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By the
Council of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural
Knowledge. Ordered J'hat
the
Book written bj Robert Eoo^M.A.Fellow of this Society
Entituled, Micrographia, or fome Phyfiological
De (captions
of
Minute Bodies, made by Magnifying Glaffes, with Obfervations and Inquiries thereupon, Be printed by John
Martyn,WJames Alleftry
Printers to the faid Society.
Novem. 23. 1664.
Brouncker.
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P. R.S,
OR
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Phyfiological
>4"!
Defcriptions
*
*
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;
O
M
ES MADE
M
B
IFYING GLASSE WITH
\
o BSE R V AT IONS By R
F
.
JZ0OK £,
and
n o_u i r
Fellow of the
i
Royal
e s thereupon S O C
I
E T
Y.
-
Non pojjls oculo quantum contendere Linceus^ Nen tamen idcirco contemnas Lippus inungi. Horat. Ep. lib.
I *
I
*
LONDON, Printed by
Jo.Martyn, and Ja. Alleftty, Printers to the y,and are to be fold at their Shop at the Bell in
RoTtAL Societ £ Pauh Church:
M DC LX V.
^^^i^Hi
*
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T H
s
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IR
)
y
Do thiis \
here
mod humbly lay
[mall
Prefent at Tour
Majeftks Royal feet.
And
though it comes accompany*d with two difadvant ages ,the meannefs of the Author^ and of the Subjeft yet in both I am incouraged by the greatnefs of your Mercy and your
By the N •
one I
am taught
A
t
that
you can forgive
d
ISTL forgive
m oft prefumptuous Ofendors
the
And by the
other,
that
jieem the leaftwork
you
•
will
not
i.
(
of Nature, or Art,
unworthy your Observation. Amidft the many felicities that have accompani'd your Majepes happy Restauration and Governments it is none of the leaft confi •>
derable. that Philofiphy and Experimental Learning have pr offer 'under your .Sajw/ Patronage.
And as the calm profperity
of your Reign has given us theleifure to follow thefe Studies of quiet and retirement fo it is iuft, that the Fruits of them mould by way of acknowledge ment , be returnd to your There are Sir, feveral ot er of your Subjects, of your now about Nobler matters The Im ">
•>
:
ures ncreafe
an
of
"i
In
atton
all
which
lyour 'e.
Amidft all thofe greater
^^^^^^m
^^^^^^M^^^H^^^^^^^^H^^^^P^^^^^V
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D EDiCATORY Defigns,! here prefume to bring
greater
which is more proportionable to the fmaineft of my and to offer fome of the leafi of all in that
Mighty King, that has
thingsjlo that
over the bed of
Uifht an Empire
of
vifible things
of
In*
all
World y
thi s
Men
efta
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.
k
Fter
my
fraz,
I
you have
upon me
laid
to
Labours
,
Defcriptions^
and fome
my
to offer thefe
pleas'd formerly to accept of thefc rude Draughts.
added to them fome
Ingagernents
MOST YOU
this
ASSEMBLY.
STRIOUS
fclf oblig'd ,
of thofe many
in confideration
poor
my
could not but think
iV
and
Addrefi to our Gr&tf Founder
ILLUhave
been
have fince
I
Conjectures
my mv&
of
YOUR Acceptance^ alfo beg YOUR pardon.Thc Rules YOU have prefcrib d YOUR felves in YOUR Philofophical Progrefs do feem the beft that
own. And therefore,
together with
have ever yet been pra&is'd. Dogmatizing
arid the eftoufal
,
And
particularly that of avoiding
of any
Hypothefis
grounded and confirm'd by Experiments. mod excellent , and may preferve both Hiftory from its former
to
condemn
my own
may
perhaps be fome
then
YOUR
to have
This way feems Philofophy
Corruptions .In faying
Courfc in Expreffions,
Prefcriptions will
not fufficiently
which,
this Treatife
;
in
the,
and Natural I
may feem
which there
which may feem more pofetive permit
:
And though I defire
them underftood only as Conjectures and Queries (which
YOUR Method does not altogether difallow)yet ifeven in thofe I
have exceeded, 'tk
done
YOU
YOUR
fit
that I fhould deel
Directions.
For
it is
•>
that
it
moft unreafonable, that
fhould undergo the imputation of the faults of
je&ures, feeing
YOU
canreceiv
was not
fo fmall advantage
my
Con-
of reputa
tion by the fkight Obfervations of
rovR
moft humble
and
moft faithful Servant
ROBERT HOOK.E
•
•
»
•
-N •
i
u the great p Creatures,
igative
above other
that we are not only able to behold the
work} of Nat,
\re,
or barely to fuftcin our lives by
them, but we have alfo the power of confidering,
comparing, them
to
Nature
altering, affifting,
various ufes.And as this in general, fo
h
it
Exp and Art of y Obfervations,
is
the peculiar priviledge of
capable ofbeingfofar as to
and improving
make fome Men
and DeduHions,almofi
as
much
addition offuch artificial Inftruments
advancedby
humane the helps
excel others in their
as they doBeafls.
By
the
and methods,there may bejn
fome manner, a reparation made for the mifchiefs, and imperfection,
mankind has drawn upon it felf wilful
and fuperftitious every
with him,
man,
andfrom
by negligence^and intemperance,
deferting the Prefcripis
both
from a derivd
his breeding
and
thofe
way which now remains for us
former perfections, feems
•
1
to recover
fome degree of
to be,by rectifying the operations
c—r~ aU Memory ,dndRetfon,ftnce upon •
and born
converfe with men,is very fubjett
to flip into all forts of errors
only
and Rules of Nature?
corruption, innate
-
The
and a
of the
the evidence , the ftrcngth,
A.
the integrity ,and the right correfpondenc£ofalltbefe,allthe light,
by which our aftions are to be guided,
mand over things
is to
is to
be renewed,
and all our com-
be efiablifht.
It is therefore moft worthy of our confideratibn, torecolletl their je-
feveral defebls, that fo
we may the better underfiand how tofupply them,
and by what affijlances we may inlarge their pow er;and fccure them
in
performing their particular duties.
As for
the attions of our Senfe*,
we cannot but obferve them a
to be in
many
^^^^^^^^^^^I^H
:
Th much outdone by
mart) particulars
tbofe
And tbefe
at beft,to be far fhort of the perfection they fcem capable of: infirmities
of the Senfes arife
and when
of other Creatures,
from a double caufe,
either
from the dif-
proportion of the Object to the Ovgzn,whreby an infinite number of things can never enter into them,or elfefrom error in the Perception,
many
that
right
manner
Memory we often
The like frailties are to be found in the things flip
away
fi
and fubfiantial,
to be retain
either
d
many
let
;
which deferve
which we treafure up, a great part is good,
are not received in a
things, which come within their reach,
and of
;
frivolous or falle
;
thofe
and if
either in trail of time obliterated, or at befifi
overwhelmed and buried under more frothy notions, that when there
it
need of them, they are in vain fought for.
The two main foundations being fo deceivable, all the fucceeding works which
fame imperfetlion, being, at
km wonder, that
we buildupon them,of arguing,
and all the the
it
conclu-
other degrees ofReafon, are lyable to
befi, either
vain, or uncertain
the errors of the underftanding are anfwerable to the two other
defeSive both in the quantity andgoodnefs of its knowledge
;
So that being
for the li-
mits, to which our thoughts are confi nd, are fmall in re[fell of the vafi extent of Nature
ded,
it
felf;
and fome too little
fome parts of it are too large to be comprehen-
And from
to beperceived.
thence it muft fol-
lowjhat not having a full fenfation oftheObjeH, we mufi be very lame
and imperfeU
in our conceptions about
which we build upon it
;
it
ndin
hence we cften takg the
11 the proportions
(hadow
of things for
the fubftance, ^ra// appearances for good fimilitudes, firailicudes
^-definitions; and even many of thofe, which we think, (olid definitions,
to
be the mofi
are rather eypreffions of our own mijguided appreb*
fions then of the true nature of the things themfelves.
The
fe.
W
efefts of tbefe imperfeHions are manifeftedin different way$,ac~
anddiffofition of the feveral minds qfmen^ fome they incline to grofs ignorance andflupidity , and others to a prefumptuous impofing on other mens Qpini&ns^ and a confident dogcording to the temper
matizing on matters, whereof there h no affurance
to be given.
{
Thws
^^^^^^^M^^^V^^^^^^^^H
The 7te
AC and mifiakgs of humane atlions
# // tie uncertainty
',
hherfrom
the narrownefs
inefl or delufion
of our
Underftanding,
fo
Memory, from
theflippe-
the confinement or raflmefi of
that *th no wonder, that our power over naiu~
n
ral caufes andefetls
andwandring (four Senfes* from
-)
foflowly improvd, feeing we are not only to
contend with the obfcurity d/^/ difficulty ofthe things whereon we work.
and think fiut even the forces of our own minds
con/fire to betray u*i
7hefe being the dangers in theprocefi cf humane Reafon, the remedies
cfthem all can only proceed from the real, the mechanical, the experimental Philofoply,which has this advantage over the Philofophy of difcourie<Wdifputation,f^tf whereas that chiefly aims at thefubtilty of
its
Dedutlions
and Conclufions ,
ground-work, which ought fo
without
much regard to
well laid on the Senfe
to be
this intends the right ordering of them all,and the
the firfi
and Memory
;
making themfer*
ceable to each other
The firfi thing
to be
undertaken in this weighty work
fulnefs over the failings
the
PS
watch
and an inlargement of the dominion
Smf\
I
To which end it
fc requifrte, firfi,
That thereJim Id be d fcrupu
lous choice,and a ftrift examination, of the reality, conftancy, an certainty
of the Particulars that
en truth
h
gence, mufi be imployed
;
the fioring
up of
will only tend to darknefs
not therefore efteem the riches of out
ber mly,but
chiefly
is the firfi rife
and here the mofi fevere, andmofi
to begin,
evidence or vfe,
m admiuThh all,
where
impartial diU
without an) regard to
and confufton.
We
mufi
Philofophical tttafure by the num-
by the weight ;tfe mofi vulgar hfiances are not to
be negleffedjjut above all, the mofi inftru&ive are to be entertain d; the footfteps. ofNature are to betrae'd^not only in her
but when jhe feems to beput to her (biftsjo
turnings,
and to ufe fomekpid of art
ordinary courfie.
->
make many doublin
nd
in mdeavouring to avoid our
difcovtry.
The next care
to be taken, in
their infirmities with ficial
Organs to
re$e& cftbe Senfe*,
Inftruments, and, as
the natural
;
it
it afupplfing
of
were, the adding o/arri-*
this in one ofthem ha* been of late year
accom*
Th
I
Pre FA
E.
dccomplifht with prodigious benefit to all forts ofufeful knowledge
By the means of Telefcopes,
the invention of Optical Glafes.
nothing fo far diftant but
maybe
help of Microfcopes, there ry
;
hence there
is
a new
World difcovered to
and a
are operid?
and new Motions? and new Productions
and by the
;
the underftanding.
number vafl of new Stars?
appear in them? to which all the
antient Afironomerswere utterly Strangers.
By
this the
Earth
which lyesfo neer us? under our feet? Jbews quite a new thing in every little particle of
there i*
nothing fo fmall, as to efcape our inqui-
is
vifible
By this means the Heavens
represented to our view
?
its
matter? we
to
it felfi,
m? and
now behold almofl as great a
*
as we were able before to reckon up in the whole
variety of Creatures?
Umverk it felfi Jtfeems not improbable
?
but that by thefe helps the fubtilty of the
compofetion of Bodies? the ftrufture of their parts? the variant texture
of
their matter? the
and
all the other poffible
fully difcovered
and manner of their inward motions? appearances of things? may come to be more
inflruments
all which the antient Peripateticks were content to
;
and ( unlefi further explain d*) ufelefl Matter Form. From whence there may arife many admiand qf
comprehend in two general words
rable advantagesjowards the increafe of the Operative,
and the Me-
chanick Knowledge? to which this Age feems fo much inclined? hecaufe
we may perhaps be inabled to difcern almoft in the fame
Art? and are .
devifedby
manner
as
all the fecret workings
we do
thofe that
are the productions of
manag d by Wheels? andEngines? andSpring
s,â&#x20AC;˘>
that were
humane Wit.
In this kind
I here
prefent to the
World my
imperfeUi Indeavours
which though they fib allprove no other way confider able?yet?
may
of Nature?
be infome meafure ufeful to the
they
main Defign of a reformation
in Philofophy?if it be only by fh ewing? that there
towards it?any firength
I hope?
;
hnotfo much requifd
^Imagination^ exaftnefs of Method^r depth
of Contemplat \on(though the addition of thefe?wher e they can be had? mufi needs produce a
and a
much more perfeft
faithful Eye, to examine?
and
compofu re) as a fincere
Hand
to record? the things themfelves
as they appear.
And
r
RE
le
A
F
-
E.
* -
my
Reader, to
lei
me
take the boldneji to affure hint,
that in this prefent condition of knowledge
have indeavoured to
m
qualified,
and integrity, and plain
be, only with refolution,
intentions of implying his
man fo
a
,
Senfes aright ^nay venture to compare the re-
alhy
and the
thofe
of other men, that are of much fironger,and more acute ipecula-
ufefulnejl of h'ps fervices, towards the true Thihfophy^
t\ons,thatfhallnot
The truth
is,
only a work, of the
make
ufe
\
the Science of Nature has been already too long
Brain and the Fancy
fljould return to the plainnefi terial
of the fame method by theSenfes.
and obvious things.
with
made
know high time that it and foundnefi of Obfervmons on ma-
It is faid of
It
:
great Empires,That the beft
\\
way firft
to preferve Principles,
h undoubtedly fible
them from decay,
is
them back to the
to bring
and Arts, on which they did begin.
true in ?hilofdphy,thatbywandring far away into invi-
ot\onsJ>as almofi quite deftroyd it felf, and it can never be re-
covered, or continued, in which
it
butby returning into the fame fenfible paths
did atfirji proceed;
or certainty of Axioms,
I am to
my
fay for
infallible Deductions,
felf,
that t
Works of Wit and Imagination are above my weak.
had not
been for
fent Subjett before
->
\
If therefore the Reader expefts from me any
they
The fame
I would not have made
me : Whenever
Abilities
ufe of them in
he finds that
ranger or if
thk pre
I have ventufd
at
any fmall Conjectures, at the caufes of the things that I have obferved, Ibefeech
him to look, upon them only as doubtful Problems^/ai uncer^
tain ghefles,
andnot as unqueftionable
confutable Science pi
;
Ihave produced
if he finds
to rely
or matters of
un
nothing here, with intent to bind
underflanding to an implicit confent
Idefirehim, not abfolutely
her
Conclufions,
;
I am fo far from that, that
upon
irvatwns ofmy
eyesy
them contraditled by the future Ocular Experiments of fo
and impartial Difcoveren. As for my part, I have obtained my end,
if theft
my fmall Labours
fhall be thought fit to take up fome place in the large flock, of natural
Obfervations, which fo many hands are bufie in providing* tf Ihave contributed the meaneft foundations whereon others may raife nobler
Super
^^^^^^^
Th
CE. i
Superftf uftures,
lam
abundantly fatufied
and all my ambition Age
to the great Philofophers of this
that Imayferve
and the grinders of my Glaffes nijh
;
did to me
;
that
P
,
a* the makers
I may prepare andfur*
them with fomt Ma terials, which they may afterwards order and
manage
are to
m, what things are befi
inform
confifl
kept in
I may fay
up for
ami
that they
But I will not
pall require. TM»»
'a
1
r*
in another Difcourfe
may
not only be
my [elfin
here prevent T
.
wherein
,
It
If
1
I Jhall make an
and of fo ranging and
Artificial Hiftory,
as
Particulars into Philofophkal Tables,
lafi
neceflary
;
and that t8,to take fitch care that is
affifiance,
it
prove deftmftive
m^ it
;
d and
im-
as to avoid the dangers to
and here
be thought
to the other,
hdgt, we fhould render
Judgment and the
aU
h lyable, do either belong to the extent,
or the goodnefs ofks knowledge leafithat which
the
mofl
The Imperfections, which I have
by nature moflfubjebl.
ready mentioned, to which
too
mofl ufeful
andyet the
the third Faculty to be repair
proved') fhould receive fucb it is
Na-
regiftring its
may mate them
indeed is the mofi hazardous Enterprise,
Reafon of Man ( which whith
at
Axioms and Theories.
jot the raifmg of
The
and
our purpofe,
tempt to propofe fome Confider ations of the manner of compiling a tural
ap
and convemerttp be at any time produc'd^r
fefety, but ready
m_ occafion -
Mind are to be
offuch Direblions as may
to be ftor 'd
h the befi way of fo difpofing them,
fthich
what
this univerfal cure of the
andthey
plyedto the
•)
and to far greater advantage.
with better skill,
The next remedies in
ter,
is,
a remedy for the one
leafi by
weak,
the difficulty is the grea-
Km®
feeking to inlarge our
and uncertain
;
fimpulous and&tatl about every Ciratmftanct of it, we fhould
cerfne
and ftmgkenk
too much.
the middle mtyes
me to be
hubt
taken,
omitted, and yet every thing to paji a mature deliberation Intelligence from
.*
Nd
Men of nil Profeffiom, and quarters ofthe World,
toue(\\ghted,andyet all
to
befo fevercly
tfofbom for doubt or inftabihty;
examin'd^to
much rigcxur
there
nmsm
in admitting,
ftri&nfefe in tornp oring^nd above dl^mucb Hownefe in
rmdb
dtbmng^nd ihynefe
^^^^^^^M
"â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
I
Th fhynefs in determining,
order do
a lawful Mafter, and not as a Tyrant
belong to either of them. it
tah
muft not
go
It muft
upon
;
but
it
well collected 1
mages
,
heap
which there
and
,
it
irregularities
make diftin&ion
the
of the Sen-
their information
bank which h
the
>
laid up
nthe
between the fbber
and
extravagant Ideas, and miftaken
may fometimes
So man) are the
light upon.
P hi lofophy depends, of which,if anyone be th whle chain m in danger of being diffolvd it is ;
loofe, to
be
th Memory but to come about
gin with the Hands and Eyes, and to proceed on through to be
continued by th Reafoi
to the
from one
is it to flop there,
">
and fo,
Hands and Eyes again
Facuity to another ,
if
not
Xirksjipon which the true
weak
to
felfthe employments which
prevent
before them, or
be fare to muft
it
watch th
difpofeo/ range, and examine, muft
Memory
The Understanding k
beprablifed*
is to
their Offices, nor
but
AC
inferiour fervices of the tower Faculties; but yet it is to
all the
this only 06
Pr
it it to
â&#x20AC;˘>
by a continual paffage
be maintained in
life
round
andftrength? *
as the body of man is by fie circulation of
th bloo&brougb th feveralparts of the body, th Arms, th Fat, th Lungs, th Heart, and the as
much
"^W
Head. with diligence method wer followed this e once If
and attention, thre is
nothing that lyes within the power of human Wit (or which feci:
of human
Induftry
,
which we might not compafl
not only hope for Inventions to equalize thfe of
is
far more
?
we might
Copernicus, Galileo,
Gilbert Harvy, and of others, whofe Names are almoftloft, that Inventors of Gun-powder, th
mreth
Seamans Compafs, Printing, Etching
Graving, Mien fcopes f &c. hut multitudes that may far etceedth
th
for even thofe difcoveries feetn to have been tbod, though but imperfeR
thoroughly profecuted? foon be turn
dinto
What may not
;
be therefore expelled
from
it if
Talking and contention of Arguments wo*
labours
;
all
th
fine
verfal metaphy ileal natures, which
th
dreams of
And at
at firft,
Opinions,
and uni-
luxury of fubtil Brains basdt-
visd, would quickly vaniff), andgiveplace
ments and Works*-
produiis of fome fuch me~
to folid Hiftories,
mankind fell
forbidden Tree of Kwwledge,fb we, thir Pofkrhy, may
Experi-
by tailing cf
th
k in part reftor'd
Th
KEF
by the fame way? not only by
iling
From
-
hence the
beholding and contemplating, but by ta-
yet Natural were never knowledge?that for bidden. of
thofe fruits,
too.
World may
matter for Sciences may
ruWdaway ; and as
be affified with variety of Inventions?
h colle&ed, the old h by the
it
and may be guided to an
Offices
'tis
;
deficiem"?
eafier
eafily
may
their rufl:
receive all our
wonderfully benefited by
be
and more
we
new
exatt performance of their
we may find out wherein our Senfes are
not unlikely? but that
and as
improv'd, and
benefit ofSenfes that
Skill in the works of Nature?fo they alfo it?
E.
find wayes of repairing them.
The Indeavours of Skilful men have been moft converfant about the
;
alfifiance of the
andfrom
and many
Eye?
hence we
may
noble Productions have followed upon it
conclude?
that there
is
a way open
;
d for advancing
the operations? not only ofallthe other SenfesJ?ut even of the Eye itfelfithat
which has been already done ought not
us
and to attempt greater things
to procee
rent wayes.
helps for the eye?as
Moon? or
may
be yet invented fever a I other
already found?as thofe do the bare
we may perhaps be able to
difcover living
Creatures in
other Planets? the figures of the compounding Particles
and the particular Schematifms ^Textures of Bodies.
And as
5
but that there
much exceeding thofe
eye?fuch as by which
matter?
in the fame anddijfe
'.
'Tit not ynlikgly?
the
to content usjbut rather to incourage
Ghffeshave
ble?butthat there
may
be
highly promoted our feeing, fo
'tis
notimproba-
found many Mechanical Inventions
to
cur other Senfes? of hearing, fmelling, tailing, touching. impojfible to hear
dene;
and
a whifper a furlongs diftance?
plate of Mulcovy-glafs
hear one fieak. through
;
yet
impoffible to hear through the thin-
Iknow a way ?by which
a wall a yard thick.
thoroughly examind?how far Otocouft icons other wayes
make it more im
fhouldbe ten times multiply d.
fome famous Authors have affirm 'd it
â&#x20AC;˘to
'Tisnot
having been
perhaps the nature of the thing would not
poffibh? though that furlong
ned
it
improve
may
It
tiseafie
enough
has not been yet
be improved? nor what
then may be of quickning our hearing? or conveying found
trough other bodies then the Air: for
that that
I can affure the Reader?that I havejby the
is
not the only
medium,
help ofa diftended mvc?prcpa-
gated
\
â&#x20AC;˘
The Preface. $ated
the found to
a very confederable difeanctin an inftant, or with at
feemingly quick a motion
m that of light,
at kaft, incomparably fwifter
then that, which at the fame time was propagated through the Air th'ps
net only in a feraigkt line
\
or diretl, but in one
*
bended in many
i
angles.
Nor are
the other three fo perfebl, but that diligence, attention,
many mechanical contrivances, may alfo fence the fenfe of (melling y^#/s to be
Air ( impregnated with Bodies )
made
and
the fleams
fwift paflageflf the
effluvia of fever al odorows
through the grifly meanders of the Nofe whofe furfaces are
covert! with a
very fenfeble nerve
and moiftned
,
tion from, the proceffus mamillares of the Brain
joyning glandules, convenient for the
mixing of
by a tranfuda
and fome
,
thofe fleams
fame manner,
as
with that liquor,and thereby ajfetling the nerve, or
I have
be
made byfomefuch way,
trivance, for
after the
in the following Obfervations intimated, the parts
through Salt the skins ofEfs^ topafl of to
ad-
and by the moijl fteim of the Lungs, with a Liquor reception of thoft effluvia and by the adhefeonan
perhaps by infinuating themfelves into the juices of the brain,
feems
For
highly improve them.
by the
and
and Frogs.
Since,
Ifay,
fmelling
but that fome con-
*th not improbable,
making a great quantity of Airpafi quicKthroughthe Nofe^
might a* much promote the fenfe offmelling, ai the any paffage does dull
and
defer cy it.
wayes hindring that
I have made
Several tryals
,
both of
hindring and promoting thi* fenfe,and have fucceeded in fome according to expectation
;
and indeed to me it feems
capable ofbeing
alfo
judge (at other Creatures feem to do)
and in a word, what There
may
improvd, for the
Perhaps we may thereby
judging of the confehutions of many Bodies.
what it wholfome,what poyfon
;
are the feecifick properties of Bodies.
be alfo fome other mechanical wayes
found out , offenfebly
perceiving the cfRuvid. of Bodies; fever al Infeances of which, were it here proper^
I couldgive of Mineral fleams and exhalations
impofible, but that by fome fetch wayes improved,
Minerals
lye
;
and it feems to dig for
Agricola, be things to may in this Conjecture found confirm fome Writers of Minerals, ffeakjng of the Vegetables that are apt c
not
may be difcovered, what
buried under the Earth, without the trouble
pine, in thofe fleams,
1{
them
;
and other
to thrive,
or
Whethet
s*
.
Th Whether
alfo thofe
with the Air with
T
—
'tit
Pr EF ACE
fleams^ which feem to ijfueout of the
( andfo
difcover\Jby
and
aqueous Exhalations^where-
to precipitate fome
hard to determine
;
yetfomething oftbh kind lam able
an Inflrument I contrhf d to (hew
thepreffure of the Air —
but
—
^—
efpecially
vaji trafts of Land
though
^
-
Wind
heavy with Earthy
theft changes are
is lefl,
—
when an Eaftern
h
ana ddi auring
by which Iconflantly findjhai before ,
;
to
all the minute variations in
the time of rainy weather ^ thepreffure of the Air
more*,
•>
impregnated ) may not be by fome way detected before they produce
the effett, feems
ther
Earth
andin dry wea —
( which having paft
T articles
) bhwsy
it is
much
varied according to very odd Laws.
prepare a pretty capaceous Eolt-head A B pon the end of this fmall ftem about two foot and a half I put on a fmall bended Glafs,or brazen Syphon E F ( open at D, E and F, but to be cloied with cement at Fand E, as occafion ferves) whole ftemF fhould be about fix or eight inches long., but the bore of it not above half inch diameter 3 and very thefe I fix very ftrongly together by the help of very hard Cement , and then fit the whole Glafs A B C E F into a long Board 3 or Frame,in fuch manner,that almoft half the head A B may lye buried in a concave Hemifphere cut into the Board R S then I place it fo on the Board RS, as is expreft in the firft Figure of the firft Scheme , and fix it very firm and fteady in that pofture, foas that the weight of the Mercury that is afterwards to be put into it,may not in the leaft fbake or ftir it 5 then drawing a line Y on the Frame T, fo that it may divide the ball into two equal parts, or that it may pafs, as 'twere, through the center of the ball. 1 begin from that, and divide all the reft of the Board towards 11 into inches, and the inches between the 2 5 and the end E (which need not be above two or three and thirty inches diftant from the line Y) I fubdivide into Decimals 3 then flopping the end F with loft Cement 3 or foft Wax, I invert the Frame, placing the head downwards, and the Orifice E upwards \ and by it, with a fmall Funnel, I fill the whole Glais with Quickfilver $ then by ftoppingthe (mall Orifice E with my finger, I oftentimes erect and invert the whole Glafs and Frame,and thereby free the Quickfilver and Glafs from all the bubbles or parcels of lurking Air 5 then inverting it as befbre,Ifill it top full with clear and well ftrain'd Quickfilver, aud having made ready a imall ball of pretty hard Cement, by heat made very foft, I prefs it into the hole E^ and thereby ftop it very faft 5 and to fecure this Cement from flying out afterward,I bind over it a piece of Leather, that is fpread over in the infide with Cement, and wound about it whilft the Cement is hot : Having thus faftned it, 1 gently erect again the Glais after this manner : I firft let the Frame down edge-way es, till the edge touch the Floor, or ly horizontal 5 and then in that edging pofture raife the end S 3 this I do , that if there chance to be any Air hidden in the fmall Pipe E, it may afcend into the Pipe F, and not into the Pipe C : Having thus ere&ed it, and hung it by the hole Q, or fixt it perpendicularly, by any other means, I open the end F,
The Inftrument is this.
I
DC
D
D
D
•-,
X
R
X
RV
R
D
and
:
â&#x20AC;˘-
The
i
FACE.
and by a (mall Syphon I draw out the Mercury fty long,till I find the mrface of it AB in the head to touch exactly the line XY$ at which time I immediately take away the Syphon, and if by chance it be run fomewhat below the line X Y, by pouring in gently a little Mercury atF, I raife it again to its dcfired height , by this contrivance I make all the fenlible riling and falling of the Mercury, to be vifible in the furface of the Mercury in the Pipe F, and (carce any in the head A B. But becaufe there really is fome fmall change of the upper furface alfo, I find by feveral Obfervations how much it rifes in the Ball., and falls in the Pipe F, to make the diftance between the furfaces an inch greater then it was before 5 and the meafure that it falls in the Pipe is the length of the inch by which I am to mark the parts of the Tube F,' or the Board on which it lyes , into inches and Decimals; Having thus juftned and divided it, I have a large Wheel N O P, whole outmofi: limb is divided into two hundred equal parts this by certain fmall Pillars is fixt on the Frame RT, in the manner expreft in the Figure. In the middle of this, on the back fide, in a convenient frame, is placed a fmall Cylinder, whofe circumference is equal to twice the length of one of thole divifions, which I find anfwer to an inch of afcent, or defcent, of Mercury This Cylinder I, is movable on a very fmall Needle , on the end of which is fixt a very light Index K L, all which are fo pok'donthe Axis, or Needle, that no part is heavier then another : Then about this Cylinder is wound a fmall Clew of Silk, with two fmall fteel Bullets at each end of it GH} one of thefe, which is fomewhat the heavier, ought to be (b big, as freely to move to and fro in the Pipe F } by means of which contrivance, every the kaft variation of the height of the Mercury will be made exceeding vifible by the motion to and fro of the fmall Index K L.
wo
M
--,
But thk h but one way of discovering the effluvia of the Earth mixt with the Air ; there may be perhaps many others'jvitnefi the Hygrofcope,
.
an Inftrument whereby
the watery fleams volatile in the
which the Nofeit felfk not able following
TraR
are^nay be difcovered both by the Nofe the fmoak ofburning eyes :
The fumes
0/.
Wood k
;
And who
Beard of a wild Oat*
and by
,
fmelc, teen,
,
kin any Animal, andperhaps
ehher by preparing pur other
Thus
alfo.
and fufficicntly
felt by the
and difcovered
alfo
knows , but that the Induflry ofman, following this me-
'Tit not improbable alfo,but that
Wine^or
ways
Others there
aiby the whitening of a red
thodjn&y find out wayes of improving thkfenfe fection as it
other
burning Brimftone are fmelc
by the deftraying the Colours of Bodies
Rofe
This I have defcrWdin the
to find.
in the Vefcription of the
Air are difcerned?
taft
to as
great a degree ofper-
yet higher.
our tafte may be very much improvd,
for the Body? as, after eating bitter things,
Vinous liquors,
are more fenfibly tafkd
;
or elfe by
pre-
paring
1
AC
Tlie paring Bodies for our taft
mah the
F.
as the diffolving of Metals with
;
which were before altogether infipid
taflabl
comes fweetcr then Sugar,
and Silver more bitter
and'Iron ofmofi loathfome
tafts.
;
acidLiq
thus
Lead
being to difcover the prefence of diffolved Bodies in
be
Copper
then Gall,
And indeed the
â&#x20AC;˘>
bufinejl of this fenfe
Liquors put on the
Tongue,or in general to difcover that a fluid body has fomefolid body diffolvd in
it,
and what
they
improves this fenfe*
ford many
are
In
whatever contrivance makes this difcovery
;
this
kind the mixtures of Chymica I Liquors
as the fweet Vinegar that
Inft.
h
af-
impregnated with
Lead may be difcovered to befoby the ajfufion of a little of an Alcalizate folution : Tlx bitter liquor of Aqua fbrtis and Silver may be difcover d chargd with
to be
that Metal, by laying in
'Tit not improbable alfoJ)ut there
may be
fome plates of Copp
it
multitudes of other wayes of difco-
vering theparts diffolvd, or diffoluble in liquors
;
and what
is this difco-
very but a kind of fecundary tafting.*Tis not improbable alfo,but that the fenfe of feeling
may
be highly
for that being a fenfe that judges of the more grofs
im*
and robuft
motions of the Particles of Bodies, feems capable of being improvd and affifted very many wayes. Thws for the diflinguifb ing o/Heat and Co\d,the Weather-glafs and Thermometer, which Ihavedefcribd in this following Treatife, do exceedingly perfeU
it ;
by each of which the leafl
of heat or cold, which the moft Acute fenfe is not able
turns
manifefied
This
h
to diftingu ijb,are
oftentimes further promoted alfoby the help of
Burn-
ing-ghfks,and the likf^which collect andunite the radiating heat. Thws the
roughnefs and CmoothncCs of a Body
the helpofa
is
made much more
Microfcope, then by the moft tender
fenfible by
<W delicate
Perhaps, a Fhyfitian might, by fever al other tangible proprieties\ the constitution of a
Body as well as by the Pulfe.
I do but
thefe,tofbew what pojfibility there may be of many others, bitity
and
hopes there were
infi
andwhatproba
them,if this method were followed
for the Offices of the five Senfes being to deteVx either the fubtil v
difc
and
l-1
Motionsprcpagated through all pellucid or perfectly homogeneous Bodie5 the
?
Or
Ak and
the more grofs
and vibrative Pulfe communicated through
all other convenient medium$,whetber fluid or folid
â&#x20AC;˘
Or the
effluvia
^V^H^^H
The
REF A
effluvia of Bodies diflblv'd h
Kit
the
folv'd or diflbluble in Liquors,
king motion of heat in all mote
any- ofthefe
onefenfe
And
E.
Or the particles of bodies diÂŁ
;
or the more
quick and violent Sha-
or any ofthefe: whatfoever does any way>es pro-
kinds of criteria, does afford a way of improving fome
what
Ititude
Andthn
with in his inquiries ?
of
thefe would
for the helping
a diligent
and promoting
Man
meet
the (enfi-
tive faculty only.
Next,as for the
Memory,
or retentive faculty,
we may be fidficiently
infiruEiedfrom the written Hiftories of civil aftions,
fiance
may be
what great
afforded the Memory, in the committing to writing thing
fervable in natural operations.
If a Phyfitian be therefore accounted the
more able in his Faculty, becaufe he has had long experience andpratlice, the remembrance of which, tho his after aftions :
a perfect regifter
What ought to be thought of that man, that has not only of his own experience^ is grown old with the exp
of many hundreds of years,
And though
very imperfeft, does regulate all
of late
,
and many
thoufands of men.
men, beginning
to be fenfible
of this conve
r
have here and there regifired andprintedfome few Centuries, yet for the moftpart they arefet down very lamely times notfo truly,
and imperfetlly , and, Ifear, many
theyfeeming, fever al of them,
Oftentation then publique ufe
.*
For,not
to inflame,that they do,for the
they have omit made part, Experiences thofe mofi
have mifcarriedjt
is
defigndmoi
to be
,
wherein their Patients
very eafie to beperceivd,that they do all along
bolically extol their own
P referiptions,
andvilijk
withflanding all which, thefe kinds of Hifiories
are.
thofe
hyper-
Not
ofothers.
generally efleerid ufe
ful, even to the ablefi Phyfitian /
What may
not be expelled
from the rational or deduftive Faculty
that isfurnifht withfuch Materials,
rang
dfor ufe,that in a moment, as
and thofe
fo readily adapted
'twere, thoufands
of Inflames, ferving
for the iiluftration,determination, or invention, of almofi any inquiry,
may fereprefented even
to the fight
?
How neer
the nature of
Axioms
mufi all thofe Propofitions be which are examind'before fo many Witnefles ?
And how difficu It will it be for
any,
though never fofubtil an er-
Phibfophy, to fcapc from being difcovefd, after
touch >
dfo many other tryals
f
d
it
has indufd the
What
i
Tlic
E.
What kind of mechanical way,
andphyflcal invention alfo
is
there re-
quird, that might not this way be found out ? The Invention of a way
find the
Longitude ofplaces is
fection OS places can he
'
or to as great
k
found at Sea
;
as
and that to
ac>
great per-
an accuratenefs 06 the Latitude of alfo to
a greater certainty
I ftjall very ffeedily freely manifefi
to
The way 0/ flying in the Air feems principally unprofitable,
the world. ifon
d,
and perhaps yet
hm been hitherto fou nd,
then that
*
d
defir
eafily perform
to
of the
want of ftrength
that could be fuppli d,it were
perform the
office
of Wings
J
in
humane mufcles
if therefore
thinks eafie to make twenty contrivances to
What Attempts
.:
;
alfo
I have made
for the
and my fucceffes therein, which, I think. , are wholly
fupplying that Defeft,
new,and not inconfider able, I/ball in another place relate, 'Tit not unlikely alfo, but
*/w*Chymifts,
if they followed thit method,
might find out their fo much fought for Alkaheft.
Menftruum
,
which
dijfolves all forts
What an univerfal
of Sulphureous Bodies
lha ve
difcover d ( which has not been before taken notice of as fuch )
Jhewn in tbeftxteenth
Obfervation.
What a prodigious Age a forded, even '
variety of Inventions in
in our
and theftmn,which
is
own Bodies,in
;
Gliflbn.
Anatomy
has this latter
the very Heart, by which
? the feat of our know ledge of other things
allthe excellent Works of Pecquet, others
Ihave
we
live,
witnefl
Bartholinus, Billius, and many
and at home, ofXWfor Harvy,Potior Ent,Dofior
Willis,Do£lor
In Celeftial Obfervations we have far exceeded all the An-
tients,even the
Chaldeans and Egyptians themfel
>hofe
vaft Plains
high Towers, and clear Air, did not give them fo great advantages ove U6, as
we have over them by our Glafles. By
been very
¥
Ui
st
much outdone
the help of which, they
by the famous Galileo,
Hevelius,
hav
Zulichem
and our own Countrymen, Mr. Rook, Dot!or Wren, and the great Orna ment of our Church and Naiwn,the Lord Bi (hop of Exeter. And to fay no more in Aerial Difcoveries, there has been a wonderful progrefi made
Noble Engine of the moft Uluftrious Mr. E>oy\e,whom it becomes me to mention with all honour, not only as my particular Fatronjbut as the by the
Patron of Philofophy
bo
•>
it.
felf;
which he every day increafes by his La-
and adorns by his Exampl The
^^m
Th The goodfuccefl of all
R E
A C
F
E.
great Men,and many others,
theft
feemingly great obvioufneis ofmofl of their
and divers
which from the beginning of the world have been, as yet not
minded till thefe
loft
other Inventions,
'twere,'
me
in
mind
fuchStudies,and the profecutioncf them byfuch methods,
to
to the
leifurc makes them to undertake, Nation,whofe our fit of
fortunes their of
and
trodon,
inquifitive Ages ( an Argument that there
be yet behind multitudes of the like) puis
may
and the now
recommend
Gentlemen
and the plenty
fraccomplifh., extraordinary thingsin this way.
And I
do not onlypropofe this kind of Experimental Philofophy as a matter of high rapture ble Pleafure.
and delight
the
many different wayes there are 0/ handling them,
the latisfaftion of rinding out
vs
contentment which they will
but even to that which mofi
And and
and fenfi-
So vaji it the variety of Objefts which will come under
their InfpeVxions, fo
great
of the mind, but even at a material
new things,
that
injoy^not only to that of
I dare compare
contemplation
men prefer of the very Senfes themfelves.
if they will pleafe to take
endeavours imperfeVx fo
any incouragement from fo mean
06 mine,
affure themjeithout arrogance,
upon
my own
I can
experience,
That there hat not been any inquiry or Pro*
blem in Mechanicks, that I have.hither topropounded to my (elf but by a certain
method ( which I may on fome other
opportunity explain )
been able prefently to examine the poffibility of it cogitate di vers wayes of performing
much by
this
Geometry.
method
in
Enquiries
plentiful a crop of Inventions
may with
this good
Toward the pr ofecution of here
I made
ufe
And indeed it
do a*
;
likely to find and r eap thence as
and indeed
there feems to be no fubjeSi fo
the,
\
husbandry be highly improvd. this
met hod in Phyfical Inquiries, I have of' Obfervations,
o/Microfcopes, andfome
ftruments that improve
is poffible to
ex*
but that the fame method is as ap-
and as
,
and there gleaned up an handful
mofi of which
and iffo,aseafilyto
Mechanicks, as by Algebra can be perform 'din
Nor can I at all doubt,
plicable to Phyfical
barrenjbut
it :
;
/ have
fenfe
;
in the collection of
other
Glades and In-
which way I have herein taken
that there are not multitudes of ufeful
andpleafant
kÂŁled,obvious enough without the helps of Art
,
Obfervables^yet
â&#x20AC;˘>
not
unCoU
but only to promote the ufe
of Mechanical helps for the Senfes,both in the furveying the already
vifible
World,
*
The
EF A G
Worlds and for the difcovery of marry
others hitherto
un
d to mala }
â&#x20AC;˘>
ut,witb the great Conqueror',to be affected that we have notyet overcome one
World when
there are fo
many
others to be difcovered, every confiderable
improvement of Telefcop es or Microfcopes producing new Worlds and
Terra -Incognita's to our view.
The Glaffes Iufedwere of our Englifb mak&but though very good of the kind) yetfarfhortofwhat might be expelled, could find a way of
making
Glaffes Elliptical,
or of fome
more true fh ape
;
for though both
Microfcopes, tf/&/Telefcopes, a* they now are, will magnifie an Objecl about a thoufand thoufarld times bigger then
it
appears to the
naked ey e
yet the Apertures of the ObjeH-glafes arefo very fmall,that very few
and even ofthofe
are admitted, appears dark
Rays
few there arefo many falfe, that the ObjeSi
and indiftinft And indeed thefe inconveniences arefucb,06 :
feem inseparable from Spherical Glajfe
when mofi
">
exatlly
made;but
thway we have hitherto made ufe offor thatpurpofe k fo imperfeSl,thathhere may
be perhaps ten wrought before one be
made tolerably good, and mofi of
thofe ten perhaps every one differing in goodnefl one from another,
which h
an Argument,that the way hitherto ufed k,at
So that
tbefe Glaffes
ha
true wrought
;
wble defett;the one,that very few of them are exatlly the other, that even ofthofe that are. befi
mil admit a fufficient number of Rayes determinate bignejl.
have
hitherto
leaf, very uncertain.
to
among them, none
magnifie the Objetl beyond a
Againfi which Inconveniences the only Remedies
met with are
I
thefe.
where the Object we view is near and within our power)the beft way of making it appear bright in the Glacis to caft a great quantity of light on it by means of convex glaffes for thereby,though the aperFirft, for Microfccpes
(
ture be very fmall,yet there will throng in through it fuch multitudes 3 that an Object will by this means indure to be magnifi'd as much again as it would
The way for doing which is this. I make choice of fome Room that has only one window open to the South and at about three or four foot diftance from this Window,on a Table, I place my Mhrofcope^ and be without
it.
,
then fo place either a round Globe of Water, or a very deep clear p laxo convex Glafs ( whofe convex fide is turn d towards the Window ) that there is a great quantity of Rayes colle&ed and thrown upon the Objecl: ; Or if the Sun fhine, I place a (mall piece of oyly Paper very near the Objecl:, between that and the light ; then with a good large Burning-Glafs I fo collect and throw the Rayes on the Paper,that there may be a very great quantity of light pafs through it to the Objeâ&#x201A;Źl: 5 yet I fo proportion that light, that it
may
^^M
^^^^^^^M
,
,
t
Th
f.
c
,./
may not liuge or burn the Paper. Inftead of which Paper there may be made ufe of a fmall piece of Looking-gfafs plate 3 one of wnoie fides is mad rough by being rubb'd on a fiat Tool with very* fine fond > thrswrlr, if the heat be Ieifurely caft on it, indure a much greater degree of heat, and cmBy all which means the fequently very mueh augment a convenient 1 ^ht light of the Sun, or of a Window, may be fo can on an Object, as to makeit i
.
twice as light as it would, otherwife be without it, d that without any in-* convenience of glaring, which the immediate light of the Sun is very apt create in mofr Objects 5 for by this means the* light is fo equally .drfFufed, that all parts are alike mlightned i but when the immediate rcgjit of the Sun falls on it, the reflexions irorn fame few parts are fo vivid, tlflit they cfrown the appearance of all the other, and are therofelves alfo^by reafan of the in equality of light, indiftincl, and appear only radiant fpots. But becaute the light of the Sun, and aifo that of a Window^ is ina continual variation, and lo many Objeds cannot he view'd long enough by them to be throughly examirid^ belides that, oftentirnes the Weather is fo dark * ~~ * nd cloudy, that for many dayes together nothi can vtew'd: And be caufe alfo there are many Objects to be met with in the night, which cannot lb conveniently be kept perhaps till the day, therefore to procure and caft a fufficient quantity of light on an Ob jeft in the night, I thought of, and often ufed this. Expedient i I procur'd me a fmall Pedeita) , fuch a? is deferiKd in the Figure of the firfc Scheme on the Imall Pillar A B, of which were two movable Armes CD, which by means of the Screws EF, t could fix in any part of the Pillar 3 on the undermoft of theie I plac'd a pretty large Globe of Glafs G, fiil'd with exceeding clear Brine, ftopt, inverted^ and hxi in the maimer vifible in the Fig of the* fide of which Arm proceeded another Arm H, with many joynts $ to the end of which was fuftned a deep pi glafs I, which by means of this Arm could be moved toarul fro* and fixt in any pofture. On the upper Arm was placed IfLampK, which could be io movd upon the end of the Arm be let in a fit poft give li through the Ball : By meansi of this Inftrument duly piae'd expreit in the Figure, with the imall fiame of a Lamp may be caft as great and convenient a light on the Object as it will we'll indufe^and being always conftant, and to be had at any time, 1 round moft proper for drawing the
1
*
1
(
'
J
\
*m
Obje&s I had occafion to oblerve. None of all which ways (though much beyond, any other hitherto made ufe of by any I know ) do afford a fufficient help, but after a certain degree of magnify ing,they leave us again in the lurch. Hence it were very
representations of thole fmall
defirable, that
fcme way were thought of
for
making the Objcfr-glafs o£
fuch a Figure as would conveniently bear a large Aperture. -»
As ft
Telefcopes,
increasing of their length
of giving
it
a greater
Aperture? the Glafl
the.
;
.
•J
only improvement they feem capable
for the Objeft being remote^ there
light
mu
2?
then
it
hat
•dd t
;
and therefore very large
to
(}> here
is
of,
i* the
m thought
augment •
the
for? by that
means
•>
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^m
t
Tlie
iperture will it bear,if the Glafes
tneansjhe longer the Glafi be, the be of an equal goodnefi in their kind.
much
Therefc
ill
and a fixty foot Glafi will
larger Aperture then a three foot Glafi;
proportionably bear a greater Aperture then a thirty\and villa* cel
it alfo
oia
fix foot does a three foot,
as
indur e a
much
ex-
I have experimentally obfervd *
Mr
made by
of that length
Richard Reives
which will bear an Aperture above three inches over the
Objeti pwporticnably big
few
thirty foot Gfaffesthat will
and
making of
their
,
and
,
yet maki
whereas there are very
;
indur e an Aperture of more
So that for Telefcopes
ches over.
diftintl
Lond
here at
fuppofing
en two
we had a very ready way
OfyeB GlaffesofexaRly ffherical Surfaces, we mighty
r
increafing the length of- the Glafi, magnifie the Objeli to any affignable big-
Andfor performing bofh thefe, I cannot imagine any way more
ea-
fie,andmore exa&, then by thh following Enginery means of which, any Glaffes,of becauft
what length foever,may be fyeedilymade.lt feems the mofl
nd
wi
tfa
fame Tool may be with care ground
Glafi, of any length or breadth requifite , trouble in fitting the Engine It
without
, J
feems to be the mofl exacl
,
and that with much
very
eafie.
Objeti little
no
skill in the Grinder.
for to the very laft flroke the Glafi does
regulate andreViifie the Tool to its exacl Figure
;
and the
longer or more
the Tool aiidGlafi are wrought together, the more exacl will both of them
be of the defir
d Fig
other each crofi fo
Fu rther, that th
thoufands of crofi motions
Rings or Gutters made
the motions of the
G lall
and Tool d$
not one point of eithers Surface',but has
thwarting it, fo that there can be no kindof
either in the Tool or
Glafi
t
':
X
*
The
contrivance of the Engine is, only to make the ends of two larg ttdrilsto to move the Centers of them may be at any diftanceamnder , and that the Axis of the Mandrils lying both in the fame
producd, may meet each other in any afirgnable Angle $ both which requifites may be very well perform'd by the Engine defcrib'd in the third Figure of the firft Scheme where A B fignifies the Eeam of a Lath fixt perpendicularly or Horizontally, C D the two Poppet heads, fixt at about two foot diftance, E F an Iron ./%Wr//,whofc tapering neck F runs in an adapted tapering brafs Collar the other end E/uns on the point of a Screw G $ in a convenient place ofthis is faftned H a pully Wheel, and into the end of it,that comes through the Poppet head C, is fcrewed a Ring of a hollow Cylinder^ or fbme other conveniently fhap'd Tool, of what w dene ii fbalf ' be plain
:
-,
i
RE
C
E.
b; thought moft proper for thecizeof Glafles ., about which it is tbbeim ploy'dj; As, for Object glafles, between twelve foot and an hundred foot long; the tVtng may be about fix inches over, or indeed fomewhdt mor "Yor thofe longer GlafTes. It would be convenient alfo, and not very chargeable , to have four or five feveral Tools, as one for all Glafles between an inch and a foot , one for all Glafles between a foot*and ten foot long, Another for all between ten and an hundred^ fourth for all between ahundred and a thoufand foot long and if Curiofity fhall ever proceed fo far,ortefor all lengths between avthoufand atid ten thoufand foot long ; for indeed the principle is fuch,that fuppofing the Mandrils well made,andof a ood length , and fuppofing great care be uled in working and polifhing them*! fee no reafonjbut that a Glals of a thoufand.nay of ten thoufand foot long, may be as well made as one of ten ; for the realbn is the fame,fuppofing the Mandrils and Tools be made fufficiently ftrong, fo that they cannot bendy and fuppofing the Glafs, out of which they are Wrought, be capable of fo great a regularity in its parts as to refra&ion: this hollow Cylinder K is to contain the Sand, and by being drove round very quick to and fro by means of a fmall Wheel,which may be mov d with ones foot, fcrves to grind theGlafs : The other Mandril is fhap'd like this P but it has an even neck inftead of a taper one,and runs in a Collar, that by the help of a Screw, and a in the Figure, it cap be (till ad ju fined to the wearingor joynt made like wafting neck : into the end of thhMandril is fere wed a Chock N, on which with Cement or Glew is faftned the piece of Glafs Q_that is to be form'd L the middle of which Glafs is to be plac'd juft on the edge of the Ring, and is to be fct and fixt ( by means of certain pieces and fcrews, the Lath the manner whereof will be fufficiently evidene'd by the Figure) in fuch an Angle as is requifite to the forming of fuch a Sphere as theGlafs is defign'd to be of ^ the geometrical ground of which being fufficiently plain, though not heeded before, I fhall, for brevities fake, pais over. Thislaft Mandrills to be made ( by mcansiof the former, or fome other Wheel ) to run round very fwift alfb, by which two crots. motions theGlafs cannot chufe ( if care be us'd ) but be wrought into a moft ^xa&ly fphcrical '
',
M
OP
\
V
A
Surface. '\ *
m*J>
1
But becaufewe are
certain,
from the Laws of refraSion
Thave experimentally found td'bt fo,by an fcribe) that the lines
Inftrument
Ifhall
prefently de
of the angles of Incidence are proportio-
I
*
nate to the lines of the angles of Refra&ion, therefore if Glaffes could he
made cf thofe'Kindof Figures, or fome other, fuch
rable .
L
m the rmfl incompa-
Des Cafrtcs has invented, and demonftrated in hk I* I J
;
t
t
â&#x20AC;˘
I
*
m
Pbjjofophical and
*
-
i greater MkhematicalVSorksjve might hope for a muck perfection ofOpticks I
then can be rationally expelled from fphcricalones; for thoijgh,czteris
pa-
ribus, we find, that the larger the Telefcope ObjeR Gk/fes are, andtht fiorter thofe of the
Microfcope^
the better
thg m agnifie^ytt both of them.
Âť
Th€, P R E'i bejidifucb determinate dimenfions
,
ACE.
ore by attain inconveniences rendred
X
mufefuly for
it
above an hundred Objett
foot long,
and it
will be
inch part hundred then an tfan left
I have
not
make and manage a Tube
will be exceeding difficult to
m difficult
diflant
to
inlighten an
from the Objeii Glafi.
& yet made any attempts ofthat kind, though Ikflow two or
veryprobabl e,and as 06 1 yet have considered, feem which, thrtewayes, far
may
invite
me to mafe
a tryal at foon at I have an opportunity, of which I In the Interim,
may herwf&r perhaps acquaint the world. the Inftrument
I even now
I Jh all defer ibe
mention'd, by which the refradion of all kinds
to give the curwws an thereby exaflly meafurd, may be Liquors moft cf epportunity of mdking what further tryals of that kind they pall think. •
requifite to
any of their intended tryah
\
and to
let
them
fee that the laws
tfMefrafiion are not only notional.
The Trtftrument cortfifted of five Rulers ,
or long pieces placed together, after rhe manner expreft in the fecond Figure of the firft Scheme , where denotes a irraight -piece of wood about fix foot and two inches long, about three inches over, and an inch and half thick . on the back fide of which was hung afmall plummet by a line ftrctcht from top to bottom, by which this piece was fet exactly upright,and fo very firmly fixt ^ in the middle of this was made a hole or center, into which one end of a hollow cy* Jindrkal brafsBox CC, faihion'd aslfhallby and by defcribe, was placed, and could very eafily and truly be mov'd to and fro ; theother end of this Box being put into, and moving in, a hole made in a fmall arm into this box was faftned the long Ruler E F, about three foot and three or four inches long and at three foot from the above mention'd Centers P P was a hole E, cut through, and crols'd with two fmall threads, and at the end of it was fixt a fmali fight G, and on the back fide of it was fixt a fmall Arm H, with a Screw to fix it in any place on the Ruler L 3V1 5 this Ruler L was oy°d on the Center B (which was exactly three foot diftance from the iddle Center P ) *nd & line drawn through the middle of it LM, was divided by a (Line <o£ cords into Jpme fixry degrees,and each degree was fobdivided into minutes , fo that putting the crojfs of the threads in E upon any part of this divided line , I prefently knew what Angle the two Rules A B and E F made wkh each other, and by turning the Screw in H, I could fix them any jpfitjon. The other Ruler alfo RS was made much after the fame manner, pnly it was not fixt to the hollow cylindrical Box, but,by means of two fma'll fcrafs Armes or Ears, it movd on the Centers of it this alfo, by means ofthecrofs threads in the holeS, and by a Screw in K, could be* faftned on any divifion of another line of cords ot the fame radius drawn on NO. And fo by that means, the Angle made by the two Rulers, A B and RS, was alfo known. The Brafs box the middle was (hap'd very much like the Figure X, that is, it was a cylindrical Box ftopp'd clofe at either end,ofTof which a part both of the fides and bottomes was cut out, fo
AB
DD;
fi
M
m
-,
CC m
that
The Preface. the Pipe and that was joyne d to it, would contain the Water when filled half full, and would likewife, without running over;, indureto beinclind to an Angle 5 equal to that of the greateft refraction of that the Box,
when
Water, and no more,withdut running over. The Ruler E F was fixt very fait to the Pipe V, fo that the Pipe V directed the length of the RulerE F, and the Box and Ruler were movd on the Pin T T, fo as to make any defiThe bottom of this PipeV wasftop'd rablc Angle with the Ruler AB. with a fmall piece of exactly plain Glafs , which was plac'd exaclly perThe Pins pendicular to the Line of direction, or Axis of the Ruler E F. alio T T were driird with fmall holes through the Axis^nd through thole There was likewiie a fmall was ftretcht and faftned a fmall Wi Pipe of Tin Jooily put on upon the end of V, and reaching down to the fight G 5 t he ufeof which was only to keep any falle Rayes of light from palling through the bottom of V, and only admitting fuch to pais as pier d through the fight G : All things being placed together in the manner th the Ruler A B being fixt perpendicular, I defcrib'd in the Fig whofe refraction I fill'd the Box CC with Water, or any other Liq Wire palling through the middle of it were juft tended to try d ; then I moved and fixt the Ruler F E at any affignablc AngI placed the Hame of a Candle juft againft the fight G ; and looking through the fight I, I moved the Ruler R S to and fro, till I perceived the light pa£ fing through G to be covered, as 'twere, or divided by the dark Wire pafc fing through PP: then turning the Screw inK, I fixt it in that pofture: And through the hole S, Iobferved what degree and part of it was cutby the crofs threads in S. And this gave me the Angle of Inclination, APS fwering to the Angle of Refraction B P E ; for the iiirface of the Liquor d fequently A B will be in the Box will be alwayes horizontal perpendicular to it 5 the Angle therefore APS will meafur be the Angle of Inclination in the Liq E P B muft be the Angle of Re fraction,for the Ray that pailes through the fight G, palles alio perpendicu larly through the Glais DiapLragme at F, and consequently a lib perpendi cularly through the lower furface of the Liquor contiguous to the Glais, and therefore fufiers no refract: meet with the horizontal iiirface of the Liquor in C C, which is determined by the two Angles. •>
v
By means of
this Injlrument
lean witA little trouble
very
•>
fmall quantity of any Liquor, examine, mofi accurately, the refrafti of to
it f
make
and thereby am
not only for one inclination, but for all ;
very accurate Tables
made,and find, that then Spirit
Oy of 1
;
fever al of which
Ihave
bled
alfo e-xperimentally
Turpentine has a much greater Refraftion
of Wine , though it
be lighter
1
has a greater Refraftion then Water, though
\nd that Spirit it
be lighter alfo
:
of Wine but thai *
fait
Water alfo has a greater Refrattion then
but
Allum water has a
left refratlion then
vier alfoJSo that it feems,as to the
frefti,
«
though it be heavier ;
common Water, though hea-
refra&ion made in a Liquor, th fpecifick
1
Th fick gravity
is
REFACE.
thhlhave no efficacy. By of
portion the Sine df the Angle of
prolookwhat jbat found alfo
we Inclination ha* to
Angle of Refra&ion, correfiondent
to it,
the
the Sine of the
fame proportion have
all
appropriate Sines their the to Inclinations Refraftions. Sines other the of cf
My way for meafuring how much a
Glafs magnifies an Object, plac'd at a convenient diftance from my eyejs this. Having rectifi'd the Micro/cope, to fee the defir'd Object through it very diftinctly, at the fame time that I Jook
upon the Object through the Glafs with one eye,
\
I
look upon other Objects
which means I am able, at the fame diftance with my other bare eye 5 by the help of a Ruler divided into inches and fmall parts, and laid on the Pedejial of the Microjcope^o calt,as it were, the magnifi'd appearance of the Objecl: upon the Ruler,and thereby -exactly to meafure the Diameter it appears of through the Glafs, which being compar'd with the Diameter it appears of to the naked eye
,
will eafily afford the quantity
of its magnify]
The
which for the molt part I made ufe
was fhap'd much like that in the fixth Figure of the firft Scheme, the Tube being for the moft part not above fix or feven inches long,though, by reaion it had four Drawers, it could very much be lengthened, as occafion required $ this was contriv'd with three Glaflessa fmall Object Glafs at A, a thinner Eye Glafs about and a very deep one about C: this I made ufe of only when I had occafion to fee much of an Object at once 5 the middle Glafs conveying a very great company of radiating Pencils, which would go another way, and throwing them upon the deep Eye Glafs. But when ever I had occahon to examine the fmall parts of a Body more accurately, I took out the middle Glafs,and only made ufe of one Eye Glafs with the Object Glafs, for always the fewer the Refractions are, the more bright and clear the Object appears. And therefore 'tis not to be doubted , but could we make a Microfcope to have one only refraction, it would, ceteris paribus , far excel any other that had a greater number. And hence it is, that if you take a very clear piece of a broken Venice Glafs, and in a Lamp draw it out into very fmall hairs or threads ? then holding the ends of thefe threads in the flame, tiHtheymclt and run into a fmall round Globnl, or drop, which wilf hang at the end of the thread 5 and if further you flick feveral of thefe upon the end of a itick with a little fealing Wax, fo as that the threads ftand upwards, and then on a Whetftone firft grind off a good part of them, and afterward on a fmooth Metal plate, with a little Tripoly, rub fhem till they come to be very fmooth j jf one of thefe be fixt with a little foft Wax againft a fmall needle hole,prick*d through a thin Plate of Brafs,Lead, Pewter, or any other Metal, and an Object, plac'dvery near, be lookd at through it, it will both ttiagnifie and make fome Objects more diflinct then any of the great MicroJcopes. But becaufe thefe, though exceeding eafily made, are yet very troublcfome to be us'd,becaufe of their froalnefs,and the nearnefsof the Object $ therefore to prevent both thefe, and yet ha ve only two Refractions, I provided me a Tube of Brafs, fhapd much like that in the fourth Figure of the firft Scheme 5 into the fmaller end of this I fixt with Wax a good plan* convex Microjcope,
,
^M^^HHM^^H
of,
*
E. vex Objeft Glafs,with the convex
towards the Object, and into the bigger end I fixt alfo with wax a pretty large piano Convex Glais, with • th the means of fmall hole the convex fid e towards m 7 by the fide, I filf d the intermediate fpace between thefe two Glades very clear Water , and with a Screw ftopp'd it in , then puttin on a Cell for the Eye, I could perceive an Object more bright then! coul when the intermediate fpace was only fill'd with Air^but this, for other 1 conveniences, I made but little ufe of. AMy way for fixing both the Glais and Object to the Pedeftaj moft fide of dPc ciral AB/in 11 fixth Fi fiiently was thus gure of the firft Scke»te 9 Was fixt a fmall Pillar C C, on this was fittid a fmall. Iron Arm D, which could be mov'd up and down, and fixt in any part of the PJllar,by means of & fmall Screw E p on the end of this Arm was a fmall Bait fitted intoa kind of focket F,rtiade in the Mt of the BrafsRing C, through which the fmall end of the Tube was Icrew'd 5 by means of which contrivance I could place and fix the Tube in what pofture I dcd^d (which for many Obfervations was exceeding necelTary ) and adjuften it molt exactly *to any Objcd For placing the ObjedJ made this.contrivance } upon the end of a fmall feraft Linker Staple H H, I fofaftned a round Plate 1 1, that it might be d round upon its Center K, and going pretty ftifT, would ftand on the fide of-this wa$ fixt a fmall Pillar P fixt in any pofture it was about three quarters of an inch high, and through the top of this was thruft on a fmall Iron pin M, whofetop juft flood over the Center of the PI this top I fixt a fmall Object, and by means of thefe contrivances I was able to turn it into all kind of pofitipro, both to my Eye and the Light 5 for by I could move it one way, and by moving round the fmall Plate on its center, 4 oth and this without turning the PinM, I could move , ftirring y ft but very little : the Plate likewife I could move the Glafs to and fro to any part of the Pedeftal ( which in many cafes was very venicnt) andfixitalfo in any Pofition, by means of a Nut N, which was fcrew'd on upon the lower part of the Pillar All the other Con trivancesare obvious enough from the draught,and will need no defcriptioi fide
j
^ V
'i
1
3
1
'
.
