hovering on the same spot when hun ng. Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds on rodents and other small vertebrates. Young are altricial and have to remain in the nest for long periods during which me they are fed by both parents. They are not sexually dimorphic, though females tend to be larger. DistribuĆ&#x;on Woodland close to farmland. Status Resident.

Elanus axillaris

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Milvus migrans Common name Yellow-Billed Kite (Milan noir) DescripƟon The whole body is blackish-brown and the feet are yellow. It has an almost square tail and a yellow- pped bill. It is frequently called the yellow-billed kite to diﬀeren ate it from the palearc c species (Black Kite). Ecology Carnivorous. The most abundant raptor in IITA, o en seen in large groups (gregarious) following moving tractors in fields where they seek mostly grasshoppers. They also feed on larger prey and can be seen carrying chicks, rodents, or lizards. Nests are very conspicuous on large, tall trees. They breed in pairs and young are altricial. Breeding can take place throughout the year. They are not sexually dimorphic but females are larger than males. DistribuƟon Short or mowed grassland around residen al areas, farmland, and lake. Status Resident/migratory and ac vely breeding at IITA.

Milvus migrans

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Circus aeruginosus Common name Eurasian Marsh Harrier, Western Marsh Harrier (Busard des roseaux) DescripĆ&#x;on A large raptor in which male and female diďŹ&#x20AC;er in appearance (dimorphic). The female has a mainly dark brown body with the crown forming a whi sh or golden shield; shoulders and throat are also white. The male has a mainly chocolate-brown body and is much smaller in size, with a streaked breast. They both have yellow legs and feet. Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds on smaller birds and fish in wetland or marshy areas from where it gets its name Marsh Harrier. In northern Nigeria some birds have been killed by the use of DDT for catching fish by local farmers. If this raptor feeds on fish that have been poisoned by DDT, it leads to its death. DistribuĆ&#x;on Lake and farmland. Status Migratory.

Circus aeruginosus

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Kaupifalco monogrammicus Common name Lizard Buzzard (Autour unibande) DescripĆ&#x;on Most of the body is gray in color with a gray upper breast, white-striped lower breast, and white-banded tail. The throat has a conspicuous white patch with a ver cal conspicuous or visible black line in the middle. Its bill is pped black, the cere and legs are reddish in color; under wings in flight are whi sh in color with an obvious black tail. They are not sexually dimorphic but males are smaller than females. Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds on lizards, from which it gets its name, and also on smaller vertebrates. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest margins. Status Resident and breeding.

Kaupifalco monogrammicus

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Accipiter tachiro Common name African Goshawk (Autour tachiro) DescripĆ&#x;on Upper parts of the body are gray and under parts are striped red and white in the adult. The feet and bill are yellow and the la er is pped black. The upper tail has the characteris c do ed markings of goshawks. Ecology Carnivorous. This raptor feeds on smaller birds and vertebrates. It is mainly solitary. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest. Status Resident and breeding.

Accipiter tachiro

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Falco tinnunculus Common name Common Kestrel, Rock Kestrel, Eurasian Kestrel (Faucon crécerelle) DescripƟon A small raptor with a grayish head and black primary and secondary feathers. The upper body parts are mainly rufous with black spots and the bill has a yellow cere (the base of the upper part of the bill) with a black p. Ecology Carnivorous. It feeds on lizards and other small prey. Nests are built on roofs and tall structures. They are sexually dimorphic; young are altricial. DistribuƟon Farmland and residen al areas, favoring high vantage points. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Falco tinnunculus

Order Falconiformes Scientific name Falco ardosiaceus Common name Gray Kestrel (Faucon ardoisĂŠ) DescripĆ&#x;on This small raptor is all gray in color with a black bill and yellow cere (base of the upper part of the bill), orbital ring, legs, and feet. The feet are also yellow. The primaries are dark gray. Ecology Mainly carnivorous. It preys on small rep les and mammals. They are not sexually dimorphic but females tend to be larger than males. They are solitary though o en seen in breeding pairs. Young are altricial. DistribuĆ&#x;on Wooded fields close to farm buildings. Status Resident.

