general tourism in bangladesh

\

View with images and charts

Tourism in Bangladesh General Overview of Bangladesh 1.0 BANGLADESH: Country Profile Bangladesh as a holiday making land exposes to many flamboyant facets. Its tourist attractions are many folded, which include archaeological sites, historical mosques and monuments, resorts, beaches, picnic spots, forests and tribal people, wildlife of various species. Bangladesh offers ample opportunities to tourists for angling, water skiing, river cruising, hiking, rowing, yachting, sea bathing as well as bringing one in close touch with pristine nature.

2.1.1. Location & Physical Features Located in the north-eastern part of South Asia, Bangladesh lies between 20º34' and 26º36' north latitude and 88º01' and 92 º 41’ east longitudes. The majestic Himalayas stand some distance to the north, while in the south lays the Bay of Bengal. The gangetic Plains of west Bengal border the country on the west and in the east lie the hilly and forested regions of Tripura, Mizoram(India) and Myanmar. These picturesque geographical boundaries frame a low lying plain of about 1, 47,570 sq.km criss-crossed by innumerable rivers and streams.

Mighty rivers the Padma(Ganges), the Brahamaputra (Jamuna) & the Meghna and the Karnafuli. This is Bangladesh, a fertile land where nature is bounteous.

Much of the country's land area has been built up from alluvial deposits brought down by the major rivers. The country is mostly flat except for a range of hills in the south-east. The topography of the country is characterized by wooded marshy lands and jungles with plane lands occupying most of the river basins. There are deep forested regions in Sylhet, Rangamati, Khagrachhari and Bandarban Hill Districts, Sundarbans (the World Heritage site), Mymensingh and Tangail.

2.1.2. History Of Emergence Bangladesh has a long and eventful history as a nation. Although it enjoyed as a free and sovereign state only in 1971, after a nine month-long war of liberation, the land itself and its people, have their origin in antiquity. The earliest nation of Bangladesh in found in the 9th century BC Indian epic the Mahabharata.

There are evidences of story Mongoloid presence at the time. Then in 5th & 6th century BC came the Aryans from Central Asia and Dravidians from western India. The Hindu and Buddhist dynasties of guptas, palas and senas ruled the country until 13th century, when Muslim conquerors took over the reigns of the country.

The Muslim rules either belonging to independent dynasties such as the Hossain Shahi or Ilyas Shahi dynasties or Viceroys exercising power on behalf of the imperial seat of Delhi and continued to rule the country until the middle of the 18th century, when the British took over the control of Bengal and eventually the whole of India. The Europeans, mainly

\

Portuguese, Dutch, French and British traders had began to arrive in Bangladesh from the 15th century and extended an economic control over the region.

2.1.3. Modern Period In 1757 British coloniers defeated the last Muslim ruler of Bengal, Nowab Sirajuddoullah at Palassey. After the end of the British rule in 1947, the country was partitioned into India and Pakistan. But the movement for autonomy for East Pakistan began within a couple of years because of linguistic and cultural differences and economic disparity between the two wings.

The seeds of independence were sown through the great Language Movement of 1952 to recognize Bangla as a State Language. Then East Pakistan emerged as a sovereign and independent state of Bangladesh. After nine month-long sanguinary war of liberation in 1971.

In which three million people courted martyrdom. We got the liberation at 16 December of 1971. And so for this, we call the 16 December as our Victory day of Bangladesh.

2.1.4. Demography Bangladesh has a population of 133.40 million making it the most densely populated country of the world. 85% population lives in rural areas. Density of population is about 900 per sq.km. There are about 2 million people of 23 tribes. They dwell mostly in Rangamati, Khagrachhari, and Bandarban and in part of northern districts. The tribes have exotic distinct cultures of their own. Their food habit also different from other people.

2.1.5. Language The state language and mother toung is Bangla. English is widely spoken and understood.

Now days some young people are learning other languages like French, German, Spanish, Japanese, and Chinese etc. for professional purpose.

2.1.6. Religion Bangladesh is a land of religious freedom, harmony and tolerance. People of all castes and creeds live here in perfect harmony. The percentage distribution of population to religions is as follows: Muslims - 88%, Hindus - 10%, Christians, Buddhists and others 2%.

2.1.7. Government The country is officially known as The People's Republic of Bangladesh and has a parliamentary form of Government. The President is the Head of the State while the Prime Minister is the Head of the Government. The country is divided into 6(six) divisions namely Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Barisal, Sylhet and Khulna. There are 64 districts, 465 upazillas (small administrative unit) and 85,650 villages under the six divisions.

2.1.8. Legislature Bangladesh has a 345-seat Parliament called 'Jatiyo Sangsad'. 300 members of Jatiyo Sangsad are directly elected by the Electoral College and 45 seats are reserved for women, nominated proportionately by the members of different parties in parliament. They are designated as Member of the Parliament.

\

2.1.9. Economy The Economy is characterized by a large subsistence agricultural sector, which contributes to sum 85% of the country's population and small modern industrial sector. The total cultivable area is around 24 millions acres and there are a little more than 15 million cultivators. Major agricultural crops are rice, jute (the golden fiber), wheat, potato, pulses, sugarcane, tea, onion, garlic, ginger, tobacco etc. Tea, leather, ready made garments, frozen shrimp, jute and jute products are major foreign exchange earners. Export of handicrafts is booming fast.

Remittances from Bangladeshis employed abroad are also contributing significantly towards foreign exchange earnings.

2.2. Historical development The development of international recommendations concerning the concepts and definitions related to tourism has a long history. In 1937 the Council of the League of Nations recommended a definition of "international tourist" for statistical purposes. This definition was slightly amended by the International Union of Official Travel Organizations (IUOTO) at a meeting held in Dublin in 1950. Finally, in 1953, the United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) defined the concept of “international visitor”.

During the post-Second World War era, tourism demand has rapidly increased and tourism has become a worldwide phenomenon. Not surprisingly, this post-war boom has drawn the attention of many developing countries, and tourisms one of the growing industries of the world economy has enticed many entrepreneurs and governments of various countries to invest in the tourism industry Bangladesh government also recognized and made policy for the developed of tourism industry in 1972 and 1992 respectively.

2.3. Definition of Tourism The World Tourism Organization defines tourism as ‘the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes’. This broad definition of tourism is then broken down into six categories1 according to the purpose of the trip:     

Leisure, recreation and holidays Visiting friends and relatives Business and professional Health treatment Religion/pilgrimages

The term tourism could be viewed from different angles like economic, managerial, marketing, social, and environmental and so on. However the international association of scientific experts in tourism (AIEST) adopted the following definition of tourism: Tourism is the some of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents in so far as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity.

\

In this definition, a broad concept has been developed which included various forms of business and vocational travel and identified a “travelers is a pure consumer�.

2. 3.1. Classification of Tourist:

2.4. Tourism in Bangladesh Bangladesh is one of the few countries in South Asia, which remains to be explored.

Bangladesh has a delicate and distinctive attraction of its own to offer and it is definitely not a tourist haunt like Nepal or India. Bangladesh is like a painter's dream come true with a rich tapestry of colors and texture. The traditional emphasis of the tourist trade has always been on the material facilities offered by a country rather than on its actual charms. This may be a reason why Bangladesh has seldom been highlighted in the World's tourist maps.

It's a land of enormous beauty, hundreds of serpentine rivers, crystal clear water lakes surrounded by ever green hills, luxuriant tropical rain forests, beautiful cascades of green tea gardens, world's largest mangrove forest preserved as World Heritage, home of the Royal Bengal Tiger and the wild lives, warbling of birds in green trees, wind in the paddy fields, abundance of sunshine, world's longest natural sea beach, rich cultural heritage, relics of ancient Buddhist civilizations and colorful tribal lives, - Bangladesh creates an unforgettable impression of a land of peace.

2.5. Tourism Policy

\

Promotion of tourism in Bangladesh under the aegis of the government started in 1972.

Recognizing the contribution of tourism to the socio-economic development of the country, the government framed the National Tourism Policy in 1992. In the Tourism Policy, status of tourism industry in Bangladesh was described, aims and objectives were defined and implementation strategies were suggested.

The National Industrial Policy 2005 has recognized tourism as an industry and declared it as a “thrust sector�. As per the Industrial Policy, foreign investors have been offered various incentives to invest in tourism industry, which include: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)

Tax exemption on royalties; Tax exemption on the interest of foreign loans; Tax exemption on capital gains from the transfer of shares; Avoidance of double taxation in case of foreign investors on the basis of bilateral agreements; Exemption of income tax on salaries up to three years for the foreign technicians Remittance up to 50% of the salary of the foreigners employed in Bangladesh Facilities for repatriation of invested capital, profits and dividends; Guarantee against expropriation and nationalization of foreign private investment (as per Foreign Private Investment Promotion & Protection Act 1980);

2.6. Tourists Baggage Rules Tourist Baggage (Import) Rules -1981 shall apply to visitors staying in the country for more than 24 hours but not for more than 06(six) months on condition that the visitors shall not intend to reside in the country nor shall get remunerated from within it and in that event she/he shall be allowed to import the following items without duty or tax: 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

Personal imitation jewellery of value not exceeding BDT 3,000.00; One in use wrist watch; One cigarette lighter, two fountain pens, one penknife or instrument of similar use that can be carried in pocket or on person; One electric iron, portable electric plate, a hair drier and an electric shaver; One still camera; One movie camera; One cinematographic camera and a projector; Pair of binoculars; One portable sound recording machine; One portable music system; One portable type writer; One wheel/invalid chair in use; One perambulator or go cart; Fire arms or shooting and other sports accessories; Metal objects trophy, medallion, crests etc; Clothing for personal use; Handbag and goods essential for traveling;

\

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

Other personal wearing apparels, makeup and cosmetics; Spectacles, physical aid and travel clock; Five photographic films and 10 film plates; Reasonable quantity of film for movie camera; Two rolls of film for cinematographic camera; Reasonable quantity of toys for use of accompanying children; 200 sticks of cigarette or 50 cigars or half lb. of tobacco or less than half lb. of hand made cigarettes; 25. Not more than one third gallon of alcoholic beverages; 26. Half lb. of perfume and toiletries; 27. Not more than BDT 100 of confectionery and non alcoholic beverages.

The exemption is made with the understanding that a tourist shall re-export items 1-15 listed above. In addition he/she may import non-professional video camera and/or microcomputer with less than 1 megabyte initial random access memory and C&F value not exceeding BDT 100,000 provided the intention to re-export the said computer and/or video camera is endorsed in passport and also a written declaration of such intentions is made to the Assistant Commissioner of Customs.

2.7. Currency Regulations A tourist may bring in any amount of foreign exchange in the form of Traveler’s Cheque, foreign currency notes or other foreign currency instruments provided he/she fills up a Declaration in Form FMJ obtainable from the customs at the port of entry. However, no declaration is required for bringing in of foreign exchange up to US$ 5,000.00 by foreign tourists. While leaving Bangladesh a tourist can take out unspent balance of the foreign currency borough int.

2.8. How to reach Bangladesh can be reached by air from any part of the world. Biman Bangladesh except Israel Airlines connects Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet with 26 major cities of the World.

International carriers such like British Airways, Saudia, Kuwait Airways, Emirates, Singapore Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Indian Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Gulf Air, Uzbek Airways, Qatar Airways, Oman Air, Sri-Lankan Airlines, Thai Air, Yeaman Air, China Eastern Airlines and Malaysian Airlines fly to and from Dhaka. For further details please contact Bangladesh Biman, Dhaka (Phone: 880-2-9560151-81) and the concerned Airline Office.

2.9. The National Tourist Organization in Bangladesh Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation as National Tourist Organization (NTO) The principal channel of Government involvement in the tourism sector is the national tourism organization, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, which is a semi autonomous government agency reporting to the Ministry of civil Aviation and Tourism as its administrative Ministry. Importantly, the national airline Biman Bangladesh Airlines, forms a separate division within the same Ministry, which allows integration and of tourism

\

initiatives. Many of BPC’s managerial matters are handling through the national Tourism Facilitation committee headed by the secretary of the ministry of Aviation and Tourism. BPC was created on the 27th November 1972 by order of the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh and commenced business in January 1973. It was established as a Corporation under the laws of the country with an authorized capital of Tk one crore (roughly US$ 1.3 million then) and initial share capital of Tk five lakhs (roughly US$ 65,000 then). It has created 42 tourism units (hotels. motels, restaurants, tourism centre, picnic spots, duty free shops, drinks corner, etc.) at different places of tourist attractions of the country in order to offer facilities to the tourists. It also runs a National Hotel and Tourism Training Institute (NHTTI), which to date, produced more than 24,000 trained manpower.

2.9.1. Objectives of National Tourist Organization in Bangladesh The objectives are as follows: • To introduce Bangladesh globally as a top tourist destination and develop its tourism prospects and facilities.

• To establish tourism infrastructures in Bangladesh.

• To develop, expand and promote tourism business.

• To create tourism awareness among the people.

• To publish tourism publications.

2.9.2. Functions of National Tourist Organization in Bangladesh • • • • •

To promote and develop tourism To provide facilities to undertake measures and carry out all kinds of activities connected with tourism To acquire, establish, construct, arrange, provide and run hotels, restaurants, rest houses, picnic spots, camping sites, theatres, amusement parks and facilities for water skiing and entertainment.

To establish institutes for instruction and training of potential tourism personnel.