CC
Now m
made
though thk were the Injlrument
^
•
»
~-
'
»
ft
•
1
'>
•>
I made '»
ft
'
~
moft ufe of^
m *+
,
w+
and form were
I have made
one piece of Glafi^
another only with a
of Waters, Gums, Refins
divers other mixtures of watery
fubjeH u capable of a great variety
ful thenthat which fcrffd.
i*
both whofe furfaces
piano concave, without
by means of reflc&i
any kind of reflduon, di others
t-lft which both
very different from common fpherical Glaffe
I have made a Microfcope with were plains.
I have ft
fever al other Try ah with other kinds of Microfcopes,
for matter
yet
•>
lha ve modit
and oyly Liquors. •
nd with
Sale s, nrfenick-
Andindeedtbt
but I find generally none more ufe-
made with twoGlaflis, fuck
as
I have
already de-
What
1
*
The Pr What the things
E.
I obfervd, the
are
in brief they were either
following deferiptions will manifeft
;
exceeding fmall Bodies, or exceeding fmall
Pores, or exceeding lmall Motions, fome of each of which the Reader
( many of them
will find in the following Notes,andfuch, atlprefume,
new, andperhaps
atleaft^willbe
not
ftrange: Some fpecimen of
lefl
each of which Heads the Reader will find in the fubfequent delineations.
and indeed offome more then I wo* willing there Jhould be; which was tccafioned by my firft Intentions to print a much greater number then I have
fince
found time
Of fuch
to compleat.
therefore
aslhad, IfdeEi-
edonly fome few of every Head, which for fome particulars feemdmoft obfervable, rejecting the reft as fuperfluom to the prefent Defign.
What each
of the delineated Sufyefts arefhe following defections an-
Ifib all here, only once for
next to each will inform,of which v
in divers of them the Gravers have pretty well follow
draughts
;
and that
in
ObjeSfs there is
I mention
Tbi*
naked eye,
the
lights,
between a
,
one
t
makgaplain te-
becaufe of theft
kind of lof
ftain,
to
and
it,
and may
be difcovefd
make any draught
before
in fever al pofitions to thofe
For it
h
exceeding difficult in
prominency and a depreflion, or a reflection
and a whitenefs
if they were opacous.
them
The Eyes of a Fly in
appear almoft like a Lattice, drill d through with abun
dance of fmall holes
Dr. Power
to
the tranjfarency of moft Objefts renders
Befides,
t
fact
between a
fhadow and a black
y et much more difficult then
like
rea lly
true form.
to diftinguijh
in the colour.
ou6
it
in fever al light s ,
I had difcovefd the
fome Obje&s
and
difcover the true ftape
to
And therefore I never began
many examinations
diretlions
fame ObjeM feeming quite differing^ in
one pofttion to the Light , from what in another.
and next
,
the rather,
much mor e difficulty
thofe vifible to the
d my
making ofthem,lindeavoured ( a& far as. Twos
able ) firft to difcover the true appearance prefentation of it
add, That
all,
;
feems
which probably may be the Reafon, to fuppofe
them fuch.
a Surface cove fd with golden Nails
covefd with Pyramids
ftures of quite other ft apes
;
;
;
tbeSunfiune thy in another pofture,like a
in another with Cones
;
and
but that which exhibits the beft,
colleflcd on the Objefi, by thofe
look.
Sur
in other po-
h
the Light
means I have already defcrifrd.
And
ACE.
Tlie
-
ROY-
And thk wa6 undertaken in profecution of the Vefign which the
AL SOCIETY ving
hasproposd'to
it felf.For
the
Members of'the Afembfy ha-
before their eysfo many fatal Inftances ofthe errors
the greateft part of mankind ha* fo long
humane Reafon
firength of
Obfervrations;^'to thh purpofe
it
wanJred,becaufe
have begun anew
alone ,
Seamen do
by fenfe, as
pothefes
andfaljhood$jn which they rely to
the
Hy-
correll all
dead Reckonings
their
d upon
by Cceleftial
ha6 been their principal indeavour
to en-
large is ftrengthen theSenfes by Med\c\ne,and by fuch outward Inftru-
ments
By this means
as are proper for their particular works*
they findfome
reafon to fufteftjhat thofe effefis of Bodies,which have been commonly attri-
buted
to
Qualities,
and thofe
confefi'd to be occult,
fmall Machines of Nature, which are not
to be difcern
are perform*
dby the
d without thefe
helps^
feeming the meer products of Mot\on,¥\gure,and Magnitude; and that the
Natural Textures, which fome call the Plaftick faculty, may be made in 'Looms,which a greater
perfection of Opticks
may makg difcernable by
theft
Glafesifd as now they are no more puzzled about them fhen the vulgar are to conceive,howTzQefcry or
fiowred Scuffs are woven And the ends ofall thefe
Inquiries they intend to be the all,the eafc left
Pkafure of Contemplative minds, but above
and difpatch of the labours of mens hands .They do indeed neg*
no opportunity to bring all the rare things of Remote Countries within the f
compafi of their knowledge
and pr aftice .But they fiill acknowledg
ufeful Informations to arifefrom common things,
mentsofmeer light and theory Applications will
improve and
And though fome men, ployments,
are pleas
;
re)ett
Expert
but they principally aim at'fuch, whoft
facilitate the prefent way of Manual Arts,
who are perhaps taken up about
d to
molt
and from diverfifying
ordinary operations upon them. They do not wholly
their moft
their
left
honourable
cenfure their proceedings, yet they can
fruits of their fir wherein they have ajfembled, three years, ft
Em~
/hew more
then any other.
Society »z Europe can for a much larger fpace of time. 'Tis true, fuch undertakings at theirs do commonly meet with fmall incouragement , becaufe
men
are generally rather tak§n with the plaufible
real
and thefolid part of Philofophy ; yet
tion,in an
Age of all others
by the
and difcurfive, then
goodfortune of
the moft inquifitive,*^
have been
the
their inftitu* ajfiftedby the,
contribution and pretence of very many ofthe ^fefNobility and Gentry7
and
^p^^^^^^^^^
.
The
REF
C
and others jtbo arefome tfthe mod confiderable in their fever al Profeffions. the cftccm more feReal that me the convinces yet that farther that But of '
riouspart of men have of tfe Society ,&, that fever al #ÂŁi in earneft(whofe ObjeR
Merchants,/^ who
k meum ist txmm,that great Rudder cf humane
practice in Money, put urns to what able d adventuf confider affairs)have f cf ftedfaft in continued their have contrived, and Members have fome (four good opinions offuch Indeavours, when not one of a hundred of the vulgar
have believed their undertakings feafable. And it
is alfofit to
they have one advantage peculiar to tbemfelves,that very
ber are
men of ConVerfe and Traffick
attempts neji
;
be added[that
many of their num-
which id agoodOmen^ that
their
mil bring Phibfophy from words to a&\on,feeing the men ofBufi
have had fo great apjare in
their firji foundation
And ofthis hjnd lough not to conceal ontpanicularGmevofay ,which more nearly concerns
a
my felflt is the munificence ofSir JohnCutler^ endowing
Leffiure for the promotion of Mechanick Arts,to be
governed and direfted
byThkSockty\7bishounty Imention for the Honourablenefs ofthe thing it (elf, andfor the expettatfon which I have of the efficacy ofthe Example ;for it
cannot now be objeHedto them,that their Defigns will be ejieemed frivolous
hen they havefuch a real Teftimony of the Approbation of
a
Man that
isfuch an eminent Ornament of this renowned City, andont,
who, by the Variety, and the happy Succefe, of hi* negotiations, has given that he is not eafte to be deceived.
obfervd, that the Arts of
life
have been
too
Thh Gentleman
hng imprifon'd
has well
in the
dark
pops cfMetbanicks tbemfelves,is there hindred from gtomh,eitherfyig* norance,orfelf interejixand he has bravely freed themfrom theft inconveni*
cnces-.fJebath not only
work
that
is
ol%^Tradefmen,fotf Tr ade it felftHe has done a
mrthy of London , and has taught the thief City tfCtimmrtz
in the mrld the right
way how Commerce is to be improvd.
many other great figns of
We have
already
and a targe mind, from the faint hand'For byhis diligence about ^Corporation for the Yoov;by his him
fern
Liberality
Table Subfcriptions^r the rebuilding ofSt.P&uYs'fo bh chearful
ment fot the replanting (f\vthx\d,and by many he has
fbmn
by
what meanshe indeavours
other fuch
Dbburf-
publick works,
to eftablifti his
Memory
;
and
tmbythi* laftgift he has dom that,which became one ofthe wifeft Citizens
:
Th four Nation
C
*
cf the wifeft of our Statefmen,tni
to accomplifi), feeing one
Jed it Lord Verulam^r/2 prop But to returii'to my Subject, from a
mil pardon me,
If thefe
digrelftons.
Example h
feeing the
E.
digreffton, which,
fo rare that
Ihope,my Reader
lean make no morefuch
my firft Labours fl) all be any w'ayes
ufefulto inqui
I muft attribute the incour agement andpromotion of them to a ve Reverend ^Learned Perfon, of whom this ought in juftice to be faid.
ring men, ry
->
That there duced
in
fcarceany one Invention, which
is
our Age, but
his afliftance.
My
Reader
kins that I mean .He
honour of
the
hit
it
has fome
J
the
it
and effectual
Arzs,that ai one of the Antient
he was a Soman
;
-there
faid cfScipio,
Empire of the world
the chief Seat of genevbus
Readier
">
Relig i
Zeal
his
and profitable
That he thanked
fo
04 a
So may I thank
for whereever he hadlivt
Knowledge and true Philofo
many worthy men
I am confident, what I have here
any ingenious
heart, we have
becaufe whereever Scipio had been born
To the truth of this, that
o) hit
in advancing all good
Dr. Wilkins was an Englifhman,
had been
i
good of mankind,^ for
the primitive unpaflionate
Romans
there had been the (eat of the â&#x20AC;˘God, that
h Dr. Wil
wo* fowred by particular Faftions. In a word,
bo* been fo conftant
God that
it
forward by
In the fweetnef s of whofe behaviouiyVz the
.
an evident Inftance, what the true and wot, before
fet
believe,will quickly ghefi,that
calmnefsoffe* mind, mthe unbounded goodnefs
on
Nation has pro-
way or other been
h indeed a man born for
Couutry
this
living that mllfub-
faid, will not be looted upon
Panegyrick^ but only as a real
tefti
t
mony* By ftill
\
the Advictcfthi* Excellent man
Ifirft fet upon
this Enterprife, yet
ReluSancy^ec^ I w^to follow the footftepsof Dr. Wren , who wo* the firft that atternpted any
cameto hwithmuch
fo eminent a Perfon at thing of this nature
;
whofe original draughts do
now mak^oneof
ments ofthat gnat Colletlion of Rarities in the Kings Clofet.
nor, which his firft beginnings of thvs kind have receivd, to the
moft famousplace of the
zard of coming after Dr.
worldjlid notfo
to be
This
;
Ho-
admitted in-
much incourage,
Wren did affright me
the Orna-
as the
for of him Imuft affirm^
that; fence the time of Archimedes, thetefcarce ever met in one man, info
great
I
Th
R
E.
great a perfections fuch a Mechanical
Hand, and fo Philofophical a
Mind. laflj)eing affuredboth by
But at
had given
that he there
wot any
wasnot a
elfe
Dr. Wilkins,WDr. Wren
over hid intentions ofprofecuting
was pleas d to favour me withjn approving
Ihad an
ofthofe draughts
its
ving had divers of them ingraven
I was
And Per-
excellent
lefi
urgent with
then for the profecution ofthem.
After I had almofl compleated thefe figures
Prefi )
and
which were my more efpecial Friendsswho were not
me for the publijhings
(which from
opportunity of deferibing) Iprefentedto them.
particularly by the Incitements of divers of thofe Noble
fons of
undertakings and
incouragaho proceed in it^bythe Honour theRoyal Society
little
time to time as
and not finding that
its
d the purfuing ofitjftt upon thh
defign
himfelf
inform ds
,
and was
and
ready to fend them to the
that the Ingenious Phyfitian
had made feveral MicrofcoTpical
Obfervations ( ha-
ObfervationSswhich
Dr. Henry Power
had I not
afterwards,
upon our inter changably viewing each others Paper s, found that they were for the moft part differing from mines
and
particulars taken notice of ;
either
intheSubjeSi itfelfs or in the
that his defign was only to print Obfer-
PiUuresJ bad even then fuppreued what Ihad fo far proBut being further excited by fever al of my Friendss in comply-
vations without
ceeded in.
ancewith their opinionSs that fitive
New
Mens a nd hoping to the
Worlds
it
alfo ,
I have
at
would not be unacceptable
I fhould thereby difcover fomething length cafi in my Mites lnto the vafl Treafuthat
ryofA Philofophical Hiftory. And it vs my hope, thefe
other
my Labours
will be no more comparable to the
as well as belief, that
Productions of many
Natural Philofophers, who are now every where
things
i
then my
beautijul Works
little
to fever al inqui-
bufie about
Objefis are to be compard to the greater
of Nature,
A Flea,
a Mite, a Gnaty
to
greater
and more
anHorfesan Ele-
phants or a Lyon* v.
Âť
f I
SOME
& I I
RO R A
M
a
*
H
r
r
I r
>
*
f
»
OR SOME Phyfiological Defcriptions
\
/
i
r
a
>
\
O
M MA
F \
U
D !
MADE BY
N
N »
I '
LA
' » *
>
WITH thereupon. .
»
-
Obferv,
I.
Of the
Point ofafbatyfmall Needle* -
S in Geometry, the moft natural way of beginning is Sehtm.2 from a Mathematical point 5 fo is the fame method in fig\ Obfervations and Natural hijiory the moft genuine,u*m pie;, and inftrucrive. We muft firft endevour to make letters, and draw jingle ftrokes true , before we ven* ture to write whole Sentences , or to draw large Pi tfures* And in Vhyfcal Enquiries. We muft endevour to follow Nature in the more plain and eafie ways (he treads in the moft limple and uncompounded bodies, to trace her fteps, and be acquainted with her manner of walking there, before we venture our felves into the multitude of meanders fhchas'm bodies of a more compilea ted nature^ left, being unable todiftinguifh and judge of our way, we quickly lofe both Nature our Guide,and our felves too; and are left to wander in the labyrinth of groundlefs opinions } wanting both judgment , that light, and experience, that clew, which fhould direct, our proceedings. We will begin thefe our Inquiries therefore with the Obfervations of Bodies of the mo&Jimpk nature firft,and fo gradually proceed to thole oft more compoundedone.ln profecution of which method, we fhall begin with a Thyfical point 5 of which kind the roint of a Needle is commonly rcckon'd for one 5 and is indeed., for the moft part, made fo fharp, that the naked eye cannot diftinguifh any parts of it : It very eafily pierces, and makes its way through all kind of bodies fbfter then it felfrBut if view'd with a very good Microftope, we may find that the top of a Needle (though as to the
B
fenfe
M IC
OGRA
A.
not end refefflirregular and very broad,blunt, appears a 3 fenfevtryfiarp) body, with tapering a a a piece onely of imagin d, but is as Cone, bling a Pins are yet Points of The deficient. topremovd, the or of part great more blunt, and the Points of the mod curious Mathematital Inftruments do very feldome arrive at lb great a (harpnefs 5 how much therefore can be built upon demonftraticns made onely by the productions of the Ru.
view but that (hall coniider able to better will be he aridtompafles, ler thofe points and lines with a Microfeope. Now though this point be commonly accounted the .(harped: (whence when we would exprtjfs the (harpneis of a point the m oVtfuperlatively, we fey. As fharp as a Needle) yet the Microfeope can afford us hundreds of Inftances of Points many thoufand times (harper : fuch as thofe otthe hairs, and brifiks, and claws of multitudes of InfetJs 5 the thorns, or crooks, or hairs of leaves, and other (mall vegetables 3 nay, the ends of the JiiriÂŁ or (mail parallelipipeds of Amianthus , and alumen plumofum 5 of many of which,. though^the Points are (b (harp as not to be vifible, though view'd wit! a Microfeope (which magnifies the Objedf, in bulk, above a million of times) yet I doubt not, but were we able praUically to make' Microfcopes according to the theory of them, we might find hills, and dales,and pores, and a luffecient bredth, or expaniion, to give all thofe parts elbow-room, even in the blunt top of the very Point Ofany of thefe (b very (harp bodies. For certainly the quantity or extenfion of any body may be Divisible, in in\ finitumj though perhaps not the matter. But to proceed : The Image we have here exhibited in the firft Figure, was the top of a (mall and very (harp Needle, whofe point a a neverthelefs appear'd through the Microfeope above a quarter of an inch broad, not round nor flat , but irregular and uneven to that it feem'd to have been big enough to have afforded a hundred armed Mites room enough to be rang'd by each other without endangering the breaking one anothers necks, by being thruft off on, either fide. The (urface of which, though appearing to the naked eye very (moothjCOuld not neverthelefs hide a multitude of holes and (cratches and hjggednefles from being difeover'd by the Microfeope to in veil it, fevsral ofwhich inequalities (as A,B,C, feem'd holes made by fome fmall (peeks of Ruji 5 and lbme adventitious body, that (fuck very clofe to it) were caJual. All the reft that roughen the fur face, were onely lb many marks of the rudenels and bungling of Art. So unaccurate is it, in all its product^ ons, even in thofe which ieem moll: neat, that if examin'd with an organ more acute then that by which they were made, the more we fee of their Jhape, the lels appearance will there be of their beauty : whereas in the works of Nature, the deepeft Difccveries (hew us the greateft Excellencies. An evident Argument, that he that was the Author of all thefe things, was no other then Omnipotent 3 being able to include as great a variety ofparts and contrivances in the yet Imalleft Difeernable Point, as in thole vafter bodies (which comparatively are called alio Points) (uch as the Earth, Sun, or Planets. Nor need it feem ft range that the Earth it felf may be by znAnalogie call'd a^Phyfical Point:For as its body 3 though now '
ÂťJ
:
D
(b
M
I
ROG
AP H1A,
-
fo near us as to fill our eys and fancies
with a
fenfe
of the
vaftnefs
of
Diitance, and fome
Diminiflying Glaflcs, be made vanifh into a fcarce vifible Speck , or Point (as I have often try'd on the Moon, and (when not too bright) on the Sun it felf) So, could a Mechanical contrivance fuccesfully anfwerour Theory, we might fee the leaft fpotas big as the Earth Lt felf 5 and Dilcover, as Des Cartes D'^f iety of bodies in the Modn, or Planet alfo conjectures, as g
may by
a
little
the Earth. thefe Difcoveries to Induftries 11 proceed future we fha leaving But \ v add one Obfervation more of a point, commonly fo caU'd,that is, the mark of a full flop ox period. And for this purpofe Iobferved many bothprinted ones and written } and among multitudes I found few of them moreround regular then this which I have delineated in the third figure of the fe disfigurd 5 and for the cond Scheme, but very many abundantly moll part if they leem'd equally round to the eye, I found thofe points that had been made by a Copper-plate, and rvoll-prefs, to be as misftiapen as thofe which had been made with Types, thempft curious andimothly engraven jirokes and points, looking but as fb m:my furrows and holes , and their printed imprejjions, but like fmutty daubings on a matt ot uneven And as for points floor with a blunt extinguifht brand orlcick's end. made with a pen they were much more rugged and deformed. Nay, having view'd certain pieces of exceeding curious writing of the kind ( one of which inthe bredth of a two-pence compris'd the Lords prayer, the Apoftles Creed, the ten Commandments, and about half a do%en verfes bejides of the Bible, whjofe. lines were (ofmall and near together, that I was unable to number them with my nailed eye, a very ordinary Microfcope, I had then about me, inabled me to lee that what the Writer of it had aflerted Was true, but withall diicover'd ofwhatpitifull bungling fcribbles and fcrawls it was compos'd,Arabian and China characters being almoft as well fhap'd , yet thus much I mult fay for the Man, that it was for the raoft part legible enough, though in fbme places there wanted a good fantfy well prepojeji If this manner ofjmall writing were made eafic and help one through. practicable ( and I think I know fuch but have never yet made tryal of it, whereby one might be inabled to write a great deale with much eafe, and accurately enough in a very little roome ) it might be of very good ufe to convey fecret Intelligence without any danger of Difcovery miifirujiing But to come again to the point. The Irregularities of it ed by three or four coadjutors, one of which is, the unevenjurfi of the paper, which at bell appears no (mother then a very courfe piece of fiag'd cloth, next the irregularity of the Type or Ingraving, and a third is the rough Daubing of the Ynnt wg-Inkth&t lies upon the initrument that makes the impreflion, to all which, add the variation made by the Different light s Aflyadotos, and you may have fufficient rcafon to ghefs that a point may appear much more ugly then this, which I have here prefented, which though it appear'd through the Microfcope gray, like a great iplatchof London dirt, about three inches over } yet to the nakgd eye it wasblacJ^, and no bigger then that in the midft of the Circle A. And could Ihave
9.
-
.
found
^^^^^^^^^â&#x201E;˘
M
ROGRAP H
i
found Room in this Plate to have infcrted an
I
A.
O you fhould have feen that
were not more diftind then the points of Dift in&ion, nor a drawn circle more exacf lyj£,then we have now fhown a point to be apoint.
the
letters
Obferv. 1 1. Of the Edge of a Razor.
Q
Schm Fif.
He (harpeft f^ehath
the fame kind of affinity to the fharpeft Po/>tf in Phyficks, as a line hath to a point in Mathematicks , and therefore the Treaty concerning this, may very properly be annexed to the former. A Razor doth appear to be a Body of a very neat and curious aect, till more clofely viewed by the Microfcope^ and there we may ob« rye its very Edge to be of all kind of fhapes, except what it ihould be. For examining that of a very (harp one, I could not find that any part of it had any thing of (harpnefs in it } but it appear'd a rough furface of a very considerable bredth from iide to fide, the narroweft part not feem* ing thinner then the back of a pretty thick Knife. Nor is't likely that it (hould appear any otherwife, fince as we juft now (hew'd that a point ap-
2,
pear 'd a
circle^ 'tis rational
a line fhould
be a parallelogram.
Now for the drawing this fecond Figure(which reprefents a part ofthe quarter of an inch long of a Razor well fct) I Co plac d it between the Object-glafs the lightthat there appeard a reflection from the very Edge 3r eprelented by the white line abckef.ln which you may perceive it to be fomewhat fharper then elfcwhere about d, to be indented or pitted about £, to be broader and thicker about r, and unequal and rugged about e, and pretty even between a b and ef. Nor was that part of the Edge ghi £ fb fmooth as one would imagine fo fmooth bo-
Edge about half a
&
Hone and Oyl (hould
for befides thofe multitudes of (cratches, which appear to have raz'd the furfacc ghih^ and to crofs each other every way which are not half of them expreff in the Figure,
die
*
«
there were feveral great and deep fcratches, or furrows, fuch as g h and i £, which made the lurface yet more rugged, caus'd perhaps by fbme /mall Duft cafually falling on the Hone, or fome harder or more flinty part of the Hone it felf. The other part of the Razor / /, which is polifh'd on a grinding-ft one, appear'd much rougher then the other, looking almoft like a plow' d field, with many parallels, ridges, and furrov* % and loddy, as 'twere, or an uneven lurface fhall we wonder at the ghnefles of thofe furfaces , fince even in the moft curious wrought Glafles for Micro/copes^
and other Optical ufes,
have, when the Sun has fhene well on them, difcover'd their furfacc to be variouf ly raz'd or Scratched, and to confift of an infinite of fmall broken furfaces, which reflect the light of very various and differing colours. And indeed it feems impoffible by Art to cut the furface of any hard and brittle body fmcoth, fince Tutt e, or even the moft curious Powder that can be made ufe of, polifh fuch a body, muft confift of little hard rough particles, and 1 of them muft cut its way, and confequently leave fbmq kind of gi I
furrows
I
*
±- £el!icij I-
Aug Or of :
an inch
i
7
.
M
1
CROC RA
A.
furrow behind it. And though Nature does feem to do it very readily in all kinds of fluid bodies, yet perhaps future obfervators may difcover even thcfealfo rugged} it being very probable, as I elfewhere fhew, that fluid bodies are made up of fmall folid particles varioufly and ftrongly mov'd, and may find reafon to think there is fcarce a furface in rerum n& tnrb perfectly imooth. The black fpot mn l ghefs to be fome final! ipeck of ruft, for that I have oft obferv'd to be the manner of the working ofCorrofiveJuyces. To conclude, this Edge and piece of a Razor, if it had been really fuch as it appear'd through the Micro/cope^ would fcarcely have fery'd to cleave wood, much lefs to have cut off the hair of beards, unlcfs it were after the manner that Lucian merrily relates Charon to have made ufe of,when with a Carpenters Axe he chop'd oft the beard ofa (age Philofopher, whofe gravity he very cautioufly fear'd would indangerthe rfetting
of his Wherry
i
.
•
.
*
»
Obferv. III. Offine Lawn^ or Lirmen Cloth.
.
i
1
m
His is another product of Art, A piece of the fineft Lawn I was able s^_ m *'2 rtg-l i get, fo curious that the threads were fcarce difcernable by the ked eye,and yet through an ordinary Mkrofeope you may perceive what a goodly piece c&coarfe Matting it is 5 what proportionable cords each of its threads are, being not unlike, both in ihape and fize, the bigger and coarfer kind of Jingle i^e^ar^wherewith they ufually make Cables. That which makes the Lawn fo transparent, is by the Mkrofeope^ nay by the naked eye, if attentively viewed, plainly enough evidenced to be the multitude of fquare holes which are left between the threads, appearing to ha ve much more hoi e in refbect. of the intercurrent parts then is for the raoft part left in a lattice-window which it does a little refemble, onely the crofting parts are round and not flat. Thefe threads that compofe this fine contexture^ though they are as I
>,
fmall as thofe that constitute the finer forts of Silks, have notwithftandin nothing of their gloflie, pleafant,and lively reflection. Nay, I have bee
informed both by the Inventor himfcl£ and feveral other eye-witnefles, that though the rlax,out of which it is made,has been (by a Angular art, of that excellent Per fon, and Noble Vertuofo, M. Charts Howard^ brother to the Duk$ ofNorfolQCo curioufly drefs'd and prepar d,as to appear both to the eye and the touch, full as fine and asglojfie, and to receive all kinds
of colours,as well
as Sleave-Silk
3
yet when this Silken Flax
is
twifted into
former lufter, and becomes as plain and bate a thread to look on, as one of the fame bignefs, made of common Flax. The reafon of which odd Phenomenon feems no other then this ; that though the curioufly dreft Flax has its parts fo exceedingly fmall to equallize, if not to be much fmaller then the clew of the Silk-Worn daily in thinnefs, yet the differences between the figures of the conitituting filaments are fo great, and their fubftances fo various, that whereas
threads,
it
quite lofeth
its
C
thofe
'
*
.
A
*
M ICRO GR bard, are fmalljround, the of tfi'/fc thofc
A. t ran/pare fit9
and to
their bignefi
its proper Figure, and preferves fb filament as each ftiff, confequently its vivid refle&ion intire, though twifted into a thread, if transparent, of Flax are limber,fofter,2ind and thofe hard too left 5 flat, not
roportionably f
clofe fo together,as to lofe their lie joyn,and thread they a into twilling in own, and deftroy each others particular reflexions. There feems there-
fore three Particulars very requifite to make the fo dreft Flax appear Silk alio when fpun into threads. Firft, that the fubftance of it fhould be made more clear and. tranjparent, Flax retaining in it a kind of opacatin
—
I
brown, or yellow 5 and the parts of the whiteft kind I have yet obferv with the Microfiope appearing white, like flaw'd Horn or Glafs, rather then clear, like clear Horn or Glafs. Next that, the filaments mould each ©f them be rounded, if that could be done,which yet is not fo very necefc fary, if the firft be perform'd, and this third, which is, that each of the fmall filaments bejiifned } for though they be fquare, or flat, provided they be transparent and ftin^ much the fame appearances muft necefiarily follow. Now, though I have not yet made trial, yet I doubt not, but that both thefe proprieties may be alfo indued upon the Flax,and perhaps too by one and the lame Expedient, which fome trials may quickly inform any ingenious attempter of, who from the ufe and profit of fuch an Invention, may find fufficient argument to be prompted to fuch Inquiries. As for the tenacity of the fubftance of Flax, out of which the thread is made, it feems much inferiour to that of Silk, the one being a vegetable, the other an animal fubftance. And whether it proceed from the better concoction, or the more homogeneous conftitution of animal fubftances above thofe of vegetables, I do not here determine 5 yet fince I ge nerally find, that vegetable fubftances do not equalize the tenacity o£a»i mal, nor thefe the tenacity of fbme purified mineral fubftances 5 I am
very apt to think, that the tenacity of bodies does not proceed from the hamous, or booked particles, as the Epicureans, and fbme modern Hilofihfhers have imagin'd 5 but from the more exadl: congruity of the confti* tuent parts, which are contiguous to each other, and fo bulky, as not to be eafily feparated, or fhatter'd, by any fmall pulls or concuffion of heat. *—
Obferv. IV. Stbem. f*l. 1.
3.
~m
**
Of fine mkJSilk* or
His is the appearance of a piece of very fine Taffety-riband in the bigger magnifying Glafs, which you fee exhibits it like a very con venient fubftance to make Bed-matts,or Door-roatts of,or to ferve for Beehives, Corn-fcuttlcs,Chairs. or Corn-tubs,it being not unlike that kind of work, wherewith in many parts in England, they make fuch Utenfils of
Straw,a little wreathed,and bound together with thongs of Brambles. For in this Contexture, each little filament, fiber, or clew of the Silk-worm, ieenVd about the bignefs of an ordinary Straw, as appears by the little irregular
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F V-3
A
F
x
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ROGRAP H1A
ular pieces,* B,cd3 and ef$ The
Warppx the thread that ran crofting the
and,appear'd like a fingle Rope of an Inch Diameter 3 but the Wecfc the thread that ran the length of the Riband, appear'd not half fo big. Each Inch of fix-pen V-broad Riband appearing no lefs then apiece of Matting Inch and halt thick, and twelve foot fquare 5 a few yards of this, would be enough to floor the long Gallery of the Loure at Pari*. But to return to our piece of Riband : It affords us a not unplea&ntobje&, appearing like a bundle,, or wreath, of very clear and tranfparent Cylinders^ the Silk be white, and curioufly ting'd 3 if it be colour 'd,eaeh of thofe fmall horney Cylinders affording in fbme place or other of them* as vivid a reflection, as if it had been lent from a Cylinder of Glafs or Horm In-lb-much, that the reflections of Red, appear'd as if coming from lb many Granates, ox Rubies. The lovelinefs of the colours of Silks above thofe of hairy Stufls,or LinnenjConfifting^s Ielfe^vhere intimate,chiefly in the tranfparency, and vivid reflections from the Concave^ox inner furface o£ the tranjpareht Cylinder, as are alfo the colours of Precious Stones, for moft 01 the reflections from each of thefe Cylinders, come from the Concave furface of the air, which is as 'twere the foil that incompafles the Cylinder. The colours with which each of thefe Cylinders are ting'd, feem partly to be fuperftcial, and flicking to the out-fides of them j and partly, to be imbib'd, or funck into the fubftance of them ; for Silk, feeding to be little elfe then a dried thread of Glew, may be fuppos'd to 'be very cafily relaxt ?and foftened, by being fteeped in warm, nay in cold, ifpenetrant, juyces or liquors. And thereby thofe tinctures, though they tinge perhaps but a fmall part ofthe fubftance, yet being fo highly impregnated with the colour, as to be almoft black with it, may leave an impreflion ftrong enough to exhibite the defir'd colour. A pretty kinde of artificial Stuff I have feen, looking almoft like tranfparent Parchment, Horn, or Ifing-glafs, and perhaps fbme fiich thing it may be made of, which being tranfparent, and of a glutinous nature, arid eafily mollified by keeping in water, as I found upon trial, had imbib'd, and did remain ting'd
with a great variety of very vivid colours, and to the naked eye, k look cl very like the fubftance of the Silk. And I have often thought, that p bably there might be a way found out, to make an artificial glutinou* compofition, much refembling, if not full as good, nay better, then that Excrement,or whatever other fubftance it be out ofwhich, the Silk-worm wire-draws his clew. If fuch a compofition were found, it were certainly an eafie matter to find very quick ways of drawing it out into fmall wires for ufe. I need not mention the ufe of fuch an inventk>n,nor the benefit that is likely to accrue to the finder,they being fiifficiently obvious. This hint therefore, may, I hope, give ibmc Ingenious inquifitive Perfbn an occafion of making fome trials, which if fuccefsfull, I have my aim, and I fuppofe he will have no occafion to be difpleas'd.
Obferv. :/
Sit
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Obferv. V. Schem. J.
Of watered Silks,
or Stufs.
Here are but few Artificial things that are worth observing with a Microfcope , and therefore I (hall (peak but briefly concerning them. For the Productions of art are fuch rude miffhapen things, that when view'd with a Microfcope ^there is little elfe obfervable,but their deformity. The moft curious Carvings appearing no better then thole rude Ruffian Images we find mention'd in Pttrchas, where three notches at the end of a Stick, ftood for a face. And the moft (mooth and burnifh'd furfaces appear moft rough andunpolifht : So that my firft Realbn why I (hall add but a their mif-ihapen is, form } and the next, is their them, of obfervations few For why {hould we trouble our (elves in the examination of ufele(sne(s. that form or fhape (which is all we are able to reach with a Microfcope) which we know was defign'd for no higher a u(c, then what we were able to view with our naked eye } Why (hould we endeavour to difcover myfteries in that which has no (uch thing in it > And like Rabbins find out Caballifms, and anigm&s in the Figure, and placing of Letters, where no Jiich thing lies hid : whereas in natttraliorms there are fbme fo fmall, and fo curious,and their defign'd bufinefs fo far remov'd beyond the reach of our fight.that the more we magnify the object, the more excellencies and myfteries do appear 5 And the more we difcoverthe imperfe&ions of our fenfeSj and the Omnipotency and Infinite perfections of the great Creatour. I (hall therefore onely add one or two Obfervations more of artificial things, and then come to the Treaty concerning fuch matters as are the Productions of a more curious Workman. One of thefejftiall be that of a piece of water'd Silk, reprefented in the fecond Figure of the third Sckernels it appear'd through the leaft magnifying Gla(s. A B. fignifying the long way of the SturT,and C D the broad way. This Stuff, if the right fide of it be looked upon, appears to the naked eye, all over fo waved, undulated, or grain'd, with a curious, though irregular variety of brighterand darker parts, that it adds no fmall gracefulnefs to theGlofsofit. It is fo known a propriety, that it needs but little explication, but it is ob-
everyone has not confidered, that tho(e parts which appear the darker part ofthe wave, in one pofition to the light, in another appears the lighter and the contrary ^and by this means the undulations become tranfient, and in a continual change,according as the pofition of the parts in relpecl: of the incident beams of light is varied. The reafbn of which odd phenomena, to one that has but diligently examin'd it even with his naked eye, will be obvious enough. But he that obfcrves it with a Microfcope^ may more eafily perceive what this Proteus is. and how it comes to change its (hape. He may very eafily perceive, that it roceeds onely from the variety of the Refle&ions of light, which is caus'd ythe various fhape of the Particles 3 or little protuberant parts cf the thread that compofe the furface ; and that thofe parts of the waves that fervable, which perhaps
3
appear
,
*
M ICROGRAPH1A*
C
$
appear the brighter. throw towards the eye a multitude of ftnall rfefleftir. ons of light, whereas the darker fcarce afford any. The reafon of which reflection, the Microfiope plainly difcovers, as appears
by the Figure. In
which you may perceive, that the brighter parts of the furface confift o' an abundance of large and ftrong rerlec~tions,denoted by a,a,a,a, a, See. for the furfaces of thofe threads that run the long way, are by the Mechanical procefs of watering, creasd or angled in another kind of pofture then they were by the weaving : for by the weaving they are onely bent round the warping threads $ but by the watering, they are bent with aH angle, or elbotr, that is in (lead of lying, or being"bent round the threads, as in the third Figure, a, a, a } a, a, are about b,b,b (b,b,b representing the ends,as 'twere, of the crofc threads,they are bent about) they are creasd on the top of thofe threads, with an angle, as in the fourth Figure, and that with all imaginable variety $ fo that,whereas before they reflected the light onely from one point of the round furface, as about c, c, c, they now when water'd, refled the beams from more then half the whole fur* facets de, de, de, and in other pofturcs they return no reflexions at all from thole furfaces. Hence in one pofture they eompofe the brighter parts of the waves,in another the darker. And thefe reflections are alio varied, according as the particular parts are varioufly bent. The realbn of which creating we fhall next examine ; and here we muft fetch our information from the Meehanifm or manner of proceeding in this operation 3
â&#x20AC;˘
which, as I have been inform'd, is no other then this. They double all the Stuff that is to be water'd^ that is,they creafe it juft through the middle of it, the whole length of the piece, leaving the right fide of the Stuff inward, and placing the two edges, or filvages juft upon pne another,and,as near as they can,place the wale fo in the doubling of it, that the wale of the one fide may lie very near parallel, or even with the wale of the other 5 for the nearer that pofture they lie, the greater will the watering appear 5 and the more obliquely,or acrols to each other they lie, the fmalier are the waves. Their way for folding it for a great wale is thus : they take a Pin,and begin at one fide of the piece in any wale,and fo moving it towards the other fide, thereby direct their hands to the op pofite ends of the wale, and then, as near as they can, place the two op pofite ends of the fame wale together, and (b double, or fold the whole piece, repeating this enquiry with a Pin at every yard or two's diftance through the whole length } then they fprinkle it with water,and fold it the longways, placing between every fold a piece of Paftboard, by which means all the wrong fide of the water'd Stuff becomes flat, and with little wales, and the wales on the other fide become the more protuberant whence the creafingsor angular bendingsof the wales become the more perfpicuous. Having folded it in this manner,they place it with an interjacent Paftboard into an hot Prefs, where it is kept very violently prefix till it be dry and ftiflf 5 by which means, the wales of either contiguous fides leave their own impreffions upon each other , as is very mani- 1 feft by the fecond Figure, where 'tis obvious enough, that the wale of the iece runs parallel between the pricked lines ef, ef, ef, and as 1
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,
MlCROGRAPHIA.
IO
manifeft to difcern the impreflions upon thefe wales, left by thole that were preft upon them,which lying not exa&ly parallel with thcm,but a lit-
athwart them , as is denoted by the lines of,p o o o,gk gkgh, between which the other wales did lie parallel^they are fo varioufly,and irregular\y creas'd that being put into that fhape when wet,and kept fb till they be drie, they fo fet each others threads, that the Moldings remain almoft as long as the Stuff lafts. Hence it may appear to any one that attentively confiders the Figure, why the parts of the wale a, a, a, a, a, a, fhould appear bright $ and why the parts b,b,b,b,b3 b, fhould appear fhadowed, or dark} why fome, as d,d*d,d,d,d, fhould appear partly light,and partly dark : "the varieties of which reflections and fhadows are the only caufe of the appearance of watering in Silks, or any other kind of Stufls. From the variety of refle&ion, may alfo be deduc'd the caufe why a fmall breez or gale of wind ruffling the furface of a fmooth water, makes it appear black 5 as allb,on the other fide, why the fmoothing or burnifhing the furface of whitened Silver makes it look black 3 and multitudes of other phenomena might hereby be folv'd, which are too many to be here tle
,
n
mfifted on.
Obferv. VI. Offmall Glafs Canes. Schema.
m ight be
whether it were not pofTible to make Artificial pore as fmall as any Natural I had yet found, I made feveral attemps with fmall glafs pipes, melted in the flame of a Lamp, and then very fitddenly drawn out into a great length. And, by that means without much difficulty, I was able to draw fbme almoft as fmall as a Cobweb^ which yet, with the Microfcope, I could plainly perceive to be perforated, both by looking on the ends of it, and by looking on it againfi the light 5 which was much the eajier way to determine whether it were fblid or perforated 5 for, taking a fmall pipe of glafs, and clofing one end of it, then filling it halffull ofwater, and holding it againfi the lights I cculd, by this means, very eafily find what was the differing afpett of a fblid and a perforated piece of glais 5 and fb eafily diftinguifh, without feeing either end, whether any Cylinder of glafs I look'd on, were a folid flicks or a hollow cane. And by this means,I could alfo prefently judge of any fmall filament of glafs, whether it were hollow or not, which would have been exceeding tedious to examine by looking on the end. And many fiich like ways I was fain to make ufe of, in the examining of di vers other particulars related in this Book, which would have been no eafie task to have determined meerly by the more common way of looking on, or viewing the Object. For, if we confider firft, the very faint light wherewith the object is enlightened, whence many particles ap pear opaeons, which when more enlightned, appear very tranfparent, fb that I was fain to determine its tranfparency by one glafs, and its texture by another Next, the unmanageablenefs of moft Objetfs, by reafbn of
f-|-ÂŤu at
j
fatisfi'd,
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/
of their fmalnefs, flaring
it lb,
3.
CROG The
difficulty
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A*
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offinding the defired point, and of
as to reflect the light conveniently for the Inquiry
Laftly
being able to view it but with one eye at once, they will appe fmall objlrnUions 3 nor are they eafily removd without many contriiktnBut to proceed, I could not find that water, or lome deeply tingd ces, ife fo high as one would expect} and the fm wou liq in any rife of have pipes try'd, Was it yet the found I have I highefi hes above the level of the water in the vellel ; for though I found 21 that in the (mall pipes it would nimbly enter at firft, and run about 6 found move upwards^ upward that inches I flow, I 7 ) have not yet had the patience to obferve it above that height of pretty large Pipe, in companion of thole I for (and that was cnes h merly mentioned , for I could oblerve the progrefs of a very deep tingd liquor in it with my nakgd eye; without much trouble 5 whereas many of the other pipes were 10 very finally thatunleis in a convenient poflure to the light, I could not perceive them :) But 'tis very probable, that a greater patience and ajfiduity may dilcover the liquors to rife, at lead ghefs at, if fufpcnded, at heights that I Ihould be loath now leaft there be any proportion kept between the height of the alcending liquor, and the bignefs of the holes of the pipes.
An Attempt for
the Explication of this Experiment.
My Conjecture,
That the unequal height of the Jurfaces of the water, proceeded from the greater prejjure made upon the water by the Air without the Pipes then by that within them \ I (hall endeavour td
ABC,
confirm from the truth of the two following Proportions 1 The firft of which is, That an unequal prejjure of the incumbent Airt U caufe an unequal height in the water s Surf And the fecond is, That in this experiment there is fuch qudl prefi
That the firft you take any Vellel
the following; Experiment will evince. For if lb contrived, as that you can at pleafure either creafe or diminish the prejjure of the Air upon this or that part of the the equality of the height of thole parts will pre perp'cies of the lently be lojl $ and that part of the Superficies that fuftains the greater prefi will be inferior to that which undergoes the lejs. A fit Vellel for this purpofe., will be an inverted Glals Syphon, fuch an one as is delcribed in the Sixth Fig For if into it you put Water enough to fill and gently blow in at D, you lhall deprefs the Superfic gh y and thereby raife the oppofite Superficies A to a conjiderable height, and by gentlyJuch^ng you may produce clean contrary effects. Next, That there i%fuch an unequal prejjure, I lhall prove from this, That there is a much greater incongruity of Air to Glafs .andfome other bodies, then there is of Water to the fame,
D
t
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Micrograph
12 By
Congruity,
â&#x20AC;˘
I mean a property of a fluid Body, whereby any part of
it
with any other part*, either of it fe If] or of any other simiIncongruity a property body : And by orfolid of a fluid, by which lar,fluid, it is kindred from uniting with any diffimilar, fluid, orfolid Body. This laft property, any one that hath been obfervingly converfant about fluid Bodies, cannot be ignorant of. For (not now to mention feveral Chymical Spirits and Oyls, which will very hardly, if at all, be brought to mix with one another 5 inibmuch that there may be found fbme 8 or 9, or more, feveral djftinct Liquors, whichjwimming one upon another, will not prefently mix) we need feek no further for Examples of this kind in fluids, then to obferve the drops ofrain falling through the air, and the bubbles of air which are by any means conveyed under the furface of the water $ or a drop of common Sallet Oyl fwimming upon Water. In all which, and many more examples of this kind that might be enumerated, the incongruity of two fluids is eafily difcernable. And as for the Congruity or Incongruity of Liquids, with feveral kinds offirm Bodies, they have long fince been taken notice of, and called by the Names of Drineft and Moifture (though thefe two names are not comprehenfiv e enough, being commonly ufed tofignifieonly the adhering or not adhering of water to fome other folid Bodie s)oi this kind we may obferve that water will more readily wetfome woods then others 3 and that water, let fall upon a Feather, the whiter fide of a Colwort, and fome other leaves, or upoh almoft any dufly, unUuous, or refinous fuperficies, will not at all adhere to them, but eafily tumble off from them, like a folid Bowl 1 whereas, ifdropt upon Linnen, Paper, Clay, green Wood, 8cc. it will not be taken off, without leaving fome part of it behind adhering to them. So guickefiver, which will very hardly be brought tojikk^to any vegeta* hie body, will readily adhere to, and mingle with, feveral clean metalline is readily united
>
I
bodies.
And
we may
the better flnde what the caufe of Congruity and Incongruity in bodies is, it will be requifite to confider, Firfr, what is the caufe of fluidnefs 3 And this, I conceive, to be nothing elfe but a certain that
pulfeOYfhake of heat 3 for Heat being nothing elfe but a very briskjind vehement agitation of the parts of a body (as I have elfwhere made probabable) the parts of a body are thereby made lb loofe from one another, that they eafily move any way^ and become fluid. That I may explain this a little by a grois Similitude, let us (iippofe a difh of land fet upon fome body that is very much agitated, and fhaken with fome quicks and firong vibrating motion jus on a Mlflone turn'd round upon the under ftone very violently whilir it is empty ^or on a very ftirlz>ÂŤw-head,which is ve-
hemently or very nimbly beaten with the Drumfticks. By this means. the fand in the difh, which before lay like a dull and unadrive body, becomes a perfectfluid 5 and ye can no fooner make a hole in it with your finger, but it is immediately///^ up again, and the upper furface of it levcM'd. Nor can you bury a light body, as a piece of Cork under it, but it prefently emerges or fwims as 'twere on the top 5 nor can you lay a heavier on the top of it, as a piece of Lead, but it is immediately buried in
M ICROGRAPHIA* £
n
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,r
Sand, and"(as 'twere) finks to the bottom. Nor can you make a hole in the fide of the Difh, but the land (hall run out of it to a level, not an obvious property of a fluid body, as fiich, but this dos imitate 5 and all this meerly caufed by the vehement agitation of the conteining veflel 3 for by this means, each land becomes to have a vibrative or dancing mo^ tion, fo as no other heavier body can reft on it, unlets faftein'd by fbme other on either fide : Nor will it fufFer any Body to be beneath it, unlete it be a heavier then it felf Another Inftance of the ftrange bofening nature of a violent jarring Motion, or a ftrong and nimble vibrativd one, we may have from a piece of iron grated on very ftrongly with a file : for if into that a pin beferew'dfo firm and hard, that though it has a convenient head to it, yet it can by no means be unfererp'd by the fin~ U if, I fay, you attempt to unferew this whilft grated on by the file, it ers will be'tbund to undoe and turn very eafily. The firft of thele Examples manifests, how a body actually divideainto fmall parts, becomes a fluid* And the latter manifefts by what means the agitation of heat fo eafily loofens and unties the parts of/olid and firm bodies. Nor need we fuppofe heat to be any thing elfe, befidesfuch a motion 3 for fuppofing we could Mechanically produce fuch a one quicksandftrong enough, we need not fpend^«e/ to melt a body. Now, that I do not fpeak this altogether groundlefs, I muft refer the Reader to the Obfervations I have made on the mining fparks of Steel, for there he {hall find that the fame effects are produced upon fmall chips or parcels of Steel by the flame, and by d quicks and violent motion-^ and if the body oifteel may be thus melted fas I there (hew it may) I think we have little reafon to doubt that almolt any other may not alfb. Every Smith can inform one how quickly both his File and the Iron grows hot with filing, and if you rub almoft any two hard bodies together, they will do the fame : And we know, that a fufficient degree of heat caufes fluidity, in fome bodies much fboner, and in others later , that is, the parts of the body of fbrae are fb loofe from one another, and fb unapt to cohere, and fb minute and little, that a very fmalldegree of agitation keeps them always in the ftate offluidity. Of this kind, Ifuppofe, the dithers that is the medium or fluid body, in which all other bodies do as it were fwim and move 5 and particularly, the Air, which feems nothing elfe but a kind of tin&ure or folution of terin
">
up
reftrial
and aqueous
particles difjolvd into
it,
and agitated by
it,
juftas
of that Concrete lick'd up or diflolvd by thefluid water. And from this Notion of it, we may eafily give a more Intelligible reafon how the Air becomes fb capable of Rarefaction and Condenjation. For, as in t inilur es,or\e grain of fomeftrongly tinging mbfance may ftnjibly colour fbme hundred thoufand grains of appropriated Liquors,fo as every drop of it has its proportionate fhare, and be fenfibly ting d, as I have try'd both with Logtpood and Cocheneel : And as fome few grains of Salt is able to infeel: as reat a quantity,as may be found by pr£iipitations, though not fb eafily tin&ure 'twere a as feems be but the or which to Air. fight the fb y afte 3 otfaline Jubftance, difiolvd and agitated by the fluid and agil Mthet amay diP> thetinttureotCocbcneel'tt nothing but fbme finer dijjoluble parts
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* 't(U& 'ty
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14
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Ml CROGRAP
HtA
room enough, have it a if an into fpace, it felf expand and vaft perfe the other fide,if on fpace. But,as there that of part were,every it infedt,as all the extract colour it of may liquor, the grains of the feme few be but and thereby the dijjolve Salt, become all may and fubftance , tinging all air the that fuffo may fubftances, thole impregnated with more much ficedina rarifyd jiate to fill fome hundred thoufaud fpaces of ./Ether, be compris'd in only <?#e,but in a pofition proportionable denfe. And though we have not yet found out fuch firainers for Tin&ures and Salts as we have for the Air, being yet unable to feparate them from their diflblving liquors by any kind offiltre, without precipitation, as we are able to feparate the Air from the iEther by Glafs, and feveral other bodies. And though we are yet unable and ignorant of the ways of precipitating Air out of the Aether as we can Tindttres, and Salts out of feveral di]J6lvents$ yet neither of thefe leeming impojjible from the nature of the things, nor fo improbable but that fome happy future induftry may find out ways to effect them , nay, further, fince we find that Nature does really perform (though by what means we are not certain) both thefe actions, namely, by precipitating the Air in Rain and Dews, and by fiipplying the Streams and Rivers of the World with freih water, flraind through fecret fubterraneous Caverns: And fince, that in very many other proprieties they do fo exa&ly feem of the fame nature 5 till further obfervations or tryals do inform us of the contrary , we may fafely enough conclude them of the fame kind. For it feldom happens that any two natures have fo many properties coincident or the fame, as I have obferv'd Solutions and Air to have, and to be different in the refr. And therefore I think it neither impcffible, irrational, nay nor difficult to be able to predict what is likely to happen in otherÂťparticulars alfo, befides thole which Obfervation or Experiment have declared thus or thus efpecially, if the circum* fiances that do often very much conduce to the variation of the effects be duly weigh' d and confiderd. And indeed, were there not a probability of this, our inquiries would be endlefs, our tryals vain, and our greateft in* ventions would be nothing but the meer produces of chance, and not of Reafon'j and, like Mariners in an Ocean, deftitute both of a Compajs and the fight of the Celejlialguids, we might indeed, by chance, Steer directly towards our defired Port, but 'tis a thoufand to one but we mifs our aim. But to proceed, we may hence alio give a plain reafon, how the Air comes to be darkled by clouds, &c. which are nothing but a kind of precipitation, and how thole precipitations fall down in showrs. Hence alfo could I very eafily, and I think truly, deduce the caufe of the curious ftxangular figures of'Snow, and the appearances of Haloes, &c. and the' iudden thickning of the Sky with Clouds, and the vaniffing and difappearing of thofe Clouds again 5 for all thefe things may be very eafily imitated in a glafs of liquor,with fome Wight Chymical preparations as I have often try'd, and may fomewhere elfe more largely relate, but have not now time to fet them down. But to proceed, there are other bodies that confifrcf particles more Grofs , and of a more apt figure for cohesion, and this requires zfomewhat greater agitation 3 fuch, I fuppofe ? * fermented vinous s,
Spirits
#
M
V r
CROC RAP HI A.
which are much of kin to thofe Spirits, &Ci Others yet require a greater? as water, and lb others much greater, for alrnoft infinite degrees: For, I fiippofe there are very few bodies in the" world that may not be made aliquatehus fluid, by fome or other degree of Spirit s> feveral chymical Oils,
agitation or heat.
Having therefore in fhort
down my Notion of a Fluid body, I come 1
fet
what Congruity is 5 and this, as I laid before^ being a Relative property of a fluid, whereby it may be laid to be like or unlike to this or that other body, whereby it does or does not mix with We will again have recourfe to our former Expert this or that body. mentj though but a rude one 3 and here ifwe mix in the d'lttijeveral kinds offends, fome of bigger, others of lefi and finer bulks, we (hall find that by the agitation the fine find will eject and throw out of it (elf all thole bigger bulks of CmaWfiones and the like, and thofe will be gathered together all into one place } and if there be other bodies in it of other natures^ thofe alio will befeparated into a place by themlelves, and united ox tum^ bledup together. And though this do not come up to the higheji property of Congruity, which is a Cohaefwn of the parts of the fluid together, ot a kind of attraction and tenacity, yet this does as 'twere fljadow it outj and fbmewhat refemble it 5 for juft after the fame manner, I fuppofe the pulfe of heat to agitate the (mall parcels of matter, and thofe that are of a like bignef, andfgure^ and matter, will hold, ox dance together, and thofe which are of a differing kind will be thrufi oxfhovd out from between them} for particles that are nWfimilar^ will, like fb many equal muficalfirings equally firetcht, vibrate together in a kind of Harmfiny or unifon , whereas others that are diffimilar, upon what account fbever,unlefs the difproportion be otherwise counter^ballanc'd, will, like fb many firings out of tune to thofe unifons, though they have the fame- agitating pulfe, yet make quite differing kinds of vibrations and repercuffions, fb that though they may be both mov d,yet are their vibrations fo different> and fb untund, as 'twere to each other, that they crofs and jar againft each other, and confequently, cannot agree together, but fly bari^ from each in the next place to confider
Now,
how the difproportion of fome bodies in one refpecr, may be counter-ballanc d by" a contrary difproportion of the fame body in another refpeft, whence we
other to their fimilar
particles.
find that the fubtil vinous jpirit
is
to give you an Inftance
congruous, or does readily mix with wa-
which in many properties is of a very differing nature, we may con-8 fider that a unifon may be made either by twofirings of the fame bignefs^ length, and tenjion, or by two firings of the fame bignefi, but of differing length > and a contrary differing tenfion 5 or 3/7. by two ftrings of unequal length and bignefs, and of a differing tenjion, or of equal lengthy and diffe ring bignefs and tenjion, and lever al other fuch varieties. To which three ter,
properties
mfirings,
will correfpond three proprieties alio
mfand, or the particles of bodies, their Matter or Subfiance, their Figure or shape, and their Body or Bulk. And from the varieties of thefe three, may arife in* finite varieties in fluid bodies, though all agitated by xhtfame pulfe oxvi brative motion. And there may be as many ways of making Harmonies and .