Falco ardosiaceus

Order Galliformes Scientific name Numida meleagris Common name Helmeted Guineafowl (Pintade de Numidie) DescripĆ&#x;on A medium-sized, grayish-black fowl with white patches of variable sizes all over the body. There are blue and red patches of skin on its head which is bare of feathers. It is gregarious and usually seen in groups. Ecology Omnivorous. It feeds on grains and supplements its diet with insects. Young are precocial. Guineafowl have been domes cated by humans for their eggs and meat. DistribuĆ&#x;on Farmland and bush. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Numida meleagris

Order Galliformes Scientific name Francolinus bicalcaratus Common name Double-spurred Francolin, Spurfowl (Francolin à double éperon) DescripƟon Mainly brownish with an olive green bill and legs, a chestnut nape, and a white stripe above the eye. The female has smaller spurs (s ﬀ, horny outgrowth or projec ons on the legs). Very shy and easily flushed out of nearby bush when approached. It has a very loud alarm call which it makes once flushed out and will keep calling ll it gets out of sight. Ecology Omnivorous, feeding on grains, cassava tubers and small insects. It is gregarious, o en seen in small groups and one of the most conspicuous birds in the IITA environs. DistribuƟon Farmland, especially in cassava and maize fields and some mes along the forest edge. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Francolinus bicalcaratus

Order Gruiformes Scientific name Porphyrio alleni Common name Allen’s Gallinule, Lesser Gallinule (Talève d’Allen) DescripƟon From a direct frontal view, this is a purplish-blue bird with rufous-green upper parts, a red bill, and blue shield. The legs are also red when exposed. Ecology Omnivorous. This very secre ve bird feeds on insects, other small prey, and seeds of water lily. They are solitary but o en seen in pairs. DistribuƟon Lake, rice paddies, and other marshy areas. O en seen skulking around vegeta on usually close to water. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Porphyrio alleni

Order Gruiformes Scientific name Gallinula chloropus Common name Common Moorhen Common Gallinule, Moorhen (Gallinule poule d’eau) DescripƟon A sooty black bird with a white line on its flanks, greenish-yellow legs, and red shield extending to cover part of its yellow bill, making only the yellow p visible from a distance. Ecology Omnivorous. It feeds on aqua c invertebrates and small fish, and is capable of diving and staying underwater for extended periods when startled. Young are precocial; adults are not sexually dimorphic. DistribuƟon Lake, rice paddies, and other wetlands. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Gallinula chloropus

Order Charadridae Scientific name Actophilornis africanus Common name African Jacana, Lily Trotter (Jacana à poitrine dorée) DescripƟon It is mostly rufous brown with a black eye stripe which extends to the back of the head and hind-neck. Other parts of the head are white except for a blue-shield on the forehead. The legs and feet are very long with extended toes which enable it to walk on vegeta on in water. Ecology Omnivorous. Young are precocial; adults are not sexually dimorphic. Females pair with mul ple males and are larger than males (polyandry). It is associated with the water lily (Nymphaea lotus) as it walks across water on the lily pads. Males are responsible for rearing of young. DistribuƟon Lakes and rice paddies. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Actophilornis africanus

Order Charadriformes Scientific name Amaurornis flavirostra Common name Black Crake (Râle à bec jaune) DescripƟon The body is uniformly black. It has long pinkish-red legs and feet, red eyes, and a yellow bill. Juveniles are mainly dark brown. Ecology Mainly omnivorous, it feeds on invertebrates and grains. DistribuƟon Marshy grassland. Status Resident and breeding.

Amaurornis flavirostra

Order Charadriformes Scientific name Burhinus senegalensis Common name Senegal Thick-knee (Oedicnème du Sénégal) DescripƟon The body is mainly pale brown with black-streaked feathers; primaries and secondaries are black with some white. . It has a yellowish bill with a black p, a large yellow eye ring and black pupil. The legs are olive-yellow and long. Ecology Generally nocturnal, insec vorous, and are solitary while feeding but gregarious at roosts during the day me. The body color serves as camouflage in dry vegeta on. DistribuƟon Lake, close to the fence around the pumping sta on, and Entrance A of the IITA forest trail. Status Resident.

Burhinus senegalensis

Order Charadriformes Scientific name Vanellus spinosus Common name Spur-winged Plover/ Lapwing (Vanneau à éperons) DescripƟon It has a black crown and nape, the black narrowly extending to the chest. The sides of the head and neck are white. Upper body parts are brownish and under body parts are mainly brown. The legs are grayish-black and the tail is black. Ecology Very territorial. They are gregarious and not sexually dimorphic; males tend to be larger. An adult has longer spurs. When disturbed they give out an alarm call and fly over the intruder as if to a ack, persis ng un l the intruder leaves the area. They feed on insects and small vertebrates. DistribuƟon Very conspicuous around the lakes, also in farmland and marshy habitats. Status Resident.

