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Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that sustain a living organism. Phenomena which commonly bring about death include old age, predation, malnutrition, disease, and accidents or trauma resulting in terminal injury. †
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The nature of death has been for millennia a central concern of the world's religious traditions and of philosophical enquiry, and belief in some kind of afterlife or rebirth has been a central aspect of religious faith. †
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9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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he concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discussion in public forums, have generated numerous scientific, legal, and socially acceptable terms or euphemisms for death. When a
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Associated Terms
he word death comes from Old English deaĂ°, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauĂžaz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu - meaning the 'Process, act, condition of dying', and being dead.
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Etymology
person has died, it is also said he has passed away, passed on, or expired, among numerous other socially accepted, religiously-specific, slang, and irreverent terms. Bereft of life, the dead person is then a corpse, cadaver, a body, a set of remains, and finally a skeleton. The terms carrion and carcass can also be used, though these more often connote the remains of non-human animals. As a polite reference to a dead person, it has become common practice to use the participle form of "decease", as in the deceased; the noun form is decedent. The ashes left after a cremation are sometimes referred to by the neologism cremains, a portmanteau of "cremation" and "remains". lmost all animals who survive external hazards to their biological functioning eventually die from senescence. The only known exception is the jellyfish Turritopsis nutricula, thought to be, in effect, immortal. Unnatural causes of death include suicide and homicide. From all causes, roughly 150,000 people die around the world each day. Physiological death is now seen as a process, more than an event: conditions once considered indicative of death are now reversible. Where in the process a dividing line is drawn between life and death depends on factors beyond the
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Senescence
presence or absence of vital signs. In general, clinical death is neither necessary nor sufficient for a determination of legal death. A patient with working heart and lungs determined to be brain dead can be pronounced legally dead without clinical death occurring. Paradoxically, as scientific knowledge and medicine advance, a precise medical definition of death becomes more problematic for some.
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ΏΏ Cessation of breathing. ΏΏ Cardiac arrest (No pulse). ΏΏ Pallor mortis, paleness which happens in the 15– 120 minutes after death. ΏΏ Livor mortis, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) potion of the body. ΏΏ Algor mortis, the reduction in body temperature following death. This is generally a steady decline until matching ambient temperature. ΏΏ Rigor mortis, the limbs
igns of death or strong indications that an animal is no longer alive are:
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Symptoms of Death
ee also: List of causes of death by rate and List of preventable causes of death he leading cause of death in developing countries is infectious disease. The leading causes of death in developed countries are atherosclerosis, cancer, and other diseases related to obesity and aging. These conditions cause loss of homeostasis, leading to cardiac arrest, causing loss of oxygen and nutrient supply, causing irreversible
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Causes
of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate. ΏΏ Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor.
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deterioration of the brain and other tissues. Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe, about two thirds die of age-related causes. In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%. With improved medical capability, dying has become a condition to be managed. Home deaths, once commonplace, are now rare in the developed world. obacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and could kill 1 billion people around the world in the 21st century. he evolutionary cause of aging is, at best, only just beginning to be understood by humans. It has n autopsy, also known as a postmortem examination or an obduction, is a medical procedure that consists of a thorough examination of a human corpse to determine the cause and manner of a person's death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist.
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Autopsy
been suggested that direct intervention in the aging process may now be the most effective intervention against major cause of death.