*
â&#x20AC;˘
.
d
M ICROGRAP H
j£
3tld Djfcords with thefe,
as there
may be with
I
A.
muficalfirings.
Having
therefore feen what is the caufe of Congruity or Incongruity, thofe relative properties of fluids, we may, from what has been faid, very eafily collect, what is the reafon of thofe Relative proprieties alfo between fluid bodies zndfolid 5 for fince all bodies confift of particles of fuch a Subunited together more firmare they but in fome and Figure, Bulks fiance,
then to be Uofened from each other by every vibrative motion (though I imagine that there is no body in the world, but that fome degree of agitation may, as I hinted before, agitate andloofen the particles fo as to make them fluid) thofe cohering particle^ may vibrate in the fame manlier almoft as thofe that are loofe and become unifons or difcords, as I
ly
may fb
(peak, to them.
Now that the parts of all
bodies,
though never
do yet vibrate, I think we need go no fnrther for pflPtof, then that ^bodies have fome degrees of heat in them, and that there has not been yet found any thing perfe&ly cold". Nor can I believe indeed that there is any fuch thing in Nature, as a body whofe particles are at resf, Qr lazy iofolid,
•
and unaUive in the great Theatre of the World, it being quite contrary to the grand Oeconomy of the Univerfe. We fee therefore what is the reafon of the fympathy or uniting of fome bodies together, and of the antipathy or flight of others from each other : For Congruity feems nothing elfebut a Sympathy, and Incongruity an Antipathy of bodies } hence fimilar bodies once united will not eafily part, and diffimilar bodies once dip joyn will not eafily unite again 5 from hence may be very eafily deduc'd the reafon of thejujpenfion of water and guickfilver above their ufuaiy^tiont, as I (hall more at large anon (hew. Thefe properties therefore (alwayes the concomitants of fluid bodies) produce thefe following vifible Effefts : Firft, They unite the parts of a fluid to itsfimilar Solid, or keep them fiparate from its dijfimilar. Hence guichzfilvcr will (as we noted before) i?i<r£to Gold, Silver, Tin, Lead&LC. and unite with them : but roul offfrom Wood) Stone, Glafs, &c. if never fb little fcituated out of its horizontal lewji and water that will wetfait and dijjblve it, will flip off from tallow, or the like, without at all adhering 3 as it may likewife be obferved to do upon a dnfiy fuperficics. And next they caufe the parts of homogenedfluid bodies readily to adhere together and mix, and of heterogeneal,to bp exceeding averfe thereunto. Hence we find, that two fmall drops of water, on any fuperficies they can roul on, will, if they chance to touch each other, readily unite and mix into one d drop : The like may be ob3 1 with two fmall Bowls of ^uicl^filver upon a Table or Glaft, pro vided their furfaces be not dufiy 5 and with two drops of Oyl upon fair I
water, &cm And further, water put unto wine,fait water, vinegar, Jpiril of wine, or the like, does immediately (especially if they be fhaken to gether) difpcrfi it felf all over them. Hence, on the contrary, we alfo find, that Oyl of Tartar poured upon g>uick:filver, and Spirit of Wine on that Oyl, and Oyl of Turpentine on that Spirit, and Air upon that 6>/,though they beftopt clofely up into a Bottle, and fiyaken never fo much, they Will
by nojneans long
fuffer
any of their bigger parts to be united ox included
•
:
M
\
ROGRAPHlA
eluded within any of the other Liquors(by which recited Liquors,may be plainly enough represented the four Peripatetical Elements, and the more fubtil Mther above all.) From this property 'tis, that a drop of water does not mingle with, or vanilh into Air, but is driven (by that Fluid equally protruding it on every fide) and forc't into as little a fpace as it can pofc fibly be contained in5 namely, into a Round Glohule. So likewile a lit-* ted or thruft blown under the water Bubble by the ambient water. And a parcel of g)*i ckfilver enclofed with Water or almoft any other Liquor, isformed into a found Ball, Now the caufe why all theie included Fluids, newly mentioned as many others as are wholly included within a heterogeneous fluid, are not txaUly of a Spherical Figure (feeing that if caufed by thefe Principles only, it could be of no other) muft proceed from fome other kind of pre/fure againft the
two oppofite
This adventitious or acci* dental pr effort may proceed from divers caufes, and accordingly tfruft di" verffie the Figure of the included heterogeneous fluid ; For feeing that A body may be included either with a fluid only ly with a folid , or partly with a fluid, and partly with a folid, or partly with one fluid, and partly with another $ there will be found a very great Variety of the terminating jurfaces, much differing from a Spherical, according to the varirefiftance or preflure that belongs to each of thefe encompafling bo4 flatted fides.
\
dies -.
%
Which
may
be deduced froni two heads , i£| Motion, and Reft. For, either this Globular Figure is altered by ral Motion, fiich as is Gravity 5 or a violent, flich as is any accidental motion of the fluids, as we fee in the wind rutHing up the water,and the purlings of Streams, and foaming otCatarratls, and the like. Or thirdly, By the Firmnefs and Stability <jf the ambient Solid. For it the including Solidbc of an angular or any Other irregular Form, the included fluid will be near of the likens a P\nt*Pot full ot Wer,or a Bladder full of Air. And next, if the including or included fluid have a greater gravity one than another,thcn will the globular Form be depreft into an ElJiptico-jpherical As if, for example, we fuppofe the Circle A B C £>, in the fourth Fig represent a drop i^ included iUVJMMlU to i.u tvpvivuvnwfv^ lilt. Quickjil like, Willi the with the II1V XH1X.J of »»"»»« 3 oi^^ y y] Air or the like , which fuppolmg there were no gravity at all in either of the fluids that the contained and containing were of the fame weighty would be equally compreft into an exactly fpherkal body ( the ambient fluid forcing equally againft every fide of it. ) But fuppofing either a greater gravity in the included , by reafon whereof the parts of it being freftfrotn A towards B, and thereby the whole put into motion, and that motion being hindred by of the fubjacent parts of the Properties
in general
,
AD ¥
ambient, th^ globular Figure C m\\bzdeprefi'mto'xhtEllipticofpherical, E G F H. For the tide A is detruded to E by the Gravity, and B to F by the refinance of the fubjacent medium and therefore C muft ueceflarily be thruft to G^ and D to H, Or tlfe, fnppofing reat ty in the ambient, by whofe more then ordinary ptejjure againft the under tide of thq included globule 5 B will be forced to F, and by its rejiftafice of the E :
:
M ICROGRAPHIA r.
to therefore E, and C be being A will fide depreft the upwards, motion the means alfo Figure by this will globular the be to and G 5 to thruft be included partly fluid with a if one, Next Elliptuofpherical an made fhaped found to be be diverfiy , acwill it fluid, another partly with and
D
H
incongruity of and the gravity the of proportion the to cording 3 fluids upper Air, the Figure, the let the in fecond As : to another one be fl^if er, the Oyl be common Oyl, the lower middle L is reprefented as fuch by Figure, 7**/ the j^&er a into not be formM, will
MMMbe OOO
MN
LMNO, LO M
LMN
whofe fide Figure as a fuch Line, but into pricked will be of a flatter EllipticalViguxe, by reafon of the great difproportion of a rounderÂť between the Gravity of Oyl and Air, and the fide becaufe of the fmaller difference between the weight of Oyl and Water,
La fHy 3The globular Figure will be changed ,if the ambient be partly fluid and partly Jo lid. And here the termination of the incompafled fluid towards the incompafhng is (hap'd according to the proportion of the congruity or incongruity of the fluids to the filids , and of the gravit^-and As fuppofe the fub jacent me* incongruity of the fluids one to another. drum that hinders an included fluids defcent,be a folid , as let K I, in the H, a fourth Figure, reprefent the finooth fuperficies of a Table 5 E parcel of running Mercury the fide G F H will be more flatted , according to the proportion of the incongruity of the Mercury and Air to the Wood,2X\^ of the gravity of Mercury and Air one to another 3 The fide will likewife be a little more depreft by reafon the fubjacent parts are now at reft, which were before in motion.
GF
'-,
CEH
Or further in the third Figure, lid
medium
FGE
A IL D
reprefent an including foof a cylindrical ftiape ( as fuppofe a fmall Glafs 'jar ) Let reprefent a contain d fluid, as water 7 this towards the botlet
MM
tom and
according to the concavity of the Glafs : But its upper Surface, ( which by reafon of its gravity, ( not considering at all the Air above it, and fo neither the congruity or incongruity of either of them to the Glafs ) Ihould be terminated by part of a sphere whofe diameter fhould be the fame with that of the earth, which to our fenfe would appear a ftraight Line, as F E, Or which by reafon of its having a greater congruity to Glafs than Air has, ( not considering its Gravity ) would be thruft into a concave Sphere, as C H B, whofe diameter would be the fame with that of the concavity of the Vefiel ) Its upper Surface, I fay, by reafon of its having a greater gravity then the Air, and having likewife a greater congruity to Glafs then the Air has, is terminated, by a concave Elliptico-JphericalFigure, as C KB. For by its congruity it eafily conforms itfelf, and adheres to the Glafs, and conftitutes as it were one containing body with it, and therefore ihould thruft the contained Air on that fide it touches it,into ajphericalFigure, as B H C, but the motion of Gravity deprefiing a little the Corners B and C, reduces it into the aforelaid Figure Now that it is the greater congruity of one of the two contiguous fluids,then of the other,to the containing folidjhzt caufes the feparating furfacesto be thus or thus figured : *\nd that it is not becaufe this or that figurated furface is more proper, natural, or peculiar to fides, is figured
G
CKB.
/
one
MlCROGlAP
19
of the& fluid bodies,then to the other D w a ppea r frpm thferj. that the ~ame /W/ will by being put int odi&ciyiigfilid/ ., change xWiifitrfaces. the fame water , which ina£lafs or wooden Veflel will fatye a coni 11
cave lurface lupwards.and will rife higher in a fmalkr then a greater Pipe, jhe fame water, Hay, in tjie fame Pipes greafed Over or oy]ed ? will produce quite contrary efTe&s 5 for.it will have a pointer ant and .www furface upwa/ds, and will not rife fo high in (mall, as in bigger Pipes Nay, jn the v^y&me folid Veflel . you may make the very fame two contig Liquid* to alter their Surfaces 5 for taking a {mall Winoglafs^or fuch like Veflel, and pouring water gently into it, youihall perceive the_/* face of the v/ater all the way rife even with the top^ when you (hall find it (i£ you gently and carefully pour in more ) to grow very protuberant and convex 3 the reafon of which is plain , for that the folid fides of the containing body are no longer extended , to which water does more readily adhere then the air$ but it is henceforth to be included with air, which would reduce it into a hewifphere, but by reafon of its gravity^ it is flatted into an Oval. Quicksilver alio which to Glafi is more incongruous then Air ( and thereby being put into a Glafe-pipe ? will not adhere to it, but by the more congruou s air will be forced to have a very protuberant furface, and to rife higher in a greater then a lefler Pipe 3 this Quicksilver to clean Metal^ efpecially toGold^Silver^Tin.Lead^ &c. Iron excepted,is more congruous then Air , and will not only (tick to it,but have a concave Surface like water^ and rife higher in a lefs, then in a ;:
greater Pipe.
•
Examples it is evident , that there is an extraordinary and adventitious force ^ by which the globular Figure of the contained hetero~ In
all
thefe
geneous fluid is altered 5 neither can it be imagined, how it mould otherwife be of any other Figure then Globular : For being by the heterogene*
ms fluid equally protruded every way,whatfbever part is protuberant^ will be thereby
depreji.
From
thiscaufeit
is,
that in
much
its
efte&sit docs very
refemble a round Spring (Tuch as a hoop.) For as in a round Spring there is required an additional prejjure againft two oppofite fides , to reduce it into an Oval Form , or to force it in between the (ides of a Hole> whofe Diameter is lefs then that of the Springs there muff be a confiderable force or protrufion againft the concave or inner fide of the Spring ^ So to alter this^Aer/^/conftituticn of an included fluid body , there is required more preflure againft oppofite fides to reduce it into an Oval^ and, to prefs it into an Hole lefs in Diameter then it felf, it requires a greater/wtrufwn againft all the other fides. What degrees of force are requifite to reduce them into longer and longer Ovals , or to prefs them into lefs and \ekholesy I have not yet experimentally calculated $ but thus much by experiment I find in general , that there is alwayes required a greater freftiire to clofc them into longer Ovals , or pcotude them into fmaller oles. The neceflity and reafon of this, were it requifitej[ could eafily exbut being not (b neceflary , and requiring more room and time then I have for it at prefent , I (hail here omit it and proceed to (hew, that this may be prelently found true , if Experiment be made with roun E a :>
M
20 I
ROGRAP HIA
I
obvious enough. trials And is which making ) way of the Spring round f trying which, the of &c, way will Air, Mercury ot bodies fluid with the defcribe it. He in brief (hall I therefore and } difficult more be fomewhat of a provided be firft Air muft daft-pipe, with try would , therefore that madeofthefhapeofthatinthej^AF/g»re, whereof the fide A B, re* reprelents another C, long foot about three Tube of , ftraight prefents a is ..that left a there ordered Bubble round fo a of $ part of it,which cement with feve faftened may be into which , top the at paffage or hole hoMon of :asletthe cylindrical cavities te determina fmau Pipes of JM n» 1 y
confifts
i*
f
4
G. H.
i JL
•
I.
V
be
J.
<
12
>
of an
inch.
-
6
L.
»4 X
M
3* V
many more , as the Experimenter (hall think fit, with holes continually decreafing by known quantities, fo far as his fenfes are able to help him 5 I fay, fo far, becaufe there may be made Pipes fo
There may be added
as
be impoflible to perceive the perforation with ones naked eye,though by the help of a Microfcope, it may eafily enough be per* ceived : Nay, I have made a Pipe perforated from end to end, fo (mall, that with my naked eye I could very hardly fee the body of it, infomuch that I have been able to knit it up into a knot without breaking : And more accurately examining one with my Microfcope, I found it not fo big as a fixteenth part of one of the fmaller hairs of my head which was of the (mailer and finer fort of hair, fo that hxteen of thefe Pipes bound fag* got-wife together, would but have equalized one fingle hair 5 how fmall therefore muft its perforation be ? It appearing to me through the MicroJcope to be a proportionably thicl^Jided Pipe. To proceed then, for the trial of the Experiment , the Experimenter muft place the lube A B, perpendicular, and fill the Pipe F f cemented into the hole E ) with water, but leave the bubble C full of Air, and then gently pouring in water into the Pipe A B, he muft ob(erve diligently how high the water will rife in it before it protrude the bubble o£ Air C, through the narrow paflage of F, and denote exa&ly the height of the Cylinder of water , then cementing in a (econd Pipe as G, and filling it with water 5 he may proceed as with the former, denoting likewife the height of the Cylinder of able to protrude the bubble C through the paffage of G, the like may he do with the next Pipe^nd the next,d^ as far as he is able then comparing the (e v heights of the Cylind with the foveral holes through which each Cylinder did force the air ("having due regard to the Cylinders of water in the fmall Tubes) it will be very eafie to determine, what force is requifite to pre(s the Air infmall that
(iich
it
will
and fuch a
hole
or ( to apply
prefcnt experiment
)
how /
M
CROGRAPHlAi
the Air is taken off by its ingrefs into ftiialFrom the application of which to the entring of lei and fmaller holes* the Air into the bigger hole of theVeffel, and into the fmaller hole of the Pipe, we (hall clearly find, that there is a greater prefliire of the air upon the water in the Vejjel or greater pipe, then there is upon that in the lefler pipe: For iincethe preflure of the air every way is found to be equals that is, as much as is able to prels up and (uftain a Cylinder of Quicksilver of two foot and a half high, or thereabouts 3 And fince of this preflure fb many more degrees are required to force the Air into a fmaller then into a greater hole that is full of a more congruous fluid. And laftly, Once thofe degrees that are requifite to prels it in, are thereby taken off from the Air within , and the Air within left with fo many degrees of jpreflure lefs then the Air without 3 it will follow, that the Air in the lefs lube or pipe , will .have lefs preflure againfl: the fuperficies of the water therein, then the^/> in the bigger : which was the minor Proportion to be proved. The Conclufion therefore will neceflarily follow, viz. That thk unequal preptre of the Air caufed by its ingrej? into unequal holes , is a caufe fufficient to produce this effeU , without the help of any other concurrent \ and therefore is probably the principal (if not the only) caufe of thefe Phtenomena.
how much of the prefliire of
This therefore being thus explained , there will be divers Phenomena explicable thereby, as, the riling of Liquors in a Filtre, the riling of Spirit of Wine, Oyl, melted Tallow, &c. in the Weeh^ of a Lamp, ( though made of fmall Wire, 1 breeds ofAsbefius, Strings of&ajs, or the like ) the ri/jng
of Liquors in a Spunge, piece of Bread,Sand, &C. perhaps alio the ascending of the Sap in Trees and Plants, through their finall, and fbmeof them imperceptible pores, (of which I have faid more, on another occafion ) at leaft the palling of it out of the earth into their roots. And indeed upon the confideration of this Principle, multitudes of other ulesofitoccurr'd tome, which I have not yetfo well examined and digefted as to propound for Axioms , but only as Queries and Conjectures which may lerve as hints toward (bme further difcoveries. As flrir. Upon the consideration of the congruity and incongruity of Bo* dies,as to touch, I found alfo the like congruity and incongruity C if I may fo fpeak ) as to the Tranfmitting of the Raies of Light For as in this re gar d, water ( not now to mention other Liquors ) leems nearer of affinity to Clafs then ^/>,and Air then Quicksilver : whence an oblique Ray out of Glajs, will pafs into water with very little refraftion from the perpendicular, but none out of Glafs into Air, excepting a dire&, will pafs without a very great refraction from the perpendicular, nay any oblique Ray under thirty degrees, will not be admitted into the Air at all. And Quick? :
but reflects all 5 feeming, as to the tranfmitting of the Raies of Light , to be of a quite differing confti tution,from that of Air , Water .Glafs, &c. and to refemble moft thofe opa cous and ftrong reflecting bodies of Metals : So alfo as to the property of cohefion or congruity , Water feems to keep the fame order , being
ftlver will neither admit oblique or direct,
L
more
M ICRO GR A
22
I
A.
and Air then Q] kfil ver. A Second thing ( which was hinted to me, by the confideration of the included fluids globular form 3 caused by the protrufion of the ambient heterogeneous fluid J was, whether the Phenomena of gravity might not by this means be explained,by fuppofing the Globe of Earth, Water, and Air to be included with a fluid , heterogeneous to all and each of them, fo fubtil , as not only to be every where interfperfed through the Air, Cor rather the air through it ) but to pervade the bodies of Glafs , and even the clofefi Metals, by which means it may endeavour to detrude all earthy r&nd partly thereby ,and partly by other ly bodies as far from of its properties may move them towards the Center of the Earth. Now that there is fbme fuch fluid,! could produce many Experiments and Rea B would ask fome time and becauf< Ions, that do feem to prove room to fet them down and explain them, and to coniider and anfwer all the Objections ( many whereof I forefee ) that may be alledged againft it 5 I fhall at prefcnt proceed to other g)uer ies,contentmg my felf to have here only given a hint of what I may fay more el(where. A Third Query then was , Whether the heterogeneity of the ambient fluid may not be accounted a fecwdary caufe of the roundnefs or globular form of the greater bodies of the world ,fuch as are thofe of the San, Stars, and Vianet s , the fubflance of each of which feems altogether heterogeneous to the circum- ambient fluid ÂŁther > And of this I fhall fay more in the Obfervation of the Moon. A Fourth was, Whether the globular form of the fmalkr parcels of matter here upon the Earthy as that of Fruits, Pebble Flint c. C which feem to have been a Liquor at firft ) may not be caufed by the heterogeneous ambient fluid. For thus we fee that melted Glafs will be naturally formed into a round Figure } fo likewife any fmall Parcel of any fufible body , if it be perfe&ly enclofed by the Air , will be driven into a globular Form $ and,when cold, will be found a folid Ball. This is plainly enough manifefted to us by their way of making foot with the drop J Lead^ which being a very pretty curiofity^and known but to a very few 9 and having the liberty of publishing it granted me, by that Eminent fir tupfo Sir Egbert Moray , who brought in this Account of it to the Royal So ciety, I have here tranfcribed and inferted.
more congruous
Glafs then Air
,
â&#x20AC;˘y
&
o make
fmall (hot of different fizes
Highnefs P. R.
Ake Lead out ftir
and clear
blackifl) parts that
lour of the clear
; -
of the it
(
;'
Lead to
-;
'
his
o;i;
;
Pig what quantity you phafey melt it down
with an iron Ladle
fwim
Communicated by
;
at top like fium7
,
gathering togeth
and when you
the
fee the co-
begreerdfhj>ut no fooner Jirew uponit Auri-
pigmentum
.
Mi CROGRAPHIA. pigmentum powdered much
according to the quantity of
After the
Auripigmentum
Auripigmentum of the
Lead,
about ds
as will lye upon a Half Crown piece will fervefof eighteen or
twenty pound weight offeme forts of Lead kfi.
n
is put in,ftir
when
will flame:
Lead in a Ladle having a Up
ent pouring out of the
others will require more, or
;
the flame
the
Lead well, and the
hover, take out feme
or notch in the brim for conveni-
Lead,and being well warmed amongfl the melted
Lead, and with a fticK make fome fingle drops of Lead trickle out of the Ladle into water in a Glafs , which if they fall to be round and without tails, there
# Auripigmentum
enough put
Then
of the heat is right, otherwifeput in more.
and the temper
in,
lay two bars of Iron
( orfome moreproper Iron-lorf made on purpofe) upon a Pail of waiter,and place
upon them a round Plate of Copper, of the fiz^ and figure
(fan ordinary large Pewter or Silver Trencher, the hollow whereof k be about three inches over
to
the bottom lower then the brims about half
,
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
an
inch, pierced with thirty, forty, or more
holes are, thefmaller thefhot will be;
mall f
holes-,
thefmaller the
and the brim is to
be thicker then
the bottom,to conferve the heat the better.
The bottom of the Trencher being fome four inches water in the Pail,lay upon
ed upon
it.
flands melted,
Then with
and pour
burning Coles,to keep the
it fome
the hot
Ladle take Lead off
itfoftly
diflant
frumthe
Lead melt-
the Pot where
it
upon the burning Coles over the bottom
of the Trencher, and it will immediately run through the holes into the
Thu* pour on new Leadftill as
water in fmall round drops. it runs through the Trencher
the Coles with hand-Bellows,
till
all be done
when
the
;
Lead in
blowing now
fafl as
and then
the Trencher cools fo as
to flop from running.
Whilfi one pours on the Lead, another muft,
rvfiedfour or jive inches under water in to time fome of the fhot,as
there be any fau Its in
it
it
e
with another Ladle,
Pail
â&#x20AC;˘>
catch from time
drops down, to fee the feze of it,
and whether
e greatefl care is to keep the
the Trencher in the right degree of heat
;
if
it
be too cool
run through the Trencher, though itfiand melted upon
it
;
*>
Lead upon it
will not
and this is to
v
.
M ICROGR
24
he helped by blowing the Coals a
when
;
it is too
hot, the drops
Lead,andlet new on pouring mufl flop the the heat, temper right the of ferve
new Lead that n
or pouring on
but the cooler the Lead,the larger the Shot;
hotter :
fmaller
little ,
A. and the
mil crack and fly it
cool
and
;
fo
hotter,the
then you
;
long as you ob-
Lead will conftantly drop into very
round Shot, without fo much as one with a tail in many pounds.
When all is done,take your
in a Frying-pan over the fire to dry them
melt not that they them fiillfhaking feparatethe fmatt from the great
Lattin
,
one another, into as
let into
andput
Shot out of the Pail of water,
;
,
which mufl be done warily,
andwhen
they are dry
you may
made of Copper or many fizes as you pleafe. But if in Pearl Sives
you would have your Shot larger then the Trencher makes them
may do
with a Stick.
it
->
it
making them trickle
,
you
out of the Ladle, as hath
been [aid. be but theTrencher touch a very If it,
not to touch
it
at all.
*
i-
i
•
s\
1
when the Lead flops from but k
andbe not too cooljt will drcp again ,
going through i
little
s+
At
is better
Lead take care that there ~** tin »
the melting of the
j-
i
».
w.
i
be no kindof Oy I, Greafe, or the life, upon the Pots, or Ladles,or Trencher. -
The Chief caufe of this Globular Figure (f the Shot, flems tobetht
Auripigmcntum it
hfti its
skin npon
flnmng it,
;
for, as foonasit is put in
brightnefs ,
when you fcum
contra
it to
among the melted Lead,
inflan
make it
clean with the Ladle.
that when the Air comes at the falling drop of the melted skin conflriSis them every where equally
whether this be the true caufe,
is
:
Sd
Lead
but upon what account, arid t
kfi to further difquifttbn, *-*t%At
Much
mor
a grayiffj
MIm
feme manner, when the Air is exceeding cold through which it pafles/ do we find the drops of Rain^ falling from the Clouds, congealed into round Hail-ftones by the freezing Ambient. To which may be added this other known Experiment 3 That if you gently let fall a drop of water upon fmal 1 find or dujl } you fha 1 find, as it after this
1
obierved in iftoxe brought from Kettering in Hortlmmptwjjjyire^md. there,* fore called by Mafons Ketterjrig-SUne , of which fee the Description?
Which
Mi CROG RAP H Which brings into my mind what I long
I
A*
I
*$
fince obferved in the fiery Sparks
For having a great defire to lee what was left behind, after the Spark was gone out, I purpofely frruck fire over a very white piece of Paper, and obierving diligently where Ibmeconfpi* cuous fparks went out , I found a very little black fpot no bigger then the point of a Pin, which through a Microfcope appeared to be a perfectly round Ball, looking much like a polifbt ball of Steel, infomuch that I cannot I was able to fee the Image of the window reflected from it. here ftay ( having done it more fully in another place ) to examine the particular Reafons of it, but (hall only hint, that I imagine it to be fome (mall parcel of the Steel , which by the violence of the motion of the ftroke ( moft of which feems to be impreft upon thofe fmall parcels ) is made fo glowing hot, that it is melted into a Vitrum, which by the ambient Air is thruft into the form of a Ball. that are ftruck out of a Steel.
A Fifth
thought worth Examination was , Whether the motion of all kind of Springs, might not be reduced to the Principle whereby the included heterogeneous fluid feems to be moved } or to that whereby two Solids, as Marbles, or the like,are thruft and kept together fB by the ambient fluid. thing which
I
?
;
t
A
#
Sixth thing was.Whether the fVifing
and Ebullition of the Water out of Springs and Fountains ( which lie much higher from the Center of the Earth then the Superficies of the Sea, from whence it feems to be derived) may not be explicated by the rifing of Water in a (mailer Pipe For the Sea-water being {trained through the Pores or Crannies of the Earth, is, as it were, included in little Pipes, where the prefliire of the Air has not fo great a power to refift its rifing : But examining this way, and finding in it feveral difficulties almoft irremovable, I thought upon away that would much more naturally and conceivably explain it, which was by this following Experiment I took a Glafs-Tube , of the form of that delcribed in the fixth Figure, and chuf ing two heterogeneous fluids , fiich as Water and Oyl , I poured in as much Water as filled up the Pipes as high as A B, then putting in fome Oyl into the Tube A C, I depreil the fuperficies A of the Water to E, and B I railed to G, which was not Co high perpendicularly as the fuperficies of the Oyl F3 by the fpace F wherefore the proportion of the gravity of thefe two Liquors was as .*
:
GHtoFE. This Experiment I tried with feveral other Liquors , and particularly with frelh Water and Salt ( which I made by dillblving Salt in warm Water ) which two though they are nothing heterogeneous, yet before they would perfectly mix one with another , I made trial of the Experiment Nay, letting the Tube wherein I tried the Experiment remain for many dayes , I obferved them not to mix } but the fuperficies of the frefli was rather more then lefs elevated above that of the Salt. Now the proportion of the gravity of Sea- water, to that of River-water, according to Stevinus and Varenius , and as I have fince found pretty true by making trial my felf, is as 46. to 45. that is, 46. Ounces of the fait Wa.*
F
fer
I
-
Micrograph ia
l(y
•
no more room then 45. of the frefh. Or reciprocally weigh as much as 46 of frefh falt-water of pints 45 But I found the proportion of Brine to frefh Water to be near ijto<2: Suppofing therefore GHMto reprefent the Sea, and F I the height of the Cavern in F a Sea the Superficies the of above Mountain , the Earth, beginning at the bottom of the Sea, and terminated at the top of the Sand at the bottom , through which the Water the Mountain, L is as it were ftrained , fb as that the frefher parts are only permitted to will take up
M
M
G
M
tranlude,and the faline kept back 5 if therefore the proportion of make be as 45 to 46, then may the Cylinder of Salt-water to F the Cylinder of Frefh-water to rife as high as E, and to run over at N. I cannot here ftand to examine or confute their Opinion , who make the depth of the Sea, below its Superficies , to be no more perpendicularly meafured then the height of the Mountains above it : Tis enough for me to fay, there is no one of thofe that have aflerted it > have experiment lly known the perpendicular of either 5 nor fhall I here determine,whe ther there may not be many other caufes of the feparation of the frefh water from the fait , as perhaps fome parts of the Earth through which pafs , may contain a Salt , that mixing and uniting with the Sea-falt, may precipitate it , much after the fame manner as the Alkalizate and Acid Salts mix and precipitate each other in the preparation of tarta* rum Vitriolatum. \ know not alfo whether the exceeding cold (that muff neceflarily be ) at the bottom of the Water, may not help towards this feparation , for we find , that warm Water is able to diflblve and
GM
M
more
Salt
.
then the fame cold ; infomuch that Brines
ftr
impregnated by heat, if Jet cool , do fuffer much of their Salt to fttb and cryftallize about the bottom and fides. I know not alfo whether the exceeding prellure of the parts of the Water one againft another, may not keep the Salt from defcending to the ver£ bottom , as finding little or no rcom to infert it fel£ between thofe parts , protruded fb Jently together , or elf e fqueeze it upwads into the fuperiour parts of the Sea, where it may more eafily obtain room for it ielf, amongft the parts of the Water , by reafbn that there is more heat and lefs prefliire. To Opinion I was fbmewhat the more induced by the relations! have met with in Geographical'Writers^ of drawing frefh Water from the bottom of the Sea , which is fait above. I cannot now ftand to examine, whether this natural perpetual motion may not artificially be imitated Nor can I ftand to anfwer the Objections which may be made againft this my Suppofition : As, Firft, How it comes to pafs,that there are fbmetimes
';
much
higher then the Superficies of the Water } And, Se> condly,Why Springs do not run fafter and flower, according to the varying height made of the Cylinder of Sea- water, by the ebbing and flowing of the Sea > As to the Firft, Infhort, I fay, the frefli Water may receive again a faline Tincture near the Superficies of the Earth , by paffing through fait
Springs
fbme fait back, though not
elfe
many of the faline
parts of the Sea
may bekept
all
And
:
k
Micrograph ia
•
27
the Second , The fame Spring may be fed and fupplyed by divers Caverns3 coming from very far diftant parts of the Sea 3 fo as that it may in one place be high , in another low water $ and (b by that means the spring may be equally liipply'd at all times. Or elfe the Cavern may be (o ftraight and narrow , that the water not having fa ready and free paflage through it^ cannot upon lo (hort and quick mutations of preflure, be able to produce any lenfible efted at fueh a diftance. Betides that to confirm this hypothecs, there are many Examples found in Natural Hijloriansp£ Springs that do ebb and flow like the Sea : As particularly,thofe recorded by the Learned Camden, and after him by speedy to be found in this IJland : One of which,they relate to be on the Top of a Mountain by the finall Village Kilkgn in Flint/hire , Maris <emulus qui ftatis tempos reforbet Aquas $ Which at certain times rifeth and ribus fuas evomit A Second in Cacrmardeiffiirey falleth after the manner of the Sea. ardeny at a place called Cantred Bichan 5 gmi ( ut fcribit toties exuberans , marinas raldm ) naturali die bis undis deficiens , imitatur injiabilitates y T hat twice in four and twenty hours ebbing and flowing y re(embleth the unliable motions of the Sea. The Th<en$mena of which two may be eafily made out, by fuppoling the Cavern, by which they are fed , to arife from the bottom of the next Sea. A Third, is a Well upon the River Ogmore in Glamorganshire y and near unto Newiony of which Camden relates himfelf to be certified,by a Letter from a Learned Friend of his that obferved it, Tons abeji hincy &c. The Letter is a little too long to be inferted,but the fubftance is this 5 That this Well ebbs and flows quite contrary to the flowing and ebbing of the Sea in thoie parts for 'tis almoft empty at Full Sea, but full at Low water. This may happen from the Channel by which it is fupplied , which may come from the bottom of a Sea very remote from thofe parts , and where the Tides are much differing from thofe of the approximate (hores. A Fourth, lies in Wejimorlandy near the River Leder y £j)ui injiar Euripi fepius in die reci» procantibus undis fluit &refluit , which ebbs and flows many times a day. This may proceed from its being fupplyed from many Channels , coming M om feveral parts of the Sea, lying iufticierjtly diftant afunder to have thd times of High- water differing enough one from the other $ fb as that whenfoever it (hall be High water over any of thofe places, where thefe Channels begin, it lhall likewife be fb in the Well } but this is but a fuppo-
And as to
&
t
&
fition.
A Seventh §^uery was, Whether the
or mixing of feveral ben dies, whether huid or folid,with faline or other Liquors,might not partly be attributed to this Principle of the congruity of thofe bodies and their ^
dijjolution
Water,Metals in feveral MenfirunmSy Unctuous Gums in Oy Is, the mixing of Wine and Water, &c. And whether preci* pitation be not partly made from the fame Principle of Incongruity ? I fay partly becaufe there are in fome Dif lblutions,lome other Caufes condiflolvents
?
As of Salt
current.
1
-
make a much more feemingly ftrange and unlikely <g»ery 5 Whether this Principle, well examined and explained, may F 2 not
I (hall laftly
and that is,
in
I
:
M ICROGRA
I
A
Operations of Naconsiderable moft not be found ion .of Rarefad and confequently Lighted Heated inthofeof As ture? Op and acoufnefs^Refr Terfpicuity Fluidnefs, and Hardnefs, Condensation, alimany be may thing there whether not know &c. Nay,I Colours. ens and > Finger a have to faid This be ma) this ) done in Nature,in which C enquired into further Treatife and this of other paflages fome in have I wh\ch by corroJton is caufed be Heat apmay Light as well as that 3 (hewn, but que be reft the will nts% all fubfe confequently congruity ^and to plicable Error ,which guilty that of be the willingly not would time I mean In the fuch,and as of, notice takes juftly Verulam calls Learned and Noble thrice urn mentor Expert orum pane din quo Empiricum Anguftijs Genus Vhilofophis 9 Obfiuritate fundatum eft. For I neither conclude from one fingle Expeone upon made Subject ufe ofall make Experiments I the are rimenter Nq^wreft I any Experiment to make it quadrare with any preconceiv'd But on the contrary , I endeavour to be converfant in divers Notion. kinds of Experiments, and all and every one of thole Trials, I make the Standards or Touchftones, by which I try all my former Notion^ whether they hold out in weight, and meafure,and touch, &c. For as that Body is no other then a Counterfeit Gold , which wants any one of the Proprie ties of Cold, (. (uch as are the Malleablenefs, Weight, Colour, Fixtnefi in the Fire,Indiflblublenefs in Aqua fortis^nd the like ) though it has all the other 3 fo will all thofe Notions be found to be falfe and deceitful, that will not undergo all the Trials and Tefts made of them by Experiments And therefore fiich as will not come up to the defired Apex oi Perfection, I rather wholly re ject and take new, then by piecing and patcfring,endea vour to retain the old,as knowing iuch things at beft to be but lame and imperfect. And this courfe I learned from Nature 5 whom we find neglectful of the old Body, and fuffering its Decaies and Infirmiremain without repair , and altogether follicitous and careful of perpetuating the species by new Individuals. And it is certainly the moft likely way to erect a glorious Structure and Temple to Nature* fiich as fhe Will be found C by any zealous Votary ) to redd begin to build 5 new upon a fure Foundation of Experiments ÂŁut to d jgrefs no further from the confideration of the ?h<enomeua y more immediately explicable by this Experiment, we (hall proceed to fliew, that, as to the rifing of Water in a Filtre, the reafon of it will be manifeit to him,that does take notice,that a Filtre is conftituted ofa great number of fmail long folid bodies , which lie fo clofe together, that the Air in its getting in between them , doth lofe of its preflure that it has aFluid without them > by which means the Water or Liquor not finding fo ftrong a refiftance between them as is able to counter-ballance the preflure on its fuperficies without, is raifed upward, till it meet with grefTure of the Air which is able to hind And as to the Rifing of Oyk melted Tallow, Spirit of Wine, &c. in the Week of a Candl Lamp, it is evident, that it differs in nothing from the former, faveonly this , that a Filtre the Liquor defcends and runs away by anothe r part 3 and ia the Week the Liquor i$difperfed and carried away by the c* 1 Flame 5 a co-efficient in the
&
m
s
M
U I
C
ROG
•
R
AJ»
H1A
* »
Flame $ fomething there is afcribable to the Heat , for that it may rarifie the more volatil and fpirituous parts of thofc combuftible Liquors, and (b being made lighter then the Air , it may be protruded upwards by that more ponderous fluid body in the Form of Vapours but this can be afcribed to the afcenfion of but a very little,and moft likely of that only which afcends without the Week. As for theRifing of it in a Spunge, Bread,Cotton.e£r. above theluperficies of the fubja cent Liquor } what has been {aid about the Fibre ( if confidered ) will eahly fuggeft a reafon , confidering that all thefe bodies abound with fmall holes or; --,
•
pores.
From
fame Principle
alio ( vi%. the unequal prejjure of the Air againft the unequal Juperfcies of the water ) proceeds the caule of the a u ceflion or incurfion of any floating body againft the fides of the con* this
or the dppropinquation of two floating bodies, as Bubbler, Corks. Sticks, Straws, &c. one towards another. As for inftance, Take Glafs- jar, fuch as A B in the feventh Figure, and filling it pretty near the top with water , throw into it a fmall round piece of Cork , as C, and plunge it all over in water , that it be wet , fo as that the water may rife up by the fides of it,then placing it any where upon the fuperficies, about an inch,or one inch and a quarter from any fide, and you (hall perceive it by degrees to make perpendicular fy toward the neareft part of the fide, and the nearer it approaches , the falter to be moved } the reafon of which Phenomenon will be found no other then this, that the Air has a greater prefiiire againft the middle of the fitpe'rficie , then it has againft thofe parts that approach nearer , and are contiguous to the Cidcs. Now* that the preflure is greater , may ( as I (hewed before in the explication of the third Figure ) be evinced from the flatting of the water in the middle, which ariles from the gravity of the under fluid : for fiftce, as I (hewed before,if there were no gravity in the under fluid,or that it were equal to that of the upper , the terminating Surface would be Spherical, and fince it is the additional preflure of the gravity of Water that makes it fo flat,it follows, that the preflure upon the middle muft be greater then towards the fides. Hence the Ball having a ftronger preflure againft that fide of it which refpects the middle of the fuperficies , then againft that which refpefts the approximate fide , muft neceflarily move towards that part, from whence it finds leaft refiftance, and fo be accelerated^ as the refiftance decreales. Hence the more the water is raifcd under that pari! of its way it is pafling above the middle, the faftec k is moved : And therefore you will find it to move fafter in E then in D, and in then in C. Neither could I find the floating fubftance to be moved at all, until it were placed upon fbme part of the Superficies that was: (cnhbly elevated above the height of the middle part. Now that this may be the true caule, you may try with a blown Bladder, and an exa&ly round Ball upon a very fmooth fide of fome pliable body , a? Horn or Quicksilver. For if the Ball be placed under a part of the Bladder which is upon one fide of the middle of its preflure 9 and you prels ftrongly againft the Bladder,you (hall find the Ball moved from the middle towards the fides. taining Veflel
I
,
D
Having
MiCROGRAPHiA.
gO
Having therefore (hewn the reafon of the motion of any float towards the fides, the reafon of the incurfion of any two floating bodies will eafily appear : For the riling of the water againft the fides of either of them,is an Argument fufficient 3to (hew the prefliire of the Air to be there Jefs,then it is further from it,where it is not fo much elevated 3 and therefore the reafon of the motion of the other toward it , will be the lame as towards the fide of the Glals 3 only here from the fame reafon , they are mutually moved toward each other , whereas the fide of the Glals in the former remains fixt. Ifalfo you gently fill the Jar fo full with water, that the water isprotuberant above the fides, the lame piece of Cork that
*
before did haften towards the fides , does now fly from it as faft towards the middle of the Superficies 3 the reafon of which will be found no other then this, that the prefliire of the Air is ftronger againft the fides of and H, then againft the middle 1 3 for fince, as I Ihewed the Superficies before , the Principle of congruity would make the terminating Surface Spherical , and that the flatting of the Surface in the middle is from the abatement of the waters prefliire outwards, by the contrary indeavour of its gravity 3 it follows that the prefliire in the middle muft be lels then on the fides 3 and therefore the confecution will be the fame as in the former. It is very odd to one that confiders not the reafon of it , to fee two floating bodies of wood to approach each other,as though they were indued with fome magnetical vigour 3 which brings into my mind what I formerly tried with a piece of Cork or fuch like body, which I fo ordered, that by putting a little ftick into the lame water, one part of the faid Cork would approach and make toward the ftick, whereas another would difcede and fly away,nay it would have a kind of verticity , fo as that if the ^Equator ( as I may fo fpeak ) cf the Cork were placed towards the ftick, if let alone, it would inftantly turn its appropriate Pole toward it5 and then run a-tilt at it:and this was done only by taking a dry Cork, and wetting one fide of it with one fmall ftroak 3 for by this means gently putting it upon the water, it would deprels the fuperncies on every fide of it that was dry , and therefore the greateft prefliire of the Air, being near thole fides caufed it either to chafe away-pr elle to fly oft from any other floating body, whereas that fide only, againft which the water afcended, was thereby able to attract. It remains only, that I Ihould determine how high the Water or other Liquor may by this means be railed in a fmallerPipe above the Superficies of that without it , and at what height it may beliiftained : But to determine this, will be exceeding difficult, unlefs I could certainly know how much of the Airs prefliire is taken ofl by the fmalnels of fuch and liich a Pipe,and whether it may be wholly taken ofT,that is,whether thera can be a hole or pore fo fmall , into which Air could not at all enter* though water might with its whole force 3 for were there fuch , 'tis manifeft , that the water might rile in it to fome five or lix and thirty Englilh Foot high. I know not whether the capillary Pipes in the bodies of fmall Trees, which we call their Mcrofcopical fores 5 may not be fuch 3 and whether the congruity of the fides of the Pore may not yet draw the jnyce
G
',
even
Ml CROGR APHiA. even higher then the Air was able by its bare prefliire toraife it : For, Gongruity is a principle that not only unites and holds a body joyned to k, but, which is more, attracts and draws a body that is very near it, and holds
it
And
above
its
ufual height.
obvious even in a drop of Water fufpended under any Similar or Congruous body For,befides the ambient preflure that helps to keep it (ufrein'd, there is the Congruity of the bodies that are contiguous. This is yet more evident in Tenacious and Glutinous bodies j fucfy as Gummous Liquors, Syrups, Pitch, and Rofin melted &c. Tar, Turpentine, BaKbm, Bird-lime, &c. for there it is evident , that the Parts* of the tenacious body, as I may fo call it, do (tick and adhere (b clofely together, that though drawn out into long and very (lender Cylirn yet they will not eafily relinquish one another 5 and this, though the bodies be aliquatenus fluid, and in motion by one another 5 which^ to fiich as confider a fluid body only as its parts are in a confufed irregular motion, without taking in alio the congruity of the parts one among another, and incongruity to fome other bodies, does appear not alittle So that befides the incongruity of the ambient fluid to it, we itrange. are to confider alio the congruity of the parts of the contein d fluid one with another. And this Congruity ("that I may here a little further explain it) is both a Tenaceous and an Attractive power , for the Congruity, in the Vi* brative motions,may be the caufe of all kind of attraction, not only Electrical, but Magnetical alio, and therefore it may be al(b of Tenacity â&#x20AC;˘ and Glutinoufiieft. For, from a perfed congruity of the motions of two diftant bodies, the intermediate fluid particles are feparated and dro ven away from between them, and thereby thofe congruous bodies are, by the incompafling mediums, compell'd and forced neerer together 3 wherefore that attractivenefs muft needs be ftronger, when, by an immediate contact , they are forc'd to be exactly the fame : As I (hew more And this hints to me the reafon of at large in my Theory of the Magnet. the (ufpenfion of the Mercury many inches, nay many feet, above the ufuFor the parts of Qtticl^fher, being (b very al ftation of 50 inches. fimilar and congruous to each other, if once united, will not eafily (uffkt a divulfion : And the parts of water, that were any wayes heterogeneous, being by exantlation or rarefaction exhaufted, the remaining parts bei And the parts of the Gla alfo very fimilar, will not eafily part neither. being (olid, are more difficultly disjoynd 5 and the water, being (bmer what fimilar to both, is3 as it were, a medium to unite both the Glafs and the Mercury together. So that all three being united, and not very diÂŁ fimilar, by means of this contact, if care be taken that the Tube in erecting be not (hogged, the Quicksilver will remain fufpended, notwithftanding its contrary indeavour of Gravity , a great height above its or dinary Station $ but if this immediate Conta& be removed , either by a raeer feparation of them one from another by the force of a (hog, whereby the other becomes imbodied between them , and licks up from furface fome agil parts , and (b hurling them makes them air 5 or e this is
:
j
t;
â&#x20AC;˘
Micrograph
2 3
i
A.
of the Water, or Air, orQuickfilver> which appears like a bubble, and by its jumbling to and fro there is made way for the heterogeneous Mther to obtrude it felf between the Ghfs and either of the other Fluids, the Gravity of Mercury precipitates h downward with very great violence , and if the Veflel that holds the reftagnating Mercury be convenient 3 the Mercury will for a time vibrate to and fro with very large reciprocations, and at laft will remain kept up by the preflure of the external Air at the height of neer thirty inches. And whereas it may be objected, that it cannot be, that the meer imbodying of the JEther between thefe bodies can be the cau(e,fince the jEther having a free pafTage alwayes , both through the Pores of the Glals , and through thole of the Fluids , there is no reafon why it (hould not make a
byfome
(mall heterogeneous agil part
feparation at all times whilft it remains fufpended, as when it is violently dif-joyned by a (hog. To this I anfwer , That though the Mther pafles between the Particles, that is, through the Pores of bodies, (b as that any
made
has infinite paflages to admit its entry into it, yet (uch is the tenacity or attractive virtue of Congruity, that till it be overcome by the meer ftrength of Gravity, or by a (hog aflifting chafine or feparation being
,
it
that Conatus of Gravity, or by an agil Particle, that is like a leaver agitated by the Mtber \ and thereby the parts of the congruous (ubftances
are feparated fo far afunder , that the ftrength of congruity is fb far weakened,as not to be able to reunite them, the parts to be taken hold of bei ing removed out of the attractive Sphere, as I may fb (peak, of the con-
gruity 3 fitch, I (ay, is the tenacity of congruity, that it retains and holds the almoft contiguous Particles of the Fluid , and fufTers them not to be
â&#x20AC;˘
by meer force that
attractive or retentive faculty
be overcome : But the feparation being once made beyond the Sphere of the attractive activity of congruity , that virtue becomes of no effeft at all, but the Mercury freely falls downwards till it meet with a refiftance from the preflure of the ambient Air, able to refift its gravity, and keep it forced up in the Pipe to the height of about thirty inches. Thus have I gently railed a Steel pendulumby aLoadftone to a great Angle^till by the (baking of my hand I have chanced to make a feparation between them, which is no fooner made, but as if the Loadftone had retained no attractive virtue, the Vendulum moves freely from it towards the other (ide. So vaft a difference is there between the attractive virtue of the Magnet when it ads upon a contiguous and upon a disjoyned body : and much more muft there be between the attractive virtues of congruity upon a contiguous and disjoyned body 5 and in truth the attractive virtue is (b little upon a body disjoyned, that though I have with a Microjcope obferved very diligently, whether there were any extraordinary protuberance on the fide of a drop of water that was exceeding neer to the end of a green (tick, but did not touch it, I could not perceive the leaftj though I found, that as (bon as ever ittoucht it the whole drop would prefently unite it felf with it 3 fo thatitfeems an abfolute contad is requifite to the exercifing of the tenacious faculty of congruityfeparated,
till
Obfierv.
-
Mi CROGRAP HI A. >3t
.
j -
/ 1
lib
Obferv.
VIL
Offome Phenomena of G lafs drops . "'
Glafs Drops are fmall [parcels of coarfe green Glafs taken out o«. the Pots that contain the Metal ( as they call it ) in fufion, upon the
THefe
and being exceeding hot, and thereby of a kind of fluggifh fluid Confidence, are differed to drop from thence into a Bucket of cold Water, and in it to lye till they be grown fenfibly cold. Some of thefe I broke in the open air , by mapping offa little of the fmall ftem with my fingers, others by crulhing it with a (mall pair of Plyers 5 which I had no fooner done , then the whole bulk of the drop flew violently, with a very brisk noife, into multitudes of fmall pieces, fome of which were as lmall as duft, though in fome there were remaining pieces pretty large, without any flaw at all,and others very much flaw'd, which by rubbing between ones fingers was eafily reduced to duft 3 thefe difperfed every way fo violently , that fome of them pierced my skin, t could not find,either with my naked Eye,or a Microfiope^ that any of the broken pieces were of a regular figure,nor anyone like another, but for the moft part thofe that flaw'd off in large pieces were prettily bran-
end of an Iron Pipe
5
ched.
•
1
$
U
JL
~>
The ends of others of thefe drops I nipt
off whilft all the bodies and ends of them lay buried under the water, which, like the former, flew all I to pieces with as brisk a noife, and as ftrong a motion. Others of thefe I tried to break, by grinding away the blunt end, and though I took a feemingly good one , and had ground away neer two thirds of the Ball, yet would it not fly to pieces, but now and then fome fmall rings of it would fnap and fly off, not without a brisk noife and! I
3
quick motion,leaving the Surface of the drop whence it flew very prettily branched or creafed , which was eafily discoverable by the Aftcrefope; / This drop,after I had thus ground it, without at all impairing the remnan£ that was not ground away, I caufed to fly immediately all into find upon the nipping off the very tip of its (lender end. Another of thefe drops I began to grind away at the- (mailer end , but! " had not worn away on theftone above a quarter of an inch whole drop flew with a brisk crack into fand or fmall duft 3 noPwcfcri* it have held (b long , had there not been a little flaw in the piece' that I ( n d ground away, as I afterwards found. J™ Several others of thefe drops I covered over with a thin but Very tuff skin of Icthyocolla^ which being very tough and very tranfparetit,Was the moft convenient fubftance for thefe tryals that I could imagine^fcrvin diptj fay, feveral of thefe drops in this tranfparent Glue whilft 'M6tf , a fuffering them to hang by a firing tied about the end of them rill they were cold, and the skin pretty tough 5 then wrapping all the body of h i;i t'*U-* G dfo '
1
*
-'
\
-3
I
:
M 1CROGRA
34
drop ( leaving out only the very tip ) in fine fupple Kids-leather very clofely,f nipped off the fmall top, and found, as I expected, that notwith the cloie wrapping up in Leather , upon (landing this skin of Glue and like gave my gave crack the drop reft, the a of the top, breaking the hand a pretty brisk impulfe: but yet the skin and leather was fo ftrong as keep the parts from flying out of their former pofture 5 and, the skin «-auvuj its retained exactly iliac the drop iciaiuwu ugiviuitl former fi lUUim that m*, uiuj' u~ lldlll^aiV.111 , I l found CJCIUli tranfp being gure and polifh, but was grown perfectly opacous and all over flaw'd, all thofe flaws lying in the manner of rings, from the bottom or blunt end, to the very top or fmall point. And by fe veral examinations with a MicroJcopey of fe veral thus broken, I found the flaws, both within the body of the drop, and on the outward furface, to lye much in this order. Let A B in the Figure X of the fourth Scheme reprefent the drop cafed over with itthyocoUa or ijinglafs, and ( by being ordered as is before pre by the skin or cafe kep fcribed ) crazed or flawed former figure , and each of its flawed parts preferved exactly in its due _ 5 the outward appearance of it fomewhat plainly to the naked appeared conspicuous if fmall viewed with a fenfs w but much more , j r fnuch after this (hape. That is , the blunt end B for a pretty breadth, namely , as far as the Ring C C C feemed irregularly flawed with divers clefts, which all feemed to tend towards the Center of it, being, as I afterwards found , and (hall anon (hew in the defeription of the figure Y, the Bafis, as it were, of a Cone, which was terminated a little above the uddle of the drop , all the reft of the Surface from C C C to A was wed with an infinite number of fmall and parallel Rings.which as they were for the moift part very round , fo were they very thick and clofe XQ tier, but were not fo exactly flaw'd as to make a perfect Ring , but was by irregular cracks flawed likewife into multitudes pf ftregular flakes nd this order was obferved likewife the #
•
r;
\+
length of the neck * QW though I could not fo exactly cut this corneal Body through the as is reprefented by the figure V; yet by anatomizing, as k were, Ie
r
offeveral, and taking notice of divers particular circumftances, I was in£grme4* that could I have artificially divided a flaw'd drop through the Axis or Center , I fhould with a Microfcope have found it to appear much of this form j where A.fignifies the Apex , andB the blunt end, the Cone of the Bafis, which is terminated at the top or end of be the very middle of the blunt end, in which, not only the co-
CC
T
t
.*
/_
of the Bafis
C C is terminated,
D
_
but as many of the parts of the
drop as reach as high as D i And it feemed to be the head or beginning of a Pith, as it were, or a part of the body which feemed more fpungy then the reft , and much which from T afeended by E E, though le& vi^
.........
:
towards A.
The Grain,
A DC
as it were, ofail the
flaw?, tfctf from all the outward Surface C £> A* was much the fameva is represented by the black ftrokes that meet in the middle X,
DT,DE,DE, &c
;
D
)
Nor
X
M MICROGRAPH[A. Nor is this kind of Grain ,
as I
may
call it, peculiar
to Glafs drops thus
quenched 5 for ( not to mention Coperas-Jlones , and divers other Mat' cbajites and Minerals , which I have often taken notice of to be in the very fame manner flaked or grained, with a kind of Pith in the middle ) I have obferved the fame in all manner of caft Iron , efpecially the coarfer fort, fuch as Stoves, and Furnaces, and Backs4 and Pots are made of For upon the breaking of any of thofe Subftances it is obvious to obierve b how from the out-fides towards the middle 5 there is a kind of Radiation or Grain much refembling this of the Glafs-drop 5 but this Grain is moft confpicuous in Iron-bullets , if they be broken : the fame Vhtnomena may be produced by cafting regulns of Antimony into a Bullet- mold, as alfo with Glafs of Antimony or with almoft any fuch kind of Vitrified fitbjiance , either caft into a cold Mold or poured into Water. Others of thefe Drops I heat red hot in the fire,and then fufFered them to cool by degrees. And thefe I found to have quite loft all their fulmi* nating or flying quality, as alfo their hard brittle and fpringy texture 5 and to emerge of a much lbfter temper, and much eafier to be broken or Inapt with ones finger^but its ftrong and brittle quality was quite deftroyed, and it feemed much of the fame confidence with other green Glafs well nealed in the Oven. l_ _. The Figure and bignefs of thefe for the moft part was the fame with that of the Figure Z 5 that is,all the furface of them was very fmooth and polifht,and for the moft part round , but very rugged or knobbed about D, and all the length of the ftem was here and there pitted or flatted. About D, which is at the upper part of the drop under that fide of the ftem which is concave , there ufually Was made fomeoneor more little Hillocks or Prominences. The drop it felf, before it be broken, appears very tranfparent , and towards the middle of it, to be very full of fmall Bubbles, of lome kind of aerial fubftance, which by the refraction of the outward furface appear much bigger then really they are 5 and this may be in good part removed, by putting the drop under the furface of clear Water, for by that means moft part of the refract ion of the convex Surface of the drop is deftroyed , and the bubbles will appear much fmaller. And this, by the by, minds me of the appearing magnitude of the^ertureof the /r//, or pupil of the eye, which though it appear, and be therefore judged very large , is yet not above a quarter of the bignefs it appears of] by the lenticular refraction of the Cornea. The caufc of all which Yhtenomena I imagine to be no other then this, That the Parts of the Glafs being by the excefiive heat of the fire kept off and feparated one from another, and thereby put into a kind of flug gifli fluid confiftence , are fuflfered to drop off with that heat or agitation remabing in them, into cold Water by which means the outfides of the drop arc prelently cool'd and crufted , and are thereby made of a loofe texture,becaufe the parts of it have not time to fettle themfelves leifurely together , and fo to lie very clofe together And the innermoft parts of the drop, retaining ftili much of their former heat and agitations, remain »•
',
«,
\
•-,
:
G
2
\
M ICRO
RA
H
â&#x20AC;˘
as the cold ltrikes inwards according alfo,and, from the texture loofe of a and as were, made rigid in that very quenched, it are fides, and ttotn
For the parts of the crufi being pofture wherein the cold finds them. already hardened , will not fufTer the parts to {brink any more from the outward Surface inward 5 and though it fhrink a little by reafbn of the fmall parcels of fome Aerial lubftances difperled through the matter of the Glals, yet that is not neer fo much as it appears ( as I juft now hinted 5) nor if it were, Would it befumcient for to confolidate and condenfe the body of Glals into a tuff and dole texture , after it had been fo exceflively rarified by the heat of the glafs-Furnace. But that there may be (uch an expanfion of the aerial (ubftance contained in thole little blebbs or bubbles in the body of the drop , this fol-
lowing Experiment will make more evident.