To bring out tourism publication.

2.10. Government Investment in Tourism Despite the low priority given by the Government to tourism at a national level there have been some important investments in both Parjatan and Biman.

2.10.1. Government investment in BPC The audited, consolidated balance sheet of the Corporation as at 30 June 1984 (the latest available at the time of preparation of the master plan report) shows total government investment of over Tk 20 crore. That amount, equivalent to us$ 6.7 million was composed of fully paid capital of Tk 345 lakhs (us$ 1.15 million), grants Tk 281 lakhs (us$ 0.93 million), and loans Tk 14.4 crore (us$ 4.82 million). Of the total investment at the balance sheet date, net assets account for Tk 13.9 crore (us$ 4.62 million) and operating losses (including depreciation) for Tk 9.2 crore (us$ 3.07 million). The operating losses occurred in the years from 1972 to 1983 and have been partially offset by profits since then.

\

2.10.2. Government investment in Biman Bangladesh airlines The government as sole stockholder in Biman was not primarily making an investment in tourism but in an airline with potential to become an important contributor tourist flows.

Substantial levels of investment have taken place both in Biman and in the rehabilitation and development of domestic airports. In TFYP, for example an allocation is made to Biman of Tk 140 crore (us$ 47 million), and to domestic airport development to Tk 70 crore (us$ 23 million), for improvements at Sylhet and Chittagong and for further capital works at Zia international Airport in Dhaka. Such investments are supportive to tourism development aspirations particularly those investments in the national carrier although clearly the investments have wider implications than for tourism alone.

2.10.3. Private Investment in Tourism A range of concessionary investment incentives are offered to the private sector in tourism activities, in line with other special capital depreciation regulations, etc. In addition, the tourism sector receives significant loan finance from the commercial banks. The starting date for the period of income tax exemption for companies in the tourism sector has been extended to June 1990. The period of exemption varies with the district in which the activity is arrived on and portions of the profits must be reinvested in the activity or in government bonds. Recent private sector investment initiatives appear limited to Dhaka, however. The primary reasons for this would appear to be demand deficiency rather than any institutional constraints. One of the examples of private investment in tourism is Fantasy Kingdom.

2.11. Manpower Development and Training It has been recognized by BPC that the Corporation is short of professional staff in its hotel operations division particularly and that the development of tourism in Bangladesh will require training of management cadres. In order to establish and develop a professional training programme within the tourism industry in Bangladesh, BPC established the Hotel and Tourism Training Institute (HTTI), which was jointly funded in 1978 by the Government of Bangladesh and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) with the International Labor Organization (ILO) as executing agency.

The first phase of the project finished in 1983 and the second phase commenced in February 1986. The Institute and the hotel are housed in purpose-built facilities having, in addition to 20 bedrooms and usual hotel facilities, classroom areas, a training restaurant, training and demonstration kitchens, a front office reception area, a conference room, offices and administrative areas. The ILO, besides helping the Government to develop the hospitality industry, is also helping to develop human resources by providing in-depth training programmes. The full-time courses, supervised by international experts and consultants, cover the following specializations: Hotel and Restaurant Kitchen Training Restaurant Service Front Office and Secretarial Bakery, Pastry and Confectionery Housekeeping Operations Tourist Guides Tour Operation and Travel Agencies.

\

Multi destination holiday packaging Development of market identity Creation of job titles for sector personnel to replace the currently used civil service names Budgetary and financial management including hotel accounting Tour operator and ground handling courses. Improvement of staff attitudes and capability There will also be part-time of day-release courses in various aspects of the industry, according to identified needs, such as: Hygiene and Sanitation for Food Handlers Short on-the-job Instructor Training Courses Communications and Social Skills Short courses in different aspects of catering for nonprofessionals. One-year scholarships, to be given for overseas training at university graduate The development of a series of three six-week regional training courses.

level.

2.12. Manpower of BPC and total tourism sector The Board of Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation, established in the year 1973 consists of a Chairman and 3 whole- time Directors.

The National Tourism Organization has a total manpower of 871 personnel. Category-wise position of the manpower is: Head Office Officers 109 Staff 94 Total 203 Commercial Units Officer 238 Staff 418 Total 656

2.14. Marketing Strategy of BPC If we want to attract more tourists then new directions, new strategy and an integrated tourism marketing effort are needed. The products offered by Bangladesh tourism industry must be unique and competitive in the target market.

Marketing strategy consists of decisions on marketing expenditure, marketing mix and allocation of fund to different elements of marketing mix. Marketing mix comprises of four elements: 1. Product Strategy 2. Place Strategy

\

3. Price Strategy 4. Promotion Strategy 2.14.1 Product Strategy The product strategy in tourism marketing involves in deciding what tourism product, services and facilities to offer to target market. Product strategy also involves in deciding of the type of packaging (tours) to be offered. To attract the Japanese and Korean visitors we have no alternative but to develop our Paharpur, Mainamoti and Mahasthan Garh.

2.14.2. Pricing Strategy Pricing is an important factor from marketing viewpoint as consumers in general are price sensitive. The market for international tourism industry is so competitive that nothing bad and unattractive product can be sold. As a strategy for enhancing the receipts from international tourism, we may offer some very high standard package tour for the top market at a reasonable price.

2.14.3. Promotion Strategy Millions of prospective tourists must be made aware about our product. The BPC prints a large number of brochures, folders, posters etc and sends these to different tour operators, overseas Biman offices, Embassies and High Commission offices for exhibition and distribution. However, we feel that the present promotional strategy of BPC is neither appropriate nor satisfactory. We did not get any folder or booklet on the attraction of Bangladesh.

The BPC should open its own office in some big potential markets like- Tokyo, Seol, Bangkok, New Delhi, London, New York, Berlin etc. And also should publish its booklets, journals, posters etc in different languages.

2.14.4. Distribution Strategy As tourism marketing is service marketing so the distribution system of tourism products differs from that of a tangible product. Again tourism marketing although a service marketing differs from the marketing of typical service goods. In the tourism marketing the distribution channels are usually airlines, travel agents, tour operators, travel wholesaler, travel clubs etc.

In the following table we represent a proposed service product mix for successful marketing of Bangladesh tourism products.

Table-1: Table showing the product/service mix for tourism market of Bangladesh.

Market segment category travelers Business, Officials

Product

Price

Promotion

Distribution

Specialized professional

Travel agents, Tour operators,

by of First class air Skimming Price service, 5&3 star

\

Pleasure, holiday

hotels, special mode of transport for domestic travel.

Package tour programs, star category to hotels, special standard food and entertainment

magazines, in- Professional flight magazine. clubs.

Premium price for affluent segment, Discount prices for middle segment, special prices for package tourists.

Image building promotion, special brochures, folder and posters.

Advertising in popular magazines, video cassettes

Ethnic

Cheaper air Discount price services, sight penetration price seeing package special price tours good transport modes.

Our embassies airlines offices, Ethnic clubs Videos cassettes Direct Mail

Domestic

Standard/ Special cheaper hotels, discounted price cheaper hotels, survival price cheaper but clean restaurants cheaper but reliable transport cheaper sight seeing package tours

News papers, magazines, television, clubs, organizations, Educational Institutions Offices direct mail

Travel agents Tour operators.

Travel whole salers travel clubs and professional clubs.

Educational.

Cultural and religious institutions, other organizations.

Ethnic Travel agents, airlines office Travel agents dealing with this subcontinent direct mail Travel agents, BPC offices, Direct Mail

2.15. Number of Tour operators There are 48 private tour operators working in the tourism sector of Bangladesh. Their name and address are attached in the annexure- 2.

2.16. Growth Trends of Bangladesh

\

Graph- 1: Growth Trends of Tourism in Bangladesh In the above graph the horizontal axis represents the years visitors arrived and the vertical axis represents the amount of international tourist arrived currency received. The blue line indicates the international tourist arrival (thousand) and the black line indicates the international tourism receipts (US $ million).

From the above graph it is clearly seen that 150 thousand international tourists arrived in 1995 and there was a gradual increase of tourist arrival till 2002. In 2004 more than 250 thousand tourists arrived and this was the highest number of tourist arrival in Bangladesh and in the following year it sharply decreased by more than 50 thousands.

There was no significant growth in international receipts during 1995 to 2005. In 1995 the receipts was $ 25 million and in 2005 it raised to more than $ 50 million.

TOURIST SPOTS, CULTURE & CUSTOMS OF BANGLADESH 3.1. Tourist spots Map There many tourist spots in Bangladesh which are shown in the following map

\

Graph- 2:

3. 2. Classification of tourist spots: Tourist spots can be classified in the following ways:  Archaeological  Beaches  Forest Jungle  Hills  Historical  Others 3. 3. Tourist’s spots – Beaches: Cox's Bazar

\

Miles of golden sands, towering cliffs, surfing waves, rare conch shells, colorful Pagodas, Buddhist Temples and delightful sea-food - all this makes what Cox's Bazar is today , the tourist capital of Bangladesh. The World's longest uninterrupted (120 km.) beach slopes here down to the blue waters of the Bay of Bengal against the picturesque background of a chain of hills covered with deep green forests. Cox's Bazar is one of the most attractive tourist spots in the world. The warm, shark free, waters are good for bathing and swimming & while the sandy beaches offer opportunities for sun-bathing.

The beauty of the setting-sun behind the waves of the sea is simply captivating. Locally made cigars and handloom products of the tribal Rakhyne families are good buys.

Located at a distance of 152 km. south of Chittagong, Cox's Bazar is connected both by air and road from Dhaka and Chittagong. Visit to the fascinating picnic spots at Himchari and Teknaf, the Buddhist Temple at Ramu and nearby islands of Sonadia and St. Martin's, Inani Beach and Moheshkhali are certain to become unforgettable experiences for every visitor.

Inani Beach Inani is within Ukhia Thana, 35 km. to the south of Cox's Bazar. With green hills to the east, the golden beach of Inani casts a music spell on anyone stepping on to its fine golden sands.

The clean blue waters of the Bay are ideal for swimming St. Martin Island

Forty-eight kilometers from Teknaf, St. Martin's is the country's only coral island and an unspoilt paradise. Named Narikel Jinjira (Coconut Island) by the locals, the dumbbell shaped St.Martin's has an area of only 8 sq. km. which reduces to about 5 sq. km. and in places from 1-4 meters during high tide. The Cox's Bazar Holiday Complex of Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation on the island is a shore tourist resort having comfortable accommodation, catering, sightseeing and other facilities.

Patenga Beach

\

The Patenga beach at Chittagong is one of the most popular beaches of Bangladesh, stretching for miles near at the meeting place of the Bay of Bengal and the river Karnaphuli.

Nature lovers come around here to enjoy the scenic sunrise and sunset.

Parki Beach

Parki beach is situated in Gahira, Anwara Thana under southern Chittagong region. The beach lies about 28 km. away from Chittagong city. As the beach is situated at the Karnaphuli river channel, visitors can view both the Karnaphuli River and the sea together. Tourists enjoy the views of big ships anchored at the outer anchor, fishermen catching fish in sea, sunset, various colored crabs at the beach, and quiet environment. In the picnic season, many visitors come to the beach for celebrating the picnic.

Location and transportation Parki beach lies at Karnaphuli river channel, which is about 8 km. from Anwara thana and 28 km. away in the southern part of Chittagong city. This sandy beach is about 15 km. long and 300 - 350ft. wide with 20 km tamarisk forest created by the forest division. Anwara Thana is 20 km from Chittagong. Anwara Thana is connected by road with Chittagong - Cox's Bazar highway and is accessible from all over Bangladesh including Dhaka city. The beach is located 8 km. away from the Chatri Choumuhoni point in this highway.

Kuakata

\

A rare scenic spot on the southernmost tip of Bangladesh in Patuakhali district Kuakata has a wide sandy beach from where one can see both the sunrise and sunset. Kuakata is located at a distance of 70 km. from the district headquarters of Patuakhali.

Parjatan Holiday Homes at Kuakata offers a number of facilities for the tourists. This sandy beach slopes gently to the Bay of Bengal and bathing here is as pleasant as is diving or simply lazing on the beach. The virgin beaches of Kuakata, lined by coconut trees, are a sanctuary for migratory winter birds. Kuakata has a picture perfect setting where life is laid back and time seems unhurried. The Bay is alive with colorful sail boats, surfing, fishing or walking on the beach - Kuakata offers something for everyone.Kuakata is a place of pilgrimage for the Hindu and Buddhist communities.

Devotees arrive here during the festival of ' Raash Purnima' and 'Maghi Purnima'-- two sacred full moon festivals. A bath in the Bay is a part of the ritual. Fairs are also held where one can buy handloom and other handicraft items. A visit to a Rakhyne family and the hundred year old Buddist temple should be on each visitor's itinerary.Kuakata has road communication with Dhaka, but the journey may be long and a bit stressful. A much easier way is to go to Barisal by air and from there travel by road or water to Patuakhali or Kuakata. BRTC runs a direct bus service from Dhaka to Kuakata via Barisal. Besides, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation may organize guided package tours from Dhaka to Kuakata on demand.

3.4. Tourist’s spots – Archeological sites: Mainamati - The seat of lost dynasties

About eight km to the west of Comilla town and 114 km south east of Dhaka lays the low hills known as Mainamati-Lalmai ridge an extensive centre of Buddhist culture. On the slopes of these hills lie scattered a treasure of information about the early Buddhist civilization (8th to 12th century). At Salban in the middle of the ridge, excavations laid bare a large Buddhist Vihara (monastery) and imposing central shrine.