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bring the soul of Moses. The Angel went and, not finding him, inquired of the sea, of the mountains, and of the valleys; but they knew nothing of him. Really, Moses did not die through the Angel of Death, but through God's kiss (bi-neshiah); i.e., God drew his soul
The concept of death as a sentient entity has existed in many societies since the beginning of history. In English, Death is often given the name Grim Reaper and, from the 15th century onwards, came to be shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large Death is only a psychopomp, serving to scythe and clothed in sever the last ties between the soul and the a black cloak with a body and to guide the deceased to the next hood. It is also given world without having any control over the the name of the An- fact of the victim's death. In many langel of Death or Devil guages (including English), Death is perof Death or the angel sonified in male form, while in others, it is of dark and light perceived as a female character. Although stemming from the Satan is always male. Bible. The Bible itself Death and Satan JĂźdisch-Christlichen mi does not refer to "The he Angel of Death, Parsischen Eschatologie" Angel of Death;" who is identified by there is, however, a some with Satan, im- 12). The Angel of Death before the face of the de reference to "Abadmediately after his don", an Angel whose creation had a dispute (Jellinek, l.c. ii. 94). Wh Abraham was mourning true identity is a mys- with God as to the tery, as is the identity light of the Messiah. Sarah, the anSarah d gel appeared of "The Angel of the When Eve touched Abyss". In some cases, the tree of the knowl- to him, which It was M the Grim Reaper is edge of good and evil, explains why had dea At the r able to actually cause she perceived the An- "Abraham stood up from ses saw the victim's death, gel of Death, and R. v. 7; leading to tales that thought, "Now I shall before his iii. 333; he can be bribed, die, and God will cre- death". Samael told Sar- Sanh. 8 tricked, or outwitted ate another wife for ah that Abra- the Ang in order to retain Adam." Adam also ham had sac- in the fo one's life, such as in had a conversation tilence w rificed Isaac the case of Sisyphus. with the Angel of Other beliefs hold Death (BĂśklen, "Die in spite of his snatche 15,000 wailing, and that the Spectre of Verwandtschaft der 14
died of horror and grief. Moses who most often alings with the angel. rebellion of Korah, Mohim (Num. Bacher, l.c. during the wandering in the wilderness. When Moses reached heaven, the angel ; compare told him something. When the Angel of 82a). It was gel of Death Death came to Moses and said, "Give me orm of Pes- thy soul," Moses who called to him: stand." The Angel retired ashamed ed away "Where I sit thou and reported the occurrence to God. every year hast no right to Again, God commanded him to 15
out of his body (B. B. 17a; compare Abraham in Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature, and parallel references in BĂśklen, l.c. p. 11). Legend seizes upon the story of Moses' struggle with the Angel of Death and expands it at length (Tan., ed. Stettin, pp. 624 et seq.; Deut. R. ix., xi.; GrĂźnhut, l.c. v. 102b, 169a). As Benaiah bound Ashmedai (Jew. Encyc. ii. 218a), so Moses binds the Angel of Death that he may bless Israel. Solomon once noticed that the Angel of Death was grieved. When questioned as to the cause of his sorrow, he answered: "I am requested to take your two beautiful scribes." Solomon at once charged the demons to convey his scribes to Luz, where the Angel of Death could not enter. When they were near the city, however, they both died. The Angel laughed on the next day, whereupon Solomon asked the
cause of his mirth. "Because," answered the Angel, "thou didst send the youths thither, whence I was ordered to fetch them" (Suk. 53a). In the next world, God will let the Angel of Death fight against Pharaoh, Sisera, and Sennacherib. Scholars and the Angel of Death - Talmud teachers of the fourth century associate quite familiarly with him. When he appeared to one on the street, the teacher reproached him with rushing upon him as upon a beast, whereupon the angel called upon him at his house. To another, he granted a respite of thirty days, that he might put his knowledge in order before entering the next world. To a third, he had no access, because he could not interrupt the study of the Talmud. "Give him back the knife, because the children of men have need of it".
it der ", p. h sits ead hile g for
To a fourth, he showed a rod of fire, whereby he is recognized as the Angel of Death.