Vanellus spinosus

Order Charadriformes Scientific name Vanellus albiceps Common name White-headed Lapwing (Vanneau à tête blanche) DescripƟon It has conspicuous yellow wa les and which end in a black- p. The head is mainly brown with a conspicuous band of white from the wa le through the forehead to the nape. Upper body parts are mainly brown, primary and secondary feathers are black, while the scapular and secondary feathers (wingbar) are white. The legs are olive-green and under parts are white. Ecology Carnivorous. Feeds on insects and other small prey. DistribuƟon Margins of lake. Status Resident.

Vanellus albiceps

Order Charadriformes Scientific name Rostratula benghalensis Common name Greater Painted Snipe, Painted Snipe (Rhynchée peinte) DescripƟon The body is mainly grey. Females have a white eye mask and rufous lower parts of the head, neck and nape. The wings are barred black with buﬀ spots. The head is grey-black with a brown line along the crown. Under parts are white, extending to the shoulders. Males also have an eye mask but neck, collar and nape are brown. Black fringes around the collar are wider in females than in males. In both sexes the bill is long and pale orange. Ecology Carnivorous, feeding on invertebrates. It is sexually dimorphic. Both male and female are gregarious, territorial and very shy, staying close to vegeta on (mainly grass) and emi ng a very audible call when feeding. DistribuƟon Mainly in rice paddies, especially when water level is low. Status Resident/migratory and breeding.

Rostratula benghalensis

Order Charadriformes Scientific name Actitis hypoleucos Common name Common Sandpiper (Chevalier guignette) DescripĆ&#x;on A small wader with a grayish, white-mo led body, and brownish neck and bill. Under parts are whi sh and extend to form a collar around the shoulder. Legs are creamy-yellow. In flight, a white wing bar is obvious. It has a brownish-orange bill ending in a darker p. Ecology Carnivorous. The bill is very sensi ve and is used as a probe for detec ng worms and insects in mud. Solitary but regularly observed in groups around the dam outlets and rice paddies. They are not dimorphic. DistribuĆ&#x;on Lakes and marshy areas. Status Resident/migratory.

Tringa hypoleucos

Order Columbiformes Scientific name Streptopelia senegalensis Common name Laughing Dove, Palm Dove (Tourterelle maillĂŠe) DescripĆ&#x;on A medium-sized dove with bluish-brown upper parts, black primaries and secondaries, and mainly white under parts. Legs and feet are red in color. Juveniles have paler bills and adults have black bills. It has no neck collar and the feet and legs are red. Ecology Omnivorous. It feeds on grains, invertebrates, and some mes fruits. DistribuĆ&#x;on Close to human habita on and occasionally in the forest. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Streptopelia senegalensis

Order Columbiformes Scientific name Tutur afer Common name Blue-spotted Wood Dove (Tourtelette amethystine) DescripĆ&#x;on It has a bluish-gray head and red bill, feet, and tarsus. The upper body parts are brownish in color with sca ered blue spots and the primaries have reddish ps which are conspicuous in flight. Ecology Frugivorous. It feeds on fruits and seeds of forest trees. Solitary but found in pairs when breeding. The young are altricial and unable to fend for themselves a er hatching. They are not dimorphic. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest, always close to cover. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Tutur afer

Order Columbiformes Scientific name Tutur tympanistria Common name Tamborine Dove (Tourtelette tambourette) DescripĆ&#x;on This dove has a white face, a black bill and brownish, black-spo ed upper parts. Males have white under parts while females have a grayish chest. Tarsus and feet are red and primaries are reddish; this is evident in flight. Ecology Frugivorous. It feeds on fruit and seeds. Solitary but breeds in pairs. Young are altricial. It is dimorphic. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest margins. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Tutur tympanistria

Order Musophagiformes Scientific name Crinifer piscator Common name Western Gray Plantain-eater (Touraco gris) DescripĆ&#x;on It has grayish upper parts with black spots and white under parts with black streaks. The bill is yellow. It shows a white wing patch and long black tail in flight. Ecology It feeds on fruits and flowers and is a racted to yellowcolored plant material. On cul vated fruit trees it could become a pest. It is gregarious and o en seen in pairs or small groups. It is sexually dimorphic and the young are altricial. DistribuĆ&#x;on Farmland, gardens, and forest margins. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Crinifer piscator