Take a fmall Glafs-Cane about a foot long ,
feal
up one end of
it
her*
bubble of Glals, almoftof thelhape of an Eflence-viol with the open mouth towards the lealed end , then draw out the other end of the Pipe very fmall,and fill the whole Cylinder with water , then let this Tube by the Fire till the Water begin to boyl , and the Air in the bubble be in good part rarified and driven out , then by (ticking the fmalling Pipe, more of the Air or vapours in the bubble may be fuck'd lb that it may fink to the bottom 5 when it is funk the bottom,in the flame of a Candle,or Lamp,nip up the {lender Pipe and let it cool: whereupon it is obvious to oblerve, firfr, that the Water by degrees will lubfide and Ihrink into much lels room ; Next, that the Air vapours in the Glafs will expand themfelves fo buoy up the Glafs : Thirdly, that all about the infide of the Glals-pipe there will appear an infinite number of fmall bubbles,which as the Water grows colder and colder will fwell bigger and bigger, and many of them buoy themfelves up and break at the top From thhDifteclwg of the heat in Glals drops,that is, by the quenching or cooling Irradiations propagated from the Surface upwards and inwards, by the lines C T, CT, DT,DE,cÂŁr. the bubbles in the drop have room to expand themfelves' and the of the Glals con tract themfelves 5 but this operation being too quick for the lluggilh parts of the Glafs, the contraction is performed very unequally and irregularly, and thereby the Particles of the Glafs are bent, fome one way, and lome another, yet foas that molt of them draw towards the Pith or middle TEEE. 01 rather from that outward : fo that they unbend themfelve fome part of T E E E be broken and loofened for all the parts about that are placed in the manner of an Arch, and (6 till their hold at T EE E be loofened they cannot fly afunder, but uphold, and Ihelter, and fix each other much like the ftones in a Vault, where each ftone does concurre to the frability of the whole Fabrick, and no one ftone can be taken away but the whole Arch falls.And where* foever any of thole radiating wedges T D, &c. are removed, are the component parts of this Arch,the whole Fabrick prefently falls t< meticallyfhcvv put in a very fmall
D
pieces
-•
MlCROGRAPHlA
•
of Springs the feveral parts are fet at liberty, which the all for 5 immediately extricate themfelves and fly afunder every way § each part pieces
by its Ipring contributing to the darting of it ielf and fome other contigu ous part. But if this drop be heat fo hot as that the parts by degrees can unbend themfelves, and be fettled and annealed in that pofture , and be to fubfide and cool 5 The parts by this nealing lothen wffered gently *'• s fing their (pringinels , conftitute a drop of a more ibft but lefs brittle ture,and the parts being not at all under a flexure, though any part of the middle or Pith T E E E be broken,yet will not the drop at all fly to pieces as before.
This Conjecture of mine I (hall indeavour to make out by explain* ing each particular Aflertion with analogous Experiments : The Aflertion* are thefe
That the parts of the Glafs , whilft in a fluid Confidence and are more rarified , or take up more room , then when hard and
Firft
hot
,
,
cold.
Secondly , That the parts of the drop do
fuffer
a twofold contra-*
crion.
Thirdly, That the dropping or quenching the glowing metal in th<2 Water makes it of a hard, fprjnging, and rarified texture. Fourthly , That there is a flexion or force remaining upon the parts of the Glafs thus quenched , from which they indeavour to extricate themfelves.
That the Fabrick of the drop, that is able to hinder the parts from extricating themfelves, is analogus to that of an Arch. Sixthly, That the fudden flying afunder of the parts proceeds frorrf Fifthly,
their fpringinefs.
Seventhly, That a gradual heating and cooling does anneal or reduce the parts of Glais to a texture that is more loofe , and ealilicr to be broken, but not fo brittle*
of thefe is true may be gathered from this, That Heat if a property of a body arifing from the motion or agitation of its parts 5 an therefore whatever body is thereby toucht muft neceflarily receive fome part of that motion,whereby its parts will be fhaken and agitated 5 and lb by degrees free and extricate themfelves from one another , and each part fo moved does by that motion exert a conatus of protruding and dip placing all the adjacent Particles. Thus Air included in a veflel, by being heated will burft it to pieces. Thus have I broke a Bladder held over the fire in my hand, with fuch a violence and noife , thatitalmoft made me deaf for the pfefent,and much furpaflid the noife of a Musket: The like have I done by throwing into the fire fmall glafs Bubbles hermetically fealed , with a little drop of Water included in them. Thus Water alfo,or any other Liquor,included in a convenient veflel,by bei
That the
warmed
firft
manifeftly expands it felf with a very great violence , fo as to break the ftrongeft veflel, if when heated it be narrowly iraprifoned in it; ,
This
M
I
C
ROGRAP
I
HIA
This is very manifeftby the fealedTher/nometers, which I have, byfeveral tryals, at laft brought to a great certainty and tendernefs : for I have made fbrne with ftems above four foot long , in which the expanding Liquor would fo far vary,as to be very neer the very top in the heat of Summer, and prety neer the bottom at the coldeft time of the Winter. The Stems I ufe for them are very thick 5 ftraight,and even Pipes of Glafi,with a very fmall perforation , and both the head and body I have made on purpofe at the Glafs-houfe , of the fame metal whereof the Pipes are drawn : thefe I can eafily in the flame of a Lamp, urged with the blaft of a pair of Bellows, feal and clofe together, fo as to remain very firm, clofe and even 5 by this means I joyn on the body firft,and then fill both it and a part of the ftem , proportionate to the length of the item and the warmth of the feafbn I fill it in^with the beft rectified Spirit of Wine highly tingd with the lovely colour of Cocheneel^ which I deepen the more by pouring fome drops of common Spirit of Vrine , which muft not be too well rectified , becaufe it will be apt to make the Liquor to curdle andftick in the fmall perforation of the ftem. This Liquor I have upon tryal found the moft tender of any fpirituous Liqnor,and thofe are much more fenfibly affected with the variations of heat and cold then other more flegmatick and ponderous Liquors , and as capable of receiving a deep tincture, and keeping it,as any Liquor whatfoever , and ( which makes yet more acceptable _) is not fubjeel: to be frozen by any cold yet known. When I have thus filled it,l can very eafily in the forementioned flame of a Lamp feal and joyn on the head of it. Then, for graduating the ftem, I fix that for the beginning of my divifion where the furface of the liquor in the ftem remains when the ball is placed in
common
diftilled water, that is fo cold that it juft begins
to freeze and (hoot into flakes , and that mark I fix at a convenient place of the ftem, to make it capable of exhibiting very many degrees ofcold, below that which is requifite to freeze water : the reft of my divisions, both above and below this (which I mark with a [o~] or noughtj I place according to the Degrees of Expanfion^ or ContraUion of the Liquor in proportion to the bulk it had when it indur'd the newly mention a freezing cold. And this may be very eafily and accurately enough done this following way s Prepare a Cylindrical veflel of very thin plate Brafs or Silver, A B C of the figure Z $ the Diameter A B of whofe cavity Jet be about two inches, and the depth B C the fame , let each end be cover'd with a flat and fmooth plate of the fame fubftance, clofely fbder'd on, and in themidft of the upper cover make a pretty large hole E F, about the bignefs of a fifth part of the Diameter of the others into this faften very well with cement a ftraight and even Cylindrical pipe of Glafs, E F H, the Diameter of whofe cavity let be exactly one tenth of the Diameter of the greater Cylinder. Let this pipe be marked at H with .
D
G
G
G
a Diamant, fo that from E may be diftant juft two inches, or the fame height with that of the cavity of the greater Cylinder, then divide the
length
EG
of thefe
exactly into 10 parts, fo the capacity of the hollow of
divifions will
be
~
part
of the capacity of the greater Cj der,
M
-
i
*
*
ROGR APHlA
%
This veflel being thus prepared, the way of marking and grada ating the 7 her mo meters may be very eafily thus performed ; Fill this Cylindrical veflel with the fame liquor wherewith the Thermometers are fill'd, then place both it and the Thermometer you are to graduate, in water that is ready to be frozen, and bring the furface of th firft marke or [o~]j then fo proportion liquor in the Thermomete) er.
that the furface of it may juft be at the liquor in the Cylindrical the lower end of the (mail glals-Cylinder } then very gently and gradu ally
warm the water in which both the Th
and
this Cylindrical
and as you perceive the ting'd liquor to rife in both ftem*Âť with the point of a Diamond give feveral marks on the ftem of the Ther* which by comparing the expahfion in both mometer at thofe pi Stems , are found to correfpond to the divifibns of the cylindrical vefleJ, and having by this means marked fbme few of thefe divisions on the Stem 3 it will be very eafie by the/e to mark all the reft of the Stem, and accordingly to affign to every divifjon a proper character. A Thermometer , thus marked and prepared, wilf be the fitteft Inftrti mcnt to make a Standard of" heat and cold that can be imagined. For veflel ftand,
being fealed up, it is not at all fubjeft to variation or wafting ble to be changed by the varying preflure of the Air , which 'all other kind of Thermometers that are open to the Air are liable to. But to pro* ceed.
\i v
This property of Expanfion withjleat, and Contraction with Cold, is not peculiar to Liquors only, but to all kind of foiid Bodies alio, efpecially Metals, which will more manifeftly appear by this Experiment. Take the Barrel of a Stopcock of Brafs, and let the Key, which is well fitted to it,be riveted into it Jo that it may (lip,and be eafily turned round, then heat this Cock in the fire, and you will find the Key fo fwollen, that you will not be able to turn it round in the Barrel f, but if it be fuftered to cool again, as loon as it is cold it will be as movable, and as eafie to be turned as before. AHtitmny, Si This Quality is alfo very obfervable in Lead Pitch^Rofm^Bees'Vpax^ntter^nd thelike$ all which,if after they be melted you fufter gently you fhall find the parts of the upper Surface fubfidc and fall inwards , lofing that plumpnefs and fmoothnds it had whilft in fufion. The like I have alfo obferved in the cooling of QUfs of Antimony- which does very neer approach the nature of date, But bccauie thefe are all Examples taken from other materials then c -Glafs,and argue only, that poflibly there may be the like property alfo in Glafs, Got that really there is 5 we fhall by three or four Experiments inideavour to manifeft that aHb. And the Firft is an Obfervation that is very obvious even in thefe very drops,to wit,that they are all of them terminated with equal or regular Surface , efpecially about the foaller pant of the drop , md the whole length of the fterii boutD^ and from thence to A, the whole .Surface, which would have been round if the drop had cool'd kifurely 4s, by befog quenched fcjfftijjiwer} larly flatted and pitted 3 which -
/
â&#x20AC;˘
.
^Uini^w,.!
1
/
*
M
o 4
i
ROGRAP
IA *
f
cooling and unequally Waters the t>re£ partly from proceeds fuppofe I : fing the parts of the drop , and partly from the felt contracring or fubfiding quality of the fubftance of the Glafs: For the vehemency of the heat of the drop caufes fuchfudden motions and bubbles in the cold Wa-
fome parts of the Water bear more forcibly againft one part then againft another , and confequently do more fuddenlycool thofe parts to which they are contiguous. A Second Argument may be drawn from the Experiment of cutting For in that Experiment the top of the Iron Glafles with a hot Iron. d thereby rarifies the parts of the Glafs that lie juft before the crack, whence each of thofe agitated parts indeavouring to expand felf and get elbow-room, thrufts ofT all the reft of the contiguous parts, and confequently promotes the crack that was before begun. A Third Argument may be drawn from the way of producing a crack in a (bund piece or plate of Glafs, which is done two wayes, either Firft, by fuddenly heating a piece of Glafs in one place more then in another. And by this means cfymijis ufually cut off the necks of Glafs-bodies, by two kinds of Inftruments, either by a glowing hot round Iron^Ring, which juft incompafies the place that is to be cut , or elfe by a Sulphur d ThreecL which is often wound about the place where the feparation is to be made,and then fired. Or Secondly A Glafs may be cracked by cooling fuddenly in any place with Water, or the like, after it has been fiirely and gradually heated very hot. Both which Phenomena feem manifeftly to proceed from the expanjion and contraction of the parts of the Glafs , which is alfb made more probable by this circumftance which I have obferved , that a piece of common window-glafs being heated the middle very fuddenly with a live Coal or hot Iron,does ufually at the firft crack fall into pieces,whereas if the Plate has been gradually heated very hot, and a drop of cold Water and the like be put on the middie of nly flaws it, but does not break it afunder immediter,that
a
;
ately
.
A
Fourth Argument may be drawn from GJafs-pipe, and fit into it a folid ftick of Glafs,
Experiment 3 Take a fb as it will but juft be moved in it. Then by degrees heat them whilft they are one within another,and they will grow ftiffer, but when they are again cold,they will be aseafie to be turned as before. This Expanfion of Glafs is more manifeft in this
Ms*
Oft fa*
this
Experiment.
*mc»
Take a ftick of Glafs of a confiderable length,and fit it fb between the two ends or fcrews of a Lath,that it may but juft eaftly turn 3 and that the very ends of it may be juft toucht and fufteined thereby 5 then applying the flame of the Candle to the middle of it, and heating it hot, you witt prefently find the Glafs to ftick very faft on thofe points, and not without much difficulty to be convertible on them , before that by removing the flame for a while from it, it be fuffered to cool, and en y oa wili find it ^ afl eafie to be turned round as at the firft I frso From all which Experiments it is very evident, that all thofe Bod y and particularly Glafs, fuffersan Expanfion bV Heat, and that a vet)
m
*
# 1 •
I
I
%
(iderablc
/
;
M ICROGRAPHFA; :
fiderable one,whilft they are in a ftate of Fulkm. For Fluidity I eliewhere mention, being nothing but an effeff of a veryfirong and qwe^jbafyng wotio#9 whereby the parts arenas it were Joofened from each other ^and conjequently leave
an interjacentfp ace or vactuty neceflarily take
'>
it
up much more
follows, that all thole (haken Particles muft room then when they were at reft, and lay-
upon each other. And this is further conflrmed by a Pot of boy ling Mabafier^ which will manifeftly rife a fixth or eighth part higher in the Pot, whilft it is boy ling, then it will remain at, both before and after it be boyl r ed.The reafon of which odd Th^nomenon ( to hint it here only by the way) is this , that there is in the curious powder of Alabafter, and Other calcining Stones, a certain watery fubftance, which is ibfixt and included with the folid Particles, that till the heat be very confiderable they will not fly away$ quietly
but after the heat is increaled to fuch a degree , they break out every way in vapours, and thereby fo (hake and loofen the fmall corpulles ofthe Powder from each other, that they become perfectly of the nature of a fluid bor dy, and one may move a (tick to and fro through it, and ftir it as eafily as water, and the vapours burftand breakout in bubbles juftas in boyling water,and the like s whereas, both before thofe watery parts are flying away, and after they are quite gone $ that is, before and a iter it have done boyling,all thofe effects ceafe in
it
time
as in land, or the like.
,
and a
Which
ftick is as difficultly
Explication
I
moved to and fro
could eafily prove, had I
but this is not a fit place for it. To proceed therefore, I lay,that the dropping of this expanded Body into cold Water, does make the parts of the Glafs fufter a double contraction The firft is, of thole parts which are neer the Surface of the Drop. For Cold, as I fa id before,contrac~cing Bodies, that is,ÂŁ? the abatement of the agitating faculty the parts falling neerer together 5 the parts next ad joying to the Water muft needs lofe much of their motion , and impart it to the Ambient-water (which the Ebullition and commotion of it manifefts) and thereby become a (olid and hard cruft , whilft the innermoft parts remain yet fluid and expanded 5 whence,as they grow cold alfo by degrees,their parts muft neceflarily be left at liberty to be condenled 3 but becaufe of the hardnefs of the outward cruft,the contraction cannot be admitted that way$but there being many very imall, and before inconfpicuous, bubbles in the fubftance of the Gla^upon the fubfiding of the parts of the Glafs,the agil fubftance contained in them has liberty of expanding it felf a little,and thereby thofe bubbles row much bigger,which is the fecond Contraction. And both thtfe are conrmed from the appearance of the Drop it felf : for as for the outward parts, we fce,flrft,that it is irregular and fhrunk, a s it were, which is cauied by the yielding a little of the hardened Skin to a Contraction , after the very outmoft Surface is fettled y- and as for the internal parts , one may with ones naked Eye perceive abundance of very confpicuous bubbles, and with the Microfcop* many more* The Confederation of which Particulars will eaflly make the Third Poiiti on probable,that is,that the parts of the drop will be of a very hard, though of a rarified Texture $ for ifthe outward parts of the Drop, by reafon of its hard cruft, will indurc very little Contraction, and the agil Particles, inclui,
I
rl
de<l
A
M ICRO GR
42
)
IA
the lofing of their agitation;, by thedecreafe of the Heat,lofe alfo moft part of their Spring and Expanfive powerjit follows (the parts mu ft be left withdrawing of the heat being very hidden) very loofe Texture, and by reafon of the implication of the pans one about another,which from their (luggiflines and glutinoiuncislfuppofe to be much
ded in thofe bubbles, by
Thorn-bufh,or a Lock of Wool^It will follow, I fay, that the parts will hold each other very ltrongly together3 and deavour to draw each other neerer together , and confequently their Tex muft be very hard and ftif^ but very much rarihed And this will make probable my next Pofition, That the part r of the Glafi are under a Iqnd oftenjion or flexure ^out ofwhich they indeavour to extricate and freethemfelves&vA thereby all the parts draw towards the Center or middle, and would, if the outward parts would give way, as they do when the outward parts cool leifurely (as in baking of GlaflcsJ) contract the bulk of the drop into a much lets compafs. For (ince.as I prcved before 5 the Internal p d.asit werctos'd edTe of the drop, when flu id, were of a very open like a Lock of Wool.and if they were differed leifurely to cool, would be again preft, as it were,clofe together: And fince that the heat,which kept them bended and open, is removed , and yet the parts not fuflered to get as neer together as they naturally would 5 It follows 9 that the Particles remain under a kind of tenfion and flexure , and confequently have an indeavour to free themlelves from that bending and diftenfion, which they do, as fbon as ibon as by a leifurely heating and cooling, either the tip be brok the parts are nealed into another port And this will make my next Pofition probable,that the parts oftheGlafs drop/ are contignated together in the form of an Arch^nA cannot any where yield or be drawn inwards 3till by the removing of fbme one part of itfas it happens in the removing one ofthe (tones of an Arch)the whole Fabrick is (hatter d,and falls to pieces,and each of the Springs is left at liberty,fuddenly to extricate it after the
manner of the (ticks
in a
felf: for fince I have made it probable,that the internal parts of the Glafs have
a contractive power inwards, and the external parts are incapable of (uch a Contra&ion,and the figure of it being fphericaljit fbllows-.that the fuperhcial parts muft bear againft each other , and keep one another from being condens'd into a left room, in the fame manner as the ftones of an Arch conduce to the upholding each other in that Figure.And this is made more probable by another Experiment which was communicated to me by an excellent Perlbn,who(e extraordinary Abilities in all kind of Knowledg, efpecially in that of Natural things,and his generous Diipofition in communicating 3incouraged me to have recourfe to him on many occafions. The Experiment was this: Small Glafs-balls ( about the bignefs of that reprefented in the figure &. Would,upon rubbing or fcratching the inward Surface, fly all infunder, with pretty brisk noife 3 whereas neither before nor after the inner Surfa had been thus fcratcht, did there appear any flaw or crack. And putting the pie ceÂŤ of one of thofe broken ones together again, the flaws appeared much after the manner of the black lines on the Figure, &. The(e Balls were fmall, but exceeding thick bubbles of Glafe , which being crack'd off from the Tuntilim whilft very hot , and fo IufFered to cool without nealing them the
M
I
CROG RA
P
H
I
A,
43
Oven over the Furnace , do thereby ( being made of white dais, which cools much quicker then green Glafs , and is thereby made much the
brittlerj acquire a very porous and very brittle texture: fo that if with the point of a Needle or Bodkin, the infide of any of them be rubbed
pretyhard, and then laid on a Table, it will, within a very little while, break into many pieces with a brisk noife, and throw the parts above a fpan afunder on the Table: Now though the pieces are not fo Jmal] as thofe of a fulminating drop, yet they as plainly fhew, that the outward parts of the Glafs have a great Conatus to fly afunder, were they not held together by the tenacity of the parts of the inward Surface : for we fee as foon as thofe parts are crazed by hard rubbing, and thereby their tenacity fpoiled, the fpringinefs of the more outward parts quickly makes a divulfion, and the broken pieces will, if the concave Surface of them be further fcratcht with a Diamond, fly again into fmaller pieces. h From which preceding confiderations it will follow Sixthly , That the Hidden flying afunder of the parts as foon as this Arch is any where difordcred or broken, proceeds from the fpringing of the parts , which Endeavouring to extricate themfelves as foon as they get the liberty , they perform it with fuch a quicknefs,that they throw one another away with very great violence.* for the Particles that compofe the Cruft have a* a Co Conatus to lye further from one another,and d therefore as foon as the external parts are locfened they dart themfelves outward with great violence, juft as fo many Springs would do, if they were detained and faftened to the body, as foon as they fhould be fuddcnly loolened, and the internal parts drawing inward, they contract fo violently, that they rebound back again and f y into multitude of fmall drivers or fands. Now though they appearno r, either to the naked Eye, or the Microfiope, yet I am very apt to think there may be abundance of fmall flaws or cracks , which , by reafon the flrong reflecting Air )s not got between the contiguous parts, appear not. And that this may be fo , I argue from this , that I have very often been able to make a crack or flaw, in fome convenientpieces of Glafs,to appear and difappear at pleafure, according as by preffing together, or pulling aiunder the contiguous parts, I excluded or admitted the ftrong reflecting Air between the parts: And it is very probable, that there may be fome Body, that is either very rarified Air, or fomething analogous to it.3 which fills the bubbles of thefe drops , which I argue, firft, from the round nefs of them, and next, from the vivid reflection of Light which they exhibite : Now though I doubt not , but that the Air in them is very much rarified,yet that there is fome in them, to fuch as well confider this Experiment of the difappearing of a crack upon the extruding of the Air , I foppofe it will feem more then probable. The Seventh and laft therefore that I fhall prove, is, That the gradual heating and cooling of thefe fo extended bodies does reduce the parts of the Clafs to a loofer andfifter ten/per. And this I found by heating them, and keeping them for a prety while very red hot in a fire } for thereb) I fouh4 them to grow a little lighter , and the fmall Stems to be very ealily broken and Inapt any where , without at all making the drop fly j whereas before 'H i ^
r
\
\ *
M ICROGRA
44
A.
broken be could not they exceeding hard,that with Co were before they drop breaking the whole and their upon would difficulty 5 much out laft Realbn of which The great violence. feetns very with pieces in fly does cooling of parts and the not heating only leilurely the that be to , into parts a better but ranges all the Glafs the it felf , of part fome Waft order, and gives each Particle an opportunity of relaxing its felf, and confequently neither will the parts hold fo ftrongly together as before, yielding, be parts now more eafily to broken The : difficult be fo nor nor will the other parts fly in pieces , becaule the parts have no bended The relaxation alfo in the temper of hardned Steel , and ham Springs. mered Metakby nealing them in the fire,leems to proceed from much the lame caule. For both by quenching luddenly fiich Metals as have vitrias hammering other by of kinds that Steel interfpers'd, has,and parts fied arts are put do not fo much abound with them, as Silver, Brals, &c, into and detained in a bended pofture , which by the agitation of Heat are fbaken, and loofened, and fuffered to unbend themfelves. -
i
Obfcrv. VIII.
Of
the fiery Sparks
Jkuck from a
Flint or
Steel. I
Sthtm. j
T
common Experiment
by
with a Flint againft a Steel,to make certain fiery and fhining Sparks to fly out from between About eight year upon carnally thole two compreffing Bod ding the Explication of this odd Vhtnomenon^ by the molt Ing t>es Cartet , 1 had a great defire to be fatisfied , what that Subftance was that gave fuch a mining and bright Light : And to that end I fpread a fheet of white Paper,and on it, observing the place where feveral of thefe Sparks feemed to vanifh, I found certain very fmall, black, but glittering ch of which examining with my Mifc Spots of a movable Subfta >pc>\ found to be a fmall round Globule \ fome of which, as they looked prety fmall, fo did they from their Surface yield a very bright and ftron refle&ion on that fide which was next the Light $ and each look'd almo like a prety bright Iron-Ball, whole Surface was prety regular, fuch as is reprefented by the Figure A. In this I could perceive the Image of the Window prety well, or of a Stick, which I moved up and down between the Light and it. Others I found,which were, as to the bulk of the Ball, rety regularly round,but the Surface of them,as it was not very fmooth, ut rough,and more irregular, lb was the reflection from it more faint and Surfaces of B.C.D. and E. Some of thefe I confufi Such were found cleft or cracked, asC, others quite broken in two and hollow, as D. which feemed to be half the hollow Ihell of a Granado, brokeh irreSeveral others I founcf of other Iriapes $ but that gularly in p which is reprefented by E, I obferved to be a very big Spark of Fi to Which Went out upon one fide of the Flint that I ftruck fire witha which is
a very
.
,
ftriking
S'cbc
».
/
\
v
v
X
i
my
)'
M
-
ROGRAPHlA.
N
which it ftuckby the root F, at the end of which fmall Stem wasfaftened-on a Hemijphere, or half a hollow Ball 5with the mouth of it open from the ftemwards, (b that it looked touch like a Funnel, or an old fafiiioned Bowl without a foot. This night;, making many tryals andobfervations of this Experiment.,! met,among a multitude of the Globular ones which I had obferved, a couple of Inffances, which are very remarkable to the confirmation of my Hypothecs. And the Firft Was of a pretty big Ball fattened on to the end of a fmall iver of Iron,which Compofitum feemed to be nothing elfe but a long thin I chip of Iron^one of whofe ends was melted into a fmall round Globul^the other end remaining unmelted and irregular, and perfectly Iron. The Second Inftance was not lefs remarkable then the Firft} for I found, when a Spark went out, nothing but a very fmall thin long fliver of Iron or Steel $ unmelted at either end. So that it feems, that tome of thefe Sparks are the llivers or chips of the Iron 'vitrified , Others are only the flivers melted into Balls without vitrification , And the third kind are only fmall fliversof the Iron, made red-hot with the violence of the ftroke given on the Steel by the Flint. He that fhall diligently examine the Thdcnomena of this Experiment, will, I doubt not, find caufe to believe, that the reafbn I have heretofore given of it, is the true and genuine cauie of it, namely, That the Sparky appearing
Co
hut a fmall piece of the Steel of the Steely which by the violence of the ftroke
bright in the fallingjs nothing
elfe
or Flint* but mofi commonly is at the fame time fever d and heatt red-hot , and that fometimes to fitch a degree , as to make it melt together into a fmall Globule of Steel $ and fomebut times alfo is that heatfi very intenfe as further to melt it and vitrifie it 'â&#x20AC;˘>
}
many times the heat
is Jo gentle, as to be able to
make
the fliver only red hot*
which nottoithfianding falling upon the tinder ( that is only a very curious fmall Coal made of the fmall threads of Linnen burnt to coals and char\i) it eafily fits it on fire. Nor will any part of this Hypothesis feeni ftrange to him that confiders, Firfr, that either hammering, or filing, or otherwife violently rubbing of Steel, will prcfently make it fo hot as to be able to burn ones fingers. Next , that the whole force oi the ftroke is exerted upon that fmall part where the Flint and Steel firft touch : For the Bodies being each of them fb very hard , the puis cannot be far communicated, that is, the parts of each can yield but very little, and therefore the violence of the concuffion will be exerted on that piece of Steel which is cut off by the Flint. Thirdly , that the filings or fmall parts of Steel are very apt,as it were,to take fire, and are prefently red hot, that is,there feems to be a very combufiible fulphureous Body in Iron or Steel, which the Air very readily preys upon, as foon as the body is a little violently heated.
And
through the rlarfie of the fmall chips of Iron,
Steel or Iron caft
obvious in the filings of of a Candle 5 for even by that fudden tranfitus they are heat red hot, and that combufiible fulphureous Body is prefently prey'd upon and devoured by the aereal incompafiing Menfiruum, whofe office in this Particular I have fhewn in the Explication of Charcole.
this
is
And /
:
M
a6
I
ROGRAP HI A
And in profecurion of this Experiment ,having taken
the filings of Iron and Steely and with the point of^a Knife caft them through the flame of Candle , I obferved where fbme confpicuous fhining Particles fell , and
looking on them with my Microscope , I found them to be nothing elfe but fuch round Globules, as I formerly found the Sparks ftruck from the nd fhaking together all Steel by a ftroke to be, only a little bigg 3 filings that had fallen upon the fheet of Paper underneath, and obferving them with the Mkrofiope. I found a great number of fmall Globules, fuch
though there were alfo many of the parts that had remained untoucht, and rough filings or chips of Iron. So that, it teems, Iron does contain a very combufiible fulphureous Body, which i$j in all likelihood, one of the caufes of this Phenomenon , and which may be perhaps very much concerned in the bufinefs of its hardening and tempering ; of which fomewhat is faid in the Defcription of Mufeovy-glafi. So that, thefe things confidered, we need not trouble our felves to find out what kind of Pores they are, both in the Flint and Steel, that how thofe Atoms come to be hindred from the Atoms offi when a dore or paflage in their Pores is made by the conning all ed we trouble our felves to examine by what Prometheus cuiuon the Element of Fire comes to be fetcht down from above the Regions of the Air, in what Cells or Boxes it is kept, and what Epimetheus lets it go Nor toconfider what it is that caufes fo great a conflux of the atomical Particles of Fire, which are faid to fly to a flaming Body, like Vultures or Eagles to a putrifying Carcafs , and there to make a very great pudder. Since we have nothing more difficult in this Hypothecs to conceive, firfr, as to the kindling of Tinder, then how a large Iron-bullet, let fall red or glowing hot upon a heap of Small-coal , fhould fet fire to thofe that are next to it firft : Nor fecondly, is this lair more difficult to be explicated, then that a Body, as Silver for Inftance, put into a weak Menflruum^ as unrectified Aqua fortis fhould , when it is put in a great heat , be there diflblved by it, and not before 5 which Hypothecs is more largely explic ted in the Defer ip of Charcoal. To conclud we fee by this In fiance, how much Experiments may conduce to the regulating of Vhilo For if the raoft Acute Des Cartes had applied himfelf fophicalnot experimentally to have examined what fubflance it was that caufed that finning of the falling Sparks ftruck from a Flint and a Steel he would certainly have a little altered his Hypotheji. d we fhould have found that his Ingenious Principles would have admitted a very plaufible Ex whereas by not examining fb far as he plication of this vh ich Experiment do might , he has fet down an Explic as the former,
di
But before I leave this Defcription, I rnuft not for take notice of the Globular form into which each of thefe is mo oufly formed. And this Phenomenon^ as I have elfewhere more lai fhewn, proceeds from a propriety which belongs to all kinds of fluid Bodies' more or Iefs,and is caufed by the Incongruity of the Ambient and included Fluid, which fo a&s and modulates each other they acquire , as neer as is pofnbl
5
M J
I
*
ROGRIAPH1A fc
I
47
which propriety and feveral of I have more folly explicated in the fixth
poflible, a fpericalot globular form,
Tbmomeni that proceed from it, Oblervation.
t
i
/ncrn
<
r r?«
,
One Experiment, which does very much illuftrate my pre/ent Explication, and is in it felf exceeding pretty, I mud not pafsby And that is a Way of making fmall Globules or Balls of Lead, or Tin, as final] almoft as :
and that exceeding eafily and quickly \ by turning the filings or chips of thole Metals alio into perfectly round Globules, The way, in fhort,as I received it from the Learned Thyfitian Dotfor I. G thefe of Iron or Steel,
is
.
this -,
i
Reduce the Metal you would thusihape,
•
I
-
into exceeding line filings,
the finer the filings are, the finer will the Balls be: Stratifie thefe filings with the fine and well dryed powder of quick Lime in a Crucible proportioned to the quantity you intend to make : When you have thus filled
your Crucible, by continual gratifications of the filings and powder, (b that.as neer as may be, no one ol the filings may touch another, place the Crucible in a gradual fire , and by degrees let it be brought to a heat big enough to make all the filings, that are mixt with the quick Lime,to melt* and no more 3 for if the fire be too hot , many of thefe filings will joyn and run together 5 whereas if the heat be proportioned , upon warning the Lime-dull: in fair Water , all thofe fmall filings of the Metal will fubfide to the bottom in a moft curious powder , confifting all of exactly round Glokdes, which, if it be very fine, is very excellent to make Hour.
r
glaflcs of*
Now
though quick Lime be the powder that this direction makes choice o£ yet I doubt not, but that there may be much more convenient ones found out, one of which I have made tryal of, and found very effectual 5 and were it not for difcovering, by the mentioning of it, another Secret , which I am not free to impart , I (hould have here inferted it.
Obfcrv
IX
Of
the Colours obfervable in Mufcov) Glafs^
other thin Bodi
and
* 1
*
M
Ofcovy-glafs,or tapis fpecularis^s a Body that feems to have as mamet have Mineral I common as any n y Curiofities in its Fabrick __ with : for firft , It is tranfparent to a great thicknefs : Next, it is com> one generated or joyned flakes pounded of an infinite number of thin upon another fo cloie fmooth,as with many hundreds of them to make
_
&
one fmooth and thin Plate of a tranfpatent flexible mbftance,which with care and diligence may be flit into pieces fo exceedingly thin as to be hardly perceivable by the eye, and yet even thofe, which I have thought the thinneft, I have with a good Microfcope found to be made up of many other Plates, yet thinner \ and it is probable* that, were our Mkrofcopei
much -
M
I
C
ROC RAP
m m
HI A.
much better 3 we might much further dhcov er its divisibility.
Nor
arc
thefe flakes only regular as to the fmoothnefs of their Surfaces } but third In many Plates they may be perceived to be terminated naturally
with edges of the figure of a Rhombotid. This Figure is much more con* (picuous in our Engliih talk, much whereof is found in the Lead Mines, and is commonly called Spar , and Kauc^ which is of the fame kind of fubftance with the Szknitn^ but is feldom found in fo large flakes as that is, nor is it altogether fo tuff, but is much more clear and tranfparent,and much more curioufly fhaped , and yet may be cleft and flak'd like the other S'dentin. But fourthly, this ftone has a property, which in refpeel: of the Aticrofiope, is more notable, and that is, that it exhibits feveral appearances of Colours, both to the naked Eye, but much more confpicuŠufjv to the Microfiope * for the exhibiting of which , I took a piece of Mujcoty-glafe , and fplitting or cleaving it into thin Plates, I found that up .and down in feveral parts of them I could plainly perceive feveral white fpecks or flaws, and others diverily coloured with all the Colours of the Rainbow 5 and with the Microfiope I could perceive , that thefe Colours were ranged in rings that incompafled the white {peck or flaw, and were r ound or irregular, according to the fhape of the fpot which they terminated } and the pofition of Colours, in refpect of one another, was the cry fame as in the Rainbow. The conlecution of thofe Colours from the middle of the fpot outward being Blew, Purple, Scarlet, Yellow, Greens Blew, Purple, Scarlet, and fo onwards, ibmetimes half a (core times repeated,that is,there appeared fix,feven,eight.nine or ten feveral coloured rings or lines, each incircling the other, in the fame manner as I have often feen a very vivid Rainbow to have four or five feveral Rings of Co lours, that is, accounting all the Gradations between Red and Blew for one: But the order of the Colours in thefe Rings was quite contrary to the primary or innermoft Rainbow and the fame with thole of the fecondary or outermoft Rainbow } thefe coloured Lines or Irifes^ as I may fo call them , were fbme of them much brighter then others , and fomc of them alfb very much broader, they being fbme of them ten,twenty, nay, I believe , neer a hundred times broader then others 5 and thofe uiually were broadifh which were neereft the center or middle of the flaw. And oftentimes I found , that thefe Colours reacht to the very middle of the flaw j and then there appeared in the middle a very large fpot , for the moll: part, all of one colour , which was very vivid , and all the other Colours incompafling it, gradually afeending, and growing narrower towards the edges , keeping the fame order , as in the fecundary Rainbow, that is,if the middle were Blew, the next incompafling it would be a Pur* ple,thc third a Red, the fourth a Yellow, &c. as above ^ if the middle were a Rcd,the next without it would be a Yellow,the third a Green, the fourth a Blew,and fo onward,. And this order it alwayes kept whatfbever were the middle Colour. There was further obfervable in feveral other parts of this Body, many Lines or Threads,each of them of fbme one peculiar Colour, and thofe fo exceedingly bright and vivid , that it afforded a very pleafant objed: through >,
9
.
Micrographia:
>
49
of threads Some thefe I have obfervedi alio to Mcrofcope. the through be pieced or made up of feveral fhort lengths of differently coloured ; may fb call them) appearing about two inches long ends ( asT through the Microfcope t has been compounded of about half an inch of " of ah inch more of a bright Peachcolour, k of a lovely Grafs-g Scarlet5and the reft of the line of a Watcher blew. Others of them were 4 much otherwife coloured, the variety being almoft infinite. Another thing which is very oblervable, is, that if you find any place where the colours are very broad and confpicuous to the naked eye, you may, by prefling that place with your finger, make the colours change places,and r another 1 J go from one part to ! There is one Phenomenon more, which may, if care be ufed, cxhi exceeding pleafant has divers times to me bit to the behold and not lefsinfrrufrive Spectacle 5 And that is, if curiofity and diligence beufed , you may lb fplit this admirable Subftance , that you may have pretty large Plates ( in companion of thofelmaller ones which you may obferve in the Rings ) that are perhaps an \ or a ÂŁ rart of an inch oven h of them appearing through the Microfcope raoft curioully, intirely, tj and uniformly adorned with fome one vivid colour this, if examined with the Microfcope , may be plainly perceived to be in all parts of it equally thick. Two, three, or more of thefe lying one upon another, exhibit oftentimes curious compounded colours , which produce fuch Compofitum , as one would fcarce imagine fhould be the refult of fuch /. gredients : As perhaps a faint yellow and a blew may produce, a very d ptrpl But when anon we come to the more Uriel: examination of the Phenomena^ and to inquire into the caufes and realbns of thefe product! ens, we fhall,I hope , make it more conceivable how theyare produced and (hew them to be no other then the natural and neceflary effects fing from the peculiar union of concurrent caufes. Thefe Phenomena being fb various, and fo truly admirable, it will certainly be very well worth our inquiry , to examine the caufes and reafbns of them,and to confider, whether from thefe caufes demonftratively evi-r denced , may not be deduced the true caufes of the production of all kind of Colours. And I the rather now do it , inftead of an Appe dix or Digreffion to this Hiftory, theft upon the occafion of examining the Colours in Peacocks5 or other Feathers, becaufe this Subject , as it does afford more variety Of particular Colours , fb does it afford much And this will be made better way es of examining each circumftance. manifeft to him that confiders , firft , that this laminated body is mortf fimple and regular then the parts of Peacocks feathers, this confifting only of an indefinite number of plain and fmooth Plates, heaped up, or incumbent on each other. Next, that the parts of this body are much more manageable, to be divided or joyned, then the parts of a Peacocks feather,orany other fubftance that I know. And thirdly, becaufe that in this? we are able from a colourlefs body to produce feveral coloured bodies, affording all the variety of Colours imaginable : And feveral others* Which the fubfequcnt Inquiry will make manifeft I
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M ICRO GR
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circumftances, fcveral that from it manifeft is the therefore., begin To is Colours fbme Lamina thefe feveral of apparition , the of caufe material very thicknefs of body a 4et.eruu pellucid or tranfparent a of Plate or nate and proportioned according to the greater or lefs refractive power
of the pellucid body.
And that this is (b abundance of Inftances and'par;
manifeft. make will ft; Circumftances ticular » As fifi , if you take any fmall piece of theMnfcovy-glafs , and with a
Needle , or tome other convenient Inftrument, cleave it oftentimes into thinner and thinner Laming you fhall find, that till you come to a determinate thinneis of them, they (hall all appear tranfparent and colourlefs, but if you continue to iplit and divide them further,you (hall find at Iaft5 that each Plate, after it comes to fuch a determinate thicknefs, (hall appear mod lovely ting'd or imbued with a determinate colour. If further, by any means you lb flaw a pretty thick piece, that one part does begin to cleave a little from the other, and between thofe two there be by any means gotten fbme pellucid medium, thofe laminated pellucid bodies that fill that fpace, fhall exhibit feveral Rainbows or coloured Lines, the colours of which will be difpofed and ranged according to the various That this is (b, is yet fur thicknefles of the feveral parts of that Plate. w tber confirmed by this Experiment. -v. Take two fmall pieces of ground and poliftit Looking-glafs-plate, each about thebignefsof a (hilling, take thefe two dry , and with your fore-fingers and thumbs prefs them very hard and clofe together,and you i
ihall find, that
when they approach each other very
near, there will ap-
or coloured Lines, in the fame manner almoft as in the JMufcovy-glafs 5 and you may very eafily change any of the Colours of any part of the interpofed body, by prelling the Plates clofer and harder together,or leaving them more lax s that is,a part which appeared coloured with a red, may be prefently ting d with a yellow, blew, green, purple , or the like , by altering the appropinquation of the terminating Plates.Now that air is not neceflary to be the interpofed body, but that any other tranfparent fluid will do much the fame, may be tryed by wet ting thofe approximated Surfaces with Water, or any other tranfparent Liquor, and proceeding with it in the fame manner as you did with the Air and you will find much the like effect , only with this difference, that thofe eomprcit bodies, which differ moft, in their refractive quality, from the compreffing bodies, exhibit the moft ftrong and vivid tinctures. Nor is it neceflary , that this laminated and tingd body fhould be of a fluid fubftance , any other fubftance , provided it be thin enough and tranfparent, doing the fame thing : this the Lamina of our Mufeovy gkfs hint 5 but it may be confirmed by multitudes of other Inftances.
pear feveral
Irifes
'•>
And firft, we (hall find, that even Glafs it ielf may, by the help of a Lamp 3 be blown thin to produce thefe Vhttnomena of Coenough **»«| lours: atte
I
•
y
_
f
which Phenomena
Ill accidentally
•
enin
to frame fmall Glaffes with a Lamp
••
as
I
have been
did not a little furprizc me at having never heard or feen arty thing of it before 5 though afterwards comparing it with the Thxnemena , I had often obferved ,
.
M iCROGRApHtA which Children ufe to make with Soap-water, I did the leis wonder 5 eipecially when upon Experiment I found, I was able to produce the fame Phenomena in thin Bubbles made with any Thus have I produced them with Bubbles other tranfparent Subftance. of Fitch^ Rojin, Colophony, Turpentine, Solutions of feveral Gums, as Gum-> Arabic^ in water } any glutinous Liquor,as Wort , Wine,Spirit of Wine, Oyl of Turpentine, Glare of Snails, &c. It would be ncedlefs to enumerate the feveral Inftances , rhefebein enough to (hew the generality or univerlality of this propriety. Only muft not omit, that we have inftances alfo of this kind even in metalline Bodies and animal 5 for thofe feveral Colours which are obferved to follow each other upon thepolifht furface of hardned Steel, when it is by a fufficient degree of heat gradually tempered or fbftened , are produced from nothing elfe but a certain thin Lamina of a vitrum or vitrified part of the Metal,which by that degree of heat, and the concurring action of the ambient Air,is driyen out and fixed on the furface of the Steeh And this hints to me a very probable ( at leaft, if not the true) caufe of the hardning and tempering of Steel, which has not, I think, been yet iven,nor, that I know of,been fo much as thought of by any. And that is this,that the hardnefs of it arifes from a greater proportion of a vitrified Subftance interfperfed through the pores of the Steel. And that the tempering or fbftning of it arifes from the proportionate or fmaller parcels of it left within thole pores. This will feem the more probable , if we
ob^rved in
thofe Bubbles
confider thefe Particulars. Firft,
and tuff's,
of Metals are of themfelves very flexible that is, will indure bending and hammering,and yet retain their
That the pure
parts
continuity.
Next, That the Parts of all vitrified Subftances, as all kinds of Glafs, the Scoria of Metalsi, &c. are very hard, and alfo very brittle- being neiUeable, but may by hi hammering or beating be broken ther flexible nor malleable, l "' ... d < into fmall parts or Thirdly,That all Metals ( excepting Gold and Silver , which do not fomuch with the bare fire, unlefs aflifted by other falme Bodies) do more or lefs vitrifie by the ftrength of fire, that Is, are corroded by a (a* and line Subftance, which I elfewhere (hew to be the true caufe of fire x
.
—
r>
.
.
;
.
t,
by feveral Other Mehflruunis,conVerted into Scoria 5 And this is called, calcining of thetri, by Chimifts. Thus Iron and Copper by heating and quenching do turn all of them by degrees into Scoria, which are evidently vitrified Subftances , and unite with Glafs , and are eafily fufiblt 5 and when cold, very hard, and very brittle. Fourthly, That mod: kind of Vitrifications or Calcinations are made by Nor do I Salts, uniting and incorporating with the metalline Particles. know any one calcination wherein a Saline body may not, with very great probability, be faid to be an agent or coadjutor. Fifthly, That Iron is converted into Steel by means of the incorporation of certain fairs, with which it is kept a certain time in the (ire. are thereby, as
*
•
•
* t*.
I
Sixthly,
a *
M
*2
i
ROGRAP HI A
That any Iron may, in a very little time, be cafe hardned, as the Traaes-men call it, by gaftng the iron to be hardned with clay, and putting between the clay and iron a good quantity of a mixture of Vrine, Soo^ Sea-Jalt, and Horfes hoofs (all which contein great quantities of Saline bodies) and then putting the cafe into a good ftrong fire, and keeping it in a confiderable degree of heat for a good while, and afterwards heating, and quenching or cooling it (iiddenly in cold water. Seventhly,That all kind ofvitrify 'd fubftances,by being (iiddenly cool'd, become very hard and brittle. And thence arifes the pretty Vhenomena of the Glafs Drops, which I have already further explained in its own Sixthly,
place.
Eighthly, That thole metals which are not fo apt to vitrifie, do not acquire any hardnefs by quenching in water, as Silver, Gold, &e. Thefe confiderations premis a, will, I fuppofe, make way for the more
ofthis following Explication ofthe Th&nomena ofhardned and temperd Steel. That Steel is a fiibitance made out of Iron, by means of a certain proportionate Vitrification of feveral parts, which are fo curioully and proportionately mixt with the more tough and unalter'd parts of the Iron, that when by the great heat of the fire this vitrify* d fubftance is melted, and confequently rarify'd, and thereby the pores of the Iron are more open, if then by means of dipping it in cold water it be (iiddenly cold, and the parts hardned, that is, ftay'd in that fame degree of Expansion they were in when hot, the parts become very hard and brittle, and that upon the fame account almofr as (mall parcels of glafs quenched in water grow brittle, which we have already explicated. If after this the piece ofSteel be held in (bme convenient heat,till by degrees certain colours appear upon the furface of the brightned metal, the very hard and brittle tone of the metal, by degrees relaxes and becomes much more tough and foft 5 namely, the action of the heat does by degrees loofen the parts of the Steel that were before ftreached or fet atilt as it were, and flayed open by each other, whereby they become relaxed and let at liberty, whence lome of the more brittle interjacent parts are thruft out and melted into a thin skin on the fiirface ofthe Steel, which from no colour increafes to a deep Purple, and fo onward by thefe gradations or confecutions. White9 Tetfow, Orange , Minium^ Scarlet\ Purpiey BlewJVati het , &c. and the parts within are more conveniently, and proportionately mixt 5 and fo they gradually fiibfide into a texture which is much better proportion'd and clofer joyn'd, whence that rigidnefle of parts ceafes, and the parts begin to acquire their former duBileafie reception
t
nefs.
Now,that 'tis nothing but the vitrify *d metal that (ticks upon the furface ofthe colour'd body, is evident from this, that if by any means it be fcraped and rubb'd of^the metal underneath it is white and clear$and if it be kept longer in the fire, fo as to increafe to a confiderable thickneis, it may, by blows, be beaten offin flakes. This is further confirm'd by this oblervable, that that Iron or Steel will keep longer from rutting which is covered with this vitriry'd cafe : Thus alio Lead will, by degrees, be 1
1
all
M ICROGRAPHFAi -
turn'd Into a litharge 5 for that colour which covers the top being icum'd or fhov'd afide, appears to be nothing elfe but a litharge or all
vitrify 'd
Lead.
This is obfervable alio in fome fort , on Brafs, Copper, Silver, Gold* Tin, but is moft conspicuous in Lead r all thofe Colours that cover the forface of the Metal being nothing elfe , but a very thin vitrifi'd part of the heated Metal. The other Inftance we have., is in Animal bodies, as in Pearls, Mother of Pearl-fhels, Oyfter-fhels, and almoft all other kinds of ftony (hels whatlbever. This have I alfo lbmetimes with pleafure obfervd even in Mufclesand Tendons. Further, if you take any glutinous (ubftance and run it exceedingly thin upon the furface of a iinooth glafs or a polifht metaline body, you (hall find the like effects produced : and in general, wherefbever you meet with a tranfpa rent body thin enough, that is terminated by reflecting bodies of differing refractions from it> there will be a production of theie plealing and lovely colours. Nor is it neceflary, that the two terminating Bodies (hould be both of the fame kind, as may appear by the vitrified Lamina on Steel, Lead, and other Metals,one furface of which Lamina is contiguous to the furface of the Metal, the other to that of the Air. Nor is it neceflary, that thefe colour'd Lamina (hould be of an even thicknefcj that is, (hould have their edges and middles of equal thicknefs, as in a Looking-glafs-plate, which circumftance is only requisite to make the Plate appear all of the fame colour 5 but they may refemble a Lensy that is, have their middles thicker then their edges , or elfe a double concave9 that is, be thinner in the middle then at the edges j in both which cafes there will be various coloured rings or lines,with differing con fecutions or orders of Colours , the order of the firft from the middle outwards being Red, Yellow, Green, Blew- &Ci And the latter quite contrary.
But further, it is altogether neceflary, that the Plate, in the places where the Colours appear, (hould be of a determinate thicknefs ; Firft, It inuft not be more then fuch a thicknefs, for when the Plate is increafed to fuch a thicknefs , the Colours ceafe 5 and befides , I have feen in a thin piece of Mufcovy-glafi, where the two ends of two Plates, which appearing both (ingle , exhibited two diftinct and differing Colours $ but in that place where they were united, and conftituted one double Plate Nor , Se(as I may call it ) they appeared tranfparent and colourlefs. condly , may the Plates be thinner then fuch a determinate cize 5 for we alwayes find, that the very outmoft Rim of thefe flaws is terminated in a white and colourlefs Ring; Further, in this Production of Colours there is no need of adeterminate Light of fuch a bignefs and no more , nor of a determinate pofition of that Light,that it (hould be on this fide,and not on that fide } nor of a terminating fhadow, as in the Prifme, and Rainbow, or Water-ball : for we find, that the Light in the open Air, either in or out of the Sun-beams, and within a Room, either from one or many Windo^ produces much .
the
M ICROGRA
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IA
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the there Colours brighteft, is are Light the where only effe& fame the by colle&ed a Glafs-ball. Candle a , of light does the So vivid. moft coloured Rings be the of tc fide whatever one is all it further And , Colours proper from its keeps the Ring whole for the light the wards \ related , without varying middle outwards in the fame order I be at all, upon changing the pofition of the light But above all it is moil: obfervable, that here are all kind of Colours generated in zpellucid body,where there is properly no fuch refraction as :
\
Des Cartes fuppofes his Globules to acquire a verticity by : For in the plain and even Plates it is manifeft, that the fecond refraction ( accord* ing to Des Cartes his Principles in the fifth Settien of the eighth Chapter Glo* turbinated fuppofed the reftore and his regulate Meteors does ) of bules unto their former uniform motion. This Experiment therefore will prove fuch a one as our thrice excellent Vernlam calls Experiment*â&#x201E;˘ Cm* cis, ferving as aXJuide or Land-mark , by which to direct our courfe in the fearch after the true caufe of Colours. Affording us this particular Information, that for the production of Colours there Secondly, a deter ceilary either a great refraction, as in the Prifme mination of Light and (hadow fuch as is both in the Prifme and Glafs
ne
Now that we may fee
ball.
likewife what affirmative
ttionit yields,it will be necetTary, to examine
it
and
pofitive Inftru*
a little more particularly
which that we may the better do , it will be requifite to premife fomewhat in general concerning the nature of Light and Refra-r
and
ftri&ly
3
ftion.
And firft for Light,it feems very manifeft, dy but has the
that there is no luminous Bo-
motion more or left. Firft, That all kind of fiery burning Bodies have their parts in motion, I think, will be very eafily granted me. That the jpark^ ftruck from a Flint and Steel is in a rapid agitation , I have elfewherc made probable. And that the Parts of rotten Woodjotten Fi/ft,and the like, are alfo in mo* tion, I think, will as eafily be conceded by thofe, who confrder,that thofe parts never begin to fhine till the Bodies be in a ftate of putrefaction 5 and that is now generally granted by all , to be cauied by the motion of the parts of putrifying bodies. That the Bononian fton? (hines no longer then it is either warmed by the Sun-beams, or by the flame of a Fire or of a Candle, is the general report of thofe that write of it, and of others that have feen it. And that heat argues a motion of the internal partSjis ( as I laid before generally granted ) \ But ther Inftance more , which was firft (hewn to the Royal So ciety by Mr. Clayton a worthy Member thereof, which does make this At fertion more evident then all the reft : And that is. That a Diamond be* parts of
it
in
ing rub'dsftruch or heated in the dark, fhines for a pretty while after, fo long as that motion, which is imparted by any of thole Agents, remain! (In the lame manner as a Glafs,rubb'd,ftruck,or(by a means which I fliall lfewhere mention ) heated, yields a lbund which lafts as long as the vihrating
motion of that fi
which Stone, are
body
feveral
Experiments made
fince publilhed in a DifcOUrie of Colours,
by the truly honou
/
.MiGRO-GRAPHiAi honourable Mr. Boyle. What may be laid of thole Ignesfatui that appear in the night,I cannot lb well affirm, having never had the opportune ty to examine them my felf, nor to be inform'd by any others that had
And
the relations of them in Authors are fo im nothing can be built on them. But I hope I ihall be able in another place to make it at lealt Very probable, that there is even inthofe alio pbferv'd them
:
Motion which caufes this efteft. That the Alining of sea-water proceeds from the fame caufe, may be argued from this. That it fhines ncfctill either it be beaten againft a Rock, or be fbme other wayes broken or agi tated by Storms, or Oars, or other petcuffing bodies. And that the Animal Energies or Spirituous agi I parts arc very active in Cats eyes when they .(bine, (eems evident enough, becaufe their eyes never (hine but when they look very intenlly either to find their prey, or being hunted dark room, when they feek after their adveriary., or to find a way the like may be (aid of the (hining Bellies of Glorvormsy iince 'tis evident thcv can atpleafure either increafe cr extinguilh that Radiation. efcape.
And
Âť
It
would be fomewhat too long
a
work
i
for this place Zetct/cally
examine, and politively to prove, what particular kind of motion it is that muft be the efficient of Light 5 for though it be a motion, yet 'tis not every motion that produces it, fince we find there are many bodies very violently mov'd, which yet afford not fuch an effect } and there are other bodies, which to our other (enfes, feem not mov'd (b much, which yet (hine. Thus Water and quick-filver, and moil other liquors heated, fhine riot 5 and (everal hard bodies, as Iron, Silver, Bra(s, Copper, Wood, &c. though very often ftruck with a hammer, fliine not presently, though they will all of them grow exceeding hot 5 whereas rotten Wood, rotten Fifh, Sea water, Gloworms, &c. have nothing of tangible heat in them, and yet ( where there is no ftronger light to affecr the Senfbryj they (hine fome of them (b Vividly, that one may make a fhift read by them 1 It would be too long, Hay, here toinfert the difcurfive progrefs by which I inquir'd after the proprieties of the motion of Light, and therefore I (hall only add the refalt. And, Firft, I found it ought to be exceeding quic^ fuch as thofe motions of fermentation and putrefaction } whereby, certainly, the parts are exceeding nimbly and violently mov'd $ and that, becaufe we find thole motions are able more minutely to (hatter and divide the body jthen the moft violent heats or menftrnums we yet know. And that fire is nothing" elfe but fuch a dijjolution of the Burning body, made by the moii univerfid menftruumoi all fulphureons bodies ^ namely, the Air, we (ball in an other place ofthis Tractate endeavour to make probable. And that> mly hot fhining bodies^ there is a very quick motion that caufes Light, as well as a mote robuft that caufes Heat, may be argued from the celerity wherewith the bodyes are diflblv'd Next, it muft be a Vibfative motion. And for this the newly mention'd "Diamond affords us a good argument 5 fine* if the motion ofthe parts did
not /
I
t 1
:
M
I
CROGRAP
HIA
rubbings decay and many be wafted: after mud Diamond rcturmthe not if latter, eipecially we confider the fufpecl: to rcafon no have but we the exceeding difficulty that is found in cutting or wearing away a Diamond. And a Circular motion of the parts is much more improbable, fmce, if that were granted,and they be luppos'd irregular and Angular parts, I fee not how the parts of the Diamond mould hold fo firmly together, or remain in the lame ienfible dimensions, which yet they da Next, if they be Globular , and mov'd only with a turbinated motion, I know not any caule that can imprels that motion upon the pellucid medium> which yet is done. Thirdly, any other irregular motion of the parts one. amongft another, rauft neceflarily make the body of a fluid It muft therefore be a Vibraconfidence, from which it is far enough. ting motion.
:
.
Thirdly, That it is a very fiort vibrating motion3 I think the infiances drawn from the mining of Diamonds will alfo make probable. For a Diamond being the hardeft body we yet know in the World, and confequently the leaft apt to yield or bend, muft confequently alio have
And
its
vibrations exceeding fhort.