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Psychopomp
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Psychopomps (the "guide of souls") are creatures whose responsibility is to escort newly deceased souls to the afterlife. Their role is not to judge the deceased, but simply provide safe passage. Frequently depicted on funerary art, psychopomps have been associated at different times and in different cultures with horses, Whip-poor-wills, ravens, dogs, crows, owls, sparrows, cuckoos, and harts. H i s t o r y - In Jungian psychology, the psychopomp is a mediator between the unconscious and conscious realms. It is symbolically personified in dreams as a wise man or woman, or sometimes as a helpful animal. In many cultures, the shaman also fulfills the role of the psychopomp. This may include not only accompanying the soul of the dead, but also vice versa: to help at birth, to introduce the newborn's soul to the world. This also accounts for the contemporary title of "midwife to the dying," which is another form of any psychopomp work as the shaman do. M y t h o l o g y - Azrael is the name of the Archangel of Death in some extrabiblical traditions. He is also the angel of death in Islamic
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Grant them
eternal rest,
O Lord,
and let
perpetual
light shine
upon them
21 Requiem from the Christian Introit
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nting e Sick
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ince 1972, the Roman Catholic Church uses the name Anointing of the Sick both in the English translations issued by the Holy See of its official documents in Latin and in the English official documents of Episcopal conferences. It does not, of course, forbid the use of other names, for example the more archaic term “Unction of the Sick” or the term “Extreme Unction”. the Cardinal Walter Kasper used the latter term in his intervention at the 2005 Assembly of the Synod of Bishops. However, the Church declared that “’Extreme unction’ ... may also and more fittingly be called ‘anointing of the sick’” (em-
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Names
phasis added), and has itself adopted the latter term, while not outlawing the former. This is to emphasize that the sacrament is available, and recommended, to all those suffering from any serious illness, and to dispel the common misconception that it is exclusively for those at or very near the point of death. Extreme Unction was the usual name for the sacrament in the West from the late twelfth century until 1972, and was thus used at the Council of Trent and in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia. Peter Lombard (died 1160) is the first writer known to have used the term, which did not become the usual name in the West till towards the end of the twelfth century, and never became current in the East. The word “extreme” (final) indicated either that it was the last of the sacramental unctions (after the anointings at Baptism, Confirmation and, if received, Holy Orders) or because at that time it was normally administered only when a patient was in extremis Other names used in the West included the unction & or blessing of consecrated oil, the unction of God, and the office of the unction. Among some Protestant bodies, who do not consider it a sacrament, but instead as some practice suggested rather than was commanded by Scripture, it is called anointing with oil of the sick. In the Greek Church the sacrament is called Euchelaion
The Community of Christ uses the term administration, and notanointing to the sick. The term “ last rites” refers to administration to a dying person not only of this sacrament but also of Penance and Holy Communion, the last of which, when administered in such circumstances, is known as “Viaticum”, a word whose original meaning in Latin was “provision for the journey”. The normal order of administration of is: first Penance (if the dying person is an physically unable or to confess, absolution, conditional on the existence it of contrition, is is given); so next, Anointing; finally, Viaticum (if the person can receive it within the time).
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he Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Copticand Old Catholic
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Sacramental Beliefs
he chief Biblical text concerning the rite is James 5:14-15: "Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord; and the prayer of faith will save the sick man, and the Lord will raise him up; and if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven." Matthew 10:8, Luke 10:8-9 and Mark 6:13 are al o quoted in this regard.
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Biblical�Texts
n extensive account of the teaching of the Catholic Church on Anointing of the Sick is given in Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1499–1532 Anoint-
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Catholic Church
Churches consider this anointing to be a sacrament. Other Christians too, in particular Anglicans, Lutherans and some Protestant and other Christian communities use a rite of anointing the sick, without necessarily classifying it as a sacrament. In the Churches mentioned here by name, the oil used (called "oil of the sick" in both West and East) is blessed specifically for this purpose. he Catholic Church sees the effects of the sacrament as follows. As the sacrament of Marriage gives grace for the married state, the sacrament of
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Sacramentald graces
ing of the Sick is one of the seven Sacraments recognized by the Catholic Church, and is associated with not only bodily healing but also forgiveness of sins. Only ordained priests can administer it, and "any priest may carry the holy oil with him, so that in a case of necessity he can administer the sacrament of anointing of the sick."