Order Musophagiformes Scientific name Tauraco persa Common name Green Turaco, Guinea Turaco, Green Lourie (Touraco vert) DescripĆ&#x;on Mainly green with a greenish mane or crest, black legs and red orbital ring bordered by an incomplete white patch. Upper parts are darker and more bronze-green than the head and neck which are leafy green. The bill is small and red and it has a long tail. In flight, bright red flight feathers are obvious. This possibly serves as camouflage as red is not conspicuous when standing upright. It flees from intruders by climbing higher in the canopy and will not fly long distances. Ecology Mainly aboreal and frugivorous, feeding on fruits and also invertebrates. It mimics the IITA alarms and this will be reechoed by other individuals. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest, in tall trees. It is not a strong flyer and leaps or glides between trees. Status Resident and breeding.

Tauraco persa

Order Cuculiformes Scientific name Chrysococcyx klaas Common name Klaas’ Cuckoo (Coucou de Klaas) DescripƟon Upper body parts are mainly green while under parts are white and wing flanks are striped green. It has a green eye line or moustachial stripe and a small white mark in front of the red eye. The white supercilium is incomplete. Females and juveniles are browner than males. Ecology It feeds on invertebrates and is a brood parasite of Village Weavers. (See page 126). DistribuƟon Mainly around the lake near colonies of weavers (Page 127). Status Resident and breeding.

Chrysococcyx klaas

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Centropus senegalensis Common name Senegal Coucal (Coucal du Sénégal) DescripƟon It has a black head, tail, nape, and hind-neck. Upper parts are rufous and under parts are white. There is a black variant which has a black head, neck and tail, and brown under parts. Ecology Widely observed as a nest robber, feeding on eggs and squabs of its prey, similar behavior to the European Blackbird. It never flies far and always lands lazily in the bush. It is found alone or in breeding pairs. DistribuƟon Common in and close to bush. Status Resident.

Centropus senegalensis

Order Caprimulgiformes Scientific name Caprimulgus climacurus Common name Long-tailed Nightjar (Engoulevent à longue queue) DescripƟon A small bird with mo led buﬀ, brown, gray, and black plumage and a very long gray tail barred with black. Its bill is black, and its under parts are grayish brown. It has a white moustachial stripe, large black eyes and an obvious wing bar. Ecology Mostly solitary and not sexually dimorphic. They are nocturnal and insec vorous, usually seen close to ground level just before dawn and just a er dusk. DistribuƟon Usually at ground level along roads and farm tracks. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Caprimulgus climacurus

Order Caprimulgiformes Scientific name Macrodipterx longipennis Common name Standard-winged Nightjar (Engoulevent à balanciers) DescripƟon It is predominantly brown, black, and gray with a short, squarish barred tail. Both sexes are similar but during the breeding season, the male has very conspicuous wing extensions. Ecology Nocturnal. Ac ve mainly just before dawn and just a er dusk, feeding on insects with their bills wide open. DistribuƟon Roads and farm tracks before dawn and a er dusk. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Macrodipterx longipennis

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Ceuthmochares aereus Common name Yellowbill, Blue Malkoha, Blue Coucal (Malcoha à bec jaune) DescripƟon The body is mainly blue-gray and as the name suggests, it has a yellow bill and cere, and a large dark-gray tail. It flies a short distance into cover. Its under parts are paler. The juvenile is duller with a brownish bill and cere. Its call resembles the Western Nicator. Ecology Frugivorous. This large but secre ve, slow-flying bird feeds on fruits. DistribuƟon Forest and bush. Status Resident and breeding.

Ceuthmochares aereus

Order Caprimulgiformes Scientific name Alcedo cristata Common name Malachite Kingfisher (Martin-pêcheur huppé) DescripƟon A small-sized kingfisher but larger than the African Pygmy Kingfisher (Ceyx pictus) which may also be seen around the lakes. It has rufous under parts, a bluish-black crown and nape, blue upper parts, and black-lined primaries and secondaries. Its bill, feet, and legs are red. Juveniles have black legs and feet. Ecology Insec vorous, feeding on small insects. It is very territorial and solitary but breeding pairs are not o en far apart. This kingfisher does not necessarily feed on fish but is a very agile diver when searching or in pursuit of prey. DistribuƟon Lakes and ponds. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

Alcedo cristata

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Halcyon senegalensis Common name Woodland Kingfisher (Martin-chasseur du Sénégal) DescripƟon A medium-sized kingfisher with a grayish white head, nape, and under parts, bluish upper parts with a black wing bar, black primaries and blue secondaries. Upper bill parts are mainly red and the lower bill is black. Ecology Insec vorous, feeding on insects, millipedes and other invertebrates. It is usually solitary but some mes found in small groups and is a very agile diver. DistribuƟon Woodland, forest, and gardens. Status Resident and breeding.