And
thefe, I think, are the three principal propri eties
of a motion,
re-
to produce the effcd calfd Light in the Objedr. The next thing we are to confider, is the way or manner of the trajeUion of this motion through the interpos'd pellucid body to the eye And here it will be eafily granted, Firft, That it muft be a body jufceptible and impartible of this motion that will defcrve the name of a Tranfparent. And next, that the parts of fiich a body muft be Homogeneous, or of the lame kind. Thirdly, that the conftitution and motion of the parts muft be fuch, that the appulfe of the luminous body may be communicated or propagated through it to the greateft imaginable diftance in the leaft imaginable time 5 though I fee no reafon to affirm, that it muft be in an inftant : For I know not any one Experiment or obfervation that does prove it. And, whereas it may be -"-jetted. That we fee the Sun rifcn at the very inftant when it is above the fenfible Horizon, and that we fee a Star hidden by the body of the Moon at the fame inftant, when the Star, the Moon, and our Eye are all in the fame line 5 and the like Obfervations, or rather luppofitions, may be urg'd. I have this to anfwcr, That I can as eafily deny as they affirm* for I would fain know by what means any one can be allured any more of the Affirmative, then I of the Negative. If indeed the propagation were very flow, 'tis poffible lomething might be difcovered by Eclypfes of the Moon 3 but though welhould grant the progrels of the light from the Earth to the Moon, and from the Moon back to the Earth again to be full two Minutes in performing, I know not any poflible means to difcover it 5 nay, there may be lome inftances perhaps of Horizontal Eclypfes that may leem very much to favour this fuppofition of the flower progrelfion of Light then moft imagine* And the like may be laid of the Eclypfes of the Sun, &c. But of this only by the by. Fourthly, That the motion is propagated every way through an Homoquifite
geneous
M
N
ROGRAP HI
geneous mediumbj direU or ft raight lines extended every way like Ray? from the center of a Sphere. Fifthly, in an Homogeneous medium this motion is propagated every way with equal velocity, whence neceflarily eve-
ry puife or vitration of the luminous body will generate a Sphere, which will continually increafe, and grow bigger, juft after the iame manner (though indefinitely iwifter) as the waves or rings on the furface of the water do (well into bigger and bigger circles about a point of it, where, by the finking of a Stone the motion was begun, whence it neeeilarily follows, that all the parts of thefe Spheres undulated through an Homogeneous medium cut the Rays at right ang 1 C ii. d j But becaufeall transparent medinms are not Homogeneous to onÂŁ another,therefore we will next examine how this pulfe or motioritwill be propagated through dirleringly tranrparent mediums. And here, ac cording to the moft acute and excellent Philoibpher Des Caries, I fop'A po(e the fign of the angle of inclination in the firft medium to be to the fign of refraction in the fecond. As the denfity of the firiT, to the denfity of the fccond. By denfity, I mean not the denfity in re/pect of gravity (with which the refractions or tranlparency of mediums hold proportion) but in rerpedf onely to the trajeUion of the Rays of light, in which refpect they only differ in this $ that the one propagates the pulle more eafily and weakly, the other more (lowly, but more ftrongly. But as for the pulfes themfelves, they will by the refraction acquire another propriety, which we (hall now endeavour toexplicat We will (uppofe therefore in the firft Figure F to be a phyfical Ray, or A B C and E F to be two Mathematical Rays, trajeUed from a very remote point of a luminous body through an Homogeneous tranfparent medium L L L, and DA, E B, F C, to be fmall portions of the orbicular impullcs which muft therefore cut the Rays at right angles $ thefe of a medium that yields an Rays meeting with the plain furface eafier tranfitus to the propagation of light, and falling obliquely on it, refracted towards the perpendicular they will in the medium of the furface. And becaufe this medium is more eafily trajefted then the former by a third, therefore the point C of the orbicular pulfe FG will be mov'd to H four (paces in the fame time that F the other end of >
I
J
{
AC D
D
NO
MMMbe
mov'd to G three (paces, therefore the whole refracted pulfe G H fhall be oblique to the refracted Rays C H K and G I and the angle G H C (hall be an acute, and fo much the more acute by how much the greater the refraction be, then which nothing is more evident, for the fign of th e inclination is to be the fign of refraction as GF to T C the diftance between the point C and the perpendicular from G on CK, which being as it is
--,
T
G
C
four to three, H F is longer alio then C, therebeing longer then fore the angle C. So that henceforth the parts of is lefs than the pulfes and I K are mov'd afcew, or cut the Rays at oblique
GHC GH
GT
igles
It is
.
not
my bufinels
in this place to fet
down
the reafons
why this or
body (hould impede the Rays more,others lets as why Water (hould tranfmit the Rays more eafily, though more weakly than air. Onely thus
that
:
much
A
M
ROGRAP HI l<
C
L^
MMMto
medium have fuppofe the Iefc much to matter and that matter, be fubtile lefs undulating transparent of the a greater contain fuppofe to quantity L L I L whereas by it, implicated implicated more with this to be th c fubftance,and undulating fluid the of in general I (ball hint,that I
fli of that medium Pulfesand of obliquity the Rays of will kind fame the proceed, to But more eafie into a out of a made more is refraction the when alfo happen which are refrafted GSR of G Q.&. calculations the media by as difficult $ obvious to 'tis obferve, calculations which both In perpendicular. from the is refraction the made which towards of the Ray part that always that has the end of the orbicular pulfe precedent to that of the other fide. And always,the oftner the rcfrattion is made the fame way,Or the greater the fingle refradion is, the more is this unequal progrefs. So that having found this odd propriety to be an infeparable concomitant of a refracted Ray, not ftreightned by a contrary refraction, we will next examine the refractions of the Sun-beams, as they are fuffer'd onely to pafs through a imall paflage, obliquely out of a more difficult,into a more eafie medium. Let us fuppofe therefore A B G in the fecond Figure to reprefi i large Chimical Glafs-body about two foot long, filled with very fair Water as high as A B, and inclin'd in a convenient pofture with B towards the Sun : Let us further fuppofe the top of it to be cover d with an op bocly, all but the hole a ÂŁ, through which the Sun-beams are fuffer'd to pals into the Water,and are thereby refracted to c d e/,againft which part, if a Paper be expanded on the outfide, there will appear all the colours of the Rain-bow, that is, there will be generated the two principal colours. Scarlet and Blue, and all the intermediate ones which arife from the cotnpofition and dilutings of thefe two, that is, c d (hall exhibit a Scarlet, which toward d is diluted into a Tellow \ this is the refraction of the Ra which comes from the underfide of the Sun , and the Ray '/ (hall appear of a deep Blue, which is gradually towards e diluted pale Watchet-blue Between d and e the two diluted colours. Blue and Tellow are mixt and compounded and this I imag 5 be the reafon why Green is fo acceptable a colour to the eye, and that either of the two extremes are, if intenfe, rather a little ofFenfive, namely, the being plac'd in the middle between the two extremes, and compounded out of both thofe, diluted alfo, or fomewhat qualifid, for the rompofition, arifing from the mixture of the two extremes undiluted, makes a Purple, which though it be a lovely colour,and pretty acceptable to the eye, yet is it nothing comparable to the ravifhing pleafure with which a curious and well tempered Green affects the eye. If removing the Paper, the eye be plac d againft c d, it will perceive the lower fide of the Sun (or a Candle at night which is much better, becaufe it offends not the eye, and is more eafily manageable) to be of a deep Red, and if againft ef it will perceive the upper part of the luminous body to be of a deep Blke^ and thefe colours will appear deeper and deeper, according as the Rap from the luminous body fall more obliquely on the fur* rr face of the ltcr^ ttKj thej-gby buffer a greater refraction, and the more r\
particles
.
.
.s
.
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5
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CROG RAPHIAi ,
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the further c def is removed From the trajecting hole* So that iipon the whole, we (hall find that the reafon of the Ph£nomena feems to depend upon the obliquity of the orbicular pulfe^to the Lines of Radiatiomand in particular,that the Ray^ d which constitutes the Scar* let hasits inner parts, namely thole which are next to the middle of the luminous body, precedent to the outermoft which are contiguous to the dark zndunradiating fkie. And that the Ray ef which gives a B/ue, has its outward part,namely, that which is contiguous to the dark fkie precedent to the pulfe from the innermoft, which borders on the bright area. •of the luminous body. may obferve further 3 that thecaufe of the diluting of the colours towards the midtlle.proceeds partly from the widenefs of the hole through which the Rays pafy whereby the Rays from fevcral parts of the luminous body, fall upon many of the lame parts between c and/as is more; manifeft by the Figure : And partly alio from the nature of the refraction it felfi for the vividnefs or (trength of the two terminating colours., arifing chiefly as we have feen, from the very great difference that is betwixt the cutfides of thofe oblique undulations Sc the dark Rays circumambient,and that difparity betwixt the approximate Rays,decaying gradually ; the further inward toward the middle of the luminous body they are remov'd, the more muff the colour approach to a white or an undifturbed light. Upon the calculation of the refraction and reflection from a Ball of Water or GIafs,we have much the fame Phenomena mtnely^h obliquity of the undulation in the fame manner as we have found it here. Which, becaufe it is very much to our prefent purpofe, and affords fuch an Inflancia crucify as no one that I know has hitherto taken notice of, I (hall further examine. For it does very plainly and pofitively diftinguifh, and fhew, -which of the two Hypothefes^'whtr the Cartefian or this is to be followed, by affording a generation of all the colors in the RainboW,where according to the Cartefian Principles there fhould be none at all generated. And fecondly, by affording an inftance that does more clotely confine the
more
diftinct,
V
•
We
,
caufe of thefc Phenomena of colours to this prefent Hypothefis. And firft,for the Cartefian have this to object againft it 3 That whereas he fays (Meteorum Cap.8.Secf.$^Sedjudicabam unicam(fefi'a&ioheftilicet) ad minima requirij& quidem talem nt ejus ejfc&us alia contraria (refra&i-
^t
one)non dejlruatur : Nam expenentia docetfifuperficies NMc^-NP (nempe refringentes*) Parallel forent^ radios tantundem per alteram iterum ere&os quantum per unamfravgerenturjntllos cofores depifturos } This Principle of his holds true indeed in aprifme where the refracting furfaccsarc plairt, but is contradicted by the Ball or Cylinder, whether of Water or Glafs, where the refracting furfaces arc Orbicular or Cylindrical. For if we examine the paflage of any Globule ox Ray of the primary /r*r, we (hall find it to pafs out of: the Ball or Cylinder again, with the fame inclination and refraction that it enter'd in withall, and that that laft refraction by means of the intermediate reflection fhall be the fame as if without any reflection at all the Ray had been twice refracted by tW6 Parallel furfa ces.
K
2
And
'
,
t
Ao
.
And
Micrograph
that this
is
true, not oncly in one, but in every
Ray that
goes to
fufFers that only Ray, every nay, in of the Primary conftitution the body; round tke we of furface the by reflexion, one refractions,and two Scheme, menthe Cartefian repeat if we evident, fee moft ihall prefently Meteor^ where of his Chapter eighth Se&ion of the tioned in the tenth Primary Iris, the of Rays of the is one third Figure the N in P R EF furface of the by the at R reflected and N, and once at refra&ed F twice Water-ball. For, firft it is evident, that RF andRN are equal, became Iris ^
sdem.4.
*ig
'
**
N
inclination lame the both have of being reflected part F they the K K by the two made R and V T, is the R furface angles F K that on the of reLaws the by evident is are equal,which Rays and the Tangent of R has the fame inclination on flection } whenee it wiU follow alfo3 that R the furto has R F Ray the that the furface N, or the Tangent of it X N face F, or the Tangent of it F Y, whence it muft neceflarily follow,that the rtfrattions at F and are equal, that is, R F E and R N P are equal. Now, that the furface N is by the refle&ion at R made parallel to the furface at F, is evident from the principles of reflection\ for reflection hein P nothing but an inverting of the Rays,if we re-invertthe Ray R make the fame inclinations below the line R V that it has above, it will be moft evident, that R H the inyerfe of R will be the continuation of the line F R^and that L H I the inverfe of is parallel to FY. And the inverfe of P is Parallel to E F for the angle R H I is equal tq R N which is equal to R F Y, and the angle R is equal to R N P which is equal • qual to R F E which was to be prov'd. 01 -tin Vis So that according to the above mentioned Carteftatr principles there ihould be generated no colour at all in a Ball of Water or Glafs.by two refractions and one reflection, which does hold moft true indeed, if the furfaces be plain, as may be experimented with any kind of prifme where the two refracting furfaces are equally inclin'd to the reflecting , but in this the Phenomena arc quite othcrwiie. .v!^
N
N
N
N
T N
HM
OX
O
N
HM
Thecauie therefore of the generation of colour muft not be vthktDts Cartes ailigns, namely, a certairl rotation of the Gbbuli&therei^vhichare rthc particles which he fuppofes to conftitute the PeiluacL medium Biit 7 foraewhat elfe, perhaps what we have lately fuppofed, and (hall by and by further profecute and explain. \t '.. >r, >« But,Firft I (hall crave leave to propound fome other difficulties of to, notwithftanding exceedingly ingenious Hypothecs, which I plainly confeis to me fcem fuch 5 and thofeare, jFirft, if that light be (as is affirmed, Diopt.czy. u profo not $.&.); •
»
-
:
perly .a motion,'a6 an action or propenfion to motion, I cannot conceive how the eye can come to be fenfible of the verticity of a Globule, which is generated in a drop of Rain, perhapsa mile off from it. For that G/aW^s not carry'd to the eye according to his formerly recited Principle} and if not fb,I cannot conceive how it can communicate its rotation, or circular motion to the line of the G/oWcj: between *he drop and the eye. It cannot be by means of every ones turning the next before him s for if fo, then onely all the Globules that are in the odd places muft be turned the fame
way
^^^^^^^^^^
r
I
)
s
fi
.
s
'
i.A
I
ICROGRAPH1A. -
Ill
^
*0
^
\«i
61
namely, the 3. 5. 7. 9. 1 1, <£tr. but all the Globules interpofited between them in the even places $ namely,the 2.4.6.8.1:0.^. muft be the quite contrary $ whence, according to the Cart efianHypot heji. 9 there muft be no diftintt colour generated, but a confufioh. Next, fince theCartefian Gbbuli arefuppos'd (Principiorum thilofoph.^QxX. 3*1$. 86.) to be each of them continually in motion about their centers, I cannot conceive how the eye is able to diftinguifh this new generated motion from their [former inherent one, if I may fo call that other iWher e with they aremov'd or turbinated, from fome other caufe than refraction. And thirdly, I cannot conceive how thefe motions uhould not happen (ometimes to oppofe each other, and then, in (lead of a rotation, there^vould be nothing but a direft motion generated, and confequently no colour. And fourthly, I cannot conceive, how by the Cartejtan Hypothecs it is pop •fible to give any plaufible reafbn of the nature of the Colours generated in the thin lamina of thefe our Microfcopical Obfervations 5 for in many of thefe, therefracling and reflecting furfaces are parallel to each other^and eonfequently no rotation, can be generated, .nor is there any neceflity of a :fbadow or termination of the bright Rays, fuch as is fiippos'd (chap. 8. $\$.Etpreterea objervavi umbram quoquejaut limit ationetn lumink requiri : and chap* 8. §. 9.) to be. neccflary to the generation of any diftinft colours yBefides that, here is oftentimes one colour generated without any cf the other appendant ones, which cannot be by the Cartejian Hy-
way with
pothefisi.
'.,
the
firft,
iJ'cbv:.'
T
m
'• '
---
'
l»
•
•
Thereimuft be therefore fome other propriety qf refraction thajt caufo colour. And upon the examination of the thing, I cannot conceive any one more general, inseparable, and fufficient, than that which I have before affign'd. That we may therefore fee how exactly our Hypothecs agrees alio with the Than omena of the refracting round body, whether Globe or Cylinder , We jQiall next fubjoyn our Calculation or Examen r: of it. jo r. hn n 3 k\ 7 And to this end, we will calculate any two Rays : as for infrance 5 let schm JE F be a Ray cutting, the Bjtdius C (divided into 20. parojkin C 16. F'£ * •jparts diftant from C, and ef another Ray, which cuts the fame Radius dag 17: parts diftant,thefe will be refracted to K and k^ and from thence Tcfle&eatoN and n9 and from thence refrafted toward P and/? 5 therefore the Atch F/ will be $J 5,'. The Arch F K 106* 90'. the Arch/ i ^ 4 •in tioi. a*. The line FG66o©;and/£ 5267. (therefore hf.j%%. therefore Fi: 980, almofr.oThe line FK 16024. and/ 4. 1543 6. thereforeN^ 19& d and * 6 147 almoft, the line Nil 1019 the Arch N h 5. 51'. therefore the Angle N h is 94^ 43V therefore the Angle N n. is 159 4 which is almoft 50. more than a right Angle. i> n:\u-. It is evident therefore by this Hypothecs , that at the fame time <that «./ touches/ EF is arrived at c. And by that time e /£ n is got tewp, is got to d> and when it touches N, the pulfe of the other Ray is got to o: and no farther, which is very ihort of the place it Should have arrivd to,tb make the Ray np. to cut the orbicular, pulfe. N $ at right Angles : therefore the Angle N op is an acute Angle, but the quite con-
-< 1
-
.-
.
.
•;
j
I
.
!
.-.
D
?.
i
»
EFKN
trary
•
M
62
i
R.OGRAP HI A. .
I7.and 18.be calculated in ftead of i6.and iy k Thtnometia the : For if the Sun, with agree exactly moft does both which eye and e, the about E about placed be better) is (which Candle or a of the paint fide the luminous and will 16. at e/. F 17. E Rays the Pp, contrary quite But the Red. will P towards N Blue,and np object toward (hall be a towards N P Blue, then for 18. and is F 17. E when ef happen
happen,if will this of trarv
And calculation. the to there according Red, exactly np a towards and Blue of fides two the the two where the Rainbow, Blue of the appears unite, Red fides that two the is, where Red the there and unite, Images when which the is, Rays difappearing jult are 5 Images two where the about Arigle and an of an meet,make 41. they till produe'd P N and F E Production in the of the Images two of the there union is like half 5 the Sccundarylris, and the fame caufes, as upon calculation may appear $ faint, reaibn more by of the fomewhat is that it difference, this onely with duplicate reflection, which does always weaken the impulfe the oftner it is
repeated.
Now, though the fecond
refraction
made at
do make the Rays glance the more, yet
is it
Nn
be convenient,that is,
not altogether requifite
}
for
from the calculation, that the pulfe d n is fufliciently oblique to the Rays K N and 4»,as wel as the pulfe/V is oblique to the Rays F K &/£. And therefore if a piece of very fine Paper be held dole againft N n and the eye look on it either through the Ball as from D, or from the other fide, as from B. there (hall appear a Rainbow, or colourd line painted on it with the part toward X appearing Red, towards O, Blue 5 the lame alfo fliall happen, if the Paper be placed about K (, for towards T (hall appear a Red, and towards V a Blue, which does exactly agree with this my Hypothesis, as upon the calculation of the progrefs of the pulfe will moft it is
plain
eafily appear.
Nor do thefe two obfervations of the colours appearing
to the eye a-
boutp differing from what they appear on the Paper at N contradict each other } but rather confirm and exactly agree with one another, as will be evident to him that examines the reafons fet down by the ingenious. Des Cartes in the 1 2. Sett, of the 8. chapter of hk Meteors, where he gives the true reaibn why the colours appear of a quite contrary order to the eye, to what they appear'd on the Paper if the eye be placdin fteedofthe Paper : And as in the Prifme, fo alfo in the Water, Drop, or Globe the rhtenomena and reafbn are much the fame. Having therefore fhewn that there is fuch a propriety in the prifme and water Globule whereby the pulfe is made oblique to the progreflive, and that fb much the more, by how much greater the refraction is, I fhall in the next place confider, how this conduces to the production of colours, and what kind of imprefTion it makes upon the bottom of the eyes and to this end it will be requifite to examine this Hypothecs a little more particularly. ••
Firft therefore, if we confider the manner of the progrefs of the pulfe, it will feem rational to conclude, that that part or end of the pulfe which
precedes the othcr,muft necelTarily be fomwhat more obtunded,ox impeded
•
MiCROCRAPHIA
.-*â&#x20AC;˘
by the refinance of the tranfpareht jfef^/#^9 than the other part or end of it which is iubfequent, whole way is, as it were, prepared by the other ^ cfpecially if the adjacent medium be not in the fame manner enlightned or agitated. And therefore(in the fourth Figure of the fixth IconiJm)the more deadned by the refiftance Ray AAAHB will have its fide of the dark or quiet medium P P P, Whence there will be a kind of deadneis fuperinducd on the fide H H H, which will continually increafe froiri B, and irrike deeper and deeper into the Ray by the line B R , Whence all the parts of the triangle, R B H O will be of a dead Blue colour, and fo much the deeper, by how much the nearer they lie to the line B H H, which is moil deaded or impeded, and fo much the more dilute, by how much the nearer it approaches the line B R. Next on the other fide of the Ray A A N, the end A of the pulfe A H will be promoted, or made itronger, having its paflage already prepar'd as 'twere by the other parts preceding,and fo its imprefficn wil be ftrongeijAnd becaufe of its obiIMtl4] ty to the Ray,thcre will be propagated a kind of faint motion into CLQ, the adjacent dark or quiet medium, which faint motion will ipread further and further into CLQ_ as the Ray is propagated further and further from A,namely3 as far as the line A, whence all the triangle will be ting'd with a Red, and that Red will be the deeper the nearer it approaches the line A, and the paler or yellower the nearer it is the line N A. And if the Ray be continued,fo that the lines A N and B R (which are the bounds of the Red and Blue diluted) do meet and crols each othcr^ there Will be beyond that interferon generated all kinds of Greens. Now; thefe being the proprieties of every fingle retracted Ray of light, it will be eafie enough to confider what mult be the remit of very many fuch Rays collateral : As if we fuppofe infinite fiich Rays interjacent between A K S B and A N O B, which are the terminating : For in this cafe the Ray A K S B will have its Red triangle intire,as lying next to the dark or quiet medium, but the other fide of it B S will have no Blue, becaufe the medium adjacent to it SB O, is mov'd or enlightned,and confequent-
HH
M
MAN
M
ANOB
ly that light does deftroy the colour. So likewise will the Ray lofe its Kc^,becaufc the adjacent medium is mov'd or enlightned,but the will other fide of the Ray that is adjacent to the dark, namely, A H
O
Blue entire, and thefe Rays muft be fo far producd as till cut each other, before there will be any Green producd. and From thefe Proprieties well confider'd, may be dedue'd the reafons of all the Phenomena of the prifme, and ofthe Globules or drops of Water which
preferve
its
AN
BR
conduce to the production of the Rainbow. Next for the impreflion they make on the Retina, we will further examine this Hypothecs : Suppofe therefore A B C D E F.in the fifth Figure, to reprefent the Ball of the eye : on the Cornea of which two Rays G A C H and K C A I (which are the terminating Rays of a luminous body) falling, are by the refraction thereof collected or convergd into two points at the bottom of the eye. Now, becaufe thefe terminating Rays, and all the intermediate ones which come from any part of the luminous body, are iuppos'd by fome fuffieient refraction before they
ABC
enter \
Microgra
£a
•
progrefiion, their and oblique to made pulfes their have to eye, enter the proprieties, two fuperinducd potentially have confequently each Ray to other, which notthe Blue on and a one fide, Red the on a or colours,™*.,
Ray has diat this or the manifeft,butwhen actually never are withstanding medium, the d unmov or redark on a bordering fide it of one or the other fo one have (ide eye.and of into the entred thefe are Rays as as foon fore each of them bordering on a dark part of the humours of the eye, they C the therefore A procolour fome exhibit actually them 5 each of will adjacent C is to the fide J5/»e,becaufe the exhibit will a duction A
D
D
G CH
dark mediumC QJD C,but nothing of a 2ta/,becaufe its fide A D is adjacent to the enlightned medium A D F A And all the Rays that from the points of the luminous body are collected on the parts of the Retina between D and F (hall have their Blue fo much the more diluted by how much the far towards F 5 and the Ray ther thefe points ofcollection are diftant from A F C the production of K. C A I, will exhibit a Red, becaufe the fide A F is adjacent to the dark or quiet medium of the eye A P F A, but nothing ofa £/»e,becaufe its fide C F is adjacent to the enlightned medium C F D C, and all the Rays from the intermediate parts of the luminous body that are collected between F and D (hall have their Redfo much the more diluted, by how much the farther they are diftant from F towards D. Now,becau(e by the refraction in the Come<*,and (bme other parts of the eye, the fides of each Ray, which before were almoft parallel, are made to converge and meet in a point at the bottom of the eye, therefore that fide of the pulje which preceded before thefe refractions, (hall firft touch the Retina, and the other fide laft. And therefore according as this or that fide, or end of the pulfe (hall be impeded, accordingly will the imprejfions on the Retina be varied 3 therefore by the Ray G A C H refracted by the Cornea to D there (hall be on that point a ftroke or impreP (ion confus'd, whofe weakeft end, namely, that by the line C (hall precede, and the ftronger, namely, that by the line A (hall follow. And by the Ray K C A I refracted to F, there (hall be on that part a confus'd ftroke or mpreffion, whofe ftrongeft part,namely,that by the line C F (hal precede, and whole weakeft or impeded, namely, that by the line A F fhall follow, and all the intermediate points between F and will receiyeimprefiion from the convergd Rays (b much the more like the imprefiron* on F and by how much the nearer they approach that :
D
D
D
i
D
D
or
this.
From the confederation of the proprieties of which im preflions we may 3 collect thefe fhort definitions of Colours : the Retina of an oblique and confus'd pulfe
That Blue
is
an impreffion on
of light , whofe wcakgft part precedes^ and whofefirongett follows. And, that Red is an imprejfwn on the Retina of an oblique and confus'dpulfe of light, whofefirongefi part precedes, and whofe weakeft follows.
Which proprieties^ they have been
already manifefted,in the Prifme and falling drops of Rain, to be the caufes ofthe colours there generated, may be eafily found to be the efficients alfo of the colours appearing in thin laminated tranfparent bodies j for the explication ofwhich,all this has been premifed And
/
M ICROG RAPH1A. And
that this
is fb,
a little clofer examination
of the Vktmmena and
the figure of the body, by this Hypothecs, will make evident. For firft (as we have already obierved) the laminated body muft be of a determinate thicknefs, that is, it muft not be thinner then mch a determinate quantity 5 for I have always obferv'd, that rteer the cdg of thofe which are exceeding thin, the colours difappear, and the part
grows white 3 nor muft it be thicker then another determinate quantity $ fori have likewife obferv d, that beyond fuch a thicknefs,no colours ap* pear d, but the Plate looked white, between which two determinate thicknefles were all the colour'd Rings 5 of which in feme fubftances I have found ten or twelve, in others not half fo many, which I fuppofe depends much upon the tranfparency of the laminated body. Thus though the confecutions are the fame in the fcumm or the fkin on the top of meyet in thofe confecutions the fame colour is not fo often repeated as in the confecutions in thin Glafs, or in Sope-water, or any other more tranfparent and glutinous liquor 5 for in thcfe I have obferv'd, 2to/,r<?/Green, Blue, Purple 5 Red,7el/orp,Green,Blue, Purple $, RedyJellow,Green 7 Blue, Purple j Red, Yellow, &c. to fucceed each other,ten or twelve times but in the other more opacous bodies the confecutions will not be half
lorÂť,
fo
many.
And
therefore fecondly, the laminated body muft be tranfparent, and this I argue from this, that I have not been able to produce any colour at all with an epatous body,though never fo thin. And this I hr.ve often try *d, by prefling a fmadl Globule of Mercury between two finooth Plates
Gla% whereby I haveredue'd
to a much greater thinneis then was requifite to exhibit the colours with a tranfparent body. Thirdly ,there muft be a conftderable reflecting body adjacent to the
of
that
body
of the lamrna or plate : for this I always found,that the greater that reflection was , the more vivid were the appearing under or further
fide
colours.
f
From which Obfervations,it is moft evident.that the
from the under or further ride of the bodykthe principal caufe of the production of thefe colours ; whicruthat it is fo,and how it conduces to that effect J fhall further explain in the following Figure,which is here deferibed of a* very a*i *tis> great thicknefs, as if it had been view'd through the Microjhope indeed much thicker than any Microfeope(l have yet us'd)has been able to ihew me thofe colour d plates of Glais, or Mufc ovi e-gUfs , which I have nf* without much trouble view'd with it 5 for though I have endeavoured to reflection
%,
magnifle them as muck as the Glafles were capable of, yet arc they fo exceeding thin, that* have not hitherto been able pofitively to determi their thicknefs.
This Figure therefore
I
here repreient,
is
potbeticaL
Let
wholy Hy 1
ABCDHFE m the
Figure be a fruftum of Mufcovy-gUft, thinner toward the end A E, and thicker towards F. Let us firft fuppofe the Ray agh b coming from the Sun, or fome remote luminous fixth
D
*
object to fall obliquely on the thinner plate fle&ed back, by c g h d the fafc&uperficies ^ P
L
B AE,
patt therefore
whereby the pc
MiCROGRAPHIA.
gÂŁ
propagated by c d, c d, equally remote from ab, fo that ag+gc, or bh + hd are either of alfo c r, but the body B A E being tranfparent,a
pulfe a bis after reflection
each other with a
b,
them equal to a a> as is A B, and furface the in proparefracted Ray is this light of the part of gated by g i\h to the furface E F, whence it is reflected and refracted again by the furface A B. So that after two refractions and one reflection, there is propagated a kind of fainter Ray emnf whofe pulfe is not on B> the furface but by in A rea* refractions the two of by reafbn weaker \y fon of the time fpent in palling and repairing between the two furfaces A B and E F, ef which is this fainter or weaker pulfe comes behind the pulfe c d j fb that hereby (the furfaces A B, and E F being fo neer together, that the eye cannot difcriminate them from one) this confus'd or duplicated pulfe, whofe ltrongeft part precedes, and whofe weakeft follows, does produce on the Retina (or the optick^ nerve that covers the bottom of the eye) the fenfation ofa Tellorv. And fecondly, this Tellow will appear fo much the deeper, by how much the further back towards the middle between cd and cd thefpurious pulfe ef is remov'd, as in i where the furface B C being further remov'd from E F, the weaker pulfe ef will be nearer to the middle, and will make an impreffion on the eye of a Red, But thirdly, if the two reflecting furfaces be yet further remov'd afiinder !(asb 3 and E F are) then will the weaker pulfe be fb farr behind, that it will be more then half the diftance between cd and cd.
CD
And
feem to precede the following ftronger pulfe, then to follow the preceding one, and confequently a Blue will be generated. And when the weaker pulfe is juft in the middle beween two ftrong ones, then is a deep and lovely Purple generated 5 but when the weaker pulfe ef is very neer to c d, then is there generated a Green , which will be bluer oxyellower^ according as the approximate weak pulfe does precede or follow the ftronger. Now fourthly3 ifthe thicker Plate chance to be cleft into two thinner in this cafe it will rather
â&#x20AC;˘,
%
PJates, as
CDFE
is
divided into
two Plates by the furface
GH
then
from the composition arifing from the three reflections in the furfaces C D, G H, and E F, there will be generated feveral compounded or mixt colours, which will be very differing, according as the proportion between the thickneffes of thofe two divided Plates C H G, and G H F E
D
are varied.
And fifthly, if thefe
furfaces
C D and F E are further remov'd afunder,
the weaker pulfe will yet lagg behind much further, and not onely be coincident with the fecond, c d, but lagg behind that alfo, and that fo much the more, by how much the thicker the Plate be , fo that by degrees it will be coincident with the third c d backward alfo, and by degrees, as the Plate grows thicker with a fourth, and fo onward to a fifth, fixth, feventh, or eighth $ fo that if there be a thin tranfparent body,that from the greateft thinnefs requifite to produce colours, does, in the man-
ner of a Wedge3 by degrees grow to the greateft thicknefs that a Plate can be of,to exhibit a colour by the reflection of Light from fuch a body,there fhall
<
M \
i
CROC RAP Hi A.
K-f
be generated feveral confecutions of colours, Whofe order from the thin ehd towards the thick, (hall be Tellorp ,Ked, Purple, Blue, Green 5 Tellow.^ Redfurpk£foepreen^TeUowJLed,Purple,Blue,Green^ re/low,Sac: and thefe (b often repeated, as the weaker pulfe does lofe paces with its Primary y or firft pulfe, and is coincident with a fecond, third, fourth,f¥tb,fixth &c. Shall
pulfe behind the
firft.
And
this, as it is coincident,
\
or follows from the
of colours,fb upon exeriment have I found it in multitudes of inftances that feem to prove it. One thing which feems of the firft
Hypothecs I took
greateft concern in this Hypothecs,
is
to determine the greateft or leaft
thicknels requifite for thefe effects, which, though
have not been wanting in attempting, yet (b exceeding thin are thefe coloured Plates, and fo imperfect our Microfcope .that I have not been hitherto iuccefsfulUhough if my endeavours fhall anfwer my expe£rations,I fhall hope to gratifie the curious Reader with feme things more removed beyond our reach I
hitherto.
Thus have I,with as much brevity as I was able, endeavoured to explicate (Hypothetically at leaft) the caufes of the Ph<ent)mena I formerly recited, on the consideration of which I have been the mote particular.Firft, becaufe I think thefe I have newly given are capable of explicating all the Phenomena of colours, not onely of thofe appearing in the Trifme, Water-drop, or Rainbow, and in laminated ox plated bodies, but of all that are in the world, whether they be fluid or folid bodies, whe4 ther in thick or thin, whether tranfparent, or feemingly opacous, as I the next Obfervation further endeavour to (hew. And fccondlv, becaufe this being one of the two ornaments of all bodies difeoverable by the fight, whether looked on with, or without a Microfcope, it feefrTd to deferve (fomewhere in this Trad, which contains a defcription of the Figure and Colour of feme minute bodies) to be (bmewhat the more in> timately enquir'd into* (hall in
\
lr
',
*
Obferv. X.
Of Metalline, and other
real Colours.
former Difcourfe, from the Fundamental caufe of Coi lour, made it probable, that there are but two Colours, and (hewn^ f that the Phantafm of Colour iscaus'd by the fenfation of the oblique or uneven pulfe of Light which is capable of no more varieties than twd that arife from the two (ides of the oblique pulfe, though each of thofe be capable of infinite gradations or degrees (each of them beginning from Whitt^zxA ending the one in the deepeft Scarlet or TeJlow, the other in the deepeft Blue) I (hall in this SeBion fet down fome Obfervations which I have made of other colours, fuch as Metalline powders tinging or colour'd bodies and feveral kinds of tinctures or ting'd liquors, all which, together with thofe I treated of in the former Obfervation will^ I fuppofe, eomprife the feveral fubje&s in which colour isobferv'd to be inherent, and the feveral manners by which it inheres, or is apparent
Aving
in the
L
2
Hi
t
:
gg
t
\
MlCROGRAPHIA composition all what by kind (hew to endeavour ihall _ in them. And here I there is no colour in the world and how made, are colours of compound colours, two together of thefe degrees various the from made be but may white. and Blacky of intermixtures with the evident an it feems argument (hew, anon (hall as fo, I being And this or folid, fluid in whether whether whatfoever, colours all that to me, fame efficient the opacous, have caufe, feemingly or tranfparent in very that Rays the whereby proceed refraUion of kind (bme to wit, in the pbliquated confus'd or manner pulfe I their have bodies, fuch from Red by a a caus'd is, duplicated is SeUion that former the 5 in explicated weaker pulfe precedes,and a follows ftrongeft whofe pulfe, confus'd or pulfe pulfe,where weaker precedes, the confus'd a by caus'd and a Blue is more or as are, left, or according thefe And follows. ftronger the and ions, the and confequently fo are compounded, fen fat and mixt varioufly the phantafms of colours diversified. To proceed therefore 3 I fuppofe, that all tranfparent colour d bodies, whether fluid or folid, do confift at leaft of two parts, or two kinds of (ubftances, the one of a fubftance of a Ibmewhat differing refraction from be calfd the tinging which may fubftances thefe of That one the other. fubftance, docs confift of diftincr parts, or particles of a determinate bignels which arc diffeminated, or difpers'd all over the other : That thefe particles, if the body be equally and uniformly colour'd , are evenly rang'd and dilpers'd over the other contiguous body 5 That where the body is deepeft ting'd, there thefe particles are rang'd thickeft 3 and where 'tis but faintly ting'd, they are rang'd much thinner, but uniformly. That by the mixture of another body that unites with either of thefe, which has a differing refraction from either of the other, quite differing effects will be produc d,that is,the contentions of the confus d pulfes will be much of another kind, and confequently produce other fenfations and phantafms of colours, and from a Red may turn to a Blue, or from a Blue to a Red) &c. Now, that this may be the better underftood, I (hall endeavour to explain my meaning a little more fenfible by a Scheme /. Suppofe we therefore in the feventh Figure of the fixth Scheme, that A B C reprefents a Veflel holding a ting'd liquor, let 1 1 1 1 1,&c. be the clear liquor,and let the tinging body that is mixt with it be E E, &c. F F, &c. G G, &vc. H H, &c. whofe particles (whether round, or feme other determinate Figure is little to our purpofe) are firftof a determinate and equal bulk. Next, they are rang'd into the form of Quincunx, or EquilaterotrianguUr order, which that probably they are fo,and why they are fo,I (hall elfewhere endeavour to (hew.Thirdly,they are of (iich a nature,as does either more cafily or more difficultly tranfmit the Rays of light then the liquor h ifmore eafily ,a Blue is generated, and if more difficultly, a Red or Scarlet, And firft, let us fuppofe the tinging particles to be of a fubftance that docs more impede the Rays of light , we (hall find that the pulfe or wave of light mov'dfrom to B C, will proceed on,through the containing medium by the pulfes or waves K K, L L, but O* M, N
D
AD
M
R O bccaule
\
Ml GROG RA PHI A* v
4
becaufe feveral of thefe Rays that go to the conftitution of thefe pulfes will be Hugged or ftopped by the "tinging particles E,F,G,H} therefore there lhall be afeeundarji and weak pulfe that (hall follow the Ray, namely P P which will be the weaker : firfr, becaufe it has fufFer'd many re-
t
fra&ions in the impeding body} next, for that the Rays will bealittle difpers d or confus'd by reaibn of the refraction in each of the particlesy whether round or angular j and this Will be more evident, if we a little
more clofely examine any one
particular tinging Globule.
therefore A B in the eighth Fgunof thefixth Scheme, to reprefent a tinging Ghbnk or particle which has a greater refraction than
Suppofe
we
D
be a part of the pulfe of light the liquor in which it is contain d : Let C Which is propagated through the containing mediums this pulfe wilj be a or impeded by the Globule, and fo by that time the pulfe i$ paft to E F that part of it which has been impeded by palling through the Globule, will get but to h M, and fo that pulfe which has been propagated through the Ghbul^ to wit, L M, NO, P Q_, will always come behind the pulfes E F, G H, I K, Next, by reafon of the greater impediment in A B, and its Globular Figure, the Rays that pafs through it will be difpers'd, and very much fcatter'd. Whence C A and B which before went direU and/><W/e/,will after little ftopt
&c
-
D
the refraction in
A B, diverge and fpread by A P, and B Q }
fo that as the
Rays do meet with more and more of thefe tinging particles in their way, by fo much the more will the pulfe of light further Jagg behind the clearer pulfe, or that which has fewer refracrions, and thence the deeper will the colour be, and the fainter the light that is traje&ed. through it $ for not onely many Rays are reflected from the furfaces of A B, but thofe Rays that get through it are very much diibrdered. By this Bypohep there is no one experiment of colour that. I have yet met with, but may be, I conceive, very rationably folv d, and perhaps had I time to examine feveral particulars requifite to the demonftration of it, I might prove it more than probable, for all the experiments about the changes and mixings of colours related in the Treatife of Colours, jniblilhedby the Incomparable Mr. B4yle> and multitudes of others which I have obferv'd, do fb eafily and naturally flow from thofe principles,that I am very apt to think it probable, that they own their prod uctioh to no otherfecundary caufe ; As to inftance in two or three experiments. In the twentieth Experiment, this Noble Autliour has (hewn that the deep bluijb purple-colour of Violets^ may be turn'd into a Greet*, by Akalizate Salt*, and to a Red by acid } that is, a Purple confifts oftwo colours, a deep Red, and a deep Blue 5 when the Blue is diluted, or altered, or defrroy d by *cidSalts,tht /^becomes predominant, but when the Red is diluted by AUali%ate, and the Blue heightned, there is generated a Green \ for of * to^diluted, is made a rei&W, and Telim and Blue make a Green. Now, becaufe the fiurio** pulfes which caufe a Red and a Blue, Ao the one follow the clear pulfe, and the other precede it, it ufualiy follows, that thofe Saline refracting bodies which do dilute the colour of the one, do deepen that of the other* And this will be made manifeft by alt
â&#x20AC;˘
â&#x20AC;˘
Micro grap
*\.
7° *
»
thefe colours both Greeny forts of Purples, many and of kinds moit all ninth Figure, in the and A fuppofe for we colours^ if mixt of confuting at other a coneach follow which light, clear pulfes two of to reprefent
A
A
A, each of which has a fturions pulfe preceding it, as which makes a CC, it, as following another £/»e,and a makes BB, Which Red, the one caus'd by tinging particles that have a greater refradtion,the other by others that have a lefs refracting quality then the liquor or does liquor fo alter whatfoever diflblv'd, which thefe are in Menflruum the refraction of the one, without altering that of the other part of the ting'd liquor, muft needs very much alter the colour of the licjuor 5 for if the refraction of the dijfolvent be increas'd, and the refraction of the tinging particles not altered, then will the preceding fiurious pulfe be venient diftance,
fhortned or itopt, and not out-run the clear pulfe fo much 5 fo that BB twill become E E, and the Blue be diluted, whereas the other fturions pulfe which follows will be made to lagg much more, and be further be hind A A than before, and C C will become ff, and fo the Tellow or Red will be heightned. Saline liquor therefore,mixt with another ting'd liquor,may alter the colour of it feveral ways, either by altering the refraction of the liquor in which the colour fwims : or fecondly by varying the refraction of the coloured particles, by uniting more intimately either with fome particular cerpufcles of the tinging body, or with all of them, according as it has a congruity to fome more efpecially, or to all alike : or thirdly, by uniting and interweaving it felf with fome other body that is already joyn'd with the tinging particles, with which fobftance it may have a congruity,
A
though
have very
with the particles themfelves : or fourthly, it may alter the colour of a ting'd liquor by dif-joyning certain particles which were before united with the tinging particles, which though they were fomewhat congruous to thefe particles, have yet a greater congruity with the newly infrsd Saline menstruum. It may likewife alter the colour by further diflol ving the tinging fubftance into fmaller and fmaller p articles, and io diluting the colour $ or by uniting fevera I particles together as in precipitations, and fo deepning it, and fome fuch other ways, which many experiments and comparifons of differing trials together, might eafily inform one o£ it
little
From
thefe Principles applied , may be made out all the varieties of colours obfervable, either in liquors, or any other ting'd bodies, with
great eafe, and
I
hope
Uon of colour., or in
enough, there being nothing in the#0the fuppos'd production.but is very conceivable, and * intelligible
may be poflible. The greateft difficulty that leem to be more
*
,2t
*
I
diftinct colours
find againft this Hypothecs,
then two, that
is,
that there
then Yellow and Blue. This Objection is grounded on this reafon, that there are feveral Reds, which diluted, make not a Saffron or pale Yellow, and therefore Red, or Scarlet feems to be a third colour diftinct from a deep degree of Yellow. To which I anfwer, that Saffron affords us a deep Scarlet tincture,which may be diluted into as pale a Yellow as any, either by making a weak fois,
lution
M
:
,-
CROCK A PHI A. j
Iutionof the Saffron, by infufing a fmall parcel of it into a great quantity of liquor, as in fpirit of Wine, or elie by looking through a very thin quantity of the tincture, and which may be heightn'd into the Iovelieft Scarlet,by looking through a very thick body of this tinc>ure,or through a thinner parcel of it,which is highly impregnated with the tinging body,
by having had a greater quantity of the Saffron diflblv'd
in a fmaller par-
of the liquor. Now, though there may be fome particles of other tinging bodies that give a lovely Scarlet alfo, which though diluted never (b much with liquor, or looked on through never fo thin a parcel of ting'd liquor, will not yet afford a pale Yellow, but onely a kind of faint Red 5 yet this is no argument but that thoie ting'dparticles may have in them the fainteft degree of Yeilow,though we may be unable to make them exhibit it,For that power o{ being diluted depending upon the divisibility of the ting'd body, if I cel
am unable to make the tinging particles
fo thin as to exhibit that
y
does not therefore fo!low,that the thing is impoflible to be done , now* the tinging particles of fome bodies are of foch a nature, that unlels there be found fbme way of comminuting them into lefs bulks then the liq does diflblve them into, all the Rays that pals through them muft necef farily receive a tincture fo deep, as their appropriate refractions and bulks compar'd with the proprieties of the diflblving liquor muft neceflarily difpofe them to emprefs, which may perhaps be a pretty deep Yellow, or pale Red. it
And thatthisis not gratis di&um,
.
I fhall
add one inftance of this kind
wherein the thing is moil manifeft. If you take Blue Smalt, you (hall find, that to afford the deepeft Blue, which extern paribus has the greateft particles or fands } and if you further divide, or grind thofe particles on a Grindftone, or porphyry ftone, you may by comminuting the fands of it, dilute the Blue into as pale a one as you pleafe, which you cannot do by laying the colour thin , for wherefbever any fingle particle is, it exhibits as deep a Blue as the whole ma/s. Now, there are other Blues, which though never fo much ground, will not be dilutedby grinding, becaufo confifting of very imall particles, very deeply ting'd,they cannot by grinding be actually Separated into fmaller particles then the operation of the fire, or fome other diflblving menftruumjxzs redue'd them to already. Thus all kind of Metalline colours, whether precipitated, fublim d caland, or otherwile prepar'd, are hardly changed by grinding, as ultra marine is not more diluted 3 nor is Vermilion or Red-lead made of a more faint colour by grinding 5 for the fmalleft particles of thefe which I have view'd with my greateft Magnifying-Glafs, ifthey be well enlightned, appear very deeply ting'd with their peculiar colours 5 nor, though I have magnified and enlightned the particles exceedingly, could I in many of them, perceive them to be tranfparent, or to be whole particles, but the fmalleft fpecks that I could find among well ground Vermilion and Red* lead3 feem'd to be a Red mais, compounded of a multitude of iefs and lefs motes, which tricking together, compos'd a bulk, not one thoulan d thoufandth part of the fmalleft vifible fand or mote. And
Micrograph
72
i
a.
generally in moft Metalline colours, that though they confift of parts fo exceedingly fmall,yet are they very deeply ting'd,they being fo ponderous, and having fuch a multitude of terreftrial particles
And
this I find
throng'd into a little room } fo that 'tis difficult to find any particle transparent or refembling a pretious ftone, though not impoffible , for I have obferv'd divers fuch mining and refplendent colours intermixt with the particles of Cinnaber, both natural and artificial, before it hath been ground and broken or flaw'd into Vermilion : As I have alio in Orpiment, Red-lead, and Bife, which makes me fuppofe, that thofe metalline colours are, by grinding, not onely broken and feparated a&ually into fmaller pieces, but that they are alfo flaw'd and brufed ,whence they, for the moft part.become opacous,\ikc flaw'd Cryftal or Ghts,&c. But for Smalts and verditures, I have been able with a Microscope to perceive their particles very many of them traniparent. Now, that the others alio may be tranfparent, though they do not appear fo to the MicroJcope,may be made probable by this Experiment : that if you take ammel that is almoft opacous, and grind it very well on a Porphyry, or Serpentine, the fmall particles will by realbn of their flawsa appear perfectly opacous ^ and that 'tis the flaws that produce this opacoujhefi, may be argued from this, that particles of the lame Ammel much thicker if unflaw'd will appear fomewhat tranfparent even to the eye \ and from this alfo, that the moft tranfparent and clear Cryftal, if heated in the fire, and then luddenly quenched, fo that it be all over flaw'd, will appear opacous and white. And that the particles of Metalline colours arc tranlparent,may be argued yet further from this,that the Cryftals 3 or Vitriols of all Metals,are tranfparent, which fince they confift of'metalline as well as faline particles, thole metalline ones muft be traniparent, which is yet further confirm'd from this, that they have for the moft part, appropriate colours , lb the vitriol of Gold is Yellow j of Copper ,Blue,and fometimes Green, of Iron, green 5 ofTinn and Lead, a pale White j of Silver,a pale Blue, &c. And next,the Solution of all Metals into menfiruums are much the lame . with the Vitriols, or Cryftals. It feems therefore very probable, that thole colours which are made by the precipitation of thofe particles out of the menfiruums by traniparent precipitating liquors Ihould be tranfparent alio. Thus Gold precipitates with oyl of Tartar, orfpir it ofVrine into a brown Yellow. Copper with foirit of Vrine into a Mucous bhie, ,
(
which
retains
tranlparency.
A
of fublimate (as the lame 11luftrious Authour I lately mention d Ihews in his 40. Experiment) precipitates with oyl of Tartar per deliquium, into an Orange colour d precipitate\ nor is it lels probable, that the calcination of thofe Vitriols by the fire,mould have their particles tranfparent : Thus Saccarum Satmniy or the Vitriol of Lqad by calcination becomes a deep Orange-colour'd winium,which is a kind of precipitation by fome Salt which proceeds from the fire ^ common Vitriol calcind, yields a deep Brown Red, &c. its
folution
•
M
CROGRAPHIA
Thus the Calx of Silver tinges the neal'd with a lovely Yellow,or Gold colour,d colours.
And
*,
Glafs
,•
n on which •
may be
that the parts of Metals are tranfp
,-
farther argued
from the tranfparency of Leaf-gold, which held againft the light, Loth d Microfeope3 exhibits a deep Green the naked ey And though I have never fecn the other Metals laminated ib thin, that I was
them
Copper and Brafs, if we had the fame conveniency for laminating them,as we have for Gold,we might perhaps,through fuch plates or leaves^flnd very differing degrees of Blue^ or Green 5 for it feems Very probable., that thofe Rays that rebound from them ting'dj with a deep Yellow, or pale Red, as from Copper, or with a pale Yellow,as from Brafs, have pair through them $ for I cannot conceive how by reflection alone thofe Rays can receive a tincture, taking able to perceive
tranfp
any Hypothecs extant. So that we fee there
mav
yet, for
a fufficient reafon
be drawn from
thefe in-
why thofe
colours which we are unable to dilute to thepaleft: Yellow, or Blue,or Green 3 are not therefore to be concluded not to be a deeper degree of them 5 for fiippofing we had a great company of fmall Globular eiience Bottles,or roundGlafs bubbles.about the bignefs of a Walftances,
of them with a very deep mixture of Saffron, and that every one of them did appear of a deep Scarlet colour, and all of them together did exhibit at a diftance, a deep dy'd Scarlet body. It does not lolloWjbecaufe after we have come nearer to this congeries^or mafs,and divided it into its parts, and examining each of its parts Severally or apart, we find them to have much the fame colour with the whole mate; it does nut, filfd each
therefore follow, that if we could break thofe Globules fmall fmaller or thinner parcel of the ting'd f< ny other ways come I fay,
thofe bubbles.that that ting'd liquor muft always appear Red, or of a Scarlet hue, fince if Experiment be made,the quite contrary * diluted into the paleft Yellow. willenlue ^ for it is capable of being
liquor that
fill cl
Now,that I might avoid all the Objections of this kind, by exhibiting an Experiment that migftt by ocular proof convince thofe whom other reafons would not prevail with, I provided me a Prifmatical Glafc made hollow, juft in the form of a Wedge, fuch as is reprefented in the tenth K^ure of the fixth Scheme, The two parallelogram fides A B C D, A B E F, which met at a point, were made of the cleareft Looking-glafs plates well ground and polifrYd that I could get^thefe were joyn'd with hard cement to the triangular fides, B C E, A D F, which were of Wood 5 the Parallelogram bale B C E F, likewife was of Wood joynd on to the reft with hard cement, and the whole Vrifmatical Box was exactly ftopt every where, but onely a little hole near the bafe was left,whcreby the Veflel Could be; filfd with any liquor, or emptied again at plcafure One of thefe Boxes (for I had two of them) I filfd with a pretty deep tincture of Abes^ drawn onely with fair Water, and then ftopt the hole! with a piece of Wax, then,by holding this Wedge againft the Light, and looking through it, it was obvious enough to fee the tincture ofthe liq near the dge of the Wedge where it was but very thin> to be a pale but •
M
well
74
M ICROGRA
IA
r
edge, as the the from li* and further further Yellow, and colourd well and deeper, deeper appeard tincture ,this thicker thicker and grew quor edge and three fromthe Inches feven was blunt end,which near the to that d Red. colour No\i well and deep was of a thick it an half and Inches * will the lovely deep the more tincture be, purer this d cleai die â&#x20AC;&#x17E; . x . Scarlet be, and the fouler the tincture be, the more dirty will the Red appear 5 fo that fome dirty tinctures have afforded their deepeft Red much of the colour of burnt Oker or Spanijh brown^others as lovely a colour as Vermilion^ and fome much brighter but feveral others, according as the tinctures were worfe or more foul, exhibited various kinds ofReds* of very differing degrees. The other of thefe Wedges, I fill'd with a moft lovely tincture of Copper, drawn from the filings of it,with fpirit of Vrine^ and this Wedge held as the former againft the Light, afforded all manner of Blues, from the fainteft to the deepeft,fo that I was in good hope by thefe two,to have produe'd all the varieties of colours imaginable 5 for I thought by this means have been able by pi the two Parallelogram fides together, and the edges contrary ways fo mov'd them to and fro one by another, by looking through them in feveral places, and through feveralthick nefles, I fhould have compounded, and confequently have fcen all thofe colours, which by other like compofitions of colours would have enfiied. Butinfteed of meeting with what I look'd for, I met with fbmewhat more admirable \ and that was, that I found my felf utterly unable to fee through them when placed both together, though they were tranfparent enough when afunder 3 and though I could fee through twice the thick* nefs, when both of them were fill'd with the fame colour'd liquors, whether both with the Yellow, or both with the Blue, yet when one was fill'd with the Yellow, the other with the Blue,and both looked through, they both appear'd dark, onely when the parts near the tops were look'd through, they exhibited Greens, and thofe of very great variety, as I pected,but the Purples and other colours,I could not by any means make, whether I endeavour'd to look through thenf both againft the Sun, or whether I plac'd them againft the hole of a darkned room. But notwithftanding this mif-gheffing, I proceeded on with my trial in a dark room, and having two holes near one another, I was able, by placing mv Wedges againft them to mix the ting'd Rays that paft through : them, and fell on a fheet of white Paper held at a convenient diftance from them as I pleas'd * fo that I could make the Paper appear of what colour I would,by varying the thicknefles of theWedges,and confequently the tincture of the Rays that paft through the two holes, and fome times alio by varying the Paper, that is, infteed of a white Paper, holding a gray, or a black piece of Paper. Whence I experimentally found what I had before imagin d, that all the varieties of colours imaginable are prodned from feveral degrees of thefe two colours, namely, Yellow and Blue, or the mixture of them with light and darknefs, that is, white and black. And all thofe alrtioft infinite varieties which Limners and Painters are able to make by com -' pounding .
-,
"
M
I
CROG RAPH1A
â&#x20AC;˘
ding thofe feveral colours they lay on their Sbels or Palads, are nothing elfe, but fome conqoftttttx, made up of feme one or more, of allof tJtlM
thefe four.
Now,whereas it may here again be ob jeeted 3 that neither can the Reds be made out of the Yellows^ added together,or laid on in greater or left quantity, nor can the Yellows be made out of the Reds though laid never fb thin ; and as for the addition of White or Black, they do nothing but either whiten or darken the colours to which they are added,and not at all make them of any other kind of colour : as for in ft an ce, Vermilion, by being temper 'd with White Lead, does not at all grow more Yellow, but onely there is made a whiter kind of Red. Nor does Yellow Okgr, though laid never fb thick, produce the colour of Vermilion, nor though it be temper 'd with Black, does it at all make a Red 5 nay, though it be temper xl with White, it will not afford a fainter kind ofYellow, fuch as majiicut, but onely a whiten 'd Yellow $ nor will the Blues be diluted or deepned after the manner f fpeak of, as Indico will never afford fb fine a Blue as Vltramarine or Bifi j nor will it,temper'd with Vermilion, ever afford a Green,though each of them be never fb much temper d with white. To which I anfwer, that there is a great difference between diluting a colour and whitening ofit 5 for diluting a colour, is to make the colour'd
more
the ting'd light, which is made by tra jeering thofe ting'd bodies*, does not receive lb deep a tincrure 5 but white ning a colour is onely an intermixing of many clear reflections of light amongthe lame ting'd parts ; dcepning alio, and darkning or blacking a colour, are very different 5 for deepning a colour, is to make the light pafs through a greater quantity of the iame tinging body 5 and darkning orblacking a colour, is onely interpofing a multitude of dark or black Ipots among the fame ting'd parts, or placing the colour in a more faint parts
thin, fb that
hght.
former of thefe opera tions,that is,diluting and deepning, molt of the colours us'd by the Limners and Painters are incapable of, to wit, Vermilion and Red-ledd, and Qkgr, becaufe the ting'd parts are lb exceeding final], that the moft curious Grind ftones we have, are not able to feparate them into parts actually divided fo fmall as the ting'd particles are , for looking on the moft curiouily ground Ver* milion, and Qkgr, and Red-lead, \ could perceive that even thofe fmall cerpufiles of the bodies they left were compounded of many pieces, that is, they feem'd to be fmall pieces compounded of a multitude of lefler ting'd parts reach piece feeming aJmoft like a piece of Red Glafs,or ting'd Cryftai all flaw'd$ fo that unlefs the Grindflone could actually divide them into fmalier pieces then thofe tlaw'd particles were, which compounded that ting'd mote I could fee with my Micro/cope, it would be impoffible to dilute the colour by grinding, which, becaufe the fineft we have will not reach to do ia Vermilion or Oktr, therefore dicy cannot at all, or very hardly be diluted. Other colours indeed, whofe ting'd particle* are fuch as may be made Firft therefore,as to the
faaller,
by grinding
their colour, may be
diluted.
M
2
Thus
feveral
of the ÂŁJucs
M
t
CROGRAPH IA t
cut, is Map Yellow,may which Smalt and diluted,** and be Bife \ Blues may too much may ,'by grind And Vermilion felf : faint it even more made be Orange is an but colour colour Red-lead, which to the brought of be ing, 1 which is conieft by all to be very much upon the Yellow. Now, though perhaps fomcwhat of this diluting of Vermilion by overmuch grinding maybe attributed to the Grindftone, or muller, for that fome of their parts may be worn off and mixt with the colour, yet there feems not vemuller made of a a with Serpentine-ftone on have done it a for I much, ry Pebble, and yet obferv'd the fame effect follow. And fecondly, as to the other of thefe operations on colours, that is, the deepning of them. Limners and Painters colours are for the moft part alfo uncapable. For they being for the moft part opacous $ and that opaeoujhefi, as I faid before, proceeding from the particles, being very much haw a. unleis we were able to joyn and re-unite thole flaw'd particles again into one piece, we (hall not be able to deepen the colour, which fince we are unable to do with moft of the colours which are by Painters accounted opacous, we are therefore unable to deepen them by adding more of the fame kind. Butbecaufe allthofe opacous colours have two kinds of beams or Rays reflected from them,that is,Rays untingd, which are onely reflected from the outward furface, without at all penetrating of the body 5 and ting'd Rays which are reflected from the inward furfaces or flaws after they have (uffer'd a two-fold refraction } and becaufe that tranfparent liquors mixt withfuch corpufcles, do,for the moft part, take off the former kind of reflection 5 therefore thefe colours mixt with Water or Oyl* appear much deeper than when dry,for moft part ofthat white reflection from the outward furface is remov a. Nay, fome of thefe colours are very much deepned by the mixture with fome tranfparent liquor, and that becaufe they may perhaps get between thofe two flaws, and fo confequently joyn two or more of thofe flaw'd pieces together , but this happens but in a very few Now, to (hew that all this is not gratis diUum, I (hall fet down fome Experiments which do manifeft thefe things to be probable and likely, which I have here deliver'd. For, firft, if you take any ting'd liquor whatibever, efpecially if it be pretty deeply ting'd, and by any means work it into a froth,the congeries of that froth (hall feem an opacous body, and appear of the fame colour, but much whiter than that of the liquor out of which it is made. For abundance of reflections of the Rays againft thofe furfaces of the bubbles of which the froth confifts, does (b often rebound the Rays backward
that
little
or no light can paft through, and confequently the froth ap-
pears opacous. Again, if to any of thefe ting'd liquors that will endure the boiling there be added a (mall quantity of fine flower (the parts of which through the Microfiope are plainly enough to be perceiv'd to confift of tranfparent corpufeles) and fufTer'd to boyl till it thicken the liquor, the mafsof the liquor will appear opacous ,and ting'd with the fame colour, but very
much
"
whiten'd.