It has revealed valuable information of the rule of the Chandra and Deva dynasties which flourished here from the 8th to 12th century A. D. The whole range of hillocks run for about 18th km. and is studded with more than 50 sites. A site museum housed the archaeological

\

finds which include terracotta plaques, bronze statues and casket, coins, jewellery, utensils, pottery and votive stupas embossed with Buddhist inscription. .Museum is open SundayFriday and closed on Saturday.

Mahasthangarh - The oldest archaeological site

Located at a distance of 18 km north of Bogra town, Mahasthanragh is the oldest archaeological site of Bangladesh on the western bank of river Karatoa. The spectacular site is an imposing landmark in the area having a fortified long enclosure. Beyond the fortified area, other ancient ruins fan out within a semi circle of about 8 km. radius. Several isolated mounds, the local names of which are Govinda Bhita Temple, Khodai Pathar Mound, Mankalir Kunda, Parsuramer Bedi, Jiyat Kunda etc. surround the fortified city.

This 3rd century B. C. archaeological site is still held to be of great sanctity by the Hindus.

Every year (mid-April) and once in every 12 years (December) thousands of Hindu devotees join the bathing ceremony on the bank of river Karatoa. A visit to the Mahasthangarh site museum will open up for one a wide variety of antiquities, ranging from terracotta objects to gold ornaments and coins recovered from the site. Also noteworthy are the shrine of Shah Sultan Bulkhi Mahisawary and Gokul Medh in the neighborhood of Mahasthangarh.

Paharpur - The largest Buddhist seat of learning

Paharpur is a small village 5 km west of Jamalganj railway station in the greater Rajshahi district where the remains of the most important and the largest known monastery, south of the Himalayas has been excavated. This 8th century A.D. archaeological find covers approximately an area of 27 acres of land. The entire establishment, occupying a quadrangular court,s measuring more than 900 ft. and from 12 ft to 15 ft in height with elaborate gateway complex on the north, there are 45 cells on the north and 44 in each of other three sides with a total number of 177 rooms. The architecture of the pyramidal cruciform temple is profoundly influenced by those of south-east Asia, especially Myanmar and Java. It had taken its name from a high mound, which like Pahar or hillock. A site

\

museum houses the representative collection of objects recovered from the area. The excavated findings have also been preserved at the Varendra Research Museum at Rajshahi.

The antiquities of the museum include terracotta plaque, images of different gods and goddesses, potteries, coins, inscriptions, ornamental bricks and other minor clay objects. It has been declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Interested tourists may avail package tours offered by Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation to visit Bangladesh.

Sitakunda - Chandranath Hindu Temple

It is approximately 37 km far from Chittagong city. This is famous for Chandranath Hindu Temple - one of the oldest temples in the subcontinent. There is also Buddhist Temple having a footprint of Lord Buddha. These places particularly the hilltops are regarded as very sacred by the Hindus and Buddhist. Shiva Chaturdashi (14th) festivals are held every year in February when thousands of pilgrims assemble which lasts for ten days. There is also a hotwater spring 5 km to the north of Sitakunda.

Sri Chaitanya Temple - Hindu Temple

About 500 years old famous temple of Sri Chaitanya Dev is located at Dhaka Dakhin nearly 45 km south-east from Sylhet town. The place is revered for being the ancestral home of the famous Vaishnava saint. Yearly fair is organized on the full moon day of the bangla month Falgun. Hundreds and thousand of devotees from home and abroad attend this colorful fair.

3.5. Tourist’s spots – Historical places: National Memorial

\

Located at Savar, about 35 km from Dhaka, the national memorial was designed by architect Moinul Hossain. It is dedicated to the sacred memory of the millions of unknown martyrs' of the war of liberation in 1971.

Central Shahid Minar

Symbol of Bengali nationalism, this monument was built to commemorate the martyrs' of the historic language movement on 21st February, 1952. The day is also now observed as International Mother Language Day across the world. Hundreds and thousands of barefooted people with floral wreaths and bouquets gather at this monument from the first hour of 21st February every year to pay homage to the martyrs.

Lalbagh Fort

The fort was built in 1678 by Prince Mohammad Azam, son of Mughal emperor Aurangozeb.

The fort was the scene of a bloody battle during the first war of independence (1857) when 250 soldiers stationed here backed by people revolted against British forces. Besides the main structure, Lalbagh Fort also has a number of other buildings and monuments such as the tomb of Pari Bibi, Lalbagh mosque, audience hall and hammam khana (bathing place) of Nawab Shaista Khan now housing a museum.

Martyred Intellectual Memorial Located at Mirpur, the memorial was built to commemorate the intellectuals who were killed in 1971 by the Pakistan's occupation forces just two days ahead of the Victory Day.

\

National Poet's Grave

Revolutionary poet Kazi Nazrul Islam died on 29th August 1976 and was buried here. The graveyard is adjacent to the Dhaka University Central Mosque.

Old High Court Building Originally built as the residence of the British Governor, the High Court Building illustrates a fine blend of European and mughal architecture. The building is situated north of the Curzon Hall of Dhaka University.

Sonargaon

About 29 km. from Dhaka, Sonargaon dating back to 13th century is one of the oldest capitals of Bengal. A folk-art and craft museum has been established here. Among the ancient monuments still intact are the tomb of Sultan Abdul Alla and a beautiful mosque in Goaldi village.

Natore - Dighapatiya Rajbari (Palace) Natore lies about 40 km. from Rajshahi and is an old seat of the Maharajah of Dighapatiya, now serving as the Uttara Ganabhaban (The Official northern region residence of the President of the Republic). The palace has large, spacious grounds and is surrounded by a fine moat. The palace has well-equipped guest-house, an imposing gateway and a fine garden decorated with statues of white marble.

World War II Cemetery

\

In this well-preserved cemetery, in Chittagong lie buried over 700 soldiers from Commonwealth countries and Japan, who died during the Second World War. Shilaidaha Kuthibari, Kushtia

The beautiful mansion carries memory of Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore (18611941) who made frequent visit to this place and used to stay here, in connection with administration of his Zamindari and enriched Bengali literature through his writings during that time. It is located at a distance of about 20 km. from Kushtia town.

Sagordari, Jessore

The birth place of the celebrated poet Micheal Modhusudan Dutta. By most accounts the first modern poet of Bangla Literature? Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation has built a rest-house and other tourist facilities in the place.

Mujibnagar Memorial Located at a distance of about 7 km. from the town of Meherpur. The beautiful memorial dedicated to the first provisional revolutionary government of Bangladesh that was declared here on 14 April 1971 during the liberation war.

Trishal

\

It is the place where innumerable boyhood memories of our national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam are found around. It is situated 20 km. away from Mymensingh town. Nazrul was a student of Darrirumpur High School under Trisal police station. Here a cultural organization styled as Nazrul. Academy has been established in memory of the great poet. Rebel poet Kazi Nazrul, the Shelley of Bangladesh is in eternal sleep besides Dhaka University Central Mosque.

Gandhi Asram

Situated about 23 km. north-west of Choumuhani town and 2 km. east of Chatkhil at Jayag in Noakhali district. This asram was established in the memory of historic visit of the Mahatma Gandhi to Noakhali and devoted to his ideology. In 1946-47 Mahatma the protagonist of Ahimsa ideology visited this region with a view to preach peace. Historical Charka and other valuables used by Mahatma are preserved in this asram and those evoke deep respect to the unique memories of the great soul.

Shahjadpur Kuthibari About 75 km. from Pabna town. It is also a historical place connected with the frequent visits of poet Rabindranath Tagore Ahsan Manzil Museum, Dhaka

On the bank of river Buriganga in Dhaka the Pink majestic Ahsan Manzil has been renovated and turned into a museum recently. It is an epitome of the nation's rich cultural heritage. It is the home of Nawab of Dhaka and a silent spectator to many events. Todays renovated Ahsan Manzil a monument of immense historical beauty. It has 31 rooms with a huge dome atop

\

which can be seen from miles around. It now has 23 galleries in 31 rooms displaying of traits, furniture and household articles and utensils used by the Nawab.

Shat-Gambuj Mosque, Bagerhat

In mid-15th century, a Muslim colony was founded in the inhospitable mangrove forest of the Sundarbans near the seacoast in the Bagerhat district by an obscure saint-general, named Ulugh Khan Jahan. He was the earliest torchbearer of Islam in the South who laid the nucleus of an affluent city during the reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah (1442-59), the city was known as 'Khalifatabad' (present Bagerhat). Khan Jahan built numerous mosques, tanks, roads and other public buildings, the spectacular ruins of which are focused around the most imposing and largest multimode mosques in Bangladesh, known as the Shait-Gambuj Masjid (160'x108'). The serene and imposing monument stands on the eastern bank of a vast sweetwater tank, clustered around by the heavy foliage of a low-lying countryside. The mosque roofed over with 77 squat domes, including 7 chauchala or four-sided pitched Bengali domes in the middle row. The vast prayer hall, although provided with 11 arched doorways on east and 7 each on north and south for ventilation and light, presents a dark and somber appearance inside. It is divided into 7 longitudinal aisles and 11 deep rows by a forest of slender stone columns, from which spring rows of endless arches, supporting the domes. Six feet thick, slightly tapering walls and hollow and round, almost detached corner towers, resembling the bastions of fortress, each capped by small rounded cupolas, recall the Tughlaq architecture of Delhi.

The Shrine of Hazrat Shah Jalal

The great Muslim Saint, Hazrat Shah Jalal (R.A.) is said to have brought the message of Islam to the region in the early 14th century. His shrine is located at Dargah Mahalla in the heart of Sylhet town. At about 6 km away lies the shrine of another great saint Hazrat Shah Paran (R.A.), who is said to be a nephew of Hazrat Shah Jalal (R.A.).

Mosque

\

Dhaka has several hundred historic mosques. Prominent are the Seven Domed Mosque (17th century), Baitul Mukarram - National Mosque, Star Mosque (18th century), Chawkbazar Mosque and Huseni Dalan Mosque.

Bayazid Bostami

This holy place in Chittagong attracts a large number of visitors and pilgrims. At its base there is a large pond with several hundred huge tortoises and fishes floating on the water.

Kantaji Temple

The most ornate among the late medieval Hindu temples of Bangladesh Kantaji temple is situated near Dinajpur town. It was built by Maharaja Pran Nath in 1752. Every inch of the temple surface is beautifully embellished with exquisite terracotta plaques, representing flora and fauna, geometric motifs, mythological scenes and an astonishing array of contemporary social scenes and favourite pasttime. The Maharaja's palace with relics of the past and the local museum are well worth a visit.

Temples Important temples of the Hindus community in Dhaka included the Dhakeshwari Temple (11th century) and Ramkrishna Mission.

Churches

\

Armenian Church (1781 A.D.), St. Mary's Cathedral at Ramna, Church of Bangladesh or former Holy Rosary Church (1677 A.D.) at Tejgaon.

Chandranath Hindu Temple – Sitakunda

It is approximately 37 km. far from Chittagong city. This is famous for Chandranath Hindu Temple - one of the oldest temples in the subcontinent. There is also Buddhist Temple having a footprint of Lord Buddha. These places particularly the hilltops are regarded as a very sacred by the Hindus and Buddhist. Shiva Chaturdoshi (14th) festivals are held every year in February when thousands of pilgrims assemble which lasts for ten days. There is also a hotwater spring 5 km. to the north of Sitakunda.

Sri Chaitanya Temple

About 500 years old famous temple of Sri Chaitanya Dev is located at Dhaka Dakshin nearly 45 km. south-east from Sylhet town. The place is revered for being the ancestral home of the famous Vaishnava saint. Yearly fair is organized on the full moon day of the bangla month Falgun. Hundreds and thousand of devotees from home and abroad attend this colorful fair.

Buddhist Monastery

\

Kamalapur Buddhist Monastery, International Buddhist Monastery, Merul, Badda.

3.6. Tourist’s spots – Hills & Island: Rangamati - the lake district

From Chittagong, a 77 km. winding road that passes through lush green fields and forested hills take you to Rangamati at the heart of the Lake District. The township is located on the western bank of Kaptai Lake. Rangamati is a favourite holiday resort because of its scenic beauty and its lakeside location, its colourful tribes, homespun textile products, ivory and jewellery. For tourists the attractions of Rangamati are numerous, speedboat cruising, water skiing, bathing or merely enjoying nature as it is. It is a rare spot for eco-tourism. Visitors are fascinated by the rich culture of its ethnic people. A visit to the tribal museum and the hanging bridge on the lake a must.

Khagrachhari - the hilltop town Khagrachhari is the district headquarters of Khagrachhari hill district. Connected to Chittagong by a 92 km. all-weather metalled road, Khagrachhari is ringed by thick rain forests that shelter a wide variety of birds and animals. For the tourist seeking nature in a restful mood, Khagrachhari is the place.

Bandarban - the roof of Bangladesh

\

92 km. from Chittagong by a metalled road, Bandarban is the district headquarters of the Bandarban hill district. It is home town of the Bohmang Chief who is the head of the Mogh tribe. The Moghs are of Myanmar origin and Buddhists by religion. The Moghs are a simple and hospitable people. Bandarban is also the home of the Murangs who are famous for their music and dance. Several other tribes of great ethnogical interest live in the remote areas of the district. The highest peak of Bangladesh - Tahjin dong (4632 ft.)- is located in the Bandarban district.