Halcyon senegalensis

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Tockus fasciatus Common name African Pied Hornbill (Calao longibande) DescripĆ&#x;on Upper body parts are wholly black and the tail is predominantly black with two white feathers. Parts below the breast are white including upper legs or bia. It has a large cream-colored bill which is blackish at the p. Ecology Mainly frugivorous but will also takes invertebrates and smaller birds. It mostly feeds on fruits and is capable of breaking large nuts such as palm kernels with its massive bill. They are gregarious, o en seen in large par es roos ng or feeding. They are dimorphic and nest in tree holes; they require old growth forest to reproduce. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest. Status Resident.

Tockus fasciatus

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Tockus nasutus Common name African Gray Hornbill (Calao Ă bec noir) DescripĆ&#x;on The body mainly grayish brown and under parts are pale gray below the chest. It has a white supercilium (stripe above the eye), gray crown and massive black bill. Non-breeding males have a black bill while females have a yellow bill with a red p. Ecology Omnivorous, feeding on fruits and nuts and smaller birds and nestlings. It has a characteris c undula ng flight and is dimorphic. Nes ng takes place in holes and it requires old growth forest to reproduce. It is mostly solitary but breeding pairs are also observed as well as mixed flocks. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest. Status Resident/migratory.

Tockus nasutus

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Eurystomus glaucurus Common name Broad-billed Roller, Cinnamon Roller (Rolle violet) DescripĆ&#x;on The body is mainly rufous with dark blue primaries and secondaries. It has a light blue tail, gradua ng to a dark blue p, and a yellow stout bill, slightly hooked at the p. Its voice is very harsh. Ecology Insec vorous. They are canopy birds and usually solitary, though some mes observed in mixed flocks with the Bluethroated Roller and o en seen feeding in groups. They may resemble small birds in flight with loud harsh calls both in flight and when perching. Hun ng takes place from a perch, swooping down to catch insects in the air. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest canopy. Status Resident/migratory.

Eurystomus glaucurus

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Merops malimbicus Common name Rosy Bee-eater (Guêpier gris-rose) DescripƟon It has a conspicuous moustachial white band, a black eye mask, gray upper parts, and pink-red under parts. Adults have a short tail streamer. Ecology Insec vorous. They feed in groups (gregarious) on various kinds of insects which they catch in flight very swi ly. DistribuƟon Gallery forest along the banks of watercourses. Status Migratory.

Merops malimbicus

Order Coraciformes Scientific name Merops albicollis Common name White-throated Beeeater (Guêpier à gorge blanche) DescripƟon It has a white face with a black eye mask, crown, and collar. The under parts graduate from light green to white and the upper parts are greenish nted with yellow. Flight wings end with black ps and the tail is green with long tail streamer. Juveniles do not have tail streamers. Ecology Insec vorous. It feeds in large par es (gregarious) on insects ranging from flying ants and dragonflies to bu erflies. They are dimorphic. Nest colonies have yet to be discovered in the IITA campus. DistribuƟon Forest and woodland. Status Migratory.

Merops albicollis

Order Apodiformes Scientific name Hirundo abyssinica Common name Lesser Striped Swallow (Hirondelle à gorge striée) DescripƟon It has a rufous head with ny black bill, short neck, pointed wings and long tail streamers. Upper parts are bluishblack and it is faintly striped black on its whi sh under parts. Juveniles are duller than adults. Ecology Insec vorous. It feeds on insects in flight and is a highly specialized aerial insec vorous ‘bird of prey’. They are not dimorphic and are gregarious, o en seen in mixed flocks with other swallow species. DistribuƟon Farmland close to water holes and around lakes and ponds. Status Resident.