Thus
Mi ROGRAPHlA. take a piece of tranfparcnt Gla(s that is well colour'd, and by heating it, and then quenching it in Water, you flaw it all over, it will become opacous, and will exhibit the feme colour with which the piece is ting'd, but fainter and whiter. Or, if you take a Pipe of this transparent Glafs 5 and in the flame of a Lamp melt it, and then blow it into very thin bubbles, then break thofe bubbles, and collect a good parcel of thofe lamina together in a Paper, you (hall find that a fmall thicknefs of thofe Plates will conftitute an opacous body, and that you may fee through the mafs of Glafi before it be thus laminated, above four times the thicknefs : And befides, they will now afford a colour by reflection as other opacour (as they are call'd) colours will, but much fainter and whiter than that of the Lump or Pipe out of which they were made. Thus al(b,if you take rutty > and melt it with any tranlparent colour'd ÂŁ,C"lfefe Glafsjit will make it become an opacoits colour'd lump, and to yield a paler and whiter colour than the lump by reflection. 1 he lame thing may be done by a preparation of Antimony, as has been (hewn by the Learned Phyfcian, C. M. in his Excellent Obfervations and Notes on Nery's Art ofclajs 5 and by this means all tranlparent colours become opacous, or ammels. And though by being ground they lofe very much of their colour, growing much whiter hy reafon of the multitude of (ingle reflections from their outward furface, as I fhew'd afore, yet the fire that in the nealing or melting re-unites them, and (b renews thofe fiurious reflections, removes alfo thofe whitenings of the colour that proceed from them. As for the other colours which Painters ufe, which are tranfparent,and us'd to varnilh over all other paintintings, 'tis well enough known that the laying on of them thinner or thicker,does very much dilute or deepen
Thus,
if you
t
D
r
-
their colour.
Painters Colours therefore confifting molt of them of folid particles, (b fmall that they cannot be either re-uriited into thicker particles by any Art yet known,and confequently cannot be deepned 5 or divided in-
the flaw'd particles that exhibit that colour, much le(s into (mailer, and confequently cannot be diluted-, It is neceiTary that they which are to imitate all kinds of colours, (hould have as many de grees of each colour as can be procur'd. And to this purpofe, both Limners and Painters have a very great variety both of Yellows and Blues, befides fevcrai other colour'd bodies that exhibit very compounded colours, fuch as Greens and Purples 5 and others that are compounded of feveral degrees of Yellow, or feveral degrees of Blue, (bmetimes unmixt, and fometimes compounded with fe-
to particles
(b fmall as
veral other colour'd bodies.
which or Scarlet, Red deepeft to the has no intermixture of Blue , are pale and deep Mafticut, Qrpament^ Englifh Oker, brown Ok§r, Red Lead, and Vermilion, burnt Englifi Ok?r, and burnt brown ofyr, which laft have a mixture of dark or dirty parts
The Yellows^ from the paleft
with them, &c. t
Thci*
st
M ICROGRA Verditures, and Bife, and Smalts, and of kinds are feveral Their Blues Vltramarine, and Indico, which laft has many dirty or dark parts inter-
mixt with it. Their compounded colour'd bodies, as P*'»4, and Verdigrefi^hvh are l^which is a then Sea-green other Fopingay, a one a the 5 the Greens, very lovely Purple, they which alfo White, and Black their be added may which To kinds, tach feveral have as they of which Colours, each of call ufually Bone Blac^ made of Ivory burnt in a clofe VefTel, and Blue Blacky made Cullens earth and Wood other fome of Willow, or coal 3 fmall of the which is a kind of brown Black, &c. Their ufual Whites are either tificial or natural White Lead, the laft of which is the beft they yet have, and with the mixing and tempering thefe colours together, are they able to make an imitation of any colour whatfoever : Their Reds or deep Yellows, they can dilute by mixing pale Yellows with them, and deepen their pale by mixing deeper with them 3 for it is not with Opacous colours as it is with tranfparent, whereby adding more Yellow to yellow, kis deepned, but in opacous diluted. They can whiten a«y colour by mixing White with it, and darken any colour by mixing Black, or fome dark and dirty colour. And in a word, moft of the colours, or colour'd bodies they ufe in Limning and Painting, are iuch, as though mixt with any other of their colours, they preferve their own hue, and by being in foch very fmal parts difpers'd through the other colour'd bodies, they both, or altogether reprefent to the eye a compoftum of all 5 the eye being unable, by realbn of their fmalnels, to dif ringuifh the peculiarly colour'd particles, but receives them as one intire compqfitttm: whereas in many of thefe, the Microscope very eafily diftinguifhes each of the compounding colours diftinfr, and exhibiting its own colour Thus have I by gently mixing Vermilion and Bifi dry, produced a very fine Purple,or mixt colour,but looking on it with the Microfcope, I could eafily diftinguifh both the Red and the Blue particles, which did not at 2M prod uce the Vhantafm of Purpl To fumm up all therefore in a word, T have not yet found any iblid colour d body,that I have yet examin'd,perfed:ly opacous j but thafe that are lcaft tranfparent are Metalline and Mineral bodies, whofe particles ge* nerally, feeming either to be very fmall, or very much uWd, appear for the moft part opacous, though there are very few of them that I have look'd on with a Mcwfcape, that have not very plainly or drcumftantially manifefted themfelves tranfparent.
And
indeed, there feem to be fo few bodies in the world that are in minimis opacous, that I think one mat make it a rational g>nery^ Whether there be any body abfolutely thus opa e For I doubt not at all (and I
have taken notice of very many circumftances that make me oif this mind) that could we very much improve the Microfcope, we might be able to fee all thofe bodies very plainly traniparent, which we now fain *««* yn«zty onrfy to cu ghefc gacis at at oy by circumftances arcumltan ces. Way , the Object Gteiies we yet make ufe of are fuch, that they make many traniparent bodies to the eye
A
M
ROGR APHlA
eye, feem tyarowj through them,which if
and
caft
more light on the
objects,
k'"
we widen the A pertui
and not charge the Glafles
ib
deep >
will again difclofe their tranfparency
Now,
as for all kinds
of colours that are dific
Water
nothing fo manifeft, as that all thofe ting'd liquors arc transparent ^and many of them are capable of being diluted and comounded or mixt with other colours, and divers of them are capable of eing very much chang'd and heightned, and fixt with fcveral kindsof Saline menjiruums. Others of them upon compounding, deftroy or vitiate each others colours-, and precipitate^ ox otherwife'very much alter each others tinfturc. In the true ordering and diluting^ and deepning, and mixing, and fixing of each of which, confifts one of the ereateftmvl tcries of t Dyers 5 of which particulars,becaufe our Microfcope affords us very little information,! fhalladd nothing more at prelent 5 but onety that with a very few tinctures order'd and mixt after certain ways, tod long to be here fetdown, I have been able to make an appearance of all the various colours imaginable, without at all ufing the help of Salts ^ or Saline Mtetojlruutns to vary them As for or Colours by Saline mtftrnnm, they have al ready been fo fully and excellently handled by the lately mentioned fci comparable Authonrfhtf. I can add ndthing,but that of a multitude c at I made, I have found them exactly to agree with his Rules and Theories and though there may be infinite inftanees, yet may they be reduc d under a few Heads, and comprised within a very few Rules* And generally I find, that Sttiie mufirmms are moft operative upon thofe" colours that are Purple, or have fome degree of Purple in them, andtip-* on the other colours much lefs* The fpurions pulfcs that tompofe which, being (as I formerly noted) fo very neer the middle between the true ones, that a fmall variation throws them both to one fide 5 Or both to the other, and fo confequently muft make a vaft mutation in the pearing Colour liquors, there
is
-,
1
»
:
—
• 1 r
f
t
Obferv. XI.
^Figures dfenid in fmall Sand.
generally feetns to be nothing elfe but exceeding fmall Pebbly or at teaft fome very fmall parcels of a bigger ftbne 3 the whiter kind
And
feems through the Microfcope to confift Of fmall trattfparent pieces of fom<£ pellucid body, each of them looking much like a piece of Alum^ or Sail Cewr^and this kind of Sand is angled for the moft part irregularly,without atiy certain fhape,and the granules of it are fot the moft part flaWd,thotieh amongftmany of them it is not difficult to find fome that are ferfectfy pellueid, like a piece of clear Crvftal, and divers likewtfe moft curtoufly ftap'd^ much after the manner of the bigger Stiff* of Cry ftal, or like the fmall Dkmants I obferv d in certain Flints, of which I mall by and by re± late 5 which kft £6ttfcu1a* fetffls to argue, that this kind of Sand is trot
made
Mi CROC RAP HI A.
80
tranfparent Cryftaline bodies, greater of but comminution by the made body. Water,or fome fluid other coagulation of concretion or by the
There are other kinds of courfer Sands, which are browner* and have their particles much bigger s thefe, view'd with a Microfcopei feem much courfer and more op aeons fubftances,and meft of them are of fome irregularly rounded Figures 5 and though they feem not fo opacous as to the naked eye, yet they feem very foul and cloudy, but neither do thefe want eurioully tranfparent, no more than they do regularly figur d and well colourd particles, as I have often found. There are multitudes of other kinds of Sands, which in many particulars, plainly enough difcoverable by the Microfeope,difier both from thefe laft mention'd kinds of Sands, and from one another : there teeming to be as great variety of Sands,as there is of Stones. Andas amongft Stones fome are call'd precious from their excellency, fo alfo are there Sands which deferve the fame Epithite for their beauty 5 for viewing a fmall parcel of Eajl-India Sand (which was given me by my highly honoured friend, Mr. Daniel ColvoalT) and, fince that, another parcel, much of the fame kind, I found feveral of them, both very tranfparent like precious Stones, ancjr regularly figufd like Cryftal, Cornijh Diamants, fome Rubies, &c. and alfo ting'd with very lively and deep colours, like Knbys, Saphyrs, Erneraids, ficc. Thefe kinds of granuls I have often found alfo in Englijb Sand. And 'tis eafie to make fuch a counterfeit Sand with deeply ting'd Glafs, Enamels and Painters colours. It were endlefs to defcribe the multitudes of Figures I have met with in thefe kind of minute bodies, fuch as SphericalfivalJPyramidal, Conical, Trifmatical, of each of which kinds I have taken notice. But amongft many others, I met with none more obfervable than this pretty Shell (defcribed in the Figure X. of the fifth Scheme) which, though as it was light on by chance, deferv'd to have been omitted (I being unable to direct any one to find the like) yet for its rarity was it not inconfiderable, efj>ecially upon the account of the information it may afford us. For by it we have a very good inftance of the curiofity of Nature in another kind of Animals which are remov'd, by reafbn of their minutene/s,beyond the reach ofour eyes, fb that as there are feveral forts of Infects, as Mites, and others,fo fmall as not yet to have had any names 5 (fome of which I fhall afterwards defcribe) and fmall Fifties, as Leeches in Vineger 5 and fmal vegetables, as Mofs, and Rofe-Leave-plants a°^ s fmall Mufhroms, as mould: foare there, it feeras, fmall Shel-fift likewife, Nature fhewing her curiofity in every Tribe of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals. 1 )d \ 1 was trying feveral fmall and fingle Magnifying Glafles, and carnally viewing a parcel ofwhite Sand, when I perceiv'd one of the grains exactly fhap'd and wreath'd like a Shell, but endeavouring to diftieguifih it with my naked eye,it was fo very fmall,that I was fain again to make ufe ofthe Glafs to find it 5 then,whileft I thus look'd on it, with a Pin I feparatedall the reft of the granules of Sand,and found it afterwards to appear to the naked eye an exceeding fmall white fpot, no bigger than the point of a .
-
Pin.
*
â&#x20AC;˘
v*.
<r?
ICROG t
>:
R A PHIA !
view'd it every way with a better Aficrofiope ,and found It on both fides, and edge- ways., to re&mbte the Shell of a fmail WaterSnail with a flat fpkal Shell ; it had twelve wreathings, *, b, c, d, e, &ci all very proportionably growing one lefs than another toward the taiddle or center of the Shell, where there was a very fmall round white fpot. I could not certainly difcover whether the Shell were hollow or jiot, but it feem'd fill'd with fomewhat, and tis probable that it might be petrify d as other larger Shels often are, fuch as are mention d in the Pin. Afterwards
I
feventeenth Obfervation.
t
i
â&#x20AC;˘ * *
GHem-XIL Have
'
"'
'
-
Of
Gmd
I
in Vrini
of Urinei which fcems to be generated out of a Saline and a terrejirial fiib-
often ohferv'd the Sand or Oravei
a tartareow fiibftance,
itance iryjial/izd together, in the forni of larUr, fbmetimes iticking
ftp
the fides of the Vrinal, but for the moft part (inking to the bottom, awl there lying in the form of coorfe common Sand 5 thefe, through the Mt<r#Qcpe, appear to be a company of fmall bodies: partly tranfparent, and inly opacous,
s
fome White, ibme Yellow, fome Red, others of mor#
irown and dufkie colours. The Figure of them is for the moft part flat, in the manner of Slats, or fuch like plated Stones^that is,each of them fecm to be made up of fevev ral other thinner Plates, much like Mfcovie Glafi,oi Englijij Sparr^o the Jaft of which, the white platecfrfiravel teems moft likely $ for they feem not onely plated like that, but then* fides fhap'd alfo into Rhombs, Rhomfoeids^nd fometimes into Reft angles ahdy^K4re/.Their bigneis and Figure may be feen in the fecond Figure of the ftxth Plate^which reprefcnts about adozen of them lyingupona plate A B C D,fome of which, a$*^b,c y dy feem'd more regular than the reft, and r, which was a finall one, ftick>ingon the top of another, was a perfect Rbowbaeid on the top; and had four Reftangular fid es.
The
line
E which was
the meafure of the Mcrofiope^
Englifl Inch, fo that the greateft lit
is ?\
part of an
bredth of any of them, exceeded not
part of an Inch. Putting thefe into feveral liquors,
found 0)1 of Vitriol, spirit Vrinepnd feveral other Saline menftruums to diflolve them$ and the fir ofthefe in lefs than a minute without Ebullition }N iterjmd feveral other liquors, had no fiidden operation upon them. This I mention, becaufe thofe liquors that diflolve them,firft make them very White, not vitiating, but rather rectifying their Figure, and thereby make them afford a very I
pretty objecf for the Microfiope. How great an advantage it would be to fuch as are troubled with the Stone, to find fome menfiruum that might diflolve them without hurting the Bladders eaflly imagind, (Ince fome injeBions made of fuch bodies Bright likewife diflolve the ftone,
â&#x20AC;˘V
which feems much of the fame natu
N
,
It
A •
•
M IC RO GR
A.
whether enquiry, fome Phyficians worthy be perhaps, It may therefore, the Gravel which Urine in with the mixt fomething be not there may which feems of the firft it it, diflolve make again may which or Stone lies, of it. For a ryjl llizd out (bmetimes C been to have Figures by it's regular Fe/er,&c. Alum, are as the manner in made be whether this CryfiaUization have they been boyling by in which, liquor, cooling a out of cryftallfaed Vitriolatum Tartatum of manner the in made it be diifolvd h or whether y it fubftance, feems Sulphureous^ and a acid Coalition of an the by is, that dijjol made a again be in,may lies it that liquor the impoffible,but to whom Chymifts, Phyficians or to thefe inquiries But it. leaving of does more properly belong, I fhall proceed. i
\
Obfcrv>
X11L
Of
the [mall
Diamants,
or
Sparks in
Flints.
i
I
Hancing to break a Flint ftone in pieces, I found within it a certain cavity all crafted over with a very pretty candied fubftance, fome of the parts of which, upon changing the pofture of the Stone, in refpect o£ the Incident light, exhibited a number of fmall, but very vivid reflections 5 and having made ufe of my Micro/cope, I could perceive the whole furface of that cavity to be all befet with a multitude of little Cryftaline or Adamantine bodies, (b curioufly fhap'd, that it afforded a pleafing object
Having confidered thofe vivid repercuffions of light,I found them to be made partly from the plain external fitfface of thefe regularly figured bodies (which afforded the vivid reflections) and partly to be made from within the fome what pellucid body, that is,from fome furface of the body,oppofite to that fuperficies of it which was next the eye. And becaufc thefe bodies were fo fmall, that I could not well come to make Experiments and Examinations of them, I provided me feveral imzWfiirite of Cryftals or Diamants, found in great quantities in Corn* walLand are therefore commonly called Cornijh Diamants : thefe being very pellucid, and growing in a hollow cavity of a Rock (as I have been feveral times informed by thefe that have obferv'd them) much after th fame manner as thefe do in the Flint } and having befides their tward furface very regularly fhap'd, retaining very near the fame Figures with fome of thofe I obferv'd in the other, became a convenient help to mcfbt the Examination of the proprieties of thofe kinds of bodies. And firft for the Reflections 5 in thefe I found it very obfervable, That the brighteft reflections of light proceeded from within the pettucidbody that that the Rays admitted through the pellucid fubftance in their etting out on the oppofite fide, were by the contiguous and flrong reec"ting furface of the Air very vividly reflected, fo that more Rays were reflected to the eye by this furface, though the Ray in entring and getting out of the Cryftal had fuffer'da double refradtion, than there were from the outward furface of the Glafs where the Ray had fuffer'd no reflraftion at
all.
And
Sc II C-/VJ I
i
D
C
r
G
.
X
Fia
A
C
£ 1
/
,
Mi ROGRAP HI A. And
that this
was the
firrface
of the Air that gave
fo vivid a re-percuf-
fienl try'd by this means. I funk half oiajiiria in Water, fo that on" Water was contiguous to the under furface, and then the internal reflection wasfb exceedingly faint, that it was Icarce difcernable. Again, I try'd to alter this vivid reflection by keeping off the Air, with a body not fluid, and that was by rubbing and holding my finger very hard againft the under furface, fo as in many places the pulp of my finger did touch the Glafs, without any interjacent air between $ then obfervmg the reflection, I found,that
wherefoever
my finger or Ikin toucht
the furface,
from that part there was no reflection, but in the little furrows or creates of my (kin, where there remain d little (mall lines of air,from them was return'd a very vivid reflection as before. I try'd further,by making the iurface of very pure Quickfil ver to be contiguous to the under furface of thhpel/ucid body} and then the reflection from that was fb exceedingly more vivid than from the air, as the reflection from air was than the reflection from the Watery from all which trials I plainly iaw, that the itrong reflecting air was the caufe of this Phenomenon. And this agrees very well with the hypothecs of light and rellucidbodies which I have mentioned in the defcription of Mufcovy-glafi*\ for we there fuppofe Glafs to be a medium fffhich. does lefs refill the pulle of light, and conlequently,that raoft of the Rays incident on it enter into it,an refracted towards the perpendicular 5 whereas the air I fuppofe to be a body that does more refiftit, and confequently more are re-percufsd then do enter it : the lame kind of trials have I made, with Cryflaliine Glafi, with drops of fluid bodies, and feveral other ways, which do all feem to agree very exactly with this Theory. So that from this Principle well cftablinYd, we may deduce feverall Corollaries not unworthy obfervation. And the firftis, that it plainly appears by this, that the production of the Rainbow is as much to be afcribed to the reflection of the concave iurface of the air, as to the refraction of the Globular drops : this will be evidently manifeit by thefe Experiments, if you foliate that part of a Glafs-ball that is to reflect an /w, as in the Cartejian Experiment, above mention 'd, the reflections will be abundantly more itrong, and the colours more vivid : and if that part of the Iurface be touch'd with Watet j fcarce affords any fenfible colour at all.
Next we
learn, that the great reafbn
why pellucid bodies
beaten fmall
are white, is from the multitude of reflections, not from the particles of the body, but from the contiguous furface of the air. And this is evidently raanifelted, by filling the Interftitia of thofe powder'd bodies with
Water, whereby their whitenefs prefently difappears. From the fame reafbn proceeds the whitenefs of many kinds of Sands, which in the M~ cro/cope appear to be made up of a multitude of little pel/urid bodie whofe brighteft reflections may by the Microfcope be plainly perceiv to come from their internal furfaces } and much of the whitenefs of it may be deftroy d by the arlufion of fair Water to be contiguous to thofe Surfaces.
The
whitenels alfb of froth,
is
for the moft part to be afcribed to the reflection 2
N
H
\
4
:
K
M
kA
CROGRAPH IA
the Bubbles,and within the air furface of from the light reflection of the for it felf this Water the of furface from the : reflection to the very little that which is Rays, as many fo quarter return a not does laft reflection multitude by found a certainly have air,as I of the furface ma de from the ( of Obfervations and Experiments. the from much proceeds Taper, &c. Linnen, silh^, of The whitenefs made is Paper the difcover For will eafily } Microfcope fame reafon, as the replentifull very afford a pellucid bodies, which of up of an abundance contiguair the of furface concave is, the from that within, from flection Oyl, Water, of affufion the by particles wherefore component 5 ous to its Tallow,Turpentine,dv.'"all thofc reflections are made more faint : and the freely. more Paper to through the trajecl: run fuffer'd 8c are light beams of bomany of the whitenefs of may learn reafon the we further Hence white pellucid: As part m&fe be means they in what may by and dies, expellucid body compofed of for this body is a inftance, for Marble ceedingly flaw'd, that is, there are abundance of thin, and very fine conbody,that the particles amongft the multitude of of chinks c racks or the back drive of do fo parcels air,which re-percufand fmall them tain in penetrating beams, that they cannot enter very deep within that body, which the Microfcope does plainly inform us to be made up of a Congeries of pellucid particles. And I further found it fomewhat more evidently by fbme attempts I made towards the making tranfparent Marble, for by heating the Stone a little, and (baking it in Oyl, Turpentine, Oyl of Turpentine,^, I found that I was able to fee much deeper into the body of Marble then before 5 and one trial, which was not with an unctuous lubftance,fucceeded better than the reft, of which, when I have a better op-
portunity, I (hall make further trial. This alfo gives us a probable reafon of the (b much admired Thtttomena of the Ocnlus Mundi, an Oval ftone, which commonly looks like â&#x20AC;˘
white Alabafter, but being laid a certain time
and tranfp
and being fuffer'd to that tranfparency, and becomes white
lie
in
Water, it grows pellucid.
again dry,
as before.
it
by degrees
lofes
For the Stone being of
a hollow (pongie nature, has in the firft and laft of thefe appearances, all thofe pores fill'd with the obtunding and reflecting air 5 whereas in the
fecond,
thofe pores are fill'd with a medium that has much the fame refraction with the particles of the Stone, and therefore thofe two being all
contiguous, make,as 'twere, in the i$.Obfirvation.
one continued medium, of which more
is
faid
There are a multitude ofother Vhanomenajhzx. are produe'd from this fame Principle,[whichasithas not been taken notice of by any yet that I know, fo I think, upon more diligent obfervation, will it not be found the leaft confiderable. But I have here onely time to hint Hypotbefes, and to profecute them fo folly as I could with 5 many of them having aft extent in the production of a multitude oivhtnomena, which have been by others,either not attempted to be explain d, or elfe attributed to (ome other caufe than what I have aflign'd, and perhaps than the right $ and therefore I (hall leave this to the profecution of fuch as have more ieifi
* '
Microgram Hi aonely before I leave it, I muft not pretermit to hint,, that by this Principle, multitudes of the Phenomena of the air,as about Mifts, Clouds Mef
are moft plainly and (perhaps) truly explicable^ hlulti4 tudes alio of the Phenomena in Colourd bodiess as liquors, &c. are de-* ducible from it. O And from this I fhall t proceed to a fecond Coriftderable Phenomenon teors, Haloesfizc.
t
Vvhich thefe Diamants exhibit,
and that
i
the regularity of their Figure, which is a propriety not left general than the former 5 It comprifing within its extent, all kinds of Metals, all kinds of Minerals jnoft. Preciousfiones is
i
of ^//j,multitudes of Earths,and almoftall kinds offluid bodies* And this is another propiety, which, though a little fuperficially taken! notice'of by feme, has not, that I know, been fo much as attempted to be explicated by any. This propriety of bodies,as I think it the moft Worthy, and next in or^ der to be confider'd after the contemplation of the Globular Figure, fo have I long had a defire as wel as a determination to have profecuted it iff had had an opportunity ,having long fince propos'd to my felf the method of my enquiry therein^ it containing all the allurements that I think any enquiry is capable of: For,firft I take it to proceed from the moft fimple principle that any kind of form can come from, next the Globular, which was therefore the firft I fet upon, and what I have therein performed, I leave the Judicious Reader to determine. For as that form proceeded ftom a propiety of fluid bodies, which I have calfd Cottgruity, or Incongruity^ fo I think, had I time and opportunity, I could make probable^ that all thefe regular Figures that are fo confpicuoufly various and curious^vA do fo adorn and beautifie fuch multitudes of bodies, 4s I have above hinted 3 arife onely from three or four feveral pofitions Or poftures of Globular particles,and thofe the moft plain,obvious, and neceftary conjunctions of fuch figur'd particles that are pofllble, fo that fuppofing fuch and fuch plain and obvious caufes concurring the coagulating p articles muft neceflarily compofe a body of fiich a determinate regular Figure, and no other 5 and this with as much neceffity and obvioufhefs as a fluid bodyencompaft with a Heterogeneous fluid muft be protruded into a Spherule or Globe. And this I have ad oculum demonftated with a company of bullets,and fbme few other very fimple bodies 5 ib that there was not any regular Figure, which I have hitherto met withall, of any of thofe bodies that I have above named, that I could not with the compofition of bullets or globules, and one or two other bodies, imitate, even alidoft all kinds
by fhaking them together. And thus for inftance may we find that thfc Globular bullets will ofthemfelves,if put on an inclining pJain,fb that they mayjun together, naturally run into a triangular order, compofing all the variety of figures that can be imagin'd to be made out of atfuilateral triangles 5 and fuch will you find,upon trial,all the furfaces of Alum to be compos'd of: For three bullets lying on a plain, as clofe to one another as they can compofe an aquilatero-triangular form, as in A in the -/.Scheme. If a fourth be four can, they as it clofely fide as either joyn'd to them on compofe the moft regular Rhombus confifting of two aquilateral triangles, as
^^^H^^H
;
MlCROGR as B. If a
fifth
be joyn'd to them on
AP
I
ft
either fide in as clofe a pofition as i
Irapezaum, makes a or Textnrejt four the of propriety which is the 60. degrees, nd two as angl whofc of fided Figure, two
C
equilateral triangle ,as makes an D added, be If a fixth which Fig F, com Hex-angular a or E, as Rhomboeid, or a added, makes be it either evcnth If Rhomb primary pos'd of two fome kind of fix-fid cd FiG Fig dquilatero-hexagonal ao fo many placed together, be never there though And or I. gure, as H, mentioned Figures, all the thefe lately of fome d into be rang may they figure or 120. the degrees, K. 60. either be will which of angles Globules^ 1 compounded of 2. Figure is hexagonal angular qui a which is an by thefe of texture, &c and kinds or . or or be of 36, 42, 27, or may 25, ail the out of regular variety you bodics,may find globular of podtion or ihapes, into which the fmooth furfaces otAlum are form'd, as upon examination any one may eafily find 5 nor does it hold only in fuperficies,but in fclidity alfo,for it's obvious that a fourth Globule laid upon the third in this texture, compofes a regular Tetrahedron^ 'which is a very umal Figure ofthe Cryflals of Alum. And (to haften) there is no one Figure into which Alum is obfervd to be cryftallized, but may by this texture of Globules be imitated, and by no other. I could inftance alfo in the Figure otsea-filt^nd S al-gem^thzx it is*compos'd of a texture of Globules^ placed in a cubical form, as L, and that all the Figures ofthofe Salts may be imitated by this texture of G lobules3 and by no other whatfbever. And that the forms of Vitriol and of Sa lt-Peter9 asalfo of CrjftdljHore-froff) &c. are compounded of thefe two textures, but modulated by certain proprieties But I have not here time to in(ift upon, as I have not neither to ihew by what means Globules come to be thus context, and what thofe Globules are, and many other particulars requifite to a full and intelligible explication of this propriety of bodies. Nor have I hitherto found indeed opportunity of profecuting the uiry fo fair as I defignd 5 nor do I know when I may, it requiring abunnce of time, and a great deal of aiMance to go through with what I e/ign'd 5 the model of which was this Firft,to get as exact and full a collection as I could, of all the differing kinds ofGeometrical iigur'd bodies, ibme three or four feveral bodies of as before, either it
:
each kind. Secondly, with them to get as exa& a Hiftory as poffibly I could learn of their places of Generation or finding, and to enquire after as many circumftances that tended to. the Illuftrating of this Enquiry, as poffibly I could obferve.
Thirdly, to
make
many
upon experience I could findreuifite^n Diflolutions and Coagulations of feveral cryftallizing Salts ^for le necdfull inftmttion Flnrmiâ&#x201E;˘ inftruction and information in tViiÂŤ this Enquiry Fourthly, to make feveral trials on divers other bodies, as Metals, Minerals, and Stones, by diflblving them in feveral Menftruums, and cryftalizing them, to fee wnat Figures would arife from thofe feveral as
trials as
mpofitunts,
Fifthly
I
-
M
.ft-
I
I
ROGRAPHiA ft
Fitfthly, to
make Com pofitions and Coagulations of
fe vera 1 Salts kd-
gether into the fame mate, to obferve of what Figure the producT of them would be ? and in all, to note as many circumftances as I fhould judge conducive to my Enquiry. Sixthly, to enquire the clofenefs or rarity of the texture ofthefe bodies,
by examining their
gravity,
and
their refracrion,
&c
Seventhly, to enquire particularly what operations the fire has upon feveral kinds of Salts, what changes it caufes in their Figures, Textures 3 or Energies. .
Eighthly, to examine their manner of diffclution, or acting upon thole bodies dilioluble in them \ The texture of thofe bodies before and after theproeefs.
Next
And
this for the Hiftory.
To have cxamin'd by
what, and how many means, fuch and fuch Figures, actions and effects could be producd for the Solution,
poffibly. r\
And Jaftly, from
circumftances well weigh'd,
fhould have endeavoured to have fhewn which of them was moil likely, and (ifthe informations by thefe Enquiries would have born it) to have demonftrated \ 1 which of them it muft be, and was. But to proceed, As I believe it riext to the Globular the molt fimple 5 fo
do
all
I
fecohd plaee, judge it not lefs plcalant ^ for that which makes an Enquiry pleafant, are, firft a noble tnventum that promifes to crown the fuccefsfull endeavour jjmd fuch muft certainly the knowledge of the efficient and concurrent traufes of all thefe curious Geometrical Figures be,which has made thePhilofophers hitherto to conclude nature in thefe things to play the Geometrician, according to that faying of ?lnto> o eJf yioutffZ. Or next, a great variety of matter in the Enquiry 5 and here we meet with nothitig left than the Mathewatick? of nature, having every day a new Figure to contemplate,or a variation of the fame in another body. Which do afford us a third thing, which will yet more fweeten the Enquiry ,and that is,a multitude of information 3 we are not fo much to grope in the dark, as in moft other Enquiries, where the Jnventum is great 5 for having fuch a multitude of inftances to compare, and fuch eafie ways of generating,or compounding and of deftroying the fordi,as in thtSoluttiH and Cryftallization of Salts, we cannot but learn plentifull information to proceed by. And this will further appear from the uni Verfality of the Principle which Nature has made ufe of almof r in all inanimate bodies. Atid therefore, as the contemplation of them all conduces to the knowledg of any one 5 fb from a Scientihcal knowledge of any orie does follow the fame of all, and every one. I,
in the
-,
_
And
fourthly, for the ufefulnefs of this knowledge, when acquired, certainly none can doubt, that confiders that it caries us a ftep for-
ward
into the Labirinth
of Nature, in the right
way towards the end
We
propofc our felves in all Philofophicai Enquiries. So that knowing what is the form of Inanimate or Mineral bodies, we fhall be thfc better able to proceed in our next Enquiry after the form* of Vegetative
Mi CROGRAPHiA.
$$
that feeming ones, to be of Animate the andlaftofall, bodies 5 tive of is man mind capable of. that knowledge the natural of ftep higheft .
Obfcrv.
XIV. Offeveral kind®
;:•
i
r*
i
Figures frozen of
•
r
a great has been there when Morning, in often hoarfrtft a very Have the obferv'd imahV* Micrqfcope, magnifying indifferently an with the covers face moft bodies ufually of then beard, which ftajline Cry j» that He open to the cold air, and found them to be generally HcxangnU? prifmatical bodies, much like the long Cryftals of Salt-peter^ fave onety
_
Nitn of are is thofe for where differing for were them of the ends *hat or in a point edge 3 either pyramidal, terminated being part moft die thefe ofFroft were hollow, and the cavity in fome feem'd pretty deep, jmd this cavity was {the more plainly to be leen, becaufe ufually one or pther of the fix parallelogram fides was wanting, or at leaft much {hotter :
then the reft. But this was onely the Figure of the Bearded hoar-frofi 3 and as for the particles of other kinds of hoarfrojls> they feem'd for the moft part jgtuar or of no certain Figure. Nay, the parts of thofe curious branchings, or vertices , that ufually in cold weather tarnifh the furfaee of jGlafe, appear through the Mcrofiope very rude and unfhapen, as do ft other kinds of frozen Figures, which to the naked eye feem exceed ing neat and curious? fuch as the Figures otsnorp, frozen Vr?fte7 fiail, Several Figures frozen in common Water,d^. Some Qbfervations of each iofwhichl (hall hereunto annex, becaufe if well confided and ex" am'fnd, they may, perhaps, prove very inftrucHve for the finding out of what I have endeavoured in the preceding Obfervation to fhew, to be (next the Globular Figure which is caus'd by congrnity, as I hope I have made probable in the fixth Obfevvatwn) the moft fimple and plain operation of Nature, of which, ootwithftanding we are yet ignorant. >• f
-^m
Several Obfervabks in the fix-branched Figures firtrfd on the fur* r
face stbm.
*«•
»•
1.
cj
The
Vrme
freezing. by
wm
Figures all frozen alrooft even with the ftrfece of the Vrine in the Veflel, but tjie bigger ftems were a little prominent abovf that furfaee, and the parts of thoie ftems which were neareft t;he center 1
( * ) were bkgeft above the furfaee 2 I have dbfervd feveral kinds of thefe Figures, fojjic fmaller, no bigger then a Two-pence, others fo bigg, that I have by meafure found pne
of its ftems or branches above four foot long 3 and. of thefe, fome were pretty rounds having all their branches pretty neer alike > other ofthem were more extended towards one fide, as ufually thofe very large were
«
.
m, \ vrrr i
465 :
r
:
M ICROGRA
90
*
which method, certain to a order or according another
I
always obferv'd
to be this. lay over branch, the collateral^ &c.^ [ub collateral a or of 12 That fide Bird) a of whofe wing the in feathers approximate (as the the of fide branchings proceeded parallel to the laft biggeft ftem from which it iprung,and not to the biggeft ftem of all, unlefs that were a fecond ftem
backwards. figure Sexangular held the of branchings that held in the rule This I jj it though did ftem, fmall or great of any other branchings in the alfo not proceed from a center. branches, thefe of figuration of the and curiofity exa&nefs The 1 impoffible almoft it judge lb tranfeendent, that I particular was in every for humane art to imitate. Vrinany find not Ic could e, this feveral cleer pieces of I Tafting 1 ous taftc in them, but thofe few I tafted, feem'd as infipid as water. A figuration fbmewhat like this, though indeed in fome particu 1 martk qulm oblerv'd times curious, have feveral much more lars I arc branchings and that all the ftems this difference, but with ficUatus, bended in a moft excellent and regular order, whereas in Ice the ftems and branchings are ftreight, but in all other particulars it agrees with this, and feems indeed nothing but one of thefe ftars,or branched Figures frozen on Vrine, diftorted, or wreathed a little, with a certain propor f Lead alfo that has Arfenicl^ and lome other things mixt with tion have found to have its furface, when fufFer'd figured fbmewhat like the branchings of Vrine, but much (mailer I j But there is a Vegetable which does exceedingly imitate theie branches, and that is, Fearn, where the main ftem may be obferv'd to fh â&#x20AC;˘ It branches, and the ftems of each of thefe lateral branches lend forth collateral, and thofe fitb collateral, and thofe latero fubcollate* rat, &c. and all thole much after the lame order with the branchings, divifions,
and
fubdivifions in the branchings
Vrine } fo that
of
thefe Figures in frozen
the Figures of both be well confider'd, one would ghefs that there were not much greater need of a feminal principle for the production of Fea #, then for the production of the branches of Vrine the Stella martis, there feeming to be as much form and beauty in the in the other And indeed, this Plant of Fearn^ if all particulars be well confiderd, will lecm
of as
if
and uncompounded a form as any Vegetable , next to Mould ox Mujhromes^ and would next after the invention of the forms of thofe, delerve to be enquir d into j for notwithstanding feveral have affirm'd it to have feed, and to be propagated thereby I though yet, $ have made very diligent enquiry after that particular, I cannot find that there is any part of it that can be imagin'd to be more feminal then another : But this onely here by the by For the freezing Figures in Vrine, I found it requifite, Firft, that the Superficies be not difturbed with any wind, or other â&#x20AC;˘mraotion of the the like* > fimple,
Second y I
I
MlC ROGRAPH1A Secondly, that
I
it
be not too long expofed,
n
I
whole bulk reafon of the iwelling the of lce s fo as that the
be frozen 3for oftentimes,in fuch caies,by or from fome other caufe, the curious branched Figures difappear* Thirdly, an artificial freezing with Snow and Salt, apply 'd to the fide of the containing Veflel, fucceedsnot well, unlefs there be a very little
quantity in the Veflel
-"j ;;
& «j
Fourthly, If you take any cleer
and fmooth
-
and wetting all the to a very (harp freezing, you will
you expofe it find it cover'd with a very regular and infideofit with Vrine^
Glafs,
curious Figure*
' '
r i
l
t
III
1
:l
II. I
<<
'•
•
.
.
Obfervabks in figufd Snow,
II
>
i
nr .
I
.
WSZ
m
Expofing a piece of black Cloth, or a black Hatt to the falling Sttow, 1%"^*' ft*. % have often with great pleafure, obferv'd fuch an infinite variety of cu-
Snow^ that it would be as impotfible to draw the Figure andfliape of every one of them, as to imitate?, exactly the curious and Geometrical Mechanifme of Nature in any one. Some coorfe draughts, fuch as the coldnefs of the weather, and the ill provifions, I had by me for fuch a purpole, would permit me to make, I have here added in the Second Figure of the Eighth Scheme. In all which I obferv'd, that if they were of any regular Figures, they were always branched out with fix principal branches, all of equal length, ftape and make, from the center, being each of them inclin'd to either of the next branches on either fide of it, by an angle of fixty degrees. Now, as all thefe ftems were for the moft part in one flake exa&ly of the feme^make, fo were they m differing Figures of very differing ones $ io that in a very little time I have obferv'd above an hundred ieveral cizes and lhapes of thefeftarry flakes. -. a \l I ne branches alio out of each ftem of any one of thele flakes, were exa&ly alike in the fame flake of the one Figure of whatever that fb , branches were, the other five were fure to be of the fame, very exaftly * that is, if the branchings Plates^ or Veral/elipipeds fmall one were the of the branchings of the other five were, of the fame and generally, the branchings were very conformable to the rules and method obferv'd before, in the Figures on 'Urine ^ that is> the branchings from each fide of the ftems were parallel to the next ftem on that fide, and if the ftcms were plated, the branches alfo were the fame 3 if the ftems were very rioufly figur'd
;
3;
long, the branches alfo
were
fo„
&c.
Obferving fome of thefe figur'd flakes with a Mcrofivpe^ I found them not to appear fo curious and exa&ly figur'd as one would have imaging butlike Artificial moreirmagnify'd, the were they Figures, the bigger tegulantes appear'd to afcripable feem irregularity 4 this in them 5 but *n<-thawing the and breaking of the flake by the fell, and not, at all «tttect of the formatioa the curiofity in whofe plafticJ^ virtue of Nature, 01 moft of thefejkind ofregular Figures,fuch as thofe of s<thMintralsfrc. appears 2
W
6
t
MlCROGRAP
92
IA»
degrees many very fmaller be Microscope, to of the help the by appears And though it. without one able perceive is to eye acute moft the then fhape much the deof here below Stars appear'd fix-branched ofthefe
of the Eighth Scheme $ yet I am very apt to Micro/cope as through a of them have one a fight of wc could think,that vitiated by Figures are their the before Clouds in generated they are neatand of curiofity abundance would exhibit accidents,they external obhave d For fince I fo magnify never much though alio, nefe there ferv'd the Figures of Salts and Minerals to be fome of them fo exceeding fmall, that I have fcarcely been able to perceive them with the Microjcope, and yet have they been regular, and fince (as far as I have yet examin'a it) there feems to be but one and the fame caufe that produces both thefe scribed in the Third Figure
:
not irrational to foppofe that thefe pretty figur'd Stars of SnoW) when at firft generated might be alfo very regular and exaft.
effe&s, I think •5
it
H»4: A-* %
-
.
in.
.
Several kinds of Figures in
Water frozen.
Putting fair Water into a large capacious Veflel of Clafs, and It to the cold, I obferv'd after a little time, feveral broad, flat, and thin lamin£, or plates of Ice, croffing the bulk of the water and one another Very irregularly, onely moft of them feem'd to turn one of their edges towards that fide of the Glafs which was next it, and feem'd to grow, as from the infide of the Veflel inwards towards the middle* almoft like fo many blades of Fern. Having taken feveral of thefe plates out of water on the blade of a Knife, I obferv'd them figur'd much after the manner of Herring bones , or Fern blades, that is, there was one bigger ftetn in the middle like the back-bone, and out of it, on either fide, were a multitude of fmzWftirU, or icicles, like the fmaller bones,or the fmaller branches in Fern, each of thefe branches on the one fide, were parallel to all the tfeft on the feme fide, and all of them feem'd to make an angle with the ftem,towards the top, of fixty degrees, and towards the bottom or root of this ftem, of 1 20. See the fourth Figure of the 8. Plate. I obferv'd likewife feveral very pretty varieties of Figures in Water, frozen on the top of a broad flat Marble-ftone, expos'd to the cold with expofing
w
little
Wate
^ fome like feathers,^ fome of other fhapes, many very much of the ftiape expreft in the fifth Figure of'the
were 8. Scheme, which is extremely
thetri
from any of the other Figures. I obferv'd likewife, that the moorings of Ice on the top of Water, be-
nfiing to freex,
were
differing
&i*tor, that they croft or rule, that they were always a %
ter that lay between
of thofe much like other ufually without any kind of order
in ftreight prijmatical bodies
them 5
higher then the furface of the Wa that by degrees thofe interjacent (paces little
would be fill'd with Ice alfo, which ufually would be as hk*h as the fcr^ fcce of thereft. In flakes of tee that had been frozen on the top conany to of Water r
Arable
I
J*iaur
Schem. :
J
IX,
\
Mi ROGRAPHIA.
r<
obferv'd that both the upper and the under fides of it were curioufly quill 'd, furrow'd. or graind, as it were, which when the Sun (hone on the Plate, was exceeding eafily to be perceiv'd to be much after the (hape of the lines in the 6. Figure cf the 8. Scheme, that is9 fiderable thicknels,
I
they confifted of feveral ftreight ends of parallel Plates, which Were of s and angles to one another without any certain order. a The caufe of all which regular Figures (and of hundreds of others^ namely o£ Salts, Minerals, Metals, 8cc. which I could have here inferred, would it not have been too long) feemsto be deduciblefrom the fame Principles ,which I have (in the 13. observation) hinted only, having not yet had time to compleat a theory of them. But indeed (which I there alfo hinted) I judge it the fecond ftcp by which the Pyramid of natu* ral knowledge (which is the knowledge of the form of bodies) is to bcafcended: And whofoever will climb it, tnuft be well furniftYd with that which the Noble Verulam calls Scalam tntellettm x he muft have lcaling Ladders, otherwile the ftcps are (o large and high, there will be no getting up them, and consequently little hopes of attaining any higher (ration, fuchas to the knowledge ot themoft fimple principle of Vegetation manifested in Mould and Muftiromes, which, as I elfe* where endeavoured to fhew, feems to be the third ftep$ for it feemsto me, that the Intellect of man is like his body, deftitute of wings, and cannot move from a lower to a higher and more fublime ftation of know* ledgptherwife then (tep by ftep^nay even there where the way is prepared and already made patiible 5 as in the Elements of Geometry, or the like, where it is fain to climb a vthoXcferies of Proportions by degrees, before it attains the knowledge of one Probleme. But if the afcent be high, difficult and above its reach, it muft have recourfc to a novum organum, fome new engine and contrivance, fome new kind of Algebra, or Andy* -
tkt^ Art before
it
can (urmount
it» •T I
• I
_
y
* V
XV
Obfcrv +
\
Kettcring-ftone,
Of
and
Inani pores the df of I
mate bodkt
/ \ ,s>
-t •
T
*
m
*
ir
/
»
•
ilj
i.
-*
stbm.§ t Northampton-Jh/re,md in Kettering His Stone which is brought from ' Fl digg d out of a Quarry, as I am infonnd, has a grain altogether *
admirable, nor have I everleen or heard of any other ftonethathas the all not bodies* like. It is made up fmall of company of an innumerable the fame cize or (hnpe, but fot the mofl: part, not much differing from Globular form, nor exceed they one another in Diameter above three °r four times they appear to the eye, like the Cobb or Ovary of a Her5 feem ri particles the part, moft *i, or fome fmaller fifties, but for the fomewhat kfs, and not fo uniform 5 but their variation from a oerftft
^
globular balLfeems to be only by the pTefliire of the contiguous bals which tave a little deorefr and nrorruded thofe touchttfdes inward, a nd forcd
MlCROGRAPHIA*
24
the other fides as
much outwards beyond
the limits of a Globe 5
jufr as
Clay were foft Bal of round Is exa&ly heap'd heap of f a it would happen,! (mail heap of a Globules feen often have or, as of I another $ upon one in glaz'd a much it rubbing by Veflel, to form that redued , Quicksilver
though when Spittle, the top as fuch liquor, lluggith or ilimy fome with that thofe are yet neer fpherical, preft be very Globules upper of the lately mention d thefe of imitate the forms exactly , others upon by grains.
Where
thefe grains touch each other, they are fb firmly united or
a breaking hole in one without feldom part they together, that fettled which fractions, of Lc.c. Some &c. a. a, a, fuch as them, other of or th as a> a, a 3 a, where the touch has been but light, break no more then the outward cruft/ or firf t (hell of the ftone, which is of a white colour,
* W1«A«1 I
.
a little dalh'd with a brownifh Yellow,and is very thki,like the (hell of an Egg : and I have feen fome of thofe grains perfectly reiemble fome kind of Eggs,both in colour and fhape : But where the union of the contiguous granules has been more firm, there the divulfion has made a greater Chafm, as at £, 6, £, in fo much that I have obferv'd fome of them quite broken in two, as at c y <?, r, which has difcovered to me a further refcmblance they have to Eggs,they having an appearance ofa white and yelk, by two differing fiibftances that envelope and encompafe each other. That which we may call the white was pretty whitifh neer the yelk, but more dufkie towards the (bell , fome of them I could plainly perceive to be (hot or radiated like a Pyrites oxfire-ftone $ the yelk in fome I law hollow, in others filfd with a dufkie brown and porous fiibftance like a kind of pith. The (mall pores, or interfiitia e e e e betwixt the Globules, I plainly faw,and found by other trials to be every way pervious to air and water, for I could blow through a piece of this ftone of a confiderable thicknefs, as eafily as I have blown through a Cane, which minded me of the pores which Des Cartes allow his materia jubtilis between the ethereal globules. The ob jeer, through the Microfcofe 3 appears like zCongerics or heap of Pinoles, fuch as I have often Teen caft up on the (h ore, by the working of the Sea after a great ftorm, or like (in fhape, though not colour) a company of fmall Globules of Qyickfilver, look'd on with vMt'/rafeofe, when reduc d into that form by the way lately mentioned. And perhaps, this laft may give fome hint at the manner of the formation of the former : For fuppofing fome Lapidefctnt fubftance to be generated, or fome way brought ^ (either by fome commixture of bodies in the Sea it felf, or protruded in, perhaps, out of fome fubt erraneous caverns) to the bottom of the Sea,and there remaining in the form of a liquor like Quickfilver, heterogeneous to the ambient Saline fluid, it may by the working and tumblings of the Sea to and fro be jumbled and comminuted into fuch Globules as may afterwards be hardned into Flints, the lying of which one upon another, when in the Sea, being not very hard, -by reaibn 6f the weight of the incompaffing fluid, may caufe the undermoft be a little,though not much, varied from a globular Figure. But this by the by Aft
4
M iCROGRAPtflA After what manner this Kettering-Jione fhould be generated I cannot learn, having never been there to view the place, and obfcrve the cirbut it feems to me from the ftructurc of it to be generated cumftances '-,
from fome fiibftance once more fluid, and afterwards by degrees growing harder, almoft after the fame manner as I fiippofed the generation of" Flints to be made. But whatever were the cauie of its curious texture, we may learn this information from it 5 that even in thole things which we account vile, rude,and coorfe, Nature has not been wanting to (hew abundance of curiofity and excellent Mechanifme. We may here find a Stone by help of a Microfcope, to be made up of abundance of fmall Balls, which do but juft touch each other, and yet there being fb many conta6ts,they make a firm hard mafs, or a Stohe much harder then Free-ftone. Next, though we can by a Microfcope diicern (6 curious a fhape in the particles, yet to the naked eye there fcarce appears any fuch thing 5 which may afford us a good argument to think, that even in thofe bodies alio, whole texture we are not able to diicern, though help'd with Microfcopes.^ there may be yet latent (b curious a Schematijme, that it may abundantly fatisfie the curious fearcher, who (hall be fb happy as to find fome way to difcover it. Next, we here find a Stone, though to the naked eye a very clofe one, yet every way perforated with innumerable pores, which are nothing elfii but the interjiitia^bctwcen thofe multitudes of minute globular particles, â&#x20AC;˘
.that
compofe the bulk it felf 3 and thefe pores are not only dilcover'd by
the Microfcope) but
by
this contrivance.
took a pretty large piece of this ftone, and covering it all over with cement, favc only at two oppofite parts, I found my felf able, by blowing in at one end that was left open, to blow my fpittle,with which I had wet the other end, into abundance of bubbles, which argued thefe pores to be open and pervious through the whole ftone, which affords us a very pretty inftance of the poroufhefs of fome feemingly clofe bodics,of which kind I fhall anon have occafion to fubjoyn many more, tending to prove the fame thing. I muft not here omit to take notice, that in thi$;body there is not a vegetative faculty that fhould To contrive this flru&ure for any peculiar ufeof Vegetation ox growth, whereas in the other inftances of vegetable porous bodies, there is an anima, ox forma informant, that docs contrive all the Structures and Mechanifmes of the conflicting body, to make I
,
the great Work or
them fubfervient and
are to they Function ufefull to perform. And fo I ghefs the pores in Wood, and other vegetables, in oones,aud other Animal fubftances,to be as fo many channels,provided by the Great and Alwife Creator, for the conveyance of appropriatedjuyce* to particular parts. And therefore,that this may tend, or be pervious all towards one part,and may have impediments,as valves or the like, to any other 5 but in this body we have very little reafon to fufpecl there fhould
be any fuch defign, for
it is
foronely not way, every equally pervious
ward, <
'
'
I
Micrognathia. r
fcems indeed riiiich and rather fide-ways, ds,and to be bMwar but ward, fnogmeom or fimilar to thofe pores; which we may with great praba pellucid dirc&ed, bodies, not or channels of be the to more believe ility _ open any one way, then any other, befog equally pervious every way. And, according as thefe pofes are tiiore or greater in refpecl: of the iti* lb are conftituted concretes 3 the transparent the more bodies, terfiitial and the fmaller thofe pores are, the weaker is" the Tmpulfe of light comttmnicated thrbugh them, though the more buick be the brbgreis
Upon this Ofcca fidn, I hope it will
my
propound
be altogether unfeafonable,* if I conjectures and Hypothecs about the titedintb and con riot
vefance of light.
^
,
I fuppofe then, that the greateft part of the MerfiitU of the worldi Uiit lies between the bbdics of the Suri and Starrs, and the Planets, and
the Earth, to be an exceeding fluid body , very aj>t and ready to be one part to any other part, ai mOv'd.and to communicate the motion <5f ariy thougii never fo far diftant : Nor do I much concern my felf, to determine what the Figure of the particles of this exceedingly fubtile fluid tbidium mufr be nor whether it have ariy interftitiated pores or Vact ->
determine the other difficulties. that b'eirig fo exceeding fluid a body 3 it eafily gives pafiage to all bodies to nibve to and fro in it.
I
*-.
Other bodies > an y itnpulft
not of a determinate quitkttefs. And that when the motion is of fuch determinate fwiftnefs, it both receives, and ccmtimn?cates,or propagates an impuMfe or motion to any imaginable cKftanee (freight lines, with an unimaginable celerity and vigour That all kind of folid bodies confift of pretty maflte partides in re of the particles of this fluid medium, which in many places do fo ouch each bther,that none of this fluid fflMHn interpofes much after the
motion
in a direct line, that
is
m
ame mannner (to ufe
a grofs fimiHtude) as a
heap of great Hones compafs
g but lOme ft
ft
fubtile parts
of
thofe particles, thatferve td cotiftiture all tangible w
ies.
Thft
i
water, and
&ch
other fhfld bodies arc nothfcfe but a series of particles agftfte'd or made fluid itSh the fame manner as taej)articleS'of^// are agitated or made fluid by a parcel of water, in hich they are diflblv'd, and fubfiding td the bottom of it, corfffitufe a Did 'Body much more <maffie aud denfe, atrA lefs fluid then the pure tfie
^
-,
r
^ater itTe!f.
Tliat the atr
tile |>arts
.
on tHe otrferfide^s a certain
&m V 3tiy ofparties of qui
Of C^f^and'dthtr very^ee^t1ngtngi>odies,whete by a very fmall \
~
CF(QGRAPHIA;
A ^er
97
p able <o tinge an4 diffy fe it fq^f over a
very great or fomewhat aftej that manner, as ;
quantity of the fluid diflblyent 5 fmoak, andfuch like minute bodies, or fleams, are qbierydto tinge a very great quantity of air oneJy this (aft fifflflftude k deficient in on? ->
propriety, and that
a perpetuity
~
continuance in / ©ixture with the air, but the former does more fleerty approach, to the nature and manner of the airs being dtflblv 4 by thjs rj,u4 or either, And this Similitude will further hold in thefe proprieties^ that as thofe ,.!_.*.
is
r.jL—
happen even to the Air Further, as thefe foiutions and
accidents
ojj
•
it
,
1.
felf
precipitated that the like t
-:
tjnfture$
4o
alter the nature
of thefe
hodic^as to their aptnefs to propagate a motion or impulfe through them, even fo does the particles of the Aft, Water, > and other fluid bor dies, and of Clais, Cryftal, dv. whicfe are commix* with this bulk of the Mtker, alter the motion of the propagated pulfe of light ; tha,t is, where thefe more bulkie particles are more plentifull, and consequently a lefJer quantity of the JEther between them to be mov'd,there the motion muft ncceftirily be the fwiftent^ough, not fo robufr, w-hich will r^dttfe^hofe cfFedrs, which I have (I nope) with fbme probability^ afcribed to it in the digreilion about Colours, a£ the end of the ob£e*w$ions on Muf> •\ '$-&«& ,Ol !./! n [IT Now, that other Stones, and thpfe which have the clofeftand hardeft textures, and feem (as far as we are able to difeoveifHvith our eyes, though help'd with the beft Mkrofiofes) freeft from pgres, drp yet ftot^ withftahdjng replenjhYd with them i an Inftanee or two will, I fuppofe, make more probable* A very (olid and unnWd piece of deer white Marble, if it be well fluid
and glaz d, has fo eurioutly fmooth a furface:, th^t, tj\e b?ft and moft poliih'd furface of any wroug' nor through a Microfibpe, to be more that this hard clofe body is feplcnjftYd with ah^ndamreof poref^ f think thefe following Experiments will fufficjeptfy prove. boyl while pretty a for firft and is, That if you take fuch a piece, Jhe It in Turpentine and 6yl of Turpentine, you ihall find that the ftone will be all imbu'd with it and whereas before it look'd more white.but more 5 opacous, now it will look more greafic, but be much more tranfparent, and if you let it lie but a little while, and then break offa pan of it, you determinate ftiall find a jt fuph to penetrated the unftgous body to have depth every way within the furface. This may be yet eafier try'd with a Piece of the fame Marble, a little warm'd in the fire,and then a little Pitch or Tarr melted on lnfinuby their bodies, black the top of it 5 for thefe black tting themfelves it & into the invifaie ppres of the frone ; ting a hue. aflertion, this of truth the that there can be no further doubt of <hat it abounds With fmall imperceptible pores.Now, that other bod je§ wiU alfo fink into the ppres of Marble, behdes in made tin&ure «*6W, I have ttj% and found, that a very Blue polilh'd
_
mh
P
22
fiitii
4
MlCROGRAPHIA
w •
as it, would alio into fink eafily would and very readily jpirit ofVrint v Wine, feveral tin&ures drawn vrlthfiirit of Nor is Marble the only feemingly clofe (tone, which by other kinds of Experiments may be found porous ? for I have by this kind ofExperiment on divers other ft ones found much the fame effect, and in fome, indeed much more notable. Other ftones I have found fo porous, that with the Microfeope I could perceive feveral fmall winding holes, much like Worm-holes,as I have noted in fomekind of Tnrbeckfione, by looking on the furface wife, other has if off, for flaw'd furface of a piece newly the
been long expos'd to the Air, or has been fcraped with any tool , thofe fmall caverns are fill'd with duft,and difappear. And to confirm this ConjeUure^ yet further 3 I (hall here iniert an excellent account,given into the Royal Society by that Eminently Learned Phyfician, Doctor Goddardy o£an Experiment, not lefc initru&ivejthen curious and accurate, made by himlelf on a very hard and feemingly clofe ftone calf d Oculus MundL as I find it preferv'd in the Records of that Honourable Society.
A
fmall ftone of the kind, call'd >
by fome Authours,
Mundi, being dry and cloudy, weigh'd
The fame put undqr water
5
~ Grains.
for a night,
became tranfparent, and the
Oculus
and fomewhat more7 being wiped dryy
fuperficies
weighed 6 ^Grains.