Sylhet

Blessed with a beautiful and bountiful nature, Sylhet is one of the popular tourist destinations of the country. For most part plain land , Sylhet is ringed by low hills on northern and southern boundaries. These are the foot hills of the Khasia and Jaintia range. Sylhet is dotted with lakes, thick forests and fruit gardens, Abounds in wildlife. The reserved forests have different species of birds and animals and ideal for bird watching and trekking. The Sylhet valley is formed by a beautiful, winding pair of rivers named Surma and Kushiara both of which are fed by innumerable hill streams from the north and south. The valley has a good number of haors which are big natural depressions. During winter these haors are vast streches of green land, but in the rainy season they turn into turbulent seas. The haors provide sanctuary to millions of migratory birds who fly from the north across the Himalayas every winter.The patron saint of Sylhet is Hazrat Shah Jalal (RA). Sylhet town draws thousands of devotees and visitors every year. The tea gardens stretch for miles like a green carpet spread over the slopes of the hills. There are excellent rest-house facilities in many of these tea gardens.

Mainamati About eight km. to the west of Comilla town and 114 km. south-east of Dhaka lie the low hills of Mainamati-Lalmai ridge - an old centre of Buddhist culture. On the slopes of these hills lay scattered runis that testity to as a early Buddhist civilization (8th to 12th century). At Salban in the middle of the ridge, excavations have laid bare a large Buddhist Vihara (monastery) and an imposing central shrine. Further explorations have revealed valuable information on the rule of the Chandra and Deva dynasties which flourished here from the 8th to 12th century A.D. The whole range of hillocks run for about 18 km and is studded with more than 50 such sites. A site museum houses the archaeological finds that include terracotta plaques, bronze statues and caskets, coins, jewellery, utensils, pottery and votive stupas embossed with Buddhist inscriptions.

Mymensingh

\

The greater Mymensingh district stretches from the plains north of Dhaka to the Garo foothills that edge the northern border with India. Along the frontier line many tribes such as Garos, Hajongs and Kochis who are ethnically quite distinct from the people around them.

Mymensingh has earned an important position in Bangla literature for its rich folklores and folk songs. On the road from Dhaka to Mymensingh there is a national park and game sanctuary at Madhupur about 160 km. from Dhaka. There are a number of reserve forests in the area with rest-houses and picnic spots. The famous painter Zainul Abedins Art Gallery at Mymensingh town is worth visiting.

Foy's Lake Set amidst panoramic surroundings of small hills and islands in the suburbs of Chittagong, this ideal spot for outing and picnics attracts hundreds of visitors every day.

Moheshkhali An island off the coast of Cox's Bazar, Moheskhali has an area of 268 sq. km. Through the center of the island and along the eastern coastline rises a range of low-hills, about 300 feet high, but the coast to the west and north is low-lying and fringed by mangrove forest. Atop Moinak Hill lies the old temple of Adinath, dedicated to Shiva. By its side on the same hill is a Buddhist pagoda.

Ramu Ramu is a typical Buddhist village, about 10 km. from Cox's Bazar, on the main road to Chittagong. The village has a number of colourful pagodas and Khyangs and monasteries where one can see icons and statues of lord Buddha in gold, bronze and other metals inlaid with precious stones. One of these pagodas on the Bankhali river houses a 13 feet tall bronze statue of Buddha that rests on a six feet high pedestal. The pagoda also contains some interesting relics and rare Burmese handicraft. Weavers in Ramu ply their trade in open workshops and craftsmen make handmade cigars in their pagoda like houses.

Sonadia Island Sonadia Island lies in the bay about seven km. off Cox's Bazar and is only 9 sq. km. in area.

The western side of the island is sandy and different kinds of shells are found on the beach.

Off the northern part of the island, there are beds of window pane oysters. During winter, fishermen set up temporary camps on the island and dry their catches of sea-fish.

3. 7. Tourist’s spots – Entertainment: NATIONAL MUSEUM

\

Established in 1913, the national museum was - shifted to the present four storied building at Shahbag in 1983, the museum has forty galleries under four departments, namely: National History, History and cultural art,Ethnography and Decorative art andContemporary art and Civilization. The museum contains a large number of interesting collections including ancient stone and metal sculptures and statues, old coins, metal images, books on art, ivory and silver filigree works, textiles including the world famous fabric muslin, embroidered quilt (Nakshi kantha), arms and ammunitions of the bygone warriors, varieties of fine handicrafts and models of village and town life, contemporary paintings and sculptures. The gallery has a section devoted exclusively to our heroic liberation war.

Open: Saturday - Wednesday, 10:00 am - 7:00pm and Friday 3.00 p.m - 8.00 p.m. and closed on Thursday Entrance Fee: 10.00 Phone: 880-2-8619396-99 MUKTI JUDDHO (Liberation war) MUSEUM Situated at Segunbagicha area of the city, the museum contains rare photographs of our liberation war and items used by the freedom fighters and martyrs of our glorious war of independence.

Phone: 880-2-9559091 Fax: 880-2-9559092 ZIA MEMORIAL MUSEUM

The Chittagong Circuit House built in 1913 atop a hillock was transformed into Zia Memorial Museum in memory of late President Ziaur Rahman who was martyred here by a few misled army personnel at dead of night on 30th May 1980. The place has developed into a fullfledged museum by September 1993 with a well-equipped conference room, a library and as

\

many as 12 galleries. A total of 743 exhibits that include 336 souvenirs and 13 documents are laid out across the galleries. The radio transmitter, the microphone, the chair and the table which were used by Shahid President Ziaur Rahman when reading the Declaration of Independence in 1971 are displayed in galleries 1 and 2. His personal effects and belongings are exhibited in galleries 3, 4 and 5. In galleries 4 & 7 are put up portraits of the martyred President and the gift items that were presented to him by different Heads of states and diplomats. Gallery 12 contains a reconstruction of the event of this martyrdom.

AHSAN MANZIL MUSEUM

Situated in the old part of Dhaka on the bank of the river Buriganga the majestic Ahsan Manzil was once the home of the Nawabs(Rulers) of Dhaka, and now a museum. The victorian style palace, painted bright pink, and with a huge dome at the top is a silent spectator to many historic events. Ahsan Manzil museum has 31 rooms and 23 galleries displaying portraits, furniture and household articles and utensils used by the Nawabs.

FOLK ART MUSEUM The Folk Art Museum, which was established in 1975 to fulfill the dream of the celebrated painter Shilpacharya Zainul Abedin, has a rich collection of different folk objects of aesthetic and utilitarian values. These reflect the temperament, skill and expertise of the artists and artisans who made them. The museum is a national institution which represents the traditional art and heritage of Bangladesh, exhibiting objects of exceptional design and skill.

Open: Saturday - Thursday 9.00a.m to 5.00 p.m.

Phone : Ph: 880-2-9716960.

SCIENCE MUSEUM Located at Agargaon, the museum is a modern learning centre related to the latest scientific discoveries.

ETHNOLOGICAL MUSEUM The ethnological museum at Chittagong has extensive facilities for ethnological research. The museum houses a selection of objects associated with the 12 ethnic tribes of Bangladesh and also of many tribes of Australia, India and Pakistan. Visitors have to pay a small entrance fee.

COURT BUILDING MUSEUM

\

Situated on the Fairy Hill in Chittagong, this building commands a magnificent bird's eye view of the port-city .The court building was a witness to many activities during the war of liberation in 1971. The museum commemorates many of the important events of the time. A museum has recently been established here TRIBAL MUSEUM The only Tribal Cultural Museum in the Hill Tracts region was established at Rangamati town in 1978 and is run by the Tribal Cultural Institute. It preserves valuable objects and articles of different tribes depicting their socio-economic, cultural and historical traditions.

These include typical tribal dresses, ornaments, arms, ammunitions, coins, statues made of gold, bronze and other metals, musical instruments, ivory products, handicrafts and paintings on tribal life, etc.

Open: Saturday - Thursday, 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. and closed on Friday and Public Holidays.

VARENDRA RESEARCH MUSEUM Situated at Rajshahi, this museum has a rich collection of objects from Mohenjodaro and also from 16th to 19th centuries. The museum is devoted to the study of ancient history and culture. Its rich collection contains interesting objects of Hindu, Buddhist and Muslim heritage. The museum is maintained by Rajshahi University 3. 8. Tourist’s spots – Forest & Jungle: SUNDARBANS Royal Bengal Tigers and Mangrove Forests

Located about 320 km. south-west of Dhaka and spread over an area of about 60000 sq, km of deltaic swamps along the coastal belt of Khulna, the Sundarbans is the world's biggest mangrove forest - the home of the Royal Bengal tiger. These dense mangrove forests are criss-crossed by a network of rivers and creeks. Here, tourists find tides flowing in two directions in the same creek and often tigers swimming across a river or huge crocodiles basking in the sun. Other wildlife of the region include the cheetahs, spotted deer, monkeys, pythons, wild bears and hyeanas. The forest is accessible by river from Khulna or Mongla.

There are rest-houses for visitors to stay and enjoy the unspoiled beauty and splendour of the forest. UNESCO has decleared the Sundarbans a world heritage site that it offers splendid opportunities for tourism. The main tourist spots inside the Sundarbans include Hiron Point (Nilkamal), Katka and Tin Kona island. These places offer the best vantage points for watching tigers, deer, monkeys, crocodiles and birds. Another major attraction inside the Sundarbans is Dublachar (island), a fishing village. Herds of spotted deer often come to graze here.

Communication

\

Water transport is the only means of communication within the Sundarbans from Khulna or Mongla port. Private motor launches, speedboats, country boats as well as mechanised vessels of Mongla Port Authority offer regular services on these routes. From Dhaka to Khulna the most pleasent journey is by paddle steamer (Rocket) that offers visitors a picturesque panorama of rural Bangladesh. Day and night coach services by road are also available. The quickest mode is of course by air from Dhaka to Jessore and then to Khulna by road.

Requirments Permission from the Divisional Forest Officer (DFO), Khulna is required to visit the forest. It is advised that cholera vaccines are taken well in advance. Tourists are also advised to carry supplies of anti-malarial and anti-diarrhoeal medicines, insectrepellent cream, drinking water, green coconut, medical kit, light tropical dress and thick rubber soled boots. It will be wise to take the help of an experienced guide for a truly enjoyable journey.

3. 9. Tourist’s spots – Others: Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban

Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban (The National Parliament Building) at Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, designed by the famous architect Louis I Kahn, is known throughout the region for its distinctive architectural features. The main building is surrounded by a lake which also doubles as a reflecting pool and in set amidst spacious lawns.

Banga Bhaban The official residence of the President, located in the heart of capital city, was built in the Moghul architectural style. Areas of well kept grounds and these surrounded the building.

Moheshkhali

An island off the coast of Cox's Bazar. Moheskhsli has an area of 268 square km. The center of the island and along the eastern coastline a range of low hills (about 300 feet high) runs through, but the coast to the west and north is low-lying treat, fringed by mangrove forests.

On Moinak hill on the coast lies the old temple of Adinath, dedicated to Shiva. By its side on the same hill lies a Buddhist pagoda.

\

Ramu Ramu is a typical Buddhist village, about 10 km. from Cox's Bazar, on the main road to Chittagong. The village has monasteries, Khyangs and pagodas containing images of Buddha in gold, bronze and other metals inlaid with precious stones. One of the most interesting of these temples stands on the bank of the Bankhali River. The temple has a large bronze statue of Buddha measuring thirteen feet high that rests on a six feet high pedestal. The temple also houses old relics and Burmese handicraft. Weavers in Ramu ply their trade in open workshops and craftsmen make handmade cigars in their pagoda like houses.

Sonadia Island Sonadia is a tiny island of about 9 sq. km. and lies about seven km. off Cox's Bazar. The western side of the island is sandy with a sparkling beach famous for different kinds of shells.

Off the northern part of the island, there are beds of window pane oysters. During winter, fishermen set up temporary camps on the island and dry their catches of sea-fish.

Madhabkunda - the unique beauty of waterfall

About 3 km. from Dakhinbagh railway station, and up a windy road one comes accross the lovely waterfall of Madhabkunda. It attracts large number of tourists every year. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation offers restaurant, retiring room, picnic and parking facilities for the visitors.

Tamabil – Jaflong

Situated amidst splendid panorama, Tamabil is a border outpost on Sylhet - Shilong Road, about 55 km. from Sylhet town. Besides enchanting views of the area one can have a glimpse of the waterfalls across the border and rolling stones from hills. Other places of tourist attractions in Sylhet include Jaintiapur and Haripur Gas Field.