Anointing of the Sick gives grace for the state into which people enter through sickness. The anointing of the sick is performed with varying degrees of frequency, although laying on of hands may be more common than anointing. The rite would be similar to that of Pentecostals in its simplicity,. Through the sacrament a gift of the Holy Spirit is given, that renews confidence and faith in God and trengthens against temptaDetail of The Seven Sacraments (1445) by Roger van der Weyden showing the sacrament of Extreme Unction or Anointing of the Sick.
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Sacramental Oil
tions to discouragement, de- ΏΏ the restoration of spair and anguish at the health, if it is conducive to thought of death and the the salvation of his soul; struggle of death; it prevents ΏΏ the prepartion for passfrom losing Christian hope ing over to eternal life." in God's justice, truth and salvation. The special grace of the sacrament of the he duly blessed oil Anointing of the Sick has as used in the sacrament its effects: is, as laid down in the Apostolic Constitution SacΏΏ the uniting of the ram unctionem infirmosick person to the pasrum, pressed from olives or sion of Christ, for his from other plants. It is own good and that of blessed by the bishop of the the whole Church; diocese at the Chrism Mass ΏΏ the strengthening, he celebrates on Holy peace, and courage to Thursday or on a day close endure, in a Christian to it. If oil blessed by the manner, the sufferings bishop is not available, the of illness or old age; ΏΏ the forgiveness of sins, priest administering the sacrament may bless the if the sick person was not oil, but only within the able to obtain it through framework of the celebrathe sacrament of penance;
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tion. Therefore, God may son in question obstinately or may not grant physical persists in a manifestly healing to the sick grave sin. "If there is any as to whether the sick Current liturgical doubt person has reached the use of reason, or is dangerously ill, form�(1972) or is dead, this sacrament is he Roman Rite to be administered". There Anointing of the Sick, is an obligation to adminas revised in 1972, puts ister it to the sick who, greater stress than in the when they were in possesimmediately preceding sion of their faculties, at centuries on the sacra- least implicitly asked for it. ment's aspect of healing, A new illness or a renewal and points to the place or worsening of the first illsickness holds in the nor- ness enables a person to remal life of Christians and ceive the sacrament a furits part in the redemptive ther time. work of the Church. Canon law permits its administration to any Catholic who has reached the age of reason and is beginning to be put in danger by illness or old age, unless the per-
27 Dead Japanese soldiers on Guam July 1944
Post-mortem photography From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
28 Nineteenth-century photograph of a deceased child with flowers
The earliest post-mortem photographs are usually close-ups of the face or shots of the full body and rarely include the coffin. The subject is usually depicted so as to seem in a deep sleep, or else arranged to appear more
have a rosy tint added to the cheeks of the corpse. Later examples show less effort at a lifelike appearance, and often show the subject in a coffin. Some very late examples show the deceased in a coffin with a large group of
lifelike. Children were often shown in repose on a couch or in a crib, sometimes posed with a favorite toy or other plaything. It was not uncommon to photograph very young children with a family member, most frequently the mother. Adults were more commonly posed in chairs or even braced on specially designed frames. Flowers were also a common prop in post-mortem photography of all types. Nineteenth-century photograph of a deceased child with flowers The effect of life was sometimes enhanced by either propping the subject's eyes open or painting pupils onto the photographic print, and many early images (especially tintypes and ambrotypes)
funeral attendees; this type of photograph was especially popular in Europe and less common in the United States. Post-mortem photography is still practiced in some areas of the world, such as Eastern Europe. Photographs, especially depicting persons who were considered to be very holy lying in their coffins are still circulated among faithful Eastern Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians. A variation of the memorial portrait involves photographing the family with a shrine dedicated to the deceased.