100

Hirundo abyssinica

101

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Anthus leucophrys Common name Plain-backed Pipit (Pipit à dos uni) DescripƟon Upper parts are brown and streaked while parts below the legs are pale. It has a long tail, a stripe above the eye or pale supercillium and a moustachial stripe. Ecology Insec vorous, feeding on invertebrates. It tends to be solitary. Status Resident and breeding. DistribuƟon Farm and grassland along the edges of the dam.

102

Anthus leucophrys

103

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Motacilla flava Common name Yellow Wagtail, Western Yellow Wagtail (Bergeronnette printaniĂ¨re) DescripĆ&#x;on Many variants occur but most have a grayish to black head with yellow under parts, black-striped wings, and a long black tail which it wags up and down. Ecology Omnivorous. It feeds on invertebrates and seeds and is a terrestrial insec vore. It is gregarious and o en seen in pairs. DistribuĆ&#x;on Lake margins and grassland. Status Migratory.

104

Motacilla flava

105

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Macronyx croceus Common name Yellow-throated Longclaw (Sentinelle à gorge jaune) DescripƟon It has a conspicuous black necklace which descends from the bill through the sides of the neck and around the breast where there are other black streaks. The under parts are mainly yellow, and upper body parts are brown with black streaks laced on each feather. It has a yellow supercilium and in flight the tail ps are white. There is a long claw on the hind toe. Ecology It feeds on invertebrates and is not gregarious but o en observed in pairs. It is a characteris c species of open area and is found far away from forest cover. DistribuƟon Farmland. Status Resident

106

Macronyx croceus

107

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Pycnonotus barbatus Common name Common Bulbul (Bulbul dès jardins) DescripƟon Mainly gray upper parts with pale gray chest and dark face. Ecology Omnivorous. Feeds on fruits and invertebrates. They are gregarious and o en seen in mixed flocks. They are generalist birds which will be found in almost any type of wooded habitat. Nes ng pairs lay two eggs. DistribuƟon Farmland and forest edges Status Resident

108

Pycnonotus barbatus

109

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Cossypha niveicapilla Common name Snowy-crowned Robin-chat (Cossyphe a calotte neigeuse) DescripĆ&#x;on Upper parts are mainly black and under parts are rufous red, extending to form a collar behind the nape. The tail is black with the two central feathers being rufous, as though pped with red. It has a white crown and black bill. Ecology Omnivorous. It feeds on both fruits and insects. DistribuĆ&#x;on Mainly gallery and secondary forest but may also be seen in the open in farmland. Status Resident and breeding.

110

Cossypha niveicapilla

111

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Turdus pelios Common name African Thrush (Merle Africain) DescripĆ&#x;on It has grayish-brown upperparts and paler under parts with black streaks on the throat and a yellow bill. There is an orange patch near the wing panel which can be seen when exposed in flight. It produces a repe ve alarm call as well as a melodious song which is a repertoire of short notes. Ecology Omnivorous. It feeds on insects and fruits and is a terrestrial forager. It is not sexually dimorphic. DistribuĆ&#x;on Farmland, gardens, gallery forest and forest margins. Status Resident.

112

Turdus pelios

113

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Saxicola rubetra Common name Whinchat (Tarier des prés) DescripƟon It has dis nct buﬀ-white stripe above the eye or supercilium and a black cheek, lined with white. The mantle, nape, and back are streaked with buﬀ-white edges on black wing coverts. Legs and feet are black.. Under parts are rufous and wings are black with a rufous p. Males and females look alike un l they molt into breeding plumage in February/March, then females are duller. Ecology Omnivorous, feeding on seeds and insects. It is solitary and sexually dimorphic. DistribuƟon Farmland. Status Migratory.

114

Saxicola rubetra

115

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Cisticola erythrops Common name Red-faced Cisticola (Cisticole à face rousse) DescripƟon Upper body parts are mainly brown with sides of the head rufous, hence the name ‘red-faced’. Under parts are pale and it has a black tail. Ecology Insec vorous, feeding on invertebrates. It is solitary and territorial; not sexually dimorphic. DistribuƟon Mainly on farmland, especially in grassland. Status Resident and breeding.

116

Cisticola erythrops

117

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Cyanomitra olivacea Common name Eastern Olive Sunbird, Olive Sunbird (Souimanga olivĂ˘tre) DescripĆ&#x;on It is mainly brown with pale under parts and a long curved bill; under parts are pale. Adult males have a tu of yellow feathers under the wing. Females and juveniles do not have a yellow tu . Ecology Mainly nectarivorous, feeding on nectar but also needing insects to supplement protein levels. They are solitary and dimorphic. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest and gardens on nectar-rich flowers. Status Resident and breeding.