3. 10. MUSIC & SONGS

\

The musical instruments one will see or hear in Bangladesh include the bamboo flute, the tabla (a set of two percussion drums) and a wide variety of stringed instruments from the crude banjo like village 'ek-tara' (one stringed), 'do-tara' (two stringed) and to the highly refined multi stringed 'Sitar' and 'Sarode' used for classical music. Violins are also used and electric as well as ordinary guitars are played. The 'Tanpura' is used for the drone accompaniment in classical music. Harmonium is popular as an accompaniment in vocal performances. Living in the land of torrential rains, mighty rivers and lush green beauty, the average Bangladeshi has a deep relationship with nature. The music of Bangladesh is therefore emotional, ecstatic and romantic. Among the genres sung or performed quite regularly are:  Semi-classical songs and music  Palli Geeti or folk songs  Rabindra Sangeet (songs by Rabindranath Tagore, the 1913 Nobel Prize winner in Literature)  Nazrul Geeti (songs by the Rebel poet of Bangladesh).  Adhunik Gaaan or modern Bangla songs  Gano Sangeet or inspirational songs for the masses  Pop Songs  Bhatiali or boatmen's songs  Bhawaia or bullock cart drivers song  Band music or rock music  Religious songs 3. 11. DANCE

The tradition of dance in Bangladesh is an old one. The classical dance forms have mostly been taken from North and South Indian schools, while influences of middle eastern dance is also noticeable in local dance forms. The indigenous and folk dance traditions are practiced widely and reflect the rich culture and history of Bangladesh. Many ethnic gorups have their own, distinct dances that are distinguished by grace and charm. For the santals and the hill

\

people of Chittagong hill tracts are also have many attractive dance forms that quite popular with the people.

3.12. ART AND CULTURAL CENTERS: There are ten Art & Cultural Centers in Dhaka city. Those are addressed below Alliance Francaise De Dhaka 26, Mirpur Road, Dhanmondi Dhaka, Tel: 8611557 Fax: 8616462, Email: infoad@afdacca.com Bangladesh Shishu Academy Old High Court Road (Opp. Carzon Hall), Dhaka- 1000 Tel: 9550317, 9564128 Bangla Academy Dhaka University Area, Dhaka Tel: 8619577, 8619583 Fax: 8612352, Email: bacademy@citechco.net British Council 5, Fuller Road , Dhaka Tel: 8618905-7, 8618867-8 Fax: 8613375, Email:britcoun@thebritishcouncil.net Bulbul Lalitkala Academy 7, Wise Ghat, Dhaka- 1100

\

Tel: 7391838 German Cultural Center House 10, Road 9 Dhanmondi, Dhaka Tel: 9126525, 9126526 Fax: 8110712 Indian Cultural Center H-25, Road-96, Gulshan-2 Dhaka-1212 Tel: 8850141, Fax: 8850142 Nazrul Institute House 330B, Road 28(Old) Dhanmondi, Dhaka Tel: 9114500, Fax: 9118051 Email: nazrulin@citecho.net The Russian Centre of Science & Culture House-510, Road-7 Dhanmondi, Dhaka Fax: 8113026, Email: roscult@accesstel.net Tel: 9118531 Shilpakala Academy Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000, Tel: 9561709, 9562801-4

\

3. 13. CULTURAL SHOWS Cultural Shows are frequently held in several venues such as Dhaka Metropolitan Theater, Mohila Samity and Guide House auditoriums, British Council and Russian Cultural Center.

Check with hotel receptions and the daily newspapers for details.

3. 14. CINEMAS & THEATERS

Dhaka has a busy theater calendar. A large number of theater groups regularly stage plays, both original, and translated/adapted versions of western plays. Some of the popular theater groups are - Dhaka Theatre, Nagarik Nattya Sampraday, Aranyak, Natychakra, Natyajon, Kranti, Matridhara and Bibortan etc. There are also many Cinema halls in all cities and towns where people watch mainly Bangladeshi movies. Some cinema halls also screen Hollywood and Hongkong made movies.

Mohila Samity Theatre New Baily Road, Dhaka.

Tel: 9337050.

Press Club Auditorium Topkhana Road, Tel: 9563385, 9563395

Balaka Cinema Hall Govt. New Market, Dhaka-1205.

Razmoni Cinema Hall 46 Tel: 8622106 Dhaka-1000.

Public Library Auditorium Dhaka University Area, Shahbag, Dhaka.

Modhumita Cinema Hall Dhaka. 158/160, Motijheel CA, Dhaka-1000.

Tel: 9554386, 9550463 Fax: 9569841 E-mail: channel@global-bd.net Ovishar Cinema Hall 35 Hatkhola Road, Dhaka-1203.

Shamoli Cinema Hall Kakrail,Mirpur Road, Shamoli, Dhaka-1207.

Tel: 9117744, 9113857

STAR Cineplex Girls Guide Theatre Guide House Basundhara City, Level 8 13/Ka/1, Panthapath, DhakaNew Baily Road, Dhaka Tel: 9138260, 9134098 Tel: 8315501

\

Fax: 8612455

Fax: 8315592 E-mail: channel@global-bd.net

3. 15. ART GALLERIES Art Gallaries in Dhaka city are listed below Bengal Gallery of Fine Arts House 275/F, Road 27 Dhanmondi, Dhaka Tel: 8123115 Email: bf@bdonline.com Cezanne Art Gallery UAE Moitri Complex Kemal Ataturk Avenue Banani, Dhaka Tel: 8826578 Email: cezanne@bangla.net Divine Art Gallery Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel 107, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue Karwan Bazar, Dhaka Gallery Chitrak House-21, Road-4 Dhanmondi R/A, Dhaka Tel: 8620345 Email: chitrak@agni.com National Art Gallery Segunbagicha, Dhaka-1000 Tel: 9562801 Ree Art Gallery 281, New Circular Road (2nd Floor) Mouchak, Dhaka

BPS (Bangladesh Photographic Society) Secretariat Gallery 63/2, Science Laboratory Road Ground Floor, Dhaka Tel: 8611284 Email: bps-bd@yahoo.com Cezanne Art Gallery Dhaka Sheraton Hotel, Dhaka , Tel: 8613391 Ext- 564

Drik Gallery House 58, Road 15A(New) Dhanmondi, Dhaka Tel: 9120125, Fax: 9115044 Email: office@drik.net Gallery 21 765, Satmasjid Road Dhanmondi, Dhaka Shilpa Rag House 15, Road 16 Dhanmondi, Dhaka Tel: 8117085 Fax: 8117085 Email: shilparg@vasdigital.com Tivoli Art Gallery F/33, DCC Super Market (1st Floor) Gulshan-2 (North) Dhaka Tel: 9895903

Shilpangan House-25, Road-5 Dhanmondi, Dhaka 3. 16. SPORTS Bangladeshis are lovers of all sorts of sports and games, and facilities are being expanded steadily. Sport activities are coordinated by local, regional and national bodies. These organizations hold tournaments and competitions at various levels. Participation in national and international meets has made improvement in standard, though much remains to be done

\

in this field. Many regional and international sports meets are regularly held in Bangladesh.

Popular games and sports of Bangladesh are football, cricket, volleyball, basket ball, boat racing, target shooting, kite flying, swimming, badminton, chess, tennis, wrestling, ha-do-do and dariabanda (local game). Golf and water-skiing are also gaining in popularity.

Bangladesh achieved international test cricket status in the year 2001.

3. 17. Food All major hotels and most of the resturant in the country have western food on their menu but local dishes are normally more exotic. Curries of many kinds abound, cooked with a range of spices and hot curry powders some of the more favourite dishes are Korma, Rezala, Bhoona and Masala Gosht, Chicken, Mutton, Beef, Fish and Prawns, Chicken Afgans, Boti Kabab, Shutil Kabab and a variety of fish curries should be tried. Rice and mutton or chicken and khichuri are available in any reasonable restaurant. Those who do not care for rice dishes can try mughlai parata, plain parata or naan, which go very well with curries. Sea-food and sweet water fish are available in most of the towns. Fish-lovers should not misss smoked hilsa (Hilsha or Ilish is, our national fish), fresh bhetki and chingri (lobster /king prawns) malaikari, prawn dopayaza. In Dhaka a number of good restaurants including those run by Parjatan provide local and western food. Vegetarians need not be frustrated. In each and every restaurant in Dhaka offer vegetable dishes.

3. 18. Drinks The most widely used beverage and lemonade are favourite summer time drinks.Green coconut are also a good source of refreshing drinks and are available with street side vendors.Tea is available every nook and corner of the country. Soft drinks such as Royal Cola, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Fanta, 7-up, Mirinda, Sun-crest and Sprite are available even in village. Hard drinks are sold in big hotels and selected restaurants including Parjatan.

Drinking alcohol in public area is not recommended for foreigners.

3. 19. Dessert Misthi Doi - sweetened youghurt and Halua - a common dessert made with eggs, sugar or carrots, sooji or wheat cream, almond and pistachio are the most common desserts. Sandeshmilk based sweet meat. Zarda- sweetened rice with nuts, Firni- rice flour cooked in milk, sugar and flavouring, Rasgolla and Kalojam- two popular milk based dessert and made with sugar, flour and ghee, and Rosh Malai- round sweets floating in thick milk are almost a passion with Bangladeshis. Pithas - a blanket term for cakes or pastries of different varieties such as Chitoi, Dhupi, Takti, Andosha, Bhafa, Puli and Pua are popular winter time heats.

3. 20. Fruits Bangladesh produces a wide variety of seasonal fruits but some grow throughout the year.

These include mangoes, Lichies, Bananas, Papayas, Jackfruits, Watermelon, Pineapple, Coconut, Oranges, Guava, Star Apple, Black Berry, Barakul etc.

3. 21. Transport Facilities The transport sector of Bangladesh consists of a variety of modes. The country being a flat plain, all three modes of surface transport, i.e. road, railway and water are widely used in

\

carrying both passengers and cargo. . It is estimated that mechanized road transport carry about 70% of the country's total passenger and cargo volume.

3. 21. 1. Road Transport A. Bus Road transport in Bangladesh is a private sector affair operating predominantly in domestic routes. Rates are among the cheapest in the world. Express and non stop services are available to principal towns from Gabtoli, Saidabad and Mohakhai bus terminals in Dhaka.

The Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) also maintains a countrywide network of bus services. Recently they have introduced Dhaka - Calcutta - Dhaka direct daily bus services via Benapole, Jessore.

B. Railway Nationally operated Bangladesh Railway provides an efficient service throughout Bangladesh. About 32% of the total area of Bangladesh is effectively covered by the railways. State-owned Bangladesh Railway operates a track of 2706 kilometer, employs about 60,000 people, owns a fleet of 307 locomotives, 1240 coaching vehicles and I L643 freight wagons, and provides passenger and cargo services through 502 station.

3. 21. 2. Airway Transport Bangladesh can be reached by air from any part of the world. Biman Bangladesh airlines connects Dhaka with 27 major cities of the world.

Abu Dhabi, Amsterdam, Athens, Bangkok, Bombay, Calcutta, Doha, Dubai, Jeddah, Karachi, Kathmandu, Kualalumpur, London, Muscat, Dhahran, Baghdad, Kuwait, Yangoon, Rome, Tripoli, Tokyo, Singapore, Baharin, Frankfurt, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Sarjah, Seoul, Riyadh and Delhi.

Besides Biman, several other (international) carriers also fly to and from Dhaka.

Biman, Bangladesh Airlines also connects Dhaka with Chittagong, Jessore, Cox's Bazar, Rajshahi Saidpur and Sylhet in its 7 domestic routes.

3. 21. 3. Water Transport Country-Made boats are the most widely used carrier one can see in the river and rivulets.

These carry passengers and merchandise on a large scale. The landscape of Bangladesh is dominated by about 250 rivers which flow essentially north-sourth. The alluvial flood plain formed by these rivers covers most of the country. Wherever there is a river and a village, a launch or steamer will ply for trade. A journey by Rocket Steamer service from Dhaka (Sadarghat) to Khulna, the gateway to Sundarbans is a rewarding experience.

3. 22. Festivals There are as many festivals in Bangladesh as there are days in the year. Fairs and festivals play an important role in the social life of ordinary Bangladeshis. The biggest Muslim religious festivals are the Eid-Ul-Fitr (end of the fasting month of Ramadhan). Eid-ul-Azha, Muharram and Miladunnabi (birth day of the Prophet), widely celebrated festivals for other religious communities are the Durga Puja for the Hindus, Christmas for Christians and Buddha Purnima for the Buddhists. Bangla New Year's Day (Pahela Baishakh), Shahid Dibas (Language Martyrs' Day), Independence Day (March 26) and Victory Day (December 16) are celebrated nation-wide. Besides these religious and national festivals, villages and townships,

\

professional groups, cultural organizations arrange their own festivals. These festivals are described briefly into the next page.

Pehela Baisakh Bengali New Year's day is colorful event in the cities and villages throughout the country.

The day (14 April) is a public holiday.The most attractive event in Dhaka that spreads throughout the day takes place at Ramna Park. Students of the Fine Art Institute of Dhaka University organize colorful pageant where paper made animals and masks figure prominantly. Tournaments, boat races and other forms of celebration take place amidst great jubilation. Many fairs are held in Dhaka and other towns and villages.

Eid-E-Miladunnabi Prophet Muhammad (SM) was born on 12th Rabiul Awal (Lunar Month). He also breathed his last on the same day. The day is national holiday, the National flag flies from rooftops and food is offered to destitutes and the orphans. Prayers are offered in Milad mehfils in the afternoon.At night important public buildings are illuminated.

Independence day The biggest state festival, the Independence day (March 26) is observed throughout the country. All major cities wear a festive look. It is a public holiday. The citizens of Dhaka wake up early in the morning to the sound of booming guns heralding the day. Leaders of the government, political and social organizations, freedom fighters and ordinary citizens alike place floral wreaths at the National Martyrs' Memorial at Savar. Bangla Academy, Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy and other socio-cultural organizations held cultural function. Sports meet and tournaments are organized including the exciting boat race in the river Buriganga. At night the main public buildings are illuminated. Similar functions are arranged in other cities and towns.