The difference between thefe two weights, o ^ of a Grain. The fame Stone kept out of water one Day and becoming cloudy again weighed,
5^ Graines.
Which was more then the firft weight o£ of a Gram. The fame being kept two Days longer weighed, 5^ Graines* *5*
Which was
lefs
then at
firft.
o-^i 56
of a Grain.
Being kept dry fomething longer
it
did not grow
fenfibly
lighter.
Being put under water for a night and becoming again parent and wiped dry with the
weight
firft
after
e weight
•>
after putting in
keeping of
it
was?
1
water, and
dry,
o^ of a
tranf-
Grains? the fame
more then the
laft
Grain.
Another Stone of the fame kind being variegated with milky white
and gray like fome
forts
was alwaies invironed with
of Agates? while it litde Bubbles, r
lay under water,
fuch as appear in 7
water
'
M ICROGRAPH1A before
water
99
boyling, next the fides of the
Veffi
m
There were alfo fomethe like Bubbles on the Surface of the %/ water )uft over it^as if either fome exhalations came out of it or that
it
did excite fome fermentation in the parts of the water L-«
contiguous to it.
There was
'
1
little fenfible
Stone,before the putting
difference in the tranfparency of this
under water, and after
:
To be fur,e
the
milky-whhe parts continued as before, but more difference in
into the in
For whereas
e former.
:ght
water the weight was
1
8
£
Grai
before the putting
•>v
After
about four and twenty hours the weight was
the difference
was
•>
1
G raiiies 77$ -il
then
upon
it
had lyen
20^ Grainzs^
fo
,
The lame Stone was infufed in the water continued for awliile after
it
fcalding; hot, and fo
was cold > bur got no more weight
infufing in the cold, neither
was there any
fenfible
Difference in the weight both times --
which Experimentjthcre are three ObfcrvabIes,tbat ieem very manifeftly to prove the potoufhefs of theie Seemingly cioie bodies: the firft their acquiring a tranfparency, and Iorlug their whitened after fteeping water, which will feem the more ftrongly to argue it, if whstlh already (aid about the making mnfparent, or clarifying of fcme bodies, as the white powder of beaten Glafs, and the froth of fome glutinous transparent liquor be well confider'd } for thereby it will, feem rational think that this tranfparency arifes from the infiouation of the water(which has much the fame maybe ction with iiich irony p difcoverd by Sand view'd with a Micro/cope) into thofe pores which were formerly repleat with air (that has a very differing refraction, and coirfequently is very refleftive) which feenjs to be CQnfirm'd by the fecond Obfervable, namely, the increafe of weight after fteeping, and decreafe upon drying. And thirdly/eem'd yet more fenfibly confirm'd by the multitude of bubbl thelaft Experiment We find alfo molt Acid Salts very readily to diflbive and feparate the In
to Argument further a yet is which one from another 5 confirm the that fhew to fuch, as ferire will poroufneii oi bodies, and even Glafs alio has ii-feverai there are it,fince in an abundance of pores quor*, that with into and eat Cerrode fo will long flaying in a Glafs, Jt kft, to make it pervious to the liquor it contain d, of which I have * lcen very Vfrv many «,„*... t-/l Inftances. parts of this body
Since therefore
we
find
by other
proofs,
P
that many of thoft
a
tlfli
les
which
*
r
MlCROGRAPHlA
IOO
fight, to our Co have and appeal ones, not folid moft the which we think which kind^ of grofier ad thofe of ibundance p withftandin not believe fhould them, we why into that liquors of kinds mit Several fince abound them, we with bodies have tranfparent other all and CJais which light, propagation feem of to the befides arguments, many other
argue for it propagation light is no of that the objected, be may it And whereas Hyin glafs, are there fince pores atomical thofe are argument that there Phenomena, by fuppofing the thofe folve to plauJile*enough pothecs body tranfparent through the communicated tol^ pulfe onely \
Moreanm the which induftrious To this I a denier end of in of the a Ray motion (lower the about publifh'd has folve to altogether unfufficient thin,feems and rare more a trtcdiumjhtn in abundance of Thsnomena, of which this is not the leaft confiderable,that geneany be that colours (hould fuppofition, that from impoffible it is rated from the refraction of the Rays 3 for fince by that Hypothep the undulating pulfe is always carried perpendicular, or at right angles with the Ray or Line of direction, it follows, that the ftroke of the pulfe of light, after it has been once or twice refracted (through a Pri(me,for example) muft affect the eye with the fame kind of ftroke as if it had not been refracted at all. Nor will it be enough for a Defendant of that Hy* pothejis, to fay, that perhaps it is becaufe the refractions have made the Rays more weak, for if (6, then two refractions in the two parallel fides of a Quadrangular Prifme would produce colours, but we have no fuch Vhdnemena produc'd. There are feveral Arguments that I could bring to evince that there anfwer', that that Hypothecs
are in
a
all
fluid
tranfparent bodies fuch atomical pores.
bddy
as I
And
that there
is
fuch
am arguing for, which is the medium, or Inftrument, by
which the pulic of Light is convey d from the lucid body to the enlightn d. But that it being a digreffion from the Obfervations I was recording, about the Pores of Kettering stone > it would be too muchluch, if I fhould protract it too long 3 and therefore I fhall proceed to the next Obfervation. .Âť
Obferv.
XVI.
Of Charcoal, or
burnt Vegetables. ÂŤr
Harcoal,or a Vegetable burnt black,aflbrds an ob ject.no kfs pleafant than inftructive 5 for if you take a fmall round Charcoal,and break fhort with
vour
you may perceive
break with a very 11 t I th and (leck fur face, almoft like the furface of black fealing Wax this furface, if it be look'd on with an ordinary Mcrofeope, docs manifeft abundance of thofe pores which are alfb vifible to the eye in many kinds of Wood9 rangd round the pith, both a in kind of circular order, and a radiant one. Of thefe there are a multitude in the fubftanceof the Coal, every where almoft perforating and by nd h from end means fin
\
^^
M
iVlICROGR APHi
A.
means of which, be the Coal never fo long, you may eafily blow through it 5 and this you may prefently find,by wetting one end of it with Spittle, and blowing at the other. But this is not all, for befides thofe many great and confpicuous irregular (pots Or pores, if a better Micro/cope be made ufe of, there will aparan infinite company of exceedingly finally and very regular pores* thick and fo orderly fet, and fo clofe to one another, that they leave very little room or fpace between them to be fill'd withafolid body, for the apparent interftitia, or feparating fides of thefe pores feem fo thin in fome places, that the texture of a Honey-comb cannot be more porous. Though this be not every where fo, the intercurrent partitions in fome places being very much thicker in proportion to the holes. Molt of thefe fmall pores feem'd to be pretty round, and were rang'd in rows that radiated from the pith to the bark } they all of them feem'd to be continued open pores, running the whole length of the Stick 5 and that they were all perforated, I try'd by breaking Off a very thinfliVer of the Coal crofs-ways, and then with my Microfiepe,diligently (urveying them againft the light, for by that means I was able to fee quite through them Thefe pores were fo exceeding fmall and thick,that in a line of them* rJ part of an Inch long, I found by numbring them no lefs then 150; fmall pores 5 and therefore in a line of them an Inch long, muft be no le(s then 2700. pores, and in a circular area of an Inch diameter, muft be about 5725350. of the like pores 3 fo that a Stick of an Inch Diameter, may containe no left then feven hundred and twenty five thonfand, befides 5 Millions of pores, which would, I doubt not, feem even incredible, were not every one left to believe his own eyes. Nay, having fince examin'd Cocus blacky and green Ebony ^ Lignum Vita, &c. I found, that all y thefe Woods have their pores, abundantly (mailer then thofe of (oft light Wood 5 in fo much, that thofe of Guajacum feem'd not above an eighth part of the bignete of the pores of Beech, but then the Interftitia were thicker 5 fo prodigiouily curious are the contrivances, pipes, or (luces by which the Succus nntritiuf^ox Juyce of a Vegetable is convey 'd from â&#x20AC;˘
f
'
*
place to place.
This Obfervation feems to afford us the true reafon of feveral ?h*nontena of Coals 5 as firft, why they look black $ and for this we need go no further then the scheme^ for certainly, a body that has fo many pores in it as this is difcoverd to have, from each of which no light is reflected, muft neceflarily look black, efpecially, when the pores are fomewhat bigger in proporti on to the intervals then they are cut in the Scheme^ black being nothing elfebuta privation of Light, or a want of reflections and wherefover whethis reflecting black, look part that quality is deficient, there does ther it be from
a in thisInftance,or in as a poroufnefs of the body,
and dulling quality, fuch as Silver,
Copp er,
Next, we
&c
may
I
have obferv'd in the
Scoria,
deadmng
of Lead, Tin,
]
alfo as plainly fee the reafon
of
its
(bioing quality,
and that
f
M
102
CROGRAPHIA.
folid the ftick, the interftiM of off breaking the that is from pretty a ftrong reand having furface, or termination regular having a united to the naked become reflections many fmall the flecting quality,
eye, and
make a very pretty
fhining furface.
evident/or fince feems brittlenefs and its hardnefs of reafon Thirdly ,the Interthole toughn'd and moittnd fubftance that liquid all the watery or that which remov'd, and evaporated are folid parts, fiitia of the more not at which will ftone, of a almoft nature of the becomes hehind is left continuity its of oxfohttion a without divnlfon little,bend very all, or Mechanifme of and the ufe examine prefi at defign not my It is but Enquiry another to proper more that being Wood, parts of 3 thefe rather to hint, that from this Experiment we may learn, bodies, which burnt many blacknefs of of the caufe the what is Firft, fire the agiof heat the this that elfe but nothing be find to 5 may wc tating and rarifying the watcrifh, tranfparent, and volatile water that is contain'd in them,by the continuation of that action,does fo totally expel and drive away all that which before fill d the pores, and was difpers'd alfo through the folid maft of it, and thereby caus'd an univerfal kind of tranfparency, that it not oncly leaves all the pores empty, but all the Interflitid alfo fo dry and â&#x20AC;˘pacom, and perhaps alfo yet further perforated, that that light onely is reflected back which falls upon the very outward edges of the pores, all they that enter into the pores of the body, never returniag, but being loft Now, that the Charring or coaling of a body is nothing elfe, may be eafily believ'd by one that Ihall confider the means of its production, which may be done after this, or any fiich manner. The body to be eharr'd or coal'd, may be put into a Crucibkfiotfyx any other Veflel that will endure to be made red-hot in the Fire without breaking, and then cover'd over with Sand, fo as no part of it be fuffer d to be open to the Air, then fet into a good Fire, and there kept till the Sand has continu'd red hot for a quarter, half, an hour or two, or more, according to the nature and bigne/s ofthe body to be coal'd or eharr'd, then taking it out ofthe Fire,and letting it ftand till it be quite cold,the body may be taken out of the Sand well charr'd and cleans'd of its waterifh parts, but in the taking of it out, care muft be had that the Sand be very neer cold, for elfe, when it comes into the free air, it will take fire, and readily burn away. This may be done alfo in any clofc Veflel of Glals, as a Retort^ or the like,
a
fit
and the
foveral fluid fubftances that come over may be receiv'd in Recipient, which will yet further countenance this Hypothecs : And
manner of charring Wood in great quantity comes much to the f^me thing, namely, an application of a great heat to the body, and preferving it fi the accels of the devouring air 5 this may be eafily leam'd from the Hiftory of Charring of Coal, moft excellently defcrib'd and publifiYd by that moft accomplilh'd Gentleman, Mr. Join Evelin, in the 100, 1 01, 103, pages of his Sjfoa, to which I (hall therefore refer the curious Reader that defires a full information of it. Next their
I
Micrograph iA. Next,
we may
learn
what
part
of the Wood it
is
that
102
the combnftibk of thofe fluid fubis
matter} for fince we (hall find that none, or very little ftances that are driven over into the Receiver are combnftibk, and that moft of that which is left behind is fo, it follows, that the folid interftitia of the Wood are the combuftible matter. Further, the ifeafon why urH charr'd Wood burns with a greater flame then that which is eharr d, is as evident, becaufe thofe waterifo or volatil parts ifluing out of the fired
Wood, every way, not ortely
fhatter
and open the body, the better for
but iiluing out in vapours or wind, they become like fo many little aolipiles, or Bellows, whereby they blow and agitate thd fir'd part, and conduce to the more ipeedy and violent confumption oi> oi diflblution of the body. Thirdly, from the Experiment of charring of Coals (whereby we fee that notwithftanding the great heat, and the duration of it, the folid parts of the Wood remain, whileft they are preferv'd from the free accefs of the air undiffipated) we may learn,that which has not,that I know o£ been publifh'd or hinted, nay, not fo much as thought of) by any 5 and the fire to enter,
that in (hort
is this.
Firft, that the
Air
J
•
m
1 I
*
ft
we live, move, and
breath, and which en* cherifhes moft bodies it encompafles, that this
in which
compafles very many, and Air is the menftruum^or umverf^] diflblvent of
all
Sulphureous bodies.
Secondly, that this a&ion it performs not, till the body be firft fuffi ciently heated, as we find requifite alfo to the diflblution of many other r bodies by feveral other menftruums. f
>
Thirdly, that this a&ion of diflblution, produces or generates a very great heat,and that which we call Fire 5 and this is common alfotomany diflblutions ofother bodies, made by menftruums * of which I could give multitudes of Inftances/ Fourthly, that this attion is performd with fo great a violence, and does fo minutely a£r, and rapidly agitate the fmalleft parts of the commatter, that it produces in the diaphanous medium of the Air, the a&ion or pulfe of light, which what it is, I have elfe-where already fhewn. Fifthly,flW the dijjoint ion of fulphureous bodies is made by a fubftance inherent, and mixt wtfh the Air, that is like, if not the very fame, with
buftible
which is fixt in Sit/k-peter, which by multitudes of Experiments that may be made with Saltpet'er^wiW, I think,moft evidently be demonftrated. Sixthly, that in this diflblution of bodies by the Air, a certain part is united and mixt, or diflblv'd and turn'd into the Air, and made to fly up and down with it in the fame manner as a metalline or other body dit folv'd into any of progrefles and motions the follow menftruums, does that menftruum till it be precipitated. Seventhly, That as there is one part that is diflbluble by the Air,fo are there other parts uniting, and mixing the Air of parts with which the do make a Coagulum, or precipitation, as one may call it, which caules it to be in and light, precipitate fo is this feparated from the Air, but fo Gnall and eafily and is volatil, is very it that rarify'd or porous clufters, carry'd up by the motion and heat the afterwards,when ofthe Although
that
agitation
t
Micrograph
i
a*
condcnfes,and eafily ceafes,it rarify'd it kept that agitation
commixtwith
and adheres to the next bodies it meets of out be extracted S.qqu that may Salt certain and this a is withall y Eighthly, that many indiflbluble parts being very apt and prompt to agitation^ heat and in that continue they whileft are and fb, berarifyd, carry'd and thruft thereby upwards are Ambient Air, then the lighter them, with not onely carry along means by that and violence, great with terreftrial, or irjdip but before, many mention'd concrete I dint 8 that fbluble and irrarefiable parts, nay > many parts alfo which are diflbluble, to make heat them in fufficient enough a ftay long to not fuffer'd are but prompt and apt for that a&ion. And therefore we find in Soot^ not onely ether indiflbluble parts,
it
(ticks
will be dif heat, longer in a competent continued a folvd by the Air, or take fire and burn 5 but a part alfo which is fixt, terpart, that being
freftrialy
and
irrarefiable.
Ninthly, that asÂť there are thefc feveral parts that will rarifie and fly, or be driven up by the heat, fbare there many others, that as they are indiflbluble by the aerial menfirwtmfo are they of fuch (luggifb and grois parts, that they are not eafily rarify'd by heat, and therefore cannot be rais'd by it 5 the volatility or fixtneis of a body feeming to confift only in
of a texture, or has component parts that will be eafily rarify'd into the form of Air, and the other, that it has fuch as will not,without much ado,be brought to fuch a conftitution } and this is that part which remains behind in a white body calf d Aflies, which contains
this, that
the ÂŤone
is
a (ubftance,or &*/*,which Chymifls call Alkali .-what the particular natures of each of thefe bodies are, I (hall not here examine, intending it in another place,but (hall rather add that this Hypothecs does fo exactly agree
Phenomena of Fire, and fb genuinely explicate each particular circumftance that I have hitherto oblerv'd, that it is more then probable, that thiscaufe which I have affignd is the true adequate, real, and onely caufe of thofe Phanwnena 5 And therefore I (hall proceed a little further, to (hew the nature and ufe of the Air. Ten thly,therefore the diflblving parts of the Air are but few,that i$,it ieems of the nature of tho(e Saline ntenfirnuntSy or fpirits, that have very much rlegme mixt with the ipirits, and therefore a fmall parcel of it is quickly glutted, and will diflblve no more $ and therefore unlefs fame fre(h part of this menftruum be apply'd to the body to be diflblv'd, the action ceafcs, and the body leaves to be diflblv'd and to (bine, which is the Indication of it, though plac'd or kept in thegreateft heat} whereas ^alt-peter is a ntenfimum^ when melted and red-hot., that abounds more with tho(e Diflblvent particles, and therefore as a fmall quantity of it will diflblve a great fulphureous body, fo will the diflblution be very quick and violent. with
all
Therefore in the Eleventh place, it is obfervable, that, as in other (blutions, if a copious and quick fupply of frefti menftrHum^ though but weak, be poured on, or applied to the diflbluble body, it quickly confumes it : So this ntenftrMtm of the Air, if by Bellows, or any other fuch .M trhrance, it be copioully apply 'd to the (hining body9 is found I
diflblve
*
M difiblve it
asfoon,
ROGR APHlA. and more _
10
I
as violently as the
ftrong
-.'
mnfiruU^oi
-Vmelted Nitre. ), Therefore twelfthty, it fcems reafonable to t that there is no iqch thing as an Element of Fire that fhould attract or draw up the flame,,,or towards which the flame fhould endeavour to aicend out of a deu^e or appetite of uniting with that as its Homogeneal.ynmitive and generating Element:, but that that fhining tranfient body which we call FkWi
M
nothing cKe but a mixture of Air, and volatil fulphureous parts of luble or combuftible bodies, which are acting upon each other whil'-ft
flame feems to be a mixture of Air, and the co/ivf buftible volatil parts of any body, which parts the encompafiing Air does diflblve or work upon,which a&ion,as it does intend the heat of the aerial parts of the diilblvent,fo docs it thereby further rarifie thole parts that are acting, or that are very neer them, whereby they growing much lighter then the heavie parts of that Mettftruum that are more remotcyarc they afcend, that
is,
and driven upward , and this may be eafily obferv'd alfo in diflolutions made by any other menfirunm, especially fuch as either create heat or bubbles. Now, this action of the Mcvjinnmy ox Air, on the thereby protruded
made with
fuch violence, or is fuch, that it, imparts fuch a motion or pulie to the diaphanous parts of the Air, as I have elfewhere (hewn is requifite to produce light. This Hypothefts I have endeavoured to raife from an Infinite of Obfejh diflbluble parts,
is
Experiments, the proceis of which would be much t<>o l<>$g to be here inferted, and will perhaps another time afford matter copigtfs enough for a much larger Diicourie , the Air being a Subject which (though all the world has hitherto liv'd and breath'd in,and been unconverfant about)has yet been fo little truly examin d or explain d,that 'a; di4 ,: gent enquirer will be able to find but very little information from wbflt has been (till of late) written of it : But being once well understood, it will, I doubt not, inable a man to render an intelligible, nay probable, jf not the true reafon of all the Thtitjomeva of Fire, which, as it has />£€?« found by Writers and Philofophers of all Ages a matter of no fmail d;£ ficulty, as may be fufficiently underftood by their ftrange Hypothcfes, and unintelligible Solutions of fome few Phenomena of it 5 fo will it prove a vations and
of no fmall concern and ufe in humane affairs, as I ftiall e endeavour to manifeft when I come to (hew the ufe of the Air in reipiand tation, and for the coniervation the for nay, life, prefervation of the reftauration of the health and natural confHtution of mankind as well a^ all other of propriety or principle this aereal animals, as alfo the ufes of place! [he Air in chymical, this In operations. mechanical, and other have onely time to me life, an4 permit God if hint an HypoU (is, which, In the opportunity, I may elfewhere prdfecute, improve and the jean time, before acquaint forget to not muft I Difcourfe, I finifli this R eader,that having on trials fome making of me granted liberty had the eminently Piece of Ugmm the by Society, fhewn to the Royal matter
^
J
Ingenious and
foffile
who receiv'd it for a Pre-
Learned Phyiician, Doftor Ent, k "t from the tairelt the of one famous Ingeniofo CavaUiero dt Pozzi.it being and
a
^^^^^^ 1£
:
Mi CROGRAP
id*
HIA
Having fay) (I feen$ had taken he Lignum of a fojfile and it to burn in the open found examin'd it, I Wood, and of this piece fmall refinous fmoak or fume, a infteed of and Wood, other like almoft Air that kind of of fent : But much finelling one, very bituminous a yielded it beft pieces
chiefly took notice oi\ was, that cutting off a fmall piece of Thumb, and charring it in a Crucible with the bignefs of
that which
I
my about Sand, after the manner I above prefcrib'd, I found it infinitely to abound extreme thick, and fo regularly perfowith the (mailer fort of po gthe fubftance of it long-ways, that breaking it offa-crofs, I found it to look very like an Honey-comb} but as for any of the fecond,of bigger kind of pora, I could not find that it had any 5 fo that it feems, whatever were the caufe of its production, it was not without thofe finall kind of pores which we have onely hitherto found in Vegetable bodies : and comparing them with the pores which I have found in the Char* coal that I by this means made of feveral other kinds of Wood, I find it refemble none fo much as thofe of Firr, to which it is not much unlike in it,
1
grain alfo, and feveral other proprieties* And therefore,what ever is by ibme, who have written of it,and particularly by Fraficifeo Stellutojnho wrote a Treatife in Italian of that Sub-
je#,which was Printed at Rome, 1637. affirm'd that it is a certain kind of Clay or Earth, which in tracl: of time is turn d into Wood ,t rather fufpeft the quite contrary, that it was at firft certain great Trees of Fir or Pine, which by fbme Earthquake, or other cafualty, came to be buried under the Earth,and was there,after a long time's refidence (according to thefe* yeral natures of the encompafling adjacent parts)either rotted and turn'd into a kind of Clay, or petrify d and turn'd into a kind of Stone, or elfe had its pores fill'd with certain Mineral juices,which being ftayd nd in trad of time coagulated, appear'd, upon cleaving out,likc fmall Metaline Wires, or elfe from fome flames or (corching forms that are the occafion oftentimes,and ulually accompanyEarthquakes,might be blafted and turn'd into Coal, or elfe from certain febt err an eous fires which are affirm'd by that Authour to abound much about thofe parts (namely, in * Province of Italy, call'd Vmbria, now the Dutchie of Sfoletto, in the Territory of l/W^anciently call'd 7W<?r,and between the two Villages of Cpltejhccomd Rofaro not far diftant from the high-way leading to Rome, where it is found in greater quantity then elfewhere)are by reafon of their being encompafled with Earth, and fo kept clofe from the difiblving Air, charr'd and converted into Coal. It would be too long a work to defcribe the feveral kinds of pores which I met withall, and by this means dhcoveredin feveral other Vegetable bodies^ nor is it my prefent defign to expatiate upon Inftances of the fame kind, but rather to give a Specimen of as many kinds as I have had opportunity as yet of obferving, refervin^ the profecution and enlarging on particulars till a more portunity 5 and in profecution of this defign, I (hall here add
fit
op*
\
•
T
•
Obferv.
.
.
»
/
S ch ctm
t
*
â&#x20AC;¢
V*
r
ig-'
^
\
. .-
r
M ICROGRAPH1A* f «
*
-
-
Gbfcrv.
F this
XVII. Of Petrify 'd wood, andother Petrify'd bodies
of fubftance, I obferv'd feveral pieces of very differing kinds, both for their outward fhape, colour, grain, texture, hardnefs, &c. fome being brown and rediih 5 others gray, like a Hone pothers black, and Flint-like fome foft.like a Slate or Whetftone, others as hard as a Flint, and as brittle. That which I more particular examind,was a piece about the bignefs of a mans hand, which feem'd to have been a part of fome large treej that by rottennefs had been broken offfrom it before fort
:
beg
petrify
And indeed,
d
have yet feen, feem to have been rotten Wood before the petrifaction was begun ; and not long fince, examining and viewing a huge great OaJ{, that feem'd with meer age to be rotten as it ftood, I was very much confirm'd in this opinion } for I found, that the grain, colour, and fhape of the Wood, was exactly like this petrify W/ubltance 5 and with a Microfcope, I found, that all thofe Microfcopical pores, which in fappy or firm and lound Wood are filfd with the natural or innate juices of thofe Vegetables, in this they were all empty, like thofo o£ Vegetables charrd-y but with this difference, that they feem'd much larger then I have feen any in Char-coal nay then thofe of Coals made of great blocks of Timber, which are commonly call'd Old-coal. Th fbn of which difference may probably be, that the charring of Vegetables, being an operation quickly perform d,and while/} the Wood is fappy, the more fblid parts may more eafily fhrink together, and contract the pores or interftitia between them, then in the rotten Wood, where that natural juice feems onely to be wafh'd away by adventitious or unnatural moifture } and fo though the natural juice be wafted from between the firm parts, yet thofe parts are kept afunder by the adventi* all that I
J
tious
f(I
moyftures, and fo by degrees fettled in thofe poftures. (And this I likewife found in the petrify d Wood, that the pores were II upon half neer being pore each Charcoal, bigger then thofe of
reft bigg again, but they did not bear that difproportion which * the firft Fi *° ^e tenth Scheme^ between the fmall fpecks or pores g^e (which reprcfenteth the pores of Coal or Wood charr'd) and the black fp Microfcopical like the reprefent (which of the (econd Figure as
pres
that Microfcope by a drawn in the petrify d Wood) for thefe laft were magnify 'd the object: above fix times more in Diameter then the Microfiope by which thofe pores of Coal were obferv'd. Now, though they were a little bigger, yet did they keep the exa& ngureand order of the pores of Coals and of rotten Wood, which laft alfo were much of the fame fince while The other Obfervati a that fubftance, this petrify d °y the appointment of the Royal Society, I made, and prefented to them anaccount of were thefe that follow, which had the honour done them 3
9
10$
MlCROGRAPHi my highly
friend, honoured to be moil: by the Obfervations excellent wherewith thofe among publifhed inferted and here have been therefore 6mitted,had would and replenifh'd, his Sylva is through the titkrafcopt appear'd been as they them, of Figure the not
accomplice! Mr. Evelin,
before that engraven This Petrif/ d fubftance refembled
*.
Wood
that
3
dipcated^ or alter'd all not at from feem'd parts all the Firft, but the whole piece Wood, were they rewhii'ft Pofition, natural their the confpicuous of many jx>re$ having Wood, of fhape the exacl: tain d manifeft difference a and (hewing vifible pores, remaining ftill wood of enough between the grain of the Wood and that of the bark, elpecially then for it appear'd to polite and fmooth cut 5 it was when any fide of
of
it
have a very lovely grain, like that of fome curious clofe Wood. Next (it refembled Wood) in that all the fmaller and (if I may fo call thofe which are onely vifible with a good magnifying Glafs) Micrrfcophcal pores of it appear (both when the fubftance is cut and poiifh'd ttanf verfly and parallel to the pores of it) perfectly like the Microfcopicalyotes offeveral kinds of Wood, elpecially like and equal to thofe of feveral <forts of rotten Wood which I have fince obferv'd, retaining both the ftiapc,pofition and magnitude of fuch pores. It was differing from Wood x Firft, in weighty being to common water as %% to 1. whereas there are few of our EngHJh Woods, that when very dry are found to be full as heavie as water. Secondly, in hardttefc being very neer as hard as a Flint 5 and in fome places of it alfb refembling the grain of a Flint : and, like it, it would —» # III _— very readily cut Glafs, and would not without difficulty, elpecially fome parts of it, be fcratch'd by a black hard Flint : It would alfo as readily ftrike fire againft a Steel, or againft a Flint, as any common Flint. Thirdly, in the cbfenepot it, for though all the Aihrofeopicdl^Qvcs of this petrify d fubftance were very confpicuous in one pofition ,yet by m
*m
«
m
*
to
m
m
-
*
.Z.
.
m.
" tering that pofition of the poiifh'd furface to the ht was ahomani feft, that thofe pores appear'd darker then the reft of the body, onely
becaufe they were fill'd up with a more dufkie fubftance, and not became they were hollow Fourthly, in its ixcombnftiblenefc in that it would not burn in the fire
$
nay,though I kept it a good while red-hot in the flame of a Lamp, made very intenfe by the blaft of a fmall Pipe, and a large Charcoal,, yet it (eem'd not at all to have diminifh'd its extenfion $ but only I found it to have chang'd its colour, and to appear of a more dark and duflrie brown colour s nor could I perceive that thofe parti which feem'd to have been Wood at firft, were any thing wafted, but the parts appear'd as folid and tlofe as before. It was further obfervable alfo, that as it did not confume like Wood, fo neither did it crack and flie like a Flint, or fuch like hard Stone, nor was it long before it appear'd red-hot Fifthly, «j itsd «» "wviwKMji y for * uwwjfj in iui pucimg putting fome iome aropsoi drops of aiinu Vinegar diftill'd a vtmgar upon the Stone, I found it prefently to yield very many Bubbles, juft like thofe which
may be
obferv'd in fpirii oi Vinegar
when k corrodes ?<>*^ though
s
M ICROGRAPHi though perhaps
id 9
many of
thofe fmall Bubbles might proceed from fome fmall parcels of Air which were driven out of the pores of this petriffd fubftance by the infinuating liauid menftrwtm*
and friability,, being not at all flexible but brittle like a Flint, infomuch that I could with one knock of a Hammer break off a piece of it, and with a few more, reduce that into a prettySixthly, in its rigidnefi
fine
powder.
feem'd alfo very differing from Wood to the touch,feel* ing more cold then Wood ufually does, and much like other dole ftones and Minerals. The Reafons of all which Phenomena feem to be. That this pit rijy d Wood having lain in fome place where it Was Well foak'd mth petrifying water (that i& fuch a water as is well impregnated with ftony and earthy particles) did by degrees feparate,either by (training and filtration> or perhaps,by precipitation , cohefton or coagulation ^abundance of ftony particles from the permeating water, which ftony particles,being by means of the fluid vehicle convey d^iot ortely into the-M* crofiopical pores, and fo perfectly ftoping them up, but alfo into the pores or intcrjiitia^which may. perhaps, be even in the texture or Schematifme of that part of the Wood,which, through the Microfcdpe, appears moft fo* lid, do thereby fo augment the weight of the Wood, as to make it above three times heavier then water, and perhaps, fix times as heavie as it wa Seventhly,
it
-.
when Wood*
I
Next, they thereby fo lock up and fetter the parts of the Wood, that the fire cannot eafily make them fne a way .but theaccion of die fire upon them is onely able to char thofe parts, as it were, like a piece of Wood,if it be clos'd very faft Up in Clay^nd kept a good while red-hot in the fire* will by the heat of the fire be charr'd and not confum'd, which may, per*haps, alfo be fomewhat of the caufe, why the petrify d fubftance appear'd of a dark brown colour after it had been burnt. 1
By
this
intmfion of the petrifying
particles, this fubftance alfo
becomes
hard and friable $ for the fmaller pores of the Wood being perfc&ly ttedg'd, and ftuft up whb thofe ftony particles, the fmaJJ parts of the Wood have no places or pores intb which they may Aide upon betiding, and confequently little 6t no flexion or yielding at all can be caus'd in fuch a fubftance.
y
The remaining particles likewife of the Wood among the ftony par* tides, may keep them from cracking and flying when put into the fire, « they are very apt to do in a Flint. / Nor is Wood the ondy fubftance that may by this kind of ttanfmu* d tion be diang'd exafflin very and feen have felf into ftone 5 for I my fcany kinds of fubftances« and among very credible Authours, we mat
««*
kind on all alnioft wrought with- Hiftor ies of fiicb Mettmrphofe* * fcbftances, both vmtabU and Animal, which Hiftories, it is Mt my bufmefe at prefer*, either: to relate* <x tpitmife> but only to &t down ^ ' tome Obfervadoa I ^ J
^
*ow Kt*nfh*m,
Commonly call'd Serpentine-^
Examt-
•
--
MlCROGRAPHIA.
no
bodies figur'd (which curioully very are of thefe feveral Examining extraordinary Plajiic^ fome by Stones form'd be to thought commonly thefe particulars : of notice took felf ) I it Earth in the virtue latent of differing very were fub(tones, bodies, or figured thefe Firft, that foft fome Stone, Marie, fome alClay, of fome hardnefs to as ftancesj, call Mafons Fire^ftone, which ftoncs foft thofe of hardnefs moft of the Marble, and as fome hard as as others ftone, Portland hard as others as :
hard a a Flint or Cryftal. tranfparency to and fubftances as differing very of were they Next, Metalline, brown, fome fome or black, almoft fome white, fome colour 3 like Marchafites 5 fome tranfparent like white Marble, others like flaw'd thefe like long fome radiated colours divers of fome 3 gray, Cryftal,fome petrify' d drops ^ which are commonly found at the Pea^ and in other of in the middle. pith kind have a which fcrrancvn* ÂŤ.Âť, fab Thirdly, that they were very different as to the manner of their for fome of them feem'd to have been the fubftance ward fig that had fill'd the Shell of fome kind of Shcl-fifh 3 others, to have been the fubftance that had contain'd or enwrapp'd one of thefe Shels,on both which,the perfect impreffion either of the infide or outfide of fuch Shells feem' d to be left, but for the moft part, thofe impreffions feem'd to be made by an imperfect or broken Shell, the great end or mouth of the Shell being always wanting, and oftentimes the little end, and fometimes half, and in fome there were impreffions, juftas if there had been holes broken in the figurating, imprinting or moulding Shell , fome of them feem'd to be made by fuch a Shell very much brufed or flaw'd, infomuch that one would verily have thought that very figur'd ftone had been broken or brufed whilft a gelly, as 'twere, and fo hardned, but within in the grain of the ftone, there appcard not the leaft Jign of any fuch brufe or breaking, but onely on the very uttermoft fuperficies. Fourthly, they were very different,as to their outward covering, fome having the perfect Shell, both in figure, colour, and fubftance, flicking on upon its furface, and adhering to it, but might very eafily be fcparated from it, and like other common C ockle or Scolop-Jhels, which fome of them moft accurately refembled,were very diflbluble in common Vinegar* others of them,efpecially thofe Serpentine^ or Helicalfiones were cover'd or retained the fhining or Pearl-colour*d fubftance of the infidc of a Shel, which fubftance, on fome parts of them, was exceeding thin, and might very eafily be rubbed off} on other parts it was pretty thick, and retained a white coat, or flaky fubftance on the top, juft like the outfides of fuch Shells $ fome of them had very large pieces of the Shell very plainly flicking on to them, which were eafily to be broken or flaked off by degrees they likewife, fome of them retain'd all along the furface of them very pretty kind of futures, fuch as are obferv'd in the fkulls of fcycral kinds of living creatures, which futures were moft curioufly fhap'd in the manner of leaves, and every one of them in the dime Shell, exactly one like another, which I was able to difcover plainly enough with my naked eye, but more perfectly and diftinitiy with my Microfcope 5 aft
mw
:
.
n
thefe
M
GROGRAPHfA
lit
Mc futures,
by breaking fome of thefe ftones.,1 found to be the termini boundings of certain diaphragms. or partitions,which feeftfd to divide cavity of the Shell into a multitude of very proportionate and regular cells or caverns, thefe Diaphragms, in many of them., I found Very perfed andcompleat, of a very diftfntt fubftance from that which fill'd the Cavities and cxadtly of the fame kind with that which covered the outbeing for the moft part whitifh, or mother-of-pearl colbur'd As for the Cavities between thofe Diaphragms. I found fomeof theft* fill'd With Marie, and others Withfeveral k i nd s of Hones, others, for the moft part hollow, onely the whole cavity was ufually covered over fide,
With a kind
of tartareons petrify d fubftance, which ftuck about the fides
md was there
(hot into very curious regular Fig
other diflblv'd Salts are obferv
d to
and
juft
about the fides of the containing Veflels} or like thofe little ViamanU which I before ob ferved to have covered the Vaulted cavity of a Flint > others had thefe cavities all lin'd with a kind of metalline Or maHhaftu4ik§ fubftance* which with a Micrdjcope I could as plainly fee moft Curioufly and regu* 7 figured, as I had done thole in a Flint which, and feveral other particulars which I obferv'd, I can-» not but think, that all thefe, and moft other kinds of ftotty bodies which are found thus ftrangely figured,do owe their formation and figuration, not to any kind ofPlajhtl^ virtue inherent in the earth, but to the Shell* f certain Shel-fifhes, which, either by fome Deluge, Inundation, Earth* ke,or fomefueh other means, came to be thrown to thatpla ce, and th Water, be flU'd with fome kind of Mudd or Clay or fome other fubftance, which in tract of time has been fettled toge therand hardned in thofe fhelly moulds into thofe ftiaped fubftances We now find them , that the great and thin end of thefe Shells by that Earth-* Quake, or what ever other extraordinay caufe it was that brought them thither, was broken off$ and that many others were otherwife broken, bruifed and disfigured ^ that thefe Shells which are thus fpiraUkd'and ft j parated with Diaphragmes^eve fome kind of Nautili or Poralane fbills 3 and that others were fhells of Cockles^Mufcles^Teritpincles, Scolops&LC various forts 5 that thefe Shells in many, from the particular nature of the containing or enclos'd Earth, or fome other caufe, have in trad of time rotted andmouldred away, and onely left their impreflions, both on the loofe o*e v 1 " pretty them i^ containing fo left -vMiauuag and iu and «uiu 1^ <y fubfta anucunrainea contained lUDiianucs Within another, fo that they may be eafily feparated by a k of a Hammed That others of thefe Shells, a^drding to the nat in continuance of the fubftances adj long them, have, by a I juft as ftone, of that pofture, been nature the into turti'd and d petrify Shell the oftentimes even now obferv'd feveral forts of Wood That be. may be found with one kind of fubftance within, and quite anoth tranilattarrffe afterwards wit havmg. perhaps, been fill'd in one place, and Mujll ted Cockfe, in obferv'd mthpr ™M^k I K*v^ vprv fr«itientlv frequently another, which I have very Nay fide. Sea Itriwinch, and other fhells, which I have found by the and place* one in fcrth that fome parts of the fame Shell may be filfd ftick
erjjiat/i&e
r
.
fome
•
M ICROGR A
112
A.
a fourth, or a third,or others in a and in another, caverns other fome
/*one in of thefe found have I place, for encompaffing the earth differing from thefe all perhaps Shells,and triffd think be caus'd, I may varieties all which means how ; the ftonc or of thofe any one that has taken be difficult Shells, which are commonly found on the Sea (hore : And he that (hall throughly examine feveral kinds of fuch curioully form'd ftones, will (I am very apt to think) find reafon tofuppofe their generation or formation to be afcribable to fome fuch accidents as I have mention'd, and For it feems to me quite contrary to the any Vlaftick^ finite prudence of Nature, which is obfervable in all its works and productions, to defign every thing to a determinate end, and for the attain(as farr as the knowledg ing of that end, makes ufe of fuch ways gether confonant, and mod of man has yet been able to reach ) greeable to man's reafon, and of no way or means that does contradict >r is contrary to humane Ratiocination 5 whence it has a long time been general observation and maxime^ that Nature does nothing in vain } It feems, I fay, contrary to that great Wifdom of Nature, that thefe prettily Figures and fhap'd bodies fhould have all thofe (which many of them are adorn d and contrived with) generated or wrought by a Plafiick^ virtue^ for no higher end 'then onely to exhibite fuch a form } which he that ihall throughly confidcrall the circumftances of fuch kind of Figur'd bodies, will, I think, have great reafon to believe, though, I confefs, one cannot prelently be able to find out what Nature's de igns It were therefore very defirable, that a good lecTion of fuch kind of figur'd ftones were collected } and as many particulars, circumftances, and informations collected with them as could be L. • ]• tained, that from fuch a Hiftory of Oblervations well rane'd, examin'd and digefted, the true original or production of all thofe kinds of ftones might be perfectly and furely known $ fuch as are ihundtrfioncs, Lapides Steltares, Lapides Judaici ,and multitudes of other, whereof mention is made in Aldrovandm Wormius^ and other Writers of
fo many
*
fifth
differing fubftances
Minerals. >
Obferv. of the
XVII]. Of the Schcmatifmc Cells
or
Texture of Cork, and
and Feres offome other fuch frothy
Bodies. •
Took a good
ic
i
J
til
s
of Cork, and with a Pen-knife fharpen'd as keen as a Razor, I cut a piece of it off, and thereby left the furface of exceeding (booth, then examining it very diligently with a Micro-
fiope,
me
thought
clear piece
could perceive it to appear a little porous 5 but I could not fo plainly diftinguifh them, as to be fure that they were pores, much left what Figure they were of: But judging from the lightnefs and yielding quality of the Cork, that certainly the texture could not befo I
Curious,
t??A
M
OGRAPH1A. ?
I
113
but that pofiibly, if I could ufe fome further diligence, I might find it to be difcernable with a Micro/cope, I with the fame (harp Penknife, cut off from the former fmooth furface an exceeding thin piece of curious,
on a black object Plate, bccaufe it was it felf a white body, and cafting the light on it with a deep plafto-convex Glafi, I could exceeding plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous,much like a Honey-comb,but that the pores of it were not regular^ yet it was not unlike a Honey-comb in thcfe particulars. Firft, in that it had a very little folid fubftance, in comparifohof the empty cavity that was contain 'd between, as does more m:inifeftly appear by the Figure A and B of the X I. Scheme, for the InterjlHia, or walls (as I may fo call them) or partitions of thole pores were neer as thin in proportion to their pores, as thofl* thin films ofWaxina Honey -comb (which enclofe and conftitute thtfexat/gular cells) are to theirs. Next, in that thefe pores, or cells, were not very deep, but confuted of a great many little Boxes, feparated out of one. continued long pore,' by certain Diaphragms, as is viiible by the Figure B, which reprefents a
it,
and placing
it
of thole pores fplit the long- ways. I no looner diicern'd thefe c which were indeed the firft mkrofiopical pores I ever law, and perhaps,that were ever feen, for I had not met with any Writer or Pcrfon, that had made any mention of them before this) but me thought I had with the difcovery of them, prefently hinted to me the true and intelligible reafon of all the Vh<ettomena of Cork $ As, light
^*^**"*"*»_
1
|
exceeding light a body? my Micro-* fiope could prefently inform me that here was the feme reafon evident that there is found for the lightnels of froth, an empty Honey-comb, Wool, a Spunge, a Pumice-ftone, or the like $ namely, a very fmall quantity of a iblid body, extended into exceeding large dimenfions. Next, it feenfd nothing more difficult to give an intelligible reafon, why Cork is a bodyfo very unapt to fuck and drink in Water, and con fequently preferves it felf, floating on the top of Water, though left on it never fo long : and why it is able to flop and hold air in a Bottlc,though tt be there very much condens'd and confequently prefles very ftrongiy fo get a paflage out, without fufiering the Jeaft bubble to pafs through ] Firft, if I
enquir'd
why
it
was
fo
the that informs us Microscope For, as to the firft, fince&ur lubltance of Cork is altogether fill'd with Air, and that that Air is perw$ fubftance.
J
from one anothery It fecmsf \ very plain, infinu--^ eafily can Air other why neither the Water, nor any ate it felf into exijtens, intus an them them, fince there is already within
fectly
enclofed in little Boxes or Cells
and confequently,
diftincl:
of Cork become
why
fo
good
floats for
the pieces Nets, and floppies for Viols, or other clofe Veflels. j And thirdly, if we enquire why Cork has fuch a fpringinefs and fwelcom«ng nature whem a great fo fuifer to comprelsd > and how it comes fubc<>~~^ ~c A^^G^nc fnac to he made a preuion, or feeming be as fo dimenfions, of penetration compreiftance as hea before was it as leavie again and more, bulk for bulk, r tne "on, and yet into again fuffeVd to return, is found to extend it felf mats »*ne fpace > Our Micro/cope whole the that us, inform eafily will •'-
-
*
M
H4 confifts
of an
infinite
I
ROGRAP HI A.
company of fmall Boxes or Bladders of Air, which
fuffer will a confiderable and that nature, confpringy of a fubftance a is denfation (as I have feveral times found by divers trials, by which I have
moft evidently condens'd it into left then a twentieth part of its ufual dimensions neer the Earth, and that with no other ftrength then that of my hands without any kind of forcing Engine,fuch as Racks,Leavers, Wheels, Pullies,or the like, but this onely by and by) and befides, it feems very probable that thofe very films or fides of the pores,have in them a fpringing quality, as almoft all other kind of Vegetable fubftances have, fo as to help to reftore themfelves to their former pofition. And could we fo eafily and certainly difcovcr the Schematifme and Texture even of thefe films,and of feveral other bodies,as we can thefe of Cork 5 there feems no probable reafon to the contrary, but that we might as readily render the true reafon of all their Thwomena 5 as namely, what were the caufe of the fpringinefs, and toughnefs of fome, both as to their flexibility and reftitution. What, of the friability or brittlenefs of fome others, and the like } but till fuch time as our Mcrofcope, or fome other means,enable us to difcover the true Schematifm and Texture of all kinds of bodies, we muft grope, as it were, in the dark, and onely ghefs at the true reafons of things by Similitudes and comparifons. But, to return to our Obfervation. I told feveral lines of thefe rcsj and found that there were ufually about thrcefcore of thefe fmall Cells placed end-ways in the eighteenth part of an Inch in length, whence I concluded there muft be neer eleven hundred of them, or fomewhat more then a thoufand in the length of an Inch, and therefore in a fquare Inch above a Million, or 11 66400. and in a Cubick Inch,above twelve hundred Millions, or 125971200a a thing almoft incredible, did not our Mtcrofiope afiure us of it by ocular demonftration } nay, did it not difcover to us the pores of a body, which were they diaphragm VUike thofe of Cork, would afford us in one Cubick Inch, more then ten times as many little Cells, as is evident in feveral charr'd Vegetables } fo prodigioufly curious are the works of Nature, that even thefe conspicuous pores of bodies, which feem to be the channels or pipes through which the Suecnt nutritius, or nat ural juices of Vegetables are convey 'd, and feem to correfpond to the veins, arteries and other Veflels in fenfible creatures, that thefe pores
which feem to be the Veflels of nutrition to the vaftcft body in the World, are yet fo exceeding fmall, that the Atoms which Efu cunts fancy 'd woti Id go neer to prove too bigg to enter them, much more to conftitute a fluid body in thcm.And how infinitely fmaller then muft bo the VdfcJs ofa Mite, or the pores of one of thofe little Vegetables I have difcovered to grow on the back-fide of a Rofe-leaf, and fhall anon more fully defcribe, whofe bulk is many millions of times lefs then the bulk of the finall fhrub it grows on ^ and even that fhrub, many millions of times lefs in bulk then feveral trees (that have heretofore grown in England) and are this day flourifhing in other hotter Climates, as we are very creI fay,
dibly inform'd) if at leaf* the pores of this fmall Vegetable fhould keep any fuch proportion to the body of it , as we have found thefe pores
of
.
•
.
'
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M ICROGRAPHIA o f other Vegetables to more elfewhere.
To proceed
do
•
• V.
to their bulk. But of thefe pores Ihavefaid
Cork feems
to be by the tranfverfe conftitution of the pores, a kind of Fungus or Mufhrome, for the pores lie like (o many Rays tending from the center, or pith of the tree^ outwards 5 fo that if you cutoff a piece from a board of Cork tranfverily, to the flat of it} then,
you will, as it were, fplit the pores, and they will appear juft as they are exprefsd in the Figure B of the XI. Scheme. But if you /have off a very thin piece from this board, parallel to the plain of it, you will cut all the pores tranfverfly, and they will appear almoft as they are exprefsd in the Figure A, fave onely the folid Interftitia will not appear fb thick as they
are there reprefented.
So that Cork feemsto fuck its nourifhment from the fubjacent bark of the Tree immediately, and to be a kind of excrefcence, or a fubftance diftincr from the fubftances of the entire Tree, fbmething analogus to the Mufhrome^ or Mofs on other Trees, or to the hairs on Animals; And having enquir'd into the Hiftory of Cork, I find it reckoned as ah excrefcency of the bark of a certain Tree, which is diftincr from the two barks that lie within it, which are common alio to other trees } That 'tis fome time before the Cork that covers the young and tender fprouts comes to be difcernable^ That it cracks,naws,and cleaves into many-great chaps, the bark underneath remaining entire 5 That it may befeparated and remov'd from the Tree, and yet the two under-barks (fuch as are alio common to that with other Trees) not at all injur'd, but rather helped and freed from an external injury. Thus Jonftonus in Dendro/ogia, fpeaking de Subere, fays, Arbor eft pracera, Lignum eft robuftum^ demptb cortice in aquis non fluitat, Cortice i* orbem dctrbfto juvatur^ crafcefcens enimpraftringit ftrangulat^ intra triennium iterum repletur : Caudexubi adolefcit crajjus, cortex fuperior den/us car no/us duos digitos crajjits^fcaber^ y
&
&
qui nift detrahatur dehrfcit, alioquefubnafeente expellitur, inte* rier qui Which Jubeft novellus it a rubet ut arbor minio pi&a videatur. ritnofus,
Hiftories,if well confider'd, and the tree, fubftance, and manner of growing, if well examin'd, confirm this believe,much to apt very lam would,
my conjecture about the origination of Cork. Nor is this kind of Texture peculiar to Cork
onely $ for upon exami* nation with my Microfeope, I have found that the pith of an Elder, or alft an y other Tree, the inner pulp or pith of the Cany houovy ftalks of Jeveral other Vegetables : as of Fennel, Carrets, Daucus, Bur-docks, Teafels, Fearn, fome kinds of Reeds, have much fuch a kind of Schc&atifme, as I have lately (hewn that of Cork, fave onely that here r o the pores are rangd length the with ways fame the long- ways; or the
&c
tne v-ane,whereas in Cork they are tranfverle* above is that The Feather ftalk a of . pith alfo that fills that part of the foWay the Quil, has much which that bnely fuch a kind of texture, fave cver I fet this light fubftance, the pores feem'd to.be cut tranfverfly £ to i
MlCROGRAPHIA.
u6
hardncd froth,or a congeries of very fmall bubbles confolidated that concrete,and each Catough well pretty ftiffas as a fbrm,into that in vern, Bubble, or Cell, is diftin&ly feparate from any of the reft, without any kind of hole in the encompaffing films, fo that I could no more blow through a piece of this kinde of fubftance,then I could through a piece of Cork, or the found pith of an Elder. But though I could not with my Microfiope^ nor with my breath, nor any other way I have yet try'd, difcover a paflage out of one of thofe
of iblid or
cavities into another, yet I cannot thence conclude, that therefore there are none fuch, by which the Suecus nutritius*ox appropriate juices of Ve%
may
through them 5 for, in feveral of thofe Vegetables, whil'ft green, I have with my Microfcope, plainly enough difcover'd thef<e Cells or Poles fill'd with juices, and by degrees (wearing them out : as I have alio obferved in green Wood all thofe long Microscopical pores which appear in Charcoal perfectly empty of any thing but Air. Now, though I have with great diligence endeavoured to find whether there be any fuch thing in thofe Microfcopical pores of Wood or Piths, as the Valves in the heart,veins,and other paflages of Animals,that open 'and give paflage to the containd fluid juices one way, and (hut themfclves,and impede the paflage of (uch liquors back again,yet have I not hitherto been able to lay any thing politivein it 3 though,me thinks, it leems very probable,that Nature has in thefe paflages,as well as in thofe of Animal bodies/very many appropriated Inftruments and contrivances, whereby to bring her defigns and end to pals,which 'tis not improbable, but that Ibme diligent Obferver, if help'd with better Microfcopes^v&V}
getables,
pafs
in time detect*
And that
may be
leems with great probability to be argued from the ftrangc Vhmnomena of fenfitive Plants, wherein Nature feems to perform feveral Animal actions with the fame Schematism or Orgim%aHon that is common to all Vegetables, as may appear by fome no lefs inftruclive then curious Obfervations that were made by divers Eminent Members ofthe Royal Society on ibme of thefe kind of Plants, whereof an account was delivered in to them by the molt Ingenious and Excellent Vkyjjcian, Do&or Clarke which, having that liberty granted me by this
fo,
that moft Uluftrious Society,
Obfervations on the
Gardm
I
Humble and'Senfible
in Saint James's
Prefent> the
have hereunto adjoyn d. Plants in
Park* made Auguft
Lord Brouncker
M
r
the 9
Sr. Robert Moray,
Chiffins th1
1661.
Dr.
Mr. Evelin, Dr. Henjbaw, andDr. Clark, There are four Plants wich a
little
arc
little
(hrub Plants 7
(hort ftock, about an Inch above the ground,
tfwrce are fpread i
â&#x20AC;˘>
federal fticky branches,
round,
fr
ftreighr,
and
fmootn,
M IC ROGRAPHiA.
117
fmooch in che diftances between the Sprouts, but juft under the Sprouts there are
two (harp thorny
ting on, as in the
Bramble, one
juft
prickles,
broad
in the let-
under the Sprout
on the oppofite fide of the branch.
The diftances betwixt the Sprouts are ufually fomething
See Schtm.
more then an Inch, and length, fide
and they grew
many upon
fo, that if the
of the Branch, the next above
end, not fprouting
by
is
a Branch, according to
lower Sprout be on the left
on the right, and fo to the
pairs;
At the end of each Sprout are generally four
r
Extremity, and one on each fide, juft under
the
fprouting
its
fprigs, it.
At
two at
the
firft
of thefe from the Branch to the Sprig where the leaves
grow, they are full of little (hort white hairs, which wear off as die leaves grow,
and then they are fmooth
Upon each of thefe of leaves, neatly
fet
fprigs, are, for the
moft part, eleven pair
into the uppermoft part of the litde fprig,
exa&ly one againft another, as as
as the Branch.
it
were in
little articulations,
fuch
Anatomifts call Enarthrofa where the round head of a Bone
k received into another fitted for its motion fitly
;
and (landing very
to (hut thcmfelves and touch, the pairs juft above them
clofing little
fomewhat upon them, as
round Feduncuhs of this
the fprig, vifibleto the eye
on
the Branch,
in the (hut fprig;
leaf fitted into a
ina fprig
from
new
little
fo
is
the
cavity
of
pluck'd,or ina fprig
eafily leaves the which
fall
by
touching.
The leaf being almoft an oblong
fquare, and
fet into
the iV-
i
wto&htS) at one of the lower corners, receiveth from that not leaf, the o&ely zSpto, through paffing which, as I may call it, the then broader is it fo the outer-fide
length-ways that
inner next the fprig, but the oppofite
little
towards obliquely paffing fibres
it rtiake to broader fide, feem
3,1(1
here a
little
mufeular,.
the with together fitted to ttiove which, leaf, the whole
*hole fprig
^
fa
full
witji
y^
hairs. whitifh (hort
One
**ÂŁ
z.
i
r;
MlCR OGRAPHi
n8
One of thefe
other, onely the tender Sprouts
more grown then the branches firft
fell
whofe branch feem'd to be older and
Plants,
the leaves are (hut,
fall
and hang down
;
to the ground, if the Sun fhine very
other two, which
do never
fall,
of it,
after
of the other, the whole
taking offthe Glafs, which I therefore
The
â&#x20AC;˘
warm,upcn the
call the
humble Plant.
nor do any of their
branches flagg and hang down, fhut not their leaves, but upon
fomewhat a hard ftroke ; the
ftalks
feem to grow up from a
root,
and appear more herbaceous^ they are round and fmooth, without fprigs, them have feveral of pairs from Sprouts the prickle, any with
much
lefs
leaves then the other
on them, and have on
each fprig generally feventcen pair.
Upon touching any of the fprigs with leaves on, all the leaves on
by pairs, joyncd their up-
that fprig contra&ing themfelves
per fuperficies dofe together.
Upon
the dropping a drop of Aqua forth
twixt the leaves,
/f
all
the leaves above (hut prefently, thofc
below by pairs fucceflively other branches, //,
with fome
ahd
after,
and by the lower leaves of the
ÂŁA, &c. and
little diftaftce
on the fprig be-
(b every pair fucceflively,
of time betwixt,to the top of each fprig,
fo they continu d fhut
all
the time
we were
there.
turning the next day, and feveral days fince,found dilated again on
two of the
fprigs
;
all
But
I re-
the leaves
but fromffc where the Aqua
had dropped upwards, dead and withered ; but thofc* below on the fame fprig, green, and clofing upon the touch, and
forth
-
are fo at this day, Augufi 14,
With a
...
1
pair of Sciflers, as fuddenly as It could be done, one
of the leaves b b was clipped off in the middle,upon which that pair, and the pair above, clofed prefently, after a little interval,
d d,
then
fprig,
and
of the pairs, to the bottom of the and then the motion began in the lower pairs, / /, on the e e,
fo the reft
other fprigs, and fo (hut
them by
pairs upwards, though not /
with fuch diftinft diftances.
>
\r
4
Under \
.
M -
CROGRAPHIA.
Under a pretty
large branch with
its
19
betwixt two and three Inches below
a large Shell
nibbed on a ftrong fented oyl, after a little time that fprig
were (but, and fo they continued
(fay there,but at
my
of the Shell alter'd clofing
•>
rcturne the next day,
and
item lying
fprigs on,
I
all
on
the'leaves
«.*
all
the time of our
found the pofition
expanded as
leaves
was
tfjerc
it,
and
e,
upon the touch.
Upon
the application of the Sun-beams by a Burning -glafs, V
%
the
more humble Plant
We
fell,
the other (hut their leaves.
could not fo apply the fmoak of Sulpher, r as to have any
from
vifible effect:
ther trial,the
that, at two or three times trial
but oh ano
;
f
fmoak touching the leaves,it fucceeded.
The humble Plant fell upon taking
oft the t
»
was covered
L
Cutting oft one of the
little
.
J
Sprouts, two or three drops of li * ...
quor were thruft out of the part from whence that was cut,very -
cleer,
»
-
-
and pellucid, of a bright green fb colour,
rafting at
i
firft
a i
bitteriftubut after leaving a licbrifti-like tafte in
little
my mouth
g two or three times when it was cold, I took the Glafles from rhe more himbk Plant find it did not fall as formerly, but (hut its leaves onely. But coming afterwards when the .
Sun (hone very warm, as foon
it
was taken
oft.
it fell
before. » [
Since I pluck'd off another fprig, whofe leaves were all ih
and had
en
i
ing to obferve the liq
fome time,
)
none finding off, but broken f that I had though with preffing,to come, I, is dexteroufly as I could, pulfd ftould
come from
offone whofe leaves were expanded, and then had upon the fh ti»g
of the
of the
leaves, a
fprig
ceflively
But
my
I
little
of
u^uv/i, the mention'd liq
had broken from
often almoft as
I
iofity carrying
the Plant,
And
<#
from the end
this
#ice
fuc-
durft rob the Plant,
me
yet further, I
the harder branches' of the ftroager Plant,
cut off one of
and there
came of the i
*
^^^^^^^H
.