118

Cyanomitra olivacea

119

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Cynnyris coccinigastrus Common name Splendid Sunbird (Souimanga éclatant) DescripƟon The body is mainly black, with a glossy purplish head and a red chest lined beneath with blue. Wing coverts are metallic green. The female is quite diﬀerent, with light brown upper parts and pale yellow-brown under parts. Its tail has a blue nge above and below. Juvenile males have a black neck. Ecology Nectarivorous, feeding mainly on nectar from nectar rich flowers which it supplements with insects. It is usually solitary or in pairs but may be observed feeding in a group of mixed sunbirds. DistribuƟon Gardens, edges of forest and farmland. Status Resident and breeding.

120

Cynnyris coccinigastrus

121

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Cinnyris venustus Common name Variable Sunbird, Yellow-bellied Sunbird (Souimanga Ă ventre jaune) DescripĆ&#x;on Male has violet chest to facial region, metallic green hind region of head reaching to shoulders or fore wings, while other under parts are yellow in both males and females. Females have grayish-brown upper parts of the body. The young male has a black throat. It is smaller than the splendid sunbird and its bill is not as curved at the end. Ecology Nectarivorous, feeding mainly on nectar from nectar rich flowers which it supplements with insects. It is usually solitary or in pairs but may be observed feeding in groups of mixed sunbirds. Generally sunbirds help to pollinate flowers from which they obtain nectar. DistribuĆ&#x;on Mainly residen al areas in gardens. Status Resident and breeding.

122

Cinnyris venustus

123

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Corvus albus Common name Pied Crow (Corbeau pie) DescripĆ&#x;on A very common large black bird with a conspicuous white band from belly to breast and a white collar on the hind part of the neck. The tail, legs, and feet are black. Ecology Scavenger and carnivorous. It feeds on mice and invertebrates and can be used in biological control of such pests. They are o en in mixed flocks with the Yellow-billed Kite. DistribuĆ&#x;on Farmland, residen al areas, waste dumps, and forest margins. Status Resident.

124

Corvus albus

125

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Ploceus cucullatus Common name Village Weaver, Blackheaded Weaver (Tisserin gendarme) DescripĆ&#x;on The main colora on is yellow, spo ed with black on the upper parts of the body, with a black head and chestnut patches on either hind crown or neck. Females and juveniles are duller and lacking the black head. Ecology Mainly granivorous, observed feeding on oil palm kernels, maize, rice, large insects, and fruit. It breeds all year round and nests in colonies, building the nests from strips of leaves torn from palm fronds but when these are not available it uses grass and is o en a menace to fields of maize and rice. The large amount of droppings produced helps to enrich the IITA Lake. It is gregarious and dimorphic during breeding. Entrances into nests are usually at the bo om, hence birds lie upside down to access their nest. New nests are observed regularly in the colony. DistribuĆ&#x;on Farmland and bush, nes ng at the edge of the lake near the dam. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

126

Ploceus cucullus

127

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Ploceus nigricollis Common name Black-necked Weaver (Tisserin à cou noir) DescripƟon The male is mainly olive yellow with a conspicuous black neck and yellow under parts, black bill and black legs. Both male and female have a black eye stripe. Ecology Granivorous. It feeds on grains and is a pest of rice crops. Gregarious, nes ng in colonies constructed from palm fronds and grasses. It is sexually dimorphic. DistribuƟon Farmland. Status Resident and breeding.

128

Ploceus nigricollis

129

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Malimbus scutatus Common name Red-vented Malimbe (Malibe a queue rouge) DescripĆ&#x;on It has mainly black plumage and a black face, with red conspicuously extending from the forehead to the nape and breast sides in the male. For females, red is only on the breast. Other parts of the feathers are black, as is the tail but the vent is red. The bill of the juvenile is yellowish. Ecology It feeds on fruits and builds large conical nests from palm fronds. It is sexually dimorphic and gregarious, o en observed in small groups with other malimbe species. DistribuĆ&#x;on Forest, some mes outside forest areas on palm trees around residences and I-House. Status Resident and migratory.