21st Feb, the National Mourning Day and World Mother Language Day 21 February of every year is observed throughout the country in remembrance of the martyrs' of Language Movement of 1952. Blood was shed on this day at the Central Shahid Minar (near Dhaka Medical College Hospital) area to establish Bangla as a state language of Pakistan. All subsequent movements including the struggle for independence owe their origin to the historic language movement. The Shahid Minar (martyrs' monument) is the symbol of the supreme sacrifice for the mother tongue. The day is a public holiday. Mourning services begin in Dhaka at midnights at the Shahid Minar with a song that tellingly recall the sacrifice of the martyrs. The event of the day include processions, song sessions, placing of flowers at the Minar and prayer at the graves of martyrs' at Azimpur. The day has been declared the International Mother Language Day by the UNESCO. Eid-Ul- Fitr The biggest Muslim festival, Eid-ul- Fitr is observed throughout the world. The Eid falls on the following day of Ramadan or the month of fasting.

Eid-Ul-Azha Eid-ul-Azha is the second biggest festival of the Muslims. It marks the Hajj in Mecca on the 10th of Zilhaj, the lunar month. Large Eid congregations are held in mosques and public prayer grounds. Animals are sacrificed in the memory of Hazrat Ibrahim's (AM) preparedness for the sacrifice of his beloved son to Allah. The day is a public holiday

\

Muharram Muharram is a month of sad memories of the tragic martyrdom of Imam Hussain (RA) at Karbala in Iraq on the 10th day of the month.The day is marked by a huge procession in Dhaka that is brought out from the the Hussaini Dalan Imambara in old city.

Durga Puja Durga Puja, the biggest festival of the Hindu community in the country, continues for ten days with the last three days being the most joyful. The festivities culminate with the idol of goddess Durga immersed in the river. In Dhaka the big celebrations are held at Dhakeswari Temple, where a fair is also held and at the Ram Krishna Mission.

Chrismas Christmas, known as "Bara Din" or The Big Day in Bangla is celebrated with festivities in Dhaka and elsewhere in the country. Several day-long congregations are held at St. Mary's Cathedral at Ramna, Portuguese Church at Tejgaon, Church of Bangladesh (Protestant) on Johnson Road and Bangladesh Baptist Sangha at Sadarghat, Dhaka. Functions include illumination of churches, decorating Christmas tree & other festivities.

RABIN DRA & NAZRUL Jayanti The birth anniversary of the nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore on 25th Baishakh (early May) and that of the national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam on 11th Jaystha (late May) are observed throughout the country. Big gatherings and songs sessions organized by socio-cultural organizations are the main features of the observance of the days. Tagore is the writer of our national anthem while National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam is famous as Rebel Poet for his fiery writings.

Langalbandgh Mela The mela which accompanies the annual bathing at a place near Sonargaon (about 27 km. from Dhaka) is a very attractive festival observed by the Hindu Community every year on the last day of Chaittra (last Bengali month - mid April). Devotees dip in the river to ceremonially clean themselves of all sins.

CHAPTER - 4: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 4. 1. Visitors arrival and changes: The following Table shows the comparison of International Tourist Arrivals and Market Share in the Asia & Pacific region.

Table- 2

\

The following graph represents the region wise tourist came to Bangladesh in 2005. The pink color portion indicates the highest, 48%, of total tourist came from Asia.

Graph- 3: Visitor Arrivals by Regions 2005 Arrivals Africa America E/A & Pacific Europe M/East Asia

1730 18673 35976 48961 2861 99459

The following Table shows International Tourist Arrivals and Market share in the world Table-3: World Tourist Arrivals & Receipts (1999-2004) Year Arrivals (Million) Change % Receipts Billion % Change US$ 1999

657.00

2000

687.30

4.61

475

4.40

2001

684.10

-0.47

463

-2.53

2002

702.60

2.70

480

3.67

2003

691.00

-1.65

523

8.96

2004

760.00

9.99

0

-100.00

Source: WTO

455

\

4. 2. Recipients and changes: The following table represents the International Tourism recipients in US$ million, market share and change among different countries including Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka etc. in the year of 1990, 2000, 2004 and among them India has taken the leading position and Bangladesh is far behind in the position.

4. 3. Outbound Visitors: 4 Bangladeshi Nationals go out side the county in 2005. Most of The following graph shows the cases they uses Air road to go abroad.

2005 Regions Africa 967 Americas 34741 E/AS & Paci 49135 Europe 83389 Middle East 102614 South Asia 1055234

Graph- 4 : Outbound Travels of Bangladesh Nationals by Mode of Transport- 2005 Table- 5: Outbound Travels to the SAARC Countries 2005 Destination Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total Bhutan 6 8 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 India 121,507 100,594 103,221 111,381 107,752 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 544,455 Maldives 5 7 0 14 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 Nepal 192 607 170 191 154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,314 Pakistan 762 604 559 680 660 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,265 Sri Lanka 213 242 227 201 169 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,052 Total 122,685 102,062 104,181 112,467 108,745 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 550,140 Source: Special Branch

4. 4. Contribution to GDP: Tourism industry has significance contribution to the GDP of each country. The following table shows the comparative contribution of Tourism Industry to the GDP of Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal.

\

Table- 6: GDP at Current Prices (in US$ billion) 4. 5. Earning from Tourism: The Tourism industry has a significance role in earning foreign currency. The below table shows the top ten Tourist Destinations & Tourism Earners in year-2004 Table-7: World’s Top 10 Tourist Destinations & Tourism Earners (Year-2004) Rank Country

Arrivals (Million) Rank Country

Billion US$ Receipts

1

France

77.00

1

USA

64.50

2

Spain

52.30

2

Spain

41.80

3

USA

43.50

3

France

37.00

4

Italy

39.80

4

Italy

31.20

5

China

36.80

5

Germany 23.00

6

UK

24.20

6

UK

22.80

7

Austria

18.60

7

China

17.40

8

Mexico

19.70

8

Austria

14.10

9

Germany 18.00

9

Turkey

13.20

10

Canada

10

Greece

10.70

Source: WTO The following Table shows Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels for the year of 1996-2005, million in taka Table-8: Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels (1996-2005) (Million in Taka) Month

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

\

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total %Change Million $

70.20 73.40 81.30 84.20 121.80 137.10 98.10 111.40 99.40 157.40 176.50 190.40 1401.20 46.69 33.59

231.80 106.50 142.60 130.50 182.90 172.20 156.70 145.20 692.80 256.10 253.20 270.90 2741.40 95.65 62.45

351.20 146.00 302.70 170.60 161.70 179.80 167.50 192.50 154.50 167.30 245.50 215.50 2454.80 -10.45 52.37

184.90 224.90 255.30 207.20 172.30 182.70 167.00 182.80 179.70 196.10 280.50 218.50 2451.90 -0.12 49.95

227.80 261.60 230.90 234.00 210.70 193.10 234.80 129.30 218.10 239.40 234.50 212.80 2627.00 7.14 50.37

273.80 218.10 196.10 219.00 240.50 221.70 207.10 170.50 193.40 187.00 234.80 291.80 2653.80 1.02 47.56

297.50 260.60 336.20 312.50 282.70 313.00 267.50 251.50 245.90 205.00 277.70 262.50 3312.60 24.82 57.21

259.00 327.00 355.90 241.10 226.30 288.00 302.30 232.00 217.30 265.10 224.20 371.80 3310.00 -0.08 56.98

457.00 393.70 425.90 309.40 305.00 279.70 303.60 285.90 293.10 247.90 250.42 415.94 3967.56 19.87 66.82

450.42 502.73 468.50 335.56 347.95 301.23 296.98 354.61 334.14 332.67 324.45 444.65 4493.89 13.27 69.91

FINDINGS, ANALYSIS & DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 5. 1. Merits & demerits of tourism as an engine for pro-poor growth 5.1.1. Merits of tourism are: • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Tourism opens up huge opportunities for local access to markets for other goods and services.

Tourism does not face tariff barriers.

Tourism has considerable potential for linkage with other economic sectors – particularly agriculture and fisheries.

Demand for tourism may add sufficiently to another sector’s demand, e.g. transport.

It may create initial demand for a good or service that can then itself become a growth sector.

Tourism provides opportunities for off-farm diversification.

Tourism provides relatively labor-intensive opportunities.

Tourism employs a relatively high proportion of women and can contribute to gender equality.

Tourism can provide poor countries with a significant export opportunity where few other industries are viable.

The infrastructure associated with tourism development would otherwise be excluded from general infrastructure provision.

It appears to have relatively few market distortions.

It has high income elasticity, and therefore offers a relatively rapidly growing market.

It can take different forms, using different inputs, and is therefore available to a wide range of countries.

5.1.2. Demerits of tourism are:

\

• • • •

Tourism operates in a market economy and subject to international market forces. As new destinations emerge and others decline because they are undercut on price or become unfashionable.

Political instability and security concerns also have an impact on tourism.

Tourism is seasonal and whether the seasonality is compatible with agricultural work in particular are likely to affect its pro-poor potential.

If the heterogeneity of the tourism industry is not realized it may not contribute to the economic growth.

5. 2. Problems and constraints regarding tourism industry Infrastructure development and the resources required for that purpose are major problems standing in the way of tourism development. Planned development of the tourist product is partly dependent on the socio-economic conditions of the country, and this is problem as well. Marketing of Bangladesh tourism abroad faces constraints created by inadequate funds and lack of knowledge. The Bangladesh government and the Bangladesh Aid Group have taken seriously the idea that Bangladesh is the test case for development. In the late 1980s, it was possible to say, in the somewhat patronizing tone sometimes adopted by representatives of donor organizations, that Bangladesh had generally been a "good performer." Even in straitened times for the industrialized countries, Bangladesh remained a favored country for substantial commitments of new aid resources from a strikingly broad range of donors. The total estimated disbursement for FY 1988 was estimated at US$1.7 billion, an impressive total but just US$16 per capita. Half of that total was for food aid and other commodities of limited significance for economic growth. Even with the greatest imaginable efficiency in planning and administration, resource-poor and overpopulated Bangladesh cannot achieve significant economic improvements on the basis of that level of assistance.

Problems in brief Despite occasional meetings and adoption of plans of action, not much real progress is noticed yet in promoting tourism in Bangladesh. The following reasons could be considered as impediments to development of tourism in the Bangladesh:  Lack of transport links (air, rail, road and sea transport connecting major tourist destinations).  Lack of sincerity and political will to promote Bangladesh as a common tourism destination: This emanates due to competition between the countries for tourists, given that all of the countries offer somewhat similar tourist products and compete in the same markets in the world.  There has been a lack of funds and technical expertise. The little seed money that the Bangladesh Tourism Fund has been established with can pump prime the initial takeoff, with publication of promotional materials and familiarization tours.  Absence of effective coordination: This stands in the way of effective coordination among the relevant departments, agencies and ministries in Bangladesh.

\

 Complicated visa and border formalities are the most crucial factor that stands in the way particularly of intra-regional tourism. Though discussions have taken place, not much easing out in this area is yet in place.  Government tax on hotel accommodation and food facility in Bangladesh is also not adequate. An ADB report points out that “Hotel rates in Dhaka are high compared to neighboring countries, reflecting the high taxation imposed on hotels in Bangladesh.”  Lack of government policy is also a problem for tourism industry. This indicates that our tourism is in a problem of proper guide line.  Corruption: Corruption is one of the major problems regarding tourism industry in Bangladesh. For that some foreign tourist fell into problem in their smooth and continue journey in Bangladesh.

5. 3. PROSPECTS In examining the economy of Bangladesh, wherever one turns the problems crowd in and threaten to overwhelm the analysis. Underlying problems that have threatened the young nation remain unsolved. These problems include overpopulation and inadequate nutrition, health, and education resources; a low standard of living, land scarcity, and vulnerability to natural disaster; virtual absence of valuable metals; and inadequate government and bureaucratic structures. Yet the brief history of independent Bangladesh offers much that is encouraging and satisfying. The World Bank, leader of the Bangladesh Aid Group, described the country in 1987 as a success story for economic development and expressed optimism that the goals of the Third Five-Year Plan, and longer term development goals as well, could be attained. Government policies had been effective in stimulating the economy. The private sector had benefited from an environment of greater economic freedom and had improved performance in banking and production of jute, fertilizer, ready-made garments, and frozen seafood. The average growth rate of economy had been a steady, if unspectacular, 4 percent since the beginning of the 1980s, close to the world average for developing countries. The picture of day-to-day and even year-to-year performance of the economy of Bangladesh is a mixture of accomplishment and failure, not significantly different from that of the majority of poor Third World countries. The government and people of Bangladesh are entitled to take some pride in the degree of success they have achieved since independence, especially when one contrasts their success with the gloomy forecasts of economists and international experts. The international donor community, led by the World Bank, similarly can be proud of the role it has played in assisting this "largest poorest" nation to become a respected member of the family of nations.

Some other prospects 1. Tourism industry may be turned into the major source of earning foreign currency for Bangladesh.

2. It has the ability to introduce Bangladesh with the people around the world.

3. Tourism industry can also help us to create a better image in the world.

4. It can also help Bangladesh in business purpose.

\

5. Bangladesh has a large number of tourist spot in its area. All of them are special in their own character. So all of them have individual attraction for the tourist if some contractual work is done for easier movement.