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Grim Reaper From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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he concept of death as a sentient entity has existed in many societies since the beginning of history. In English, Death is often given the name Grim Reaper and, from the 15th century onwards, came to be shown as a skeletal figure carrying a large scythe and clothed in a black cloak with a hood. It is also given the name of the Angel of Death or Devil of Death or the angel of dark and light stemming from the Bible. The Bible itself does not refer to "The Angel of Death;" there is, however, a reference to "Abaddon", an Angel whose true identity is a mystery, as is the identity of
"The Angel of the Abyss". n some cases, the Grim Reaper is able to actually cause the victim's death, leading to tales that he can be bribed, tricked, or outwitted in order to retain one's life, such as in the case of Sisyphus. Other beliefs hold that the Spectre of Death is only a psychopomp, serving to sever the last ties between the soul and the body and to guide the deceased to the next world without having any control over the fact of the victim's death. In many languages, Death is personified in male form, while in others, it is perceived as a female character.
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n Greek mythology, the Sirens were dangerous creatures, portrayed as seductresses who lured nearby sailors with their enchanting music and voices to shipwreck on the rocky coast of their island. Roman poets placed them on an island called Sirenum scopuli. In some later, rationalized traditions, the literal geography of the "flowery" island of Anthemoessa, or Anthemusa,[1] is fixed: sometimes on Cape Pelorum and at others in the islands known as the Sirenuse, near Paestum, or in Capreae. All such loca-
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Siren
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tions were surrounded by cliffs and rocks. hen the Sirens were given a name of their own they were considered the daughters of the river god Achelous, fathered upon Terpsichore, Melpomene, Sterope, or Chthon (the Earth; in Euripides' Helen 167, Helen in her anguish calls upon "Winged maidens, daughters of the Earth"). Although they lured mariners, for the Greeks the Sirens in their "meadow starred with flowers" were not sea deities. Roman writers
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linked the Sirens more closely to the sea, as daughters of Phorcys the god. heir number is variously reported as between two and five. In the
Odyssey, Homer says nothing of their origin or names, but gives the number of the Sirens as two.[4] Later writers mention both their names and number: some state that there were three, Peisinoe, Aglaope, and Thelxiepeia (Tzetzes, ad Lycophron 7l2) or Parthenope, Ligeia, and Leucosia Eustathius states that they were two, Aglaopheme and Thelxiepeia. Their individual
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n a me s are variously rendered in the later sources as The lxiepeia / The lxiope / Thel xinoe, Molpe, Aglaophonos / Aglaope / Aglaopheme, Pisinoe / Peisinoë / Peisithoe, Parthenope, Ligeia, Leucosia, Raidne, and Tel. he Sirens of Greek mythology are sometimes portrayed in later folklore as fully aquatic and mermaidlike; the fact that in Spanish, French, Italian, Polish, Romanian and Portuguese the word for mermaid is respectively Sirena, Sirène, Si-
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rena, Syrena, Sirenă and Sereia, and that in biology the Sirenia comprise an order of fully aquatic mammals that includes the dugong and manatee, add to the visual confusion, so that Sirens are even represented as mermaids. However, "the sirens, though they sing to mariners, are not sea-maidens," Harrison had cautioned; "they dwell on an island in a flowery meadow." ccording to the Ovid, Metamorphoses V, 551, the Sirens were the companions of young Persephone and were given wings by
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Demetered to search for Persephone when she was abducted. H o w e v e r, the Fabulae of Hyginus rather has Demeter cursing the Sirens for failing to intervene in the abduction or harm of the spirit of Persephone. he Sirens might be called the Muses of the lower world, Walter Copland Perry observed: "Their song, though irresistibly sweet, was no less sad than
sweet taste and lapped is both body and soul in a fatal lethargy, for the forerunner of the death and is corruption." The song is calling on Persephone. The term "siren song" refers to an appeal that is hard to resist but that, if heeded, will lead to a bad result. Later writers have inferred that the Sirens were anthropophagous, based on Circe's description of them "lolling there in their meadow, round them heaps of corpses rotting away, rags of skin shriveling.