130

Malimbus scutatus

131

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Spermestes cucullatus Common name Bronze Mannikin, Bronze Munia (Capucin nonnette) DescripĆ&#x;on The male has white under parts while the female is generally brown but paler below. Males have black streaks on the flanks, a bronze nape, and a black face and neck. The bill is black; legs and feet are brown. Ecology It feeds on the seeds of grasses. It is gregarious and o en in mixed flocks with waxbills, queleas, and whydahs. It is sexually dimorphic, and breeds in small colonies. DistribuĆ&#x;on Farmland, common on tall grasses near rice paddies. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

132

Spermestes cucullatus

133

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Malimbus nitens Common name Blue-billed Malimbe, Gray’s Malimbe (Malimbe à bec bleu) DescripƟon The body is mainly black, with a small area of red on the chest, extending to the throat and neck. The bill is metallic blue-gray in color and its legs are dark gray. Ecology Frugivorous, feeding on fruits. It is gregarious, moving in small groups and nes ng in small colonies close to water. Nests are constructed from palm fronds and are o en very low but inaccessible on swamp or water-logged terrain. DistribuƟon Mainly in forest close to water. Status Resident and breeding.

134

Malimbus nitens

135

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Estrilda melpoda Common name Orange-cheeked Waxbill (Astrild à joues oranges) DescripƟon It has a conspicuous red facial mask and gray crown. From the hind neck to the wings is brown and under parts are pale. The tail is black while the rump and bill are red. Ecology It feeds on the seeds of grasses. It is gregarious, o en observed in mixed flocks with manikins and weavers; it is not sexually dimorphic. DistribuƟon Farmland and forest margins. Status Resident and ac vely breeding,

136

Estrilda melpoda

137

Order Passeriformes Scientific name Vidua macroura Common name Pin-tailed Whydah (Veuve dominicaine) DescripĆ&#x;on It has a dis nct red bill and the head is striped gray and black in non-breeding plumage while the rest of the body is mainly brown streaked with black. Males in breeding plumage have a long black central tail feather and a black crown with white sides to the head, extending to lower parts of the body. The wings are mainly black with a white wing bar. Ecology It feeds on the seeds of grasses. Sexual dimorphism is obvious only during the breeding season when males display to females. Nests are built on the ground in grasses with up to five young in one nest. These birds are brood parasites (i.e. they place their eggs in the nests of other birds but this may be par al, not fully obligate as in some cuckoos of other members of the Estrildidae family). DistribuĆ&#x;on Farmland and edge of the dam. Status Resident and ac vely breeding.

138

Vidua macroura

139

Glossary Adult: a bird in final plumage which will not normally change except when breeding Altricial: young which are helpless immediately a er hatching and depend on parent for food Arboreal: living in trees Carpal: part of the wing between the arm and hand Cere: bare skin at the base of the upper mandible containing the nostrils Collar: patch of contras ng color on the neck Colony: group of birds, mostly of the same species, breeding in a discrete area Crest: plume of elongated feathers on the head Dimorphic: the male and female possess diďŹ&#x20AC;erent forms or coloring that helps us diďŹ&#x20AC;eren ate them by sight Diurnal: ac ve during daylight Face: encompassing forehead, eyes, lores and upper throat Flight feathers: comprising secondary and primary feathers Juvenile: a bird in the first feathered plumage which normally changes as it grows Lores: a depression before the eye ball Mandible: bill or beak Mask: dark area of plumage surrounding eye and o en covering the face

140

Migratory: moving regularly from one region to another Nocturnal: ac ve a er dusk and before dawn Orbital ring: bare skin surrounding the eye PalearĆ&#x;c: referring to a migrant from this geographical region Pectoral tuĹ&#x152;s: colored patch of feathers at each side of the breast, o en concealed under the wings and used in display Raptor: bird of prey which is diurnal Roost: res ng place Supercilium: a stripe, usually pale, extending from upper bill, above the lores and beyond the eyes Tarsus: the group of bones that form the ankle joints in vertebrates located between the upper leg or bia and the foot Tibia: this is generally used to refer to the upper leg and some mes feathered WaĆŠle: naked flesh, usually colored, around the eye, base of bill or throat Wing bar: well-defined contras ng band of feathers on the upper wing

141

ISBN 000000000000000000 Correct citation: Adeyanju A Taiye, Ottosson Ulf and Shiiwua Manu. 2012. Commom Birds of IITA. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 144 pp Printed in Nigeria by IITA

Common

birds of IITA

Adeyanju Taiye Ottosson Ulf Shiiwua Manu www.iita.org