6. These tourist spots also can eliminate the unemployment problem of Bangladesh.

Specialist said that more than 30% employment could be increased if the government takes proper step for the development of tourism areas.

7. The government of Bangladesh can earn a huge amount of revenue from this sector which can help Bangladesh to establish a healthy economic condition.

8. If we can make a position in the 7 wonders through Cox’s Bazar and Sundarbans then the prospects of tourism industry in Bangladesh will be higher and higher.

9. As a third world country in the world Bangladesh can promote its position through the proper utilization of tourism industry.

10. Thus the overall condition can be improved by proper utilization of tourism sector.

Reams of paper have gone into writing about the prospect of tourism in Bangladesh in all the mediums of reporting. For the last three decades, we have been endeavoring to develop tourism, but the expectations have not always been met. The good news is that many high officials concerned with national development have recently come to understand the importance of tourism.

Apart from this, tourism is the world's largest industry and a major source of employment and revenue. It also contributes towards conserving environment.

Tourism is the world's largest industry. There are some statistics to justify this assertion, especially for those who give more importance to facts and figures. According to the World Tourism Council, last year tourism alone produced over $6 trillion in revenue. It provided jobs to around 221 million people globally.

It is expected that by 2015 it will be providing some 269 million jobs. Between 2006 and 2015, tourism's growth rate is expected to be 4.6 percent on an average per year.

Tourism, on a national scale, not only can produce employment but also can be a major source of renewable export. It must be noted, however, that to be a renewable resource, tourism must be developed in a sustainable manner. That means where ecologies are fragile, numbers and activities must be tightly controlled; pollution must be checked, and local cultures protected.

Tourism can add to the local economy in a variety of ways. These include revenue earned on spending by tourists in hotels and restaurants, conventions and meetings held, fares paid for transportation, etc.

Tourism and economic development go hand-in-hand. Think about what makes a place a good tourism centre. What are the essential ingredients of tourism? Here are a few of the essential points that tourism needs for its future growth in Bangladesh: No one wants to visit a place that is not clean or unhealthy. Tourism cannot survive without a clean and safe environment. In a like manner, communities that do not provide pleasant surroundings and a clean environment have a very hard time attracting business.

Tourism requires friendly people and good service. No matter what the attraction may be, a tourism centre that lacks good customer service and friendly people will fail. In the same

\

way, communities that offer poor service not only do not attract newcomers, but, in the end, have a difficult time holding on to their local population, young people and businesses.

Tourism requires good restaurants, hotels and recreational facilities. These are the same factors that are essential to any community seeking economic development.

Bangladesh can be an ideal destination for community-based tourism. For sustainable progress in poverty eradication, the present time is suitable for considering the implementation of community-based tourism. Bangladesh is a country of thousands of villages. Most of its heritage sites and international tourist spots are positioned around villages. These are intended for education as well as recreation.

Sometimes rare plants or animal species are the main attraction, sometimes traditional food, handicraft or historic buildings. A European example of well developed rural tourism is France. Camping and caravans are the most popular forms of accommodation in rural areas, many of them on farms. Many farmers have developed camping sites on their farms. Others prefer to invest in various kinds of short-term rental houses known as "gĂŽtes."

Bangladesh has huge potential for tourism. The concept of community-based rural tourism and its benefits are still unexplored. Now is the right time to think of rural tourism development. Apart from rural tourism, all general attractions, like archaeological sites, historical places, and natural beaches are, more or less, getting importance.

But rural tourism can turn into a booming sector for at least two reasons. First, through rural tourism, Bangladesh may rid itself of poverty, and second, the infrastructure of far-off and rural places will be developed.

Community-based rural tourism is a must for the economic development of Bangladesh. Its earnings will act as a vehicle for the overall development of Bangladesh. Development of rural tourism will have the following results: Increase in Gross Domestic Product.

Human resource development.

Poverty mitigation.

Human resource development.

Poverty mitigation.

Promotion of indigenous culture and heritage.

Development of river tourism and eco-tourism.

Development of rural livelihood.

Protection of indigenous rights and resources.

Education and training for all.

Conservation of environment.

Increase in local export.

Peace and happiness.

Promotion of local cuisine.

Women employment, etc.

The government and community leaders may also want to take into account that tourism adds prestige to a community. People like to live in a place that others consider worthy of visiting.

\

Such pride in one's nationality or community can become an important tool for developing the economy.

People sell their community's best when there is a great deal to see and do in it, when it is safe and secure, and when customer service is not merely a motto but a way of life.

Community festivals, traditions, handicrafts, parks and natural settings all add to the desirability of a locale and its ability to sell itself to potential outside investors. The quality of life can also be reflected in a community's museums, concert halls, theatres and uniqueness.

Tourism is an important economic development tool for emerging and minority communities around the world. Since tourism is based on the appreciation of other cultures, tourism industries have been especially open to giving disadvantaged groups around the world opportunities that have often been denied to them by other economic sectors.

Tourism requires a great deal of construction work and provides large numbers of entry-level jobs. Tourists may infuse additional money into the local economy through shopping. In nations where manufacturing is not developed, the tourism industry can be an essential method for reinvigorating local economies.

Sooner or later, Bangladesh will be able to make the optimum use of its existing potential for tourism and, thereby, further develop its economy.

5. 4. Findings 1. Tourism industry of Bangladesh has a greater impact and prospect in the overall socioeconomic condition of Bangladesh.

2. Bangladesh has a large number of known and unknown tourist spot around the country such as Cox’s Bazar, Kuakata, Kantajee Tample, Saint Martin’s Island, Sonargoan, Syllet, Sundarbans, Ramsagor, and so on.

3. In the Bangladesh, tourism has not achieved the optimal level of development and status .Tourism business in Bangladesh, as measured by yearly tourist arrivals. With 1 million in 2004 it constitutes about 0 .125 percent of world total of over 800 million.

4. A large number of tourists come to visit Bangladesh each and every year. Though these number can be increased through proper steps and policies.

5. About 446421000 taka was earned from the tourism sector in Bangladesh in 2006. But it is not adequate with our spots. We can earn double or triple amount by taking proper policies.

6. National tourism policy was formed in 1992. And in the 2005 it is developed and updated.

But yet it needs some additional change in the whole policy.

7. Tourism master plan of Bangladesh was formed in 1988. But now the world is more competitive in every sector. So it need some change to compete with the other country.

8. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation is the national tourism organization. They have lack of resource and man power facility. So, though they want to do something but they can’t.

\

9. Though communication and transport system in Bangladesh is quite well established, the infrastructure in the tourist places is yet to be fully developed.

10. People of Bangladesh are generally very hospitable and tourist friendly.

11. The country possesses some unique archaeological sites, cultural heritage and ecotourism products like the world’s largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans, the world’s longest unbroken sea beach in Cox’s Bazar (120 km), the oldest archaeological site in the Southern Himalayas-Paharpur and world’s largest terracotta temple - Kantaji Temple in Dinajpur, and spectacular monuments and mausoleums of language movement and liberation war of the country.

12. Absence of a regular policy direction. Due to absence of proper policy direction, BPC or the private sector can not receive any fund or loan from any quarter.

13. The country often suffers from image crisis. The country continues to remain as an unknown destination to the tourist generating countries.

14. Government has formulated favorable foreign investment policy to attract overseas investors in readymade garments, leather goods, natural gas and petroleum sector and liberal policy for joint venture investment in tourism sector.

15. Bangladesh is a country of natural disaster. In 2007, Sidr attacked our country and made a huge damage to the whole country as well as the tourist spots.

5. 5. SWOT Analysis of the Bangladeshi Tourism Sector 5. 5. 1. Strengths •

• • • • •

The country possesses some unique archaeological sites, cultural heritage and eco-tourism products like the world’s largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans, the world’s longest unbroken sea beach in Cox’s Bazar (120 km), the oldest archaeological site in the Southern Himalayas-Paharpur and world’s largest terracotta temple - Kantaji Temple in Dinajpur, and spectacular monuments and mausoleums of language movement and liberation war of the country.

People of Bangladesh are generally very hospitable and tourist friendly.

Security is not that bad as often projected by electronic and print media.

Domestic tourism is increasing steadily. Due to two-day holiday in the week, the trend of moving out for recreation has increased mainly among the middle class people of the society.

Communication and transport system has been developed from north to south, east to west.

Awareness about tourist attractions among the local community is increasing.

5. 5. 2. Weaknesses • •

No revenue budget for the promotion of tourism development in the country.

On the role of BPC, there is debate whether the Corporation should play the role of a mere NTO or a commercial organization or both

\

• • • •

•

•

Frequent changes of officials in the BPC’s management and its line ministry Absence of representation of civil society in the BPC’s Board of Directors.

Absence of a regular policy direction. Due to absence of proper policy direction, BPC or the private sector can not receive any fund or loan from any quarter.

There are some flaws in the law of categorizing the country’s hotels and restaurants. Categorizing of the hotels and restaurants as Star or non-Star is not under the jurisdiction of the BPC. No technical hands or institutions are involved in this process Due to absence of a tourism law, the tour operators or tourism service providers can not be punished for any mishandling of tourists. Also owing to absence of law, tourism products can not be protected or conserved, which is there in many countries of the world.

Bangladesh often suffers from image crisis. She continues to remain as an unknown destination to the tourist generating countries.

.5. 5. 3. Opportunities • • • •

It is easy to implement eco-tourism, reverie & spiritual tourism, as the country possesses enough opportunity to develop these types of tourism.

Government has formulated favorable foreign investment policy to attract overseas investors to invest in tourism sector.

There are hundreds of rivers crisscrossing Bangladesh so immense potentiality exists for developing revering tourism.

Bangladesh is located strategically in South Asia.

5. 5. 4. Threats • • • • • •

Unstable political situation created a bad image abroad, which is the biggest threat for development of tourism industry.

Continuous campaign against Bangladesh by certain quarters as a fundamentalist country is another obstacle.

Unholy alliance between the trade union and political leaders, which disrupts labor discipline.

Politicization of administration.

Trade Union Menace in the organization.

Rapid growth of population is another big problem. Bangladesh is the most over-populated country of the world, except the city state of Singapore.

5. 6. How to develop the Bangladeshi tourism sector To make the point very clear Several international players have highlighted Bangladesh positively as a tourism destination during the last couple of years. The worldwide New7Wonders of Nature campaign included Sundarbans and Cox’s Bazar among more than 440 candidate locations from 220 countries.

Along with only 27 locations Sundarbans is still a part of the competition. World leading publisher of travel guides and guidebooks, Lonely Planet, last year recommended Bangladesh as one of the top ten interesting travel destination in 2009. New travel guides has been

\

published on Bangladesh by international renowned publishers; Lonely Planet (2008, 5th ed.) and Bradt (2009, 1st Ed.). There should be no doubt, national as well as international; the Bangladesh tourism sector has indeed potential! But to make a successful international tourism destination it is just not enough that Bangladesh has an interesting history, culture, nature and society to show – much more it required. A barrier to a positive development of the Bangladeshi tourism sector is the lack of a consistent sustainable strategy based on cooperation and knowledge. To take advantage of the Bangladeshi tourism potential, the right long-term actions are needed from all players involved.

First step: Aim for sustainability Tourism is internationally often praised as an effective development tool, especially in rural areas and the developing world. The presence of tourism in any destination always brings with it economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts. A sustainable development would have a huge positive impact in Bangladesh, but it is only achievable by balancing the needs of tourists with those of the destination. The United Nations World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future. The objective of sustainable tourism is to retain the economic and social advantages of tourism development, by creating jobs and income, and promotes intercultural relations and mutual understanding.

At the same time sustainable tourism minimize the increasingly well-known tourism side effects on people and populations, nature and culture, which are caused by the enormous amounts of transportation, the consumption of resources, inadequate preparation of travel and inappropriate behavior at the destination.

Many destinations have learned a hard lesson, when their uncontrolled tourism development has benefited short term business success at the cost of negative affect side effects like prostitution, pollution, high living cost, lost of cultural identity and extinction of species. In order to not repeat the mistake of other destinations, Bangladesh must aim for a long-term sustainable tourism development.

Second step: Actions through increased cooperation Sustainable tourism development is by far an easy task and the responsibility for the present and future national tourism development is shared by all players involved. Some of the players easy forgotten are the many knowledgeable and visionary professionals in sectors related to tourism, e.g. education institutions, NGO’s, nature conservation and finance.

Countries with modest corporation between the public authorities and the private tourism sector, like Bangladesh, should be inspired by the concept of New Tourism. This concept is introduced in the report ‘Blueprint for tourism’ (2003) from The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC).

New Tourism pushes for a new sense of coherent partnership between the private sector and public authorities to deliver commercially successful products – but in a way that ensures benefits for everyone. It focuses on long-term benefits not only for people who travel, but also for people in the communities they visit, and for their respective natural, social and cultural environments. WTTC recommend the flowering action from new tourism players: Government should: Show leadership by defining coherent and streamlined management structures that can efficiently drive New Tourism; Elevate Travel & Tourism to strategic national level with senior level policy-making; and Factor Travel & Tourism into all policies and decision-making, to promote growth that respects both business needs and the well-being of citizens. Industry should: Adapt strategic thinking so as to develop tourism with benefits

\

for everyone; Extend and diversify product offerings to improve yields and social value; and Spearhead innovative management and help spread best practice through corporate social responsibility. All stakeholders should: Cooperate in identifying opportunities for growth; Focus on building Travel & Tourism that opens up prospects for people – from employment to development; and Work together to remove impediments to growth – from infrastructure shortcomings to pollution, and from outdated legislation to unmet health and security concerns.