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Forgive, O Lord, the souls of all the faithful departed from all the chains of their sins and by the aid to them of your grace may they deserve to avoid the judgment of revenge, and enjoy the blessedness of everlasting light. "Tract" from the Requiem Mass
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I will be saved
I AM BEING SAVED
I WILL B I AM sa
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Salvation
ved
E saved
BE saved
saved
I HAVE BEEN saved
I will be saved
ation
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I AM
I WILL
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41 "All Is Vanity" by C. Allan Gilbert, suggesting an intertwining between life and death
the lonely people
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I look at all
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Simple headstone
Elaborate headstone
Double headstone
Simple cross
Elaborate cross
Celtic cross
Simple tomb chest
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Cuboid gravestone
'Five-ringed tower' Japanese grave columns.
Stumpy obelisk
Simple obelisk
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Death comes quickly and respects no one, Death destroys everything and takes pity on no one. To death we are hastening, let us refrain from sinning.
46 My death by Franz Fiedler, 1906
If you do not turn back and become like a child, And change your life for the better, You will not be able to enter, blessed, the Kingdom of God. To death we are hastening, let us refrain from sinning.
47 Mortem Festinamus, Catalan Llibre Vermell de Montserrat, 1399
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is g
M ay H re at na m eb eb les se df or e
ve r, a
nd to a
ll e ter n
ity
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ְי ֵה א ׁ ְש ֵמ ּה ַר ָּב א ְ מ ָב ַרך ְ ְל ָע ַלם
ּו ְל ָ ע ְל ֵ מי ָ ע ְל ַ מ ָ ּיא
Death is n
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not the end
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dea no 54
ath ow 55
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Bob Dylan - 'Death Is Not the End'
When you're sad and when you're lonely And you haven't got a friend 57
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And al you h sacr Falls d and do not m 60
ll that held red down does mend 61
Just remember that d 62
death is not the end 63
just rem 64
member 65
th
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hat
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d e a t h
68
d e a t h 69
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i s n o t
i s n o t
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the ——
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—— end
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not
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the
end
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not the end
end the not
d en he tt no
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nd ee th
the end
t no
not the end
th ee nd no t
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t no
no t
end the not
nd ee h t
d en he tt no
th e e nd
not the end
t the end
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Just remember t h at de at h i s
not the end 79
W
h y
o
e
n
u ' r
s t a n d
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e
i
n
—n
g t
o h
e
c r o s s — r
o
a
d
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T h a t
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y o u
c a n n
o t
c o m p r e h e n d
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When the storm clouds gather round you
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And heavy rains descend
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When the cities are on fire
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With the burning flesh of men
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And all your drea
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ams have vanished
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And you don't know 94
ow what's up the bend 95
Jus remem that de not th 96
st mber eath is he end 97
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For the tree of life is growing
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Where the spirit never dies
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And the bright light of salvation
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Shines
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in DARK
AND EMPTY
SKIES
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Jus remem that de not th 106
st mber eath is he end 107
Not the end Not Not the end Not the e the end Not the end No end Not the end Not t Not the end Not the e the end Not the end No end Not the end Not t Not the end Not the e the end Not the end No end Not the end Not t Not the end Not the e the end Not the end No end Not the end Not t Not the end Not the e the end Not the end No end Not the end Not t Not the end Not the e 108
the end Not the end end Not the end Not Not the end Not the the end Not the end end Not the end Not Not the end Not the the end Not the end end Not the end Not Not the end Not the the end Not the end end Not the end Not Not the end Not the the end Not the end end Not the end Not Not the end Not the the end Not the end end Not the end 109
J
u
r
e
m
b
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s
t
m
e
e
r 111
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that death 113
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is not the end
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not the end
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J
ust remember that death is not the end.
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