Third step: Knowledge – the inspiration to act wisely The obstacles that Bangladeshi tourism faces include areas of marketing, management, infrastructure, policy, safety, regulation, image, destination development. These obstacles are not unique – they are actually the reality of worldwide tourism destinations. Solutions should always be adjusted to a specific context – but valuable inspiration can be found in the success, experiences and knowledge of others.

A key to successful tourism management of all levels is therefore access to national and international updated knowledge on best practices, tourism trends, travel statistics, target market development, sustainability status etc. A lot of this knowledge already exists – if you know where to look or who to ask! One place to start searching for inspiration is the webpage ‘Views on Tourism – Knowledge and Inspiration to the Bangladeshi Tourism Sector’. This free of cost service was launched in December 2008 with the objective to gather national, regional and international knowledge on the many topics related to a sustainable tourism development. The vision is to create an online tourism knowledge pool with contribution from knowledgeable and visionary players related to tourism.

5. 7. Marketing strategies for the development of tourism sector in Bangladesh-By Experts Prof. Muhammad Mahboob Ali and Chowdhury Sifat-e-Mohsin Tourism is growing fast as a global industry. It can be defined as travel for recreation and leisure, beyond one's normal environment for a maximum period of one year so that s/he can get mental and physical satisfaction. Through tourism, one's productivity can be increased as mental agony can be removed. This can maximize his/her level of satisfaction. Tourism can be considered an export industry. It is a commodity for sale at a cheaper rate to earn a great amount of foreign exchange. The initial period of growth occurred in the late 1960's and 1970's, when tourism was perceived as a key activity for generating foreign exchange and creating employment opportunities through private and government organizations.

Efforts for employment generation and poverty reduction, related to tourism sector, have been continuing in a dynamic way in developed and developing countries because of their tourism promotional campaign. Inter-cultural awareness and cross-boarder face-to-face gathering are made possible through tourism. As such, it is a powerful tool for improving international understanding, thus, contributing to peace among all the nations of the world.

From an ancient period, Bengal was well known for its loveliness as well as its industrial base. Tourism in Bangladesh can also be developed as a productive industry like in many other countries. We can earn foreign exchange from this sector as well as create large employment opportunities. Tourism is an integrated sector, depending on the cultural heritage, scenic beauty of spots, archaeological and historical sites, socio-political and infrastructural development of a country. For effective development of the tourism industry,

\

balanced development is needed. It is also related to current affairs and economic diplomacy.

Security of the tourist spots is vital for arranging tour programmes. However, when violence and political instability prevail, then tourism will not prosper.

'Tourism 2020' vision is the World Tourism Organization’s long-term forecast and assessment for the development of tourism up to the first 20 years of the new millennium. An essential outcome of this vision is quantitative forecasts covering a 25-year period, with 1995 as the base year. Bangladesh is also trying to attain 'Tourism 2020' vision. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation or BPC (2004) in its study report on this vision aimed at harnessing the potential of tourism as a contributor to overall development of the country, in terms of job creation, poverty reduction, accelerated national gross domestic product (GDP) growth, overall development and conservation of nature. When tourism sector is developed, it will have a positive impact on GDP growth performance. This will, in turn, help develop the economy as a whole. Tourism marketing depends on strategic planning. Vision and mission to increase tourism should work together.

The activities for attracting local and foreign tourists to tour different areas of Bangladesh should cover proper maintenance of the archaeological, historical and natural scenic beauty spots and launching of effective advertising and promotional campaign.

Tourism sector as a whole encompasses diverse organizations including tourism spots, easy communication and transportation facilities, provision of accommodation starting from world class to those catering to poorer income groups of people, security arrangement, rescue system, diversified quality food items for multiple groups of people at different prices depending on the nature of the tourists, tax free shops, tour operators, travel guides, multiple languages etc. Economic diplomacy can be used to explore production, exchange of products and services from one place to another, movement of labor and foreign direct investment (FDI). Global economic issues have a vast impact on local issues and in this process, economic diplomacy can help to attain fulfillment of the basic needs of a country. Due to international phenomena, a wide area, covering new dimensions and strategies, has been created for economic diplomacy. Activities for enhancement in sequence, larger precision and more advertising have positive impact on world tourism. The current situation is directly related to world tourism. If we consider the history of world civilization, we find that during the times of peace and prosperity, mobility of tourists from one place to another, rises. The same thing is happening in the twenty-first century. Tourism activities are getting a boost in the countries having political stability and also being free from terrorist activities.

The member-countries of South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) do have many promising spots to attract tourists but they lack in proper infrastructural development. And for security problems tourists are not positive about visiting such areas. Though some measures have been taken in these countries, but these efforts are yet to segregate to attract tourists. In this area, systematic planning for developing tourism culture and environment through regional cooperation may be developed. The second summit of the BIMSTEC emphasized on the need for mutual cooperation among the members countries for promotion of tourism. On the other hand, all the member countries of ASEAN are well developed in the tourism sector. They have jointly developed this field from beginning to closing stages -- promotion and creation of market not only within their region but also worldwide.

In Bangladesh, tourism spots can be divided into three categories from a broader viewpoint -archaeological, historical and natural beauty. Most potential areas of Bangladesh include the

\

Sunderbans forest, Rangamati, St. Martin's Island, sea beach resort in Cox's Bazar, Himchari, Patenga sea-beach, Boga lake, Foy's lake, World War II Cemetery in Comilla, Madhabkunda and tea plantation in Sylhet area, Bhawal national park at Gazipur and bird watching tours in the Jahangiranagar area. Cultural tourism based on Buddhist and Islamic archaeological and historical monuments, general interest features in the Dhaka region especially Sonargaon, Maynamoti at Comilla region, Mahastangar in Bogra district, Rajshahi, Shat Gombaj Mosque at Bagerhat and Barisal region have also the potential for attracting tourists. Paharpur Buddhist Vihara was included in the world heritage list. Bangladesh is the country where language movement took place. It also became independent in 1971, following a bloody war of independence. Tourists can visit Central Shahid Minar, National Memorial etc. They can also visit the head office of the Grameen Bank. The entrepreneurs associated with hotel business and other tourism-related activities suffer heavily in Bangladesh when law and order situation causes any sort of disturbances. This, in turn, has negative impacts on other sectors of the economy. Furthermore, security and safety problem, lack of tourist guides, rent seeking activities, language problem for communication and overall law and order situation in the existing tourist spots are creating problems to attract tourists to this country on a sustained basis.

For lack of mutual cooperation, SAARC and BIMSTEC member-counties are not playing any positive role to facilitate the arrival of more tourists in Bangladesh. The amounts of foreign exchange earnings as well as the number of international tourists visiting Bangladesh are negligible. Marketing strategy is not appropriately developed in Bangladesh. Though BPC was established in 1974, yet its effective role in the tourism sector is to be seen.

Furthermore, advertisement and promotional activities remain very narrow and have little impact. This is largely due to lack of strategic marketing policies and practices. There are no research and development works about how to attract new tourists and retain the existing ones. Dissemination of proper tourism-related information is also absent.

Our research findings, thus, show that Bangladesh is at an infant stage of development relating to its tourism sector. This stage should be pushed upward. Spots, cost of services etc., have a positive impact on tourism sector. Spots should be more lucrative for the tourists.

Beautification of the sites and easy communication system will facilitate tourism. Though cost of services is somewhat justified in the consideration of foreign tourists coming from the developed nations but it is much higher for most domestic tourists as well as those from the member countries of the SAARC and BIMSTEC. And also, most of those who visit from the developed nations do not belong to the affluent class. As such, cost of services should be kept at a minimum level without compromising quality. This cost of services should be calculated, starting from arrival of Bangladesh to the departure from the country. At each stage, cost should be kept low so that total cost of visiting tourist spots, including staying at hotels, transportation charges from one place to another etc., remains reasonable and competitive for most tourists, from within and outside. Advertisement and promotional campaigns should be used to attract more tourists. Media can play an important role in creating a good hospitable environment and promoting tourism culture. Integrated marketing communications channels need to be used in this respect. Moreover, Bangladeshi embassies, located at different countries, can be used to arrange personalized marketing to attract tourists as well as connecting hub for international travel agencies. Special wings may be opened in each embassy to promote tourism.

Proper safety and improvement of law and order situation are necessary to develop tourism sector in Bangladesh. The behavior of the law enforcing personnel should be more polite.

\

However, extra care should be taken about the negative impacts of tourism on the domestic economy, as incidence of foul activities might rise due to the increase in number of tourists.

Tourism needs to be recognized as an important catalyst for development. For this, there has to be a synergy between tourism marketing plan and its implementation. Integrated marketing communications can help develop this sector. In today's extremely competitive market-place, the strategy should ensure a dependable approach to offering tourism products or services to supersede competitors. High quality products at low prices, appropriate arrangements for entertainment, development of infrastructure, improved security and accommodation facilities, aggressive promotional campaign etc., are all needed in a well-coordinated manner.

Growth of tourism industry largely depends on national and global conditions. Pricing strategy of the tourism sector is important so that all categories of tourists including those among the high-income groups and also the low-income ones may get the opportunity to tour.

Product differentiation techniques should be used to attract tourists and fulfill their demands.

Tourism industry should be encouraged to adopt all courses of action for raising efficiency and effectiveness through strategic marketing. Tourism developments may affect adversely the people's access to land, water and natural resources. Adverse social impacts may also include poor working conditions, low wages, and child labor and sex tourism. These negative aspects should also be properly taken care of.

RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 6. 1. Recommendation There are so many problems, the researcher found regarding tourism in Bangladesh. The customers of tourism market are price sensitive and want security in tourist place. To expand the market it is necessary to set competitive price. To promote and to develop a good image of Bangladesh all over the world we have some specific recommendation for Bangladesh.  Budget tourism aimed at all age groups, particularly the young generation of backpackers needs to be developed, with economy travel, easing of visa formalities, dissemination of information and low-cost but comfortable accommodations, etc.  For learning lessons from other more successful groupings, visits of groups comprising of tourist officials, private sector entrepreneurs and journalists should be arranged.  Investment opportunities with liberal incentives need to be communicated to both national and international investors.  Eco-tourism and Buddhist Circuit tourisms should be grounded on the premise of poverty reduction of local communities. Tourist facilities and products need to be developed with minimum ecological impact. Also, opportunities for employment generation and income earning for the local communities are to be created.  Human resource development for tourism through formal and informal education, training and exchange visits is of utmost importance for Bangladesh.  The ministry of Tourism and National Tourism Organizations of the Bangladesh needs to be strengthened.

\

 Quality of service needs to be improved. For the purpose, training at different levels – from top management down to door boys – should be initiated at national and regional levels.  In the area of environmental management, an integrated approach needs to be taken for ensuring sustainability. The good practices within Bangladesh in different areas, such as community-based resource management, energy efficiency and conservation, pollution management, disaster mitigation, etc. need to be disseminated.  Develop the management education on tourism Marketing and prepare marketing or sales people to sell the product properly to the right place in local and global perspectives as well.  In order to strengthen the marketing department, a person should be appointed to look after policy matters and new brand exclusively while the responsibility of that division should be in the hand of the marketing Director.  Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation should create pressure on Govt. to implement her policy more strictly regarding the quality of service. As a result private service provider will be able to face competition on an even ground.  To deliver information to the foreign tourist through online or website and Information Technology is necessary to research about new tourist spot.  To encourage the Jr. Executives they should be promoted to his/her position and new executives should be recruited to ensure.  Training and other refresher courses should be conducted at regular intervals to up date the personnel with efficient.  BPC should formulate her strategy in such to way by which she can serve the users more effectively. BPC can easily utilize the following distribution channel.  Private sector in this field should be encouraged by the BPC and as well as Government officials.

6. 2. Concluding Remarks It is evident from the above discussion that tourism worldwide including in the BIMSTEC region is an expanding sector. It is already a significant source of foreign exchange earning and employment generation in some BIMSTEC countries. Bangladesh has potentials to harness, individually and collectively, for development of tourism sector. However, the progress in cooperation in this area in our region is quite slow, with no substantive achievement even in any particular area. Low levels of inter-regional tourism within Bangladesh need to be addressed.

Bangladesh is one of the third world countries having scarcity of finance but can increase GDP through by giving emphasis to the tourism industry. From overall point of view, Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation is an only one government tourism service provider firm in

\

Bangladesh, which practices modern marketing concept. But in some sector they are lagging behind. There are a lot of opportunities to earn foreign and local revenue from this sector but this sector is totally ignored. The researcher has put forward some recommendation. If BPC follows these BPC will become revenue generating organization Bangladesh has a lot of potential tourist spots but it should do find out the exposure. Otherwise, they cannot cash from this potential sector. And private sector should encouraged by the government to work together for the sake of the development of tourism industry in Bangladesh. It is expected that the governments of Bangladesh, with lessons learned from other groups in the world, will take vigorous steps to remove the barriers standing in the way. Bangladesh has many lessons to learn from other countries in the world.