Micrograph
120
liquor, both from that
I
had
and
cut,
if*
that 1
had cut
it
from
â&#x20AC;˘>
without preffure.
Which made me
N*
motion of this Plant upon
think, that the
touching, might be from
being a conftant inter-
this, that there
Plant and of part this every betwixt rfe
its
culation ofthisliquor,or a conftant prefling
of
it
to every extremity
whatfoever
it
Upon every preflure,from
Plant.
up, the ar-
of the leaves, where, not having room prefently to
get
little
round pedunculus, from whence the
d
Fibres I mention
and Fibres (being continued from
and fhortned, and
fo draw the leaf
low in the fame condition with
being dilated, the
it)
muft be contracted
upwards to joyn with
it felf,
well as by the
ftill
retreating liquor,
is
fo
its fel-
where, being clofed, they little
whitifh hair, as
which diftending the Fibres
that are continued lower to the branch
and when the liquor
Spine
rife,
are held together by the implications of the
;
it
of this liquor are thruft downwards, towards
and thole oblique
above
fubtiler parts
proceeds, greater then that which keeps
into the fprig,the
Spine
of the
by
its
fubtile parts ticulations
of the
root,either
and root,
fliorten
them
much forced from the Sprout,
whofe Fibres are yet tender, and not able to fupport themfelves, but by that tenfnefs which the liquor filling their interftices gives them, the Sprout hangs and
flags.
But, perhaps, he that had the ability and leifure to give you rhe exaft Anatomy
of this
and
vifible Canales,
or
moved, and had
is
pretty Plant, to (hew
through which this the faculty
exprefling his Obfervations
of
fine
better
you
its Fibres,
liquor circulated,
and more copioufly
and conceptions, fuch a one would
from the motion of this liquor, fblve all the Phenomena, and would not fear to affirm, that it is no obfcure fenfation this eafily
-*
Plant hath. But
I
havefaid too much,
I
humbly fubmit, and am
ready to ftand corre&cd I this
have not yet made fofull and fatisfa&ory Obfervations asldefireon Plant,
which feems to be a Subject that
will afford
abundance of infotmation.
"
M ICROGRAPHlAi
121
But fair as I have had opportunity to examine it,I have difcovered with my Microfcop very curious ftru&ures and contrivances 5 but deflgning much more accurate examinations and trials,both with my Microscope, and otherwife, as foon as the feafon will permit, I (hall not till then add any thing of what I have already taken notice of 3 but as farras I have yet obferv'd,I judge the motion of it to proceed from caufes very differing from thole by which Gut-frrings,or Lute-ftrings,the beard of a wilde Oat, or the beard of the Seeds of Geranium, Mofcatum^ or Musk* gra$2xA other of kinds of Cranes-bilI,mo\t themfel ves. Of which 1 (hall add more in the fubiequent Obfervations on thofe bodies; informat
;
I
* -
•
I
— J-
I
i
Obferv.
XIX
Plant growing in the blighted or yellow feeck
o/Damask-rofe-leaves
•>
Bramble-leaves, and fome other hind
of leaves. •
Have forieveral years together, in the Moneths of June, July, Augufl^ and September (when any of the green leaves ofRafts beg begin to dry and grow yellow) oblerv'd many of them, efpecially the leaves of the old lhrubs of DamaskcRofes, all befpecked with yellow (fains, and the underfides juft againft them, to have little yellow hillocks of a gummousfub ftance, and (everal of them to have fmall black fpots in the mid (t of thole yellow oneSj which, to the naked eye, appear'dno bigger then the point of a Pin, or the fmalleft black fpot or tittle of Ink one is able to make" T
with a very (harp pointed
Pen
.
Examining thefe with a Microfcopt, I was able plainly to dift inguiih,up and down the furface, (everal fmall yellow knobs, of a kind of yellowiftf red gummy fubftance, out of which I perceiv'd there fprung multitudes of little cafes ot black bodies like Seed-cods, and thofe of them that were quite without the hillock of Guinm, difclos'd themfelves to grow out of it with a fmall Straw-colour'd and tranfparent ft em, the which feed and ftcm (whichlelfeMofs common of appear'd thofe like very *" L whe defcribe) but that they were abundantly lefc, many hundreds of them being not able to equalize One (ingle feed Cod of Mofs. I have often Gods of fome little doubted Whether they were the (ted " n " Plant Want, or fome kind Infeci, fmall very fome of of fmall Buds, or the Eggs "jey appear'd of and ofd black, quite almoft a dark brownilh red, fome "gure much refembling the feed-cod of Mofs, but their folks on which grew were of a very fine tranfparent fubftance, almoft like the ftaltf ot mould, but that they feemd fomeWhat more yellow. I 1 hat which that for ib Vegetables, be makes me to fuppofe them to '
"
"
™y
Percerv'd taany
lay bodies thofe if as or deftitute,
of thofe hillocks bare Vet conceal^as their of out Springing juft G. In others of them,they were gummy hillocks, which A. in at as outwards, all feem'd to (hoot diredly othe ftalk or no little B, I found them juft gotten out,with very and S
MlCROGR AP Hi
122
A.
C, 1 found them begin in D, ftems thofe or ftems others, as were ftalks, fhort $ little have to &c others, as at H, L, in E, I, K, and F, thofc larger and bigger, rown deal ftalks and the great bigger, were grown a were Cods and ems the towards much taper'd top, as very root, and the about bulky more at F and L is moft vifible. in them, or that any had any feed them of of any that find not did I bigger, found and grew bigger I they thofe as but hollow, were them heads or Cods begin to turn their tops towards their roots, in the fame manner as I had obferv'd that of Mofs to do 5 fb that in all likelihood, Nature did intend in that pofture, what (he does in the like feed-cods of reater bulk, that is, that the leed, when ripe, ihould be Ihaken out and ilperfed at the end of it, as we find in Columbine Cods, and the like. in thefecond Figure of the 12. Scheme The Whole Oval reprefents a fmall part of a Rofeleaf, about the bignefs of the little Oval in the hillock, C, marked with the Figure X. in which I have not particularly obferv'd all the other forms of the furface of the Rofe-leaf, as in cize^but indifferent an Cods of and the
others,as
.
'-,
OOOO
being little to
Now,
my
prefent purpofe.
if thefc Cods have
a feed in them fo proportioned to the Cod, as thofe of Pittkifi and Carnations , and Columbines^ and the like, how unimaginably fmall muft each of thofe feeds necefiarily be, for the whole length of one of the largeft of thofe Cod s was not part of an Inch } Ibme not above ,-535 , and therefore certainly, very many thouiand of them would be unable to make a bulk that mould be vifible to the naked eye 5 and if each of thefe contain the Rudiments of a young Plant of the lame kind, what muft we lay of the pores and conftituent parts ofthat? The generation of this Plant feems in part,afcribable to a kind of Mildew or B/^fjWhereby the parts of the leaves grow feabby, or putrifyd, as it were, (b as that the moifture breaks out in little fcabs or fpots, which, as I faid before, look like little knobs of a red gummous fubftance. From this putrify 'd fcabb breaks out this little Vegetable 5 which may be fomewhat like a Mould or Mofi-^ and may have its equivocal generation much after the feme manner as I have foppofed Mofs or Mould to have, and to be a more fimple and uncompounded kind of vegetation, which is fet a moving by the putrifaBive and fermentative heat, joynd with that of the ambient aerial, when (by the putrifacrion and decay of fome other parts of the vegetable, that for a while ftaid its progrefc) it is
^
unfetter'd and left at liberty to
move
former courfe, but by reafon of its regulatorsi moves and ads after quite another manner then it did when a coagent in the more compounded machine of the more perfeft Vegetable. And from this very fame Principle, I imagine the Mijleto of Oaks, Thorns, Applctrecs, and other Trees, to have its original : It feldom or in
its
Ever growing
on any ofthofe Trees,till they begin to wax decrepid,and 3ccay with age, and are pcfter'd with many other infirmities. Hither al(b may be rcferrd thofe multitudes and varieties oiMuJhroms^ fuch as that^calfd Jem-tars, all forts tfgray and green Mofies, 8tc which infeft
M
I
ROGRAPH
12 1
kind of Trees,fhrubs 3 and the Iike,efpecially when they come tc anybignefs.^ And this we fee to be very much the method of Nature nfeft all
operations, ptttrifadivt Vegetables very often producing a Vegetable ofa much lefs compounded nature, and of a much inferiour
throughout
its
and putrefactive animal fubftances degenerating into fome kind of animal production of a much inferiour rank,and of a more fimple nature* Thus we find the humours and fubftances of the body,upon pntrifatfi<w,to produce ftrange kinds of moving Vermine : the pntrifaction of the ilimes and juices of the Stomack and Guts, produce Worms almoft like Earth-worms,the Wheals in childrens hands produce a little Worm,calTd a Wheat-worm : The bloud and milk, and other humours, produceother kinds of Worms, at lead, if we may believe what is deliver d to us by very famous Authors 5 though, I confels, I have not yet been able todifc tribe
$
fuch
my folf.
And whereas it may fecm
1
f
tn
'
ftrange that Vinegar, Meal, mufty Casks 5 &C;
to breed their differing kinds of Infects, or living creatures, whereas they being Vegetable fubftances,' foem to b.s of an inferiour kind, are obferv'd
and fo unable to
produce a creature more noble, or of a more com-? pounded nature then they themfelves are of, and fo without fome con* current feminal principle, may be thought utterly unfit for fuch an operation $ I muft add, that we cannot prefently positively fay, there are no animal fubftances, either mediately, as by the foil or fatning of the Plant from whence they fprung,or more immcdiately,by thereal mixture or compofition of fuch fubftances, join'd with them y or perchance fome kind of Infefc. in fuch places where fuch kind of putrifying ox ferments wg bodies are, may, by a certain inftincl of nature, ejeel; fome fort of feminal principle, which cooperating with various kinds of putrifiiixg fob* " ftances. may produce various kinds of Infecl^or Animate bodies ~ For we find in moft forts the that bodi Animate of of thofe lower degrees putrifying fubftances on which thefe Eggs, Seeds, or feminal principles arecaft by the Infeft, become, as it were, the Matrices or Wombs that conduce very much to their generation, and may perchance alfo to their and. variation and alteration, ftrange by as, manner, much after the fame as produe'd. are Animals pul feveral new kinds of titles, and the littl a becaufe Monftrous, like, which are ufually calld unufual, though perfe&iy as parts principal many of them have all their ftapdand adapted for their peculiar ufes, as any of the moft perfetb ieminal Animals. If therefore of kind any the putrifyitig body,on which or vital principle meer* then more chances to be caff, become fomewhat ok produftion rung and foftering helper in the generation and l - Ar -~~ a "v of Animate body, the more neer it approaches the rue of a Womb, inclofes. B it by-blow the the more power will it have on r °t this fom«i,U^ • Perha A~C-.~+\™ «f tUt> Watpr-onat. Perhap Water-gnat, the of fomewhat more in ^t-_ the defcription fom e matters thefe about accurate Enq and Obfervations gnt bring the nofmall of be would which certainty, Queftion to fome t ncerninlMaM^i Du:i.r„_L., '• Natural Jral Philofophy. Philofophy > But that/ mt an ot animals produce may fubftances animal fang kind * 2 S .-
^d
,
.
,
M
124
I
ROGRAP
IAi
one but that may, difficulty, great a without very fo any not kind, multitudes be of contrivances there may as : For abfurdity,admit much body Animate compleat one up of making 3 fo,That fome to the go that I fee
and life of it, may be vitiated, and the life of the whole deftroyed, and yet feveral of the conftituting contrivances remain intire,I cannot think it beyond imagination or poflibility$ no more then that a like accidental procefs^s I have elfwhere hinted, may alio be fuppofed to explicate the method of Nature in the Met amorphous of Plants. And though the difference between a Plant and an Animal be very great, yet I have not hitherto met with any fo cogent an Argument, as to make me pofitive in affirming thefe two to be altogether Heterogeneous find ofquite differing kinds of Nature: And befides.as there are many Zoopfyts, and fenfitive Plants(divers of which I have feen,which are of a middle nature,and feem to be Natures tranfition from one degree to another, which may be obferv'd in all her other paflages, wherein fhe is very feldom obferv'd to leap from one ftep to another) fo have we,in ibme Authors, Inftances of Plants turning into Animals, and Animals into Plants, and the like 5 and fome other very ftrange (becaufe unheeded) proceedings of Nature } fomething of which kind may be met with, in the defcription of the Water-Gnat , though it be not altogether fo direft
of thofe coadjutors jnthe perfect ex iftence
to the prefcnt purpofe. But to refer this Difcourfe of Animals to their proper places, I (hall add, that though one mould fuppofe, or it {hould be prov a by ObfervationSj that feveral of theie kinds of Plants are accidentally producd by a carnal putrifaftion, I fee not any great reafon to queftion, but that, notwithftanding its own production was as 'twere cafiial, yet it may germinate and produce feed, and by it propagate its own, that is,a new Species.
For we do not know, but that the Omnipotent and All-wife Creator might as directly defign the ftructure of fuch a Vegetable, or fuch an Animal to be produc'd out of fuch or fuch a putrifa&ion or change of this or that body, towards the conftitution or ftructure of which, he
knew
necefTary, or thought it
to
make
an ingredient 5 as that the digeftion or moderate heating of an Egg, either by the Female, or the Sun, or the heat of the Fire, or the like, mould produce this or that Bird or that VutrifaUive and warm fteams fhould,out of the blowings^s they call them, that is, the Eggs of a Flie,produce a living»Magot, and that,by degrees, be turn d into an Aurelia^ and that, by a longer and a proportion^ heat, be tranfinuted into a Fly. Nor need we therefore to fuppofe
k
it
fit
it
more imperfect in its kind, then the more compounded Vegetable ©r Animal of which it is a part 5 for he might as compleatly furnifh it with all kinds of contrivances •ncceflary for its own exiftence ; and the propagation of its own Species, and yet make it a part of a more compounded body : as a Clock-maker might make a Set of Chimes to be a part ofa Clock, and yet, when the watch part or ftriking part are taken away, and the hindrances of its motion remov'd, this chiming part may go as accurately, and ftrike its tune as exa&ly, as if it were flill a part of the compounded Automaton. So, though the original caufe, or the
feminal
_ Stht
m
;
Xli
M
CROGRAPHlAi
12 *-
from which this minute Plant on Rofe leaves did fpringj caused corruption the^ before by the Mill-dew, a component part were, of the leaf on which it grew, and did ferve as a coagmt in the production and constitution of it, yet might it be fb confummate, as to produce a feed which might have a power ofpropagating the fame fpeciesrthe works of the Creator ieeming of fuch an excellency,that though they are unable to help to the perfecting ofthe more compounded exigence of the ereatef A !â&#x20AC;˘ 1*1* ^ v>* A 1-1 f\ Plant or Animal,they may have notwithftanding an ability of acting fingh upon their own internal principle, fo as to produce a Vegetable body, though of a lefs compounded nature, and to proceed fo farr in the method of other Vegetables, as to bear flowers and feeds, which may be capabale ofpropagating the like. So that the little cafes which appear to grow on the top of the flender ftalks, may, for ought I know, though f mould fuppofe them to fpring from the perverting of the ufual courfe of the parent Vegetable, contain a feed, which, being fcatter'd on other leaves of the fame Plant, may produce a Plant of much the fame kind. Nor are Damafk-Rofe leaves the onely leaves that produce thefe kinds of Vegetable fproutings*. for I have obferv'd themalfoin fevera other kinds of Rofe leaves, and on the leaves of feveral forts of Briers, and on Bramble leaves they are oftentimes to be found in very great clufters 5 fb that I have found in one clufter,three,four, or five hundred of them, making a very confpicuous black ipot or (cab on the back fide of fcminal principle
*
â&#x20AC;˘
1
1
f*
m
**
the leaf. N
*
^
A^^i*
Obferv.
XX. Of blue
Mould, and if
gelation arifing from Putrefaft ion
the firfi Principles cf Ve 9
THe
Blue and White and feveral kinds of hairy mouldy fpots, Which are obfervable upon divers kinds of futriff'd'bodies, whether Ani mal fubfhnces,or Vegetable,fiich as the fkin, raw ot drefs'd, flefh,bJoud, humours, milk, green Cheefe,d^. or rotten fappy Wood, or Herbs, Leaves, Barks, Roots, &c. of Plants, are all of them nothing elfe but feveral kinds of fmall and varioufly figur'd Mufhroms, which, from conve-nient materials in thofe pntrifying bodies, are, by the concurrent heat of the Air, excited to a certain kind of vegetation, which will not be un-
worthy our more ferious fpeculatioh and examination, as I (hail J by and by (hew. But,firft, I muft premife a* fhort defcfiption of this Specimen which I have added of this Tribe, in the firft Figure ofthe X 1 1. Schem which is nothing dk hairy of fpot white fmall a of but the appearance mould,mulritudes of which I found to befpeCk whiten over the red coK vers of a fmall more* befog Sheeps-(kin,that of book,which. it feems, Were
&
Vegetative body, which, Wot Leather, the* of part froffl almoft the fame out
126
MlCROGRAPHIA. ftalks,not exa&trar.fparent and cylindrical fmall long of out multitudes and white knob a round weight of the with little bended a ftreight,but iy knobs thefe Iobferv'd of many them} of top each the of on grew that &c. A, others as A fuch furface, fmooth a and , of round to be very broken, them little a feveral of B$ oblong,as little likewife,but a fmooth or 'twere, flown as flitter'd others as C top, the chops with at 3 or cloven bodies pretty was thefe fubftance of whole D. The pieces, as all to kind fbfter of the fubftance the like much conftitution, tender ofa very I found Pin, with a touching them by for Muftiroms, white common of have dito a of them feem'd each they torn brufed and be to 3 them elufter, a in neer together grew they though for their of own root ftincl: 5 yet I could perceive each ftem to rife out of a diftind part or pore of the Leather 3 fome of thefe were fmall and fhort, as feeming to have been but newly fprung up, of thefe the balls were for the moft part round, others were bigger,and taller,as being perhaps of a longer growth,and of thefe, for the moft part, the heads were broken, and fome much wafted, asE$ what thefe heads contain d I could not perceive , whether they were knobs and flowers, or feed cafes, I am not able to (ay, but they feem'd moft likely to be of the fame nature with thofe that grow on Muftiroms, which they did,fome of them, not a little refemble. Both their fmell and tafte, which are active enough to make a fenfible impreflion upon thofe organs, are unpleafant and noifome. I could not find that they would fo quickly be deftroy'd by the a&ual flame ofa Candle, as at firft fight of them I conceived they would be,but they remain'd intire after I had paft that part of the Leather on which they ftuck three or four times through the flame of a Candle; fo that feems they are not very apt to take fire, no more then the common white
D
Muftiroms are when they are fappy. There are a multitude of other lhapes, of which thefe Aftercfcopicat Muftiroms are figur'd, which would have been a long Work to have de* fcribed,and would not have fuited fo well with my defign in this Treatife, onely,amongft the reft, I muft not forget to take notice of one that was a little like to, or refembled,a Spunge, confiding of a multitude of little Ramifications almoft as that body does, which indeed feems to be a kind of Water-Mufhrora, of a very pretty texture, as I elfe-where manifeft. And a fecond, which I muft not omit, becaufe often mingled, and neer adjoining to thefe I have deferib d a and this appear'd much like a Thicket of bufibes, or brambles, very much branch'd,and extended,fome of them, to a great lengthen proportion to their Diameterjike creeping brambles. The manner of the growth and formation of this kind of Vegetable, is the third head of Enquiry ,which, had 1 time,Ifliould follow : the figure and method of Generation in this concrete feeming to me, next after the Enquiry into the formation, figuration, or chry realization of Salts, to be the moft fimple, plain, and eafie; and it feems to be a medium through which he muft neceflarily pais, that would with any likelihood inveftigate thefor ma informant of Vegetables : for as I think that he fhalL find it a very difficult talk, who undertakes to difcover the form of Sa>
line
:
Mi CROGRAPH
1
f
without the confideration and preference ofth and reafon of a Globular form, and as difficult to cxt is configuration of Mufhroms, without the previous confederation ot'thc foi_ m ot Salts 3 fo will the enquiry into the forms of Vegetables be no Ids, 3 Jf not much more difficult, without the fore-knowledge of the forms of Mufhroms, thefe fevcral Enquiries having no k(s dependance one upon another then any felect number of Proportions in Mathematical Elements may be made to have. Nor do I imagine that the fldps from the one to another will be found very great, if beginning from fluidity, or body without any form, we defcend gradually,till We arrive at the higheit form of a bruite Animals Soul, making the fteps or foundations of our Enquiry, Fluidity, Orbu illation, Fixation, Angulation, or Cryfi alligation Germination or Ebulii tion. Vegetation,Vlant animation, Animation, Senfatien, Imagination. Now, that we may the better proceed in our Enquiry, It will be recryftallizations,
i
quifite
to confider
Firft,
former
that
Mould and Mufhroms
require no feminal property, but the
may be produced at any time from any kind of putrifyivg Animal,
or Vegetable Subftance,as Flefh,d^.
keptmoift and warm,and the
latter,
what Mathiolsts relates be true, of making them by Art, are as much within our command, of which Matter take the Epitomie which Mr, ?arkinfin has deliver 'd in his Herbal, in his Chapter of Mufhroms, becaufe I have not Mathiolus now by me : Vnto thefe Mnfiroms (faith he) may Ifi be adjoyrid thofi which are made ofArt (trtar^Mathiolus makes men* if
tie*) that
grow
naturally
ones being digged up, ft ^ j
^
among
and carried
certain fiones in Naples, to
and
that tfo
aces, where Rome, and athe? .placi
they
them in their Wine Cellars, covering them with a little Earth, ah firing, d HÂťg a little warm water thereon, would within four days produce Afufiroms
fit
what time one will: As alfo that Mufhroms may be madt grow at the foot of a wilde Poplar Tree, within four days after, wart* wherein fame leaves have been difjbtidfoall be pour d into the Root
fit to
be eaten, at
(which mufi be flit) and the flock *bwe ground. be generated without feed, fo does it . that as Mufhroms may not appear that they have any fuch thing as feed in any part of them s for
having considered feveral kinds of them, I could never find any thitlg id * hem that I could it, fo that of feed the be to ghefs probability with any does not as yet appear (that I know of) that Mufhroms may be g aerated from a feed, but they rather feem to depend merely upon a cona venient constitution of and made, are they the matter out of which concurrence of either natural or artificial heat. and Water in both Metals Thirdly,that and . by feveral bodies (as Salts ?l}e air, and and a&uated Air) the in by feveral kinds of fublimations Ewoed with a congruous heat, there may be produc d feveral kinds ot Denes as curioufly, of kinds feveral Figure 5 if not of a more compos'd mooting fifing or Ebulliathig the witnefs as Figures feem to manifeft 5 in the alfo witnefs &c. Bloud, Rectification of fpirits of Vrine, Hart-horn, the curious againft them of fome branches of evaporated diflblutiom* r the
m
â&#x20AC;˘
:
128
M
CROGRAPHIA.
the fides of the containing Jar
others (landing up;, or growing an end, have taken notice of a very great variety.
:
out of the bottom, of which I Germination of which kind is it is a pretty very afreft, the all above But which with making of Mercury the manner Tree, Silver the forded us in an there is in which mi Ebullition the fts, to Chy known well is Silver, and if I have been rightly Mufhroms, like this of much very Germination, or inform'd of it. alfoobferv'd of, and notice with a often taken very have I Fourthly,
of a fnufF the Ebullitions in Candle, or excrefcencies certain Microfeope, they as particles are carfmoaky the (ticking of from the partly which, and flame, and Air rarify'd partly the of current the by upwards ryed al(b from a kind of Germination or Ebullition of fome actuated unctuous parts which creep along and filter through fome fmall ftring of the Week, are formed into pretty round and uniform heads, very much refembling the form of hooded Mufhroms, which, being by any means expos'd to the frefh Air, or that air which encompalles the flame, they are prefently lick'd up and devour'd by it, and vanifh. The reafon of which Phenomenon feems to me,to be no other then this That when a convenient thread of the Week is lb bent out by the Gdes of the fnufF that are about half an Inch or more, remov'd above the bottom,or lowed part of the flame and that this part be wholly included in the flame } the Oyl (for the reafon of filtration, which I have clfewhere rendred) being continualy driven up the fhuf^ is driven like wife into this ragged bended-end , and this being remov'd a good diftance, as half an Inch or more, above the bottom of the flame, the parts of the air that pafles by it, are already, almoft fatiated with the diÂŁ lblution of the boiling unctuous (teams that ifiued out below, and therefore are not onely glutted, that is, can diflblve no more then what they are already acting upon, but they carry up with them abundance of unctuous and footy particles, which meeting with that rag of the Week, that is plentifully fill'd with Oyl, and onely fpends it as faft as it evaporates, and not at all by diflblution or burning, by means of thefe ftcamy parts of the filterated Oyl ifluing out at the fides of this ragg, and being inclos'd with an air that is already fatiated and cannot prey upon them nor burn them, the af bending fboty particles are ftay'd about it and fix'd, fo as that about the end of that ragg or filament of the fnuffj whence the greateft part of the (reams iflue, there is conglobated or fix'd a round and pretty uniform cap, much refembling the head of a Mufhrom, which, if it be of any great bignefs, you may obferve that its underfide will be bigger then that which is above the ragg or ftem of it } for the Oyl that is brought into it by filtration, being by the bulk of the cap a little fhelter'd from the heat of the flame, does by that means iflue as much out from beneath from the ftalk or downwards, as it does upwards, and by reafon of the great accefs of the adventitious frooak from beneath,it increafes moft that way. That this may be the true reafon of this Phenomenon, I could produce many Arguments and Experiments to make it probable : As, Fir ft, that the Filtration carries the Oyl to the top of the Wcekjat kaft }
a*
â&#x20AC;˘
M
CROGkAPHIA.
129
one that will obferve the fnufFof a burning Candle with a Mcrofeope^ where he may fee an Ebullition or bubbling of the Oyl, as high as the fnufflooks black. Next,that it does fteamaway more then burn 5 1 could tellyou of trie dim burning of a Candle, the longer the muff be which arifes from the abundance of vapours out of the higher parts of it. And, thirdly, that in the middle of the flame of the Candle, neer the as
high as thefe raggs,
is
vifibJe to
top of the fnuff, the fire or diflolving principle
I
nothing neer fo ftrong, as neer the bottom and out edges of the flame, which may be obferv d by the burning afunder of a thread, that will firft break in thofe parts that the edges of the flame touch, and not in the middle. And I could add feveral Obfervables that I have taken notice of in the flame ofa Lamp a&uated with Bellows, and very many others that confirm me in my opinion, but that it is not fo much to my prefent purpofe, which is onely to confider this concreet in the fnuff of a Candle, fofarr as it has any refemblance of a Mufhrom, to the confederation of which, that I may return, I fay, we may alfo obferve : In the firft place, that the droppings or trillings of Lapideicent Waters in Vaults under ground,feem to conf t itute a kind ofpetrify*d body,form'd is
fbme kind of Mufhroms inverted,in fo much that I have feen fomeknobb'd a little at the lower end, though for the moft part, indeed they are otherwife fhap'd,and taper 'd towards the end} the generation of which feemsto be from no other reafbn but this, that the water by fbak ing through the earth and Lime (for I ghefs thatfubftance to add much to it petrifying quality) does fb impregnate it felf with ftony particles, that hanging in drops in the roof of the Vault, by reafon that the 1 fbaking of the water is but flow, it becomes expos'd to the Air, and there* by the outward part of the drop by degrees grows hard, by reafon that the water gradually evaporating the ftony particles neer the outrides of 1* the drop begin to touch, and by degrees, to dry and grow clofer toge ther, and at length conftitute a cruft or ffieH about the drop 3 and this fbaking by degrees, being more and more fupply'd, the drop grows longer and longer, and the fides harden thicker and thicker into a Quill or Cane, and at length, that hollow or pith becomes alrnoft ftop'd up, and folid : afterwards the foaking of the petrifying water, finding no longer a paflage through the middle, burfts out, and trickles down the outfide, and as the water evaporates, leaves riew fuperindue'd fhells, which more and more fwell the bulk of thofe Iceicles; and becaufe oC the great fupply from the Vault, of petrifying waier, thofe bodies grow bigger and bigger next to the Vault, and taper or fharpen towards the pointy for the accefs from the arch of the Vault being but very flow,and confequently the water being fpread Very thinly over the furface of the Iceicle,the water begins to fettle before it can reach to the bottom, or corner end of it 3 whence, if you break one of thefe, you would alrnoft imagine it a ftick of Wood petrify d, it having fo pretty a refemblance of one pith and grain , and of or piece, of a outfide if you look on the whole, you would think no lefs, both from its vegetable roundnefs and alrnoft like
1
1
X
tapering
f
-
MlCROGRA
120
tapering form 5 but whereas all Vegetables are obferv'd to (hoot and grow perpendicularly upwards , this does (hoot or propend directly
downwards. By which laft Obfervables, we fee that there may be a very pretty body (hap d and concreeted by Mechanical principles, without the leaft (hew or probability of any other feminal formatrix. And (ince we find that the great reafonofthe Fhanomena, of this pretty petrifa&ion^ are to be reducd from the gravity of a fluid and pretty volatil body impregnated with (tony particles, why may not the fhanontcna. of Ebullition or Germination be in part poflibly enough deduc'd from the levity of an impregnated liquor, which therefore perpendicularly afcending by degrees, evaporates and leaves the more folid and fix d parts behind in the form of a Mufhrom, which is yet further divert fy'd and fpecificated by the forms of the parts that impregnated the liquor, and compofe or help to conftitute the Mufhrom. That the foremention a Figures of growing Salts, and the Silver Tree, are from this principle, I could very eafily manifeft , but that I have not now a convenient opportunity of following it, nor have I made a fiifiicient number of Experiments and Oblervations to propound, explicate,and prove fo ufefull a iheory as this of Mulhroms for, though the contrary principle to that otpetrifyd Iceicles may be in part a caufe $ yet but think, that there is (bmewhat a more complicated caufe, Dugh yet Mechanical, and poffible to be explained We therefore have further to enquire of it, what makes it to be fuch a liquor, and to afcend, whether the heat of the Sun and Ah*, or whether that dLfirmmtUtion and futrifaUion^ or both together , as alfo whether there be not a third or fourth 5 whether a Saline principle be not a confiderable agent in this bufinels alfo as well as heat 5 whether alio a fixa tion, precipitation or fettling of certain parts out of the aerial Muihrom may not be alfo a confiderable coad jutor in the buftnefe. Since we find that many pretty beards oxfiiria of the particles of Silver may be precipitated upon a piece of Brals put into zfolution of Silver very much diluted with fair water, which look not unlike a kind of mould or hoar upon that piece of metal 5 and the hoar froft looks like a kind of mould 5 and whether there may not be feveral others that do concurrtothe production of a Muihrom, having not yet had fufficient time to profecute according to my defires, I muft referr this to a better opportunity of my own, or leave and recommend it to the more diligent enquiry and examination offuch as can be mailers bodi of leifureand conveniencies for :
fuch an Enquiry. And in the mean time, I muft conclude, that asfar as I have been able look into the nature of this Primary kind of lifeand vegetation, I can t find the leaft probable argument to perfwadc me there is any other caufe then fuch as is, purely Mechanical, and that the effects
productions are as necefiary upon the concu rren ce of thofe cauiesas that a Ship, when the Sails are hoift up, and the Rudder is fet to fuc&a pofition^hould,when the Wind blows, be mov'd in fuch away or courfe -â&#x20AC;˘
°
MlCROGRAPHlAi that or t'other place
r
ip
Or, as that the brufed Watch, which I menn in the defcription of Mofs, mould, when thofe parts which hindred motion were fallen away, begin to move, but after quite another manr then it did before. 5
.
•
*
.*
f
*
•
i
J
1 f i'*.\
Obferv.
XX1
.
Of
Jfever al other [mail
Mofs., an i
-
t
vegetative Sub-
,
kj« f -
:
•
a 1
-
:
Ofsis a Plant, that the wheft of Kings thought neither unworthy his fpeculation, nor his Pen, and though amongft Plants it be bulk one ofthe fmalleft, yet it is not the Jeaft confiderable : For, as to its
m
may compare for the beauty of it with any bears a much bigger breadth $ it has a root almoft
(hape,
and
it
nep,furni(b'd withfmall firings and fuckers,
which are
Plant that grows, like a feedy Parfc all
of them
finely
branch'd, like thofe of the roots of much bigger Vegetables 5 out of this fprings the item or body of the Plant, which is fbmewhat Quadrangular^ rather then Cylindrical^
molt curiouily fluted or ftrung with imall creafes, which run,for the moft part, par'a //el the whole ftem } on the fides of thi are clofe and thick fet, a multitude of fair^arge^vell-fhapd leaves, Ibme of them of a roiinder, others of a longer fhape, according as they are younger or older when pluck'd 5 as I ghefs by this, that thole Plants that had the ftalks growing from the top of them, had their leaves of a much longer ihape, all the furface. of each fide of which, is curioufly cover'd with a multitude of little oblong tranfparent bodies, in the manner you fee it exprefs'd In the leaf B, in the XI 1 1. Scheme. This Plant, when young and fpringing up, does much refemble a Hou£ leek,having thick leaves,almoft like that, and feems to be fomwhat of kin to it in other particulars } alio from the top of the leaves, there fhoots out a fmall white and tranfparent hair, or thorn : This ftem, in time.come to moot out into a long/oundand even ftalk, which by cutting tranfverfly, when dry, I manifeftly found to be a ftifF, hard, and hollow Cane, ot Reed, without any kind of knot, or flop, from its bottom, where the leaves e'neompafs d it, to the top. on which there grows a large feed cafe, A, cover'd with a thin, and more whitifti fkin,B, terminated in a long thorny top, which at firfr covers all the Cafe, and by degrees, as that fwells, the fkin cleaves, and at length Mis off, with its thorny top^ and all (which* hich is a part of it) and leaves the {ecd Cafe to ripen, and by degrees, to ftatter out its feed at a place underneath this cap, B, which before the feed is ripe, appears like a flat barr'd button, without any hole in the middle 5 but as it ripens, the button grows bigger, and a hole appears in the middle of it, E, out ofwhich, in all probability, the feed falls: For downas it ripens by a provision turns Cafe this of end that of Nature, i
!
Ward after the fame manner as the eajs of Wheat and Barley ufuaffy do and opening feveral of thefc dry red Cafes, F, I found them to be .3
».
i
M
2
quite
a
MlCROGRAP
132
i
i
-
whereas when I cut them afunder with a (harp Pen-knife when green, I found in the middle of this two,the Cafe,betwcen which round fmaller interfikes Cafe,another great fufpend to ftringie which feem'd of thq multitudes fibre with s, fill'd were able was to other, which (as as the farr I of difmiddle the in Cafe lefler the like feed-bagg fmall white feeds, much exceeding of fcem'd foil cern) two been the or three after flowers have , Carnation a of knop in the difcern, this perfectly I fo could not but and week/allenprT} or a days,,
in all them thing at any hoHow,without quite
5
4
cherefore cannot pofitiyely affirm it. After the feed was fallen away, I found both the Cafe, Stalked Plant, all grow red and wither, and from other parts of the root continually to (pring new branches or (lips, which by degrees increafed, and grew as
bigg as the former, feeded, ripen'd, (hatter a5 and wither'd. I could not find that it oblerv'd any particular feafons for thefe feveral kinds of growth, but rather found it to be fpringing, mature, ripe, feed v. and wither'd at all times of the year 3 But I found it rooft to flourifh and increafe in warm and moift weather. It
gathers
its
nouri(hments,for the moft part,out of fome Lapidefient ,or
other fubftance corrupted or chang'd from
its
former texture, or fub-
form 3 for I have found it to grow on the rotten parts of Stone, of Bricks, of Wood, of Bones, of Leather, &c . It oft grows on (the barks of (everal Trees, fpreading it felÂŁ (bmetimes from the ground upwards, and (bmetimes from fome chink or cleft of the bark of the Tree, which has fome putriffd fubftance in it j but this feems of a diftinft kind from that which I obferv'd to grow on putriffd inanimate bodies, and rotten earth. There are alfo great varieties of other kinds of Modes, which grow on Trees, and feveral other Plants, of which I (hall here make no mention, nor of the Mofs growing on the feull of a dead man, which much resembles that of Trees.
ftantial
Whether this Plant does (bmetimes originally (pring or rife out of cor? ruption,without any difleminated feed, I have not yet made trials enough to be very much, either positive or negative 3 for as it feems very hard to conceive how the feed (hould be generally difpers'd into all parts where there is a corruption} begun, unlefs we may rationally fuppofe, that this feed being fo exceeding fmall^and confequently exceeding lightpis there* by taken up, and carried to and fro in the Air into every placc^nd by the falling drops of rain is wafiYd down out of it, and fo difpers'd into all places, and there onely takes root and propagates, where it finds a convenient foil or matrix for it to thrive in jib if we will have it to proceed c~ corruption* it is not lefi difficult to conceive, Firft, ho w the corruption of any Vegetable, much lefs of any Stone Brick, (hould be the Parent of fo curiouily figurd, and fo perfe# Plant as this is. But here indeed, I cannot but add, that it feems rather to bea produft of the JUin in jhofe bodies where it isftay'd, then of the very bodjes themfelves, fince I have found it growing on Marble, and Flint? but always tht Atiwfcfpe, if not the naked eye, would difcover little hole of Dirt in which it was rooted. T** Next,
W
:
M iCROGRAPHiAi Next,how die corruption of each ofthofe exceedingly differing bodies Should all confpire to the production ofthe fame PJant,that is,that Stones, Jdcks, Wood, or vegetable fubftances, and Bones, Leather, Horns, or animate fubftances, unlefs
we may with fome
pjaufiblenefs fay, that Air
and Water are the coadjutors, or mtp(lmntnsjn all kinds otputrifaQions, and that thereby the bodies (though whil'ft they rctain'd their fubftanrial fbrms,were of exdeeeing differing natures,yet)fince they are diflblv'd
and mixt into another, they may be very Bomogemom^ they being almoft rcfolvd again into Air, Water,and Earth $ retaining.,perhap$, one part of their vegetative faculty yet entire, which meeting with congruous affuch as the heat of the Air, and the fluidity of the Water, and fuch like coadjutors and conveniences, acquires a certain vegetation for
fiftants,
a time,
wholly differing perhaps from that kind of vegetation
it
had
-before.
To explain my meaning a little better by a
grois Similitude
Suppofe a curious piece of Clock-work, that had had feveral motions -and contrivance? in it, which, when in order, would all have niov'd in
methods and Periods. We will further fuppofe, by fome means, that this Clock comes to be broken, brufed, or otherwife disordered, fo that feveral parts of it being diflocated, are impeded, and fo ftand ftill, and not onely hinder its own progreffivc motion, and produce not the effect which they were defign'd for, but becaufe the other parts aho have a dependence upon them? put a ftop to their motion likewife $ and fo the whole Inftrument becomes unierviceable,, and not fit for any ufe. This Inftrument afterwards, by fome (baking and tumbling, ana throwing up and down, comes to have feveral of its parts fhaken out, and feveral of its curious motions, and contrivances, and particles all fallen afunder here a Pin fells out, and there a Pillar, and here a Wheel, and there a Hammer, and a Spring, and the like, and among the reft, away falls thofe parts alfb all and had this diforder'd, and brufed which were while impeded the motion of all the reft 5 hereupon feveral of thofe other motions that yet remain, whole fprings were not quite run down, being now at liberty, begin each of them to move,thus or thus, but quite after another method then before, there being many regulating parts and the like,fallen away and loft. Upon this, the Owner, who chances to hear and obferve fbnie of thefe effects, being ignorant of the Watch-makers Art, wonders what is betid his Clock, and prefently imagines that fome Artift has been at work, and has fet his Clock in order, and made a new kind of Inftrument of it,' but upon examining circumftances,he finds there was no fuch matter, but that the cafual flipping out of a Pin had made feveral parts of his Clock fall to pieces, and that thereby the obtheir defign'd
i,
ftacle that all this
ufeiull other with together while hindred his Clock,
upon And were fallen out, and fo his Clock was winding u thofe fprings again when run down, he finds his Clock to go> p
parts
fet at liberty.
put quite
heretofore. wont was another manner then it And thus may it be perhaps in the bufinefs of Mois and Mould, and which â&#x20AC;˘)ll s, vegetations, and feveral other fpontancous kinds of after
"
*
may
(
M
134
CROGRAHP
_
I
which was a coadjutor to the life and growth of the greater Vegetable, and was by the deftroying of the life of it ftopt and impeded in performing its office 5 but afterwards, upon a further corruption of feveral parts that had all the while impeded it, the heat of the Sun winding up, as it were, the fpring, fets it again into a vegetative motion, and this being fingle, and not at all regulated as it was before(when a part o f that greater machine the priftine vegetable^ mov d after quite a differing manner.and produces effects very differing from thofe it did before. But this I propound onely as a conjecture, not that I am more cnclin'd to this Hj/pvthefis then the feminal, which upon good reafon 1 ghefs to be Mechanical alfo, as I may elfewhere more fully fhew : But becaufe I may, by this,hint a poffible way how this appearance may be fol v'd 5 fuppofing we fliould be driven to confefs from certain Experiments and Obfervations made, that fuch or fuch Vegetables were produe'd out of the corruption of another, without any concurrent feminal principle (as I have given fbmc reafbn to fuppofe, in the defcription of a Murofiopical Mufhrome) without derogating at all from the infinite wifdom of the Creator. For this accidental production, as I may call it, does manifeft as much, if not very much more, of the excellency of his contrivance as any thing in the more perfect vegetative bodies of the world, even as the accidental motion of the Automaton does make the owner fee, that there was much more contrivance in it then at firft he imagined. But of this I have added more in the defcription of Mould,and the Vegetables on Rofe leaves,^, thole being much more likely to have their original from fuch a caufe then this which I have here defcribed, in the 13. Scheme, which indeed I cannot conceive otherwife of, then as of a molt perfect Vegetable, wanting nothing of the perfections of the moft confpicuous and vafteft Vegeof the world, and to be of a rank fo high, as that it may very properly be reckon d with the tall Cedar of Lebanon , as that Kingly
may be caus'd by
a vegetative principle,
Botanift has done. know there may be as much curiofity of contrivance, and lency of form in a very fmall Pocket-clock, that takes not up Inch fquare of room,as there may be in a Church-clock that fills a whole room
We
And I know
not whether all the contrivances and Mechanifms requifite perfect Vegetable, may not be crowded into an exceedingly lefs room then this of Mofs, as I have heard of a ftriking Watch fo final J that d for a Pendant in a Ladies and I have already given ou the defcription of a Plant growing on Rofe leaves, that is abundant y fmaller then Mofs 5 infomuch, that neer 1000. of them Would hardly make the bignefs of one fingle Plant of Mofs. And by comparing the bulk of Mofs, with the bulk of the biggeft kind of Vegetable we meet with in Story (of which kind we find in fome hotter climates, as Guine, and Profile, the ftock or body of fbme Trees to be twentyibot in Diameter, whereas the body or ftem of Mofs, for the moft part, is not above fixtieth part of an Inch) we fhall find that the bulk of the will eed the bulk of the other, no s then 2985984 Million or
ÂŤ
ICROGRAPHU. 1%
f
2985984000000, and fuppofing the production on a Roie leaf to be a Plant, we (hall have of thofc Indim Plants to exceed a production of the fame Vegetable kingdom noleis then 1000 times the former number * fo prodigioufly various are the works of the Creator,and fo All-iufficieut js he to perform what to man would feem unpoflible, rhey being both alike eafie to him, even as one day, and a thoufand years are to him as or
one and the fame time. I have taken notice of fuch an infinite variety of thole foialjer kinds of vegetations, that (hould I have defcribed every one of them,they would
J"
have fill* d a Volume,and prov d bigg enough to haveiiiadea new Herbal, fuch multitudes are there to be found in moifr hot weather efpecially in the Summer time, on all kind of putrifying fubftances, which, whether they do more properly belong to the Clajfis of Mtfiromsy or Moulds, or Mvjjks^ I fhall not now iifpute, there being fome that feem more properly of one kind , others of another , their colours an magnitudes being as much differing as their Figures and fubfrances. Say, I have obferv'd^that putting fair Water (whether Rain-water or Pump-water, or May-dew, or SnoWrWater, it was almoft all one) I have often obfervd, I fay, that this Water would, with a little (landing, tarnilli and cover all about the fides of the Glafs that lay under water, with a lovely green } but though I have often endeavour'd to difcovcr with my Mcrafcope whether this green were like Mofs^ or long ftriped Sea-weed, or any other peculiar form, yet fo ill and imperfect are our Micryjcpptfj
j
alrjioft
<
*
could not certainly discriminate any. Growing Trees alfo, and any kinds of Woods, Stones, Bones^efo. that have been longexposd to the Air and Rain, will be all over cover 4 witty flgreenifh fcurfF,which will very much foul and green any kind of cjpasths .-• • % 4 V — that are rubb'd againft it 5 viewing this, I could not certai in mauy parts ofit any determinate form,t hough in many I could Iperceive 1 Bed as Were of young Mote, but in other parts it look'd almoft like green bufhes^nd very coufus'd,but always ofwhat ever irregular Figures the parts appeard of, they were always green, and feem'.d to be either fome Vegetable, or to have feme vegetating principle.
thflt I
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a
1
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Obferv.
XXII,
•
*J
Spongie other Sponges, andfeveral Ofcommon
fibrous bodies. J
Sponge
table, fifts
is
among d reckon commoruv
fork „ and
the Zotftyk, or Plant Ani-
Vegeother any obferv'd .never whereofl isof a form
indced,k feems impoifiUe
that any ftiould
be of
it,
coninuch qt
for
ofan infinite number of (finall Shorter*/, or nervous parts,
it
/together in the:tor
the fame bignefe^airiouliy jointed or con tex $ *fa Net, as is more pkrioly maaifeft by the little Draught
m
wruch^ve
iz6
M
\
I
ROGRAP HI A.
piece it, which you a of Scheme, of the I X. of added, fibrous parts the of heap confus'd curiouily a reprefents perceive may moft part, where the are, for joints The three implicated. and jointed any that had with four. met feldom very have I meet,for onely fibres be feems to that the three the one of ftock no there is joints thefe At whereon the other grow, but each of the fibres are, for the moft part, of equal (hare have an in to them each of the feem and bignefs, equal an joint 3 the fibres are all of them much about the fame bignefs, not fmaller bottom or root, as neerer the bigger and Sponge, the top of towards the is very the joints, lrfegubetween of each length the is ufuall in Plants, being joints, ten or fome two between diftancc the lar and different 3 twelve times more then between fome others. agonal Figure, but,for equitri the an of and regular, joints the Nor are compofe three angles they very that meet, (o ee the thr fibres moft part, differing all of them from one another. body, reticulated are not lefi this of and holes likewife, The mefhes various and irregular : fome bilateral, others trilateral, and quadrilateral Figures $ nay, I have obfervd fome mefties to have 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9. fides, Natura is the in various Lufus exceeding fb one, onely to have and fome this body. As to the outward appearance of this Vegetative body, they are fo ufuall every where, that I need not defcribe them, confuting of a foft and porous fubftance, reprefenting a Lock, fometimes a fleece of Wooll 3 but it has befides thele fmall microfcopical pores which lie between the fibres, a multitude of round pores or holes, which, from the top of it, pierce into the body, and fometimes go quite through to the bottom. I have obferv'd many of thefe Sponges, to have included likewife in the midft of their fibrous contextures, pretty large friable ftbnes, which muft either have been inclos'd whii'ft this Vegetable was in formationjOr generated in thofe places after it was perfectly fhap'd. The later of which ieems the more improbable, becaufe I did not find that any of thefe ftony fubftances were perforated with the fibres of the Sponge. I have never feen nor been enform'd of the true manner of the growing of Sponges on the Rockjwhether they are found to incrcafe from little in the third Figure
to great Jike Vegetables,that is, part after part, or like Animals, all parts qually growing together , or whether they be matrices or feed-baggs of
any kind of Fifties, or fome kind of watry Infect 5 or whether they are at any times more (bit and tender, or of another nature and texture, which things, if I knew, I fhould much defire to be informed of: but from a curfory view that I at firft made with my Jkficrofcope, and fome other trialsjl fuppofed it to be fome Animal fubftance caft out, and faftned upon the Rocks in the form of a froth, or congeries of bubbles, like that which I have often obferv'd on Rofemary, and other Plants (wherein is included a little Infcft) that all the little films which divide thefe bubbles one from another,did prefently,almoft after the fubftance began to grow a little harder,break,and leave onely the thread behind, which might be, as 'twere, the angle or thread between the bubbles, that the .
V-
Mi ROGRAPHIA pores obfervable in thefe Sponges were made by the jkion of the included Heterogeneous fub'ftance (whether air, cr fbmc other body, for many other fluid bodies will do the fame thing) which breaking out of the lefier, were collected into very large bubbles, and great hoi.
might
fo
make their way out of the Sponge, and
in their pa flage
m
might
round cavity 5 and if it were large,might carry up with it the adjacent bubbles, which may be perceiv'd at the Outride of the Sponge, if it befirft throughly wetted, and fuffer'd to plump it felf into its natural form, or be then wrung dry, and fuffer'd to expand it felf again, which it leave a
will freely
do
whil'ft moift
:
for
when
it
has thus plump'd
it felf into its
and dimenfions, 'tis obvious enough.that the mouths of the larger holes have a kind of lip or riling round about them, but the other (mailer pores have Itmay further be found, that each of thefe great pores has many other fmall pores below, that are united natural (ha pe
and help to conftitute it, almoft like fo many rivulets or fmall ftreams that contribute to the maintenance of a large River. Nor from this it,
would it have been difficult to explicate, how tho(e little branches of Coral, final Stones, shells, and the like, come to be included by thefe frothy bodies : But this inded was but a conjecture and upon Hypothecs
-,
a more
accurate enquiry into the form of it with the Microfcope, it feems not to be the true origine of them 3 for whereas Sponges have onely three arms which join together at each knot, if they had been generated
bubbles they muft have had four. But that they are Animal Sub/rances, the Chymical examination of them feems to manifeft, they affording a volatil Salt and fpirit,like Harts-
froto
and toughnels, and their (mell when burn'din the Fire or a Candle, which has a kind of flefhy fent,not much unlike to hair. And having fince examin'd feveral Authors concerning them,among others,! find this account given by Bellonim, in the d Xl.Cjfr4p.0f his 2 Book, De Aquatilibus. Spongia recent essays he, afuck longe diverfa,fcopulis aqua marina ad duos vel tres cubit os,nonnunauam quaHorn, as does alfo their great ftrength
tantum digitos immerfs, ut fungi arboribus adharent, firdido quodani ficco ant mucofapotimfanie refiert£,ufque adehfatida,ut vel eminus naufeam Spongiis lotis inftccis excitet, continetur ant em in cavernis, qttas inanes cernitmts ; Tutris pulmonis modo nigra confticiuntur, verum qu£ infubl idem Viverequ*q*<* nafcuntur mnlto magis opaca nigredine fuffufafunU Spongias adharendo Ariftoteles cenjet : abfolute vero mimme : fenfumque atquod difftctUime aliquem habere, vel eo argument (inquii) credantur, contrahantut^ a it accejjum firahantur^ifi clanculum agatur:Atq^ ad avulfiris tuer
&
tempejtaquoties Ut eat evellere flatus faciunt etiam idem quod difficile fit, car [diximus quern t4que urgent. Puto fupra didum aut em j His fuccum fit tan latioribus meatibus loco a
-
natura attributum
quam
Caterum
inteft
dharent
eft
fuijjt
par s
qua Spongia
collkm veluti quo tanquamfolii petiolus, a
cautibus
quoddam gractle
Rccenttbu* globum facit. quod deinde in latitudinem diffufum capitis propemo* omnes hil eft Superne fiftulofim, haRtantque tanquam radicibus. J qnos per per patent, patent, dutm meattu mini quint r *,~.+. i .* —/ . 1^ * ~.„h quaterni m,*terni aut mutut concreti q inferm verb ipit :
latent :
V
e **
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A
)
M
I3Âť
eas fugere exiftimamus.
ROG RAP
I
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;
I
From which Defcription, they feem to be
a kind
thefe {mall or Rock, and to a fibres threads adheres that Animal Plantof the Veflels which ('tis been have feem to very defcribed, have we which probable) were very much bigger whil'ft the Interflitia were fill'd (as but upon fubftance the drying flelhy or mucous,pulpy } with a he affirms') were fhrunk into the bignefs they now appear. met with any other yet have body that not fuch, is I it of texture The fort of of a larger one Sponge onely like, but the has that world in the to belonging the Harveanum moft the Mufeum in preferv'd (which Illuftrious and moft learned Society of the Vhyficians of London) which of a horney, or rather, of a fetriffd fubftance. And of this indeed, the and make is exactly the fame with common Sponges, but of it is exceedingly much that both the holes and the fib dth bigger,for fome of the holes were above an Inch and h h to be diftinguifhed eafily with fibres and texture of it was bigg inary (ingle JUicrofeope. And thefe eye, but confpicuoufly with indeed, feem'd to have been the habitation of fome Animal ; and
amining Ariftotle , I find a very confonant account hereunto, namely, that he had known a certain little Animal, call'd Tinnothera^ like a Spider, to be bred in thofe caverns of a Sponge,from within which,by opening and clofing thofe holes, he inihares and catches the little Fiihesvandin another place he fays, That'tis very confidently reported, that there are certain Moths or Worms that refide in the cavities of a Sponge,and are there nouriOied : Notwithftanding all which Hiftories,I think it well worth the enquiring into the Hiftory and nature of a Sponge, itfeeming to promife (brae information of the Veflels in Animal fubftances, which (by reafon of the folidity of the interferted fielh that is not eafily remov'd, without deftroying alfo thofe interfpers'd Veflels are hitherto undiicover'd whereas here in a Spongc,the Parenchjmajt feems,is but a kind of mucous gelly, which is very eafily and cleerly wafh'd away. The reafon that makes me imagine, that there may probably be fbme fuch texture in Animal fubftances, is, that examining the texture of the filaments of tann'd Leather,
to be much of the fame nature and ftrength of a Sponge 5 and with my Microfcope, I have obferv'd many fuch joints and knobs, as I have defcribed in Sponges, the fibres aho in the hollow of feveral forts of Bones, after the Marrow has been remov'd, I have found fomewhat to refemble this texture, though, I confefs, I never yet found any texture exa&ly the fame, nor any for curiofity comparable
to
I
find
it
it.
The
filaments of it are
much
fmaller then thofe of Silk, and through the Microfiofe appear very neer as tranfparenr, nay, fome parts of them I have obferv'd much more.
Having examin'd alfo feveral kinds of Muihroms, I finde their texture to be fomewhat of this kind, that is, toconfift of an infinite company of fraall filaments, every way contexd and woven together, (o as to make a kind of cloth, and more particularly, examining a piece of Touch- wood (which is a kind of Jems-ear, or Mulhrom, growing here in England alfo, on
MliGROGRAPHlA^ of Trees, fuch as Elders, Maples, .Willows, &c and is commonly calfd by the name of Spunky but that we meet with to be iold in Shops, is brought from beyond Seas) I found it to be made df an exceeding d For the fubftance of it feels, and looks the naked eye,and may be ftretch'd any way,exacHy like a very fine piece of Chamois Leather, orwauYd Leather, but it is of fomewhat a browner on ieveral
forts
hew, and nothing neer fo ftrong; but examining it with my Mcrvfcbptj J found it of fomewhat another make then any kind of Leather 5 for whereas both Chamois, and all other kinds of Leather I have yet view'd _i confift of an infinite company of filaments, fomewhat like bufh
within another, that is,of bigger parts or ftems, as it Were, and fmall branchings that grow out of them \ or like a heap of Ropes ends where each of the larger Ropes, by degree* feem. tA&lit orunt, >mto manyimaller Gords, and each of thole Cords 5nt6 (mailer lil i and thole Lines into Threads, &c. and thefe ftrangely intangled le
The
th
texture of this
Touch-wood feem
of a Lock or a Fleece of Wool for it confifts of nfm it number of fmall filaments, all of them,asfarr as I could perceive [ of the" fame bigneis like thofe of a Sponge, but that the filaments of this were not a ntieth part of the bigneis of thofe of a Sptinge 5 and I could not fo plainly perceive their joints, or their manner of interweaving, though &rr as I was able to difcern with that Mivrofcope I had, I have fome kind ofrefemblance, but the joints are nothing neerfl* thfck like that
,
*
without much trouble vifible
um
H
The filaments I could
plainly enough perceive ib be even,rouki,cylindrical,tranfparent bodies,ahd to crofs each other every way, that inhere
were not more feem'd to lie horizontally then perpendicularly and thwartway, fo that it is fomewhat difficult to conceive how they mould grow f
m that manner. By tearing
ofTa
fmall' piece
of it; and looking^ the
ragged edge, I could among feveral c£thofe^re-r perceive fmafl joints,/ ^at is, one of thofe hairs fplit into two, eachof the fame bignefs withthc " ' other out of which they feem'd to groW, but having '. opportunity of examining their manner of growth, I cannot pofitively af< '
'
fitm
,^3
any thing of them. Butto proceed, Thefwelling of Sponges upon wetting, and *heftlin ....... ----*w of the Wat are touches, that it above the furface of the Water both from the fame gfveriinthe already is account caufe, of which an feh Obfervatiom j
<
-
..
>
The fubftance of them indeed, b met with \
dered that fo
in
any other
little
certainly, if i t
ufe
is
ce properties/caf excellent has fo many often wonhave f that world, body in the
made of it,
wcrc well eonfider'd,
and thofe onety it
would
afford
9
leniencies
vile
much '"'
and fordid
5
greater con{cj •
make o^it/, teems, *«A ver grange, piece feal! a dipping but having made trial of it my felf, by 7 of it in very good keep then m6uth,and Sallet-oyl,and putting it k my tag my mouth for I thin^ aoyluch and nofe under water.1 could not find frhat ufe which the Divers ate faid to
.
V
2
was
:
MlCROGRAPHl
.
^4
M
I
%
4
j\ •
Li
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A.
could I Sponge,nor fetch no had if my had I breath,as of out foon was as very but am mouth I apt at my in water to 5 taking without breath expir'd air the might whereby contrivance be a there think, that were ir were again infpir'd, before Sponge oyly or wet a through fore'd topafs divers Air from the fuliginous ftrain away and cleanfe, much might it — J other noifome (teams, and the dipping of it in certain liquors might, the lofes in which it Lungs,by Air in the property that fo renew rhaps, for man laft a might refpiratiAir of foot fquare one that breath'd, eing common him ferve of Air. now will ten peihaps,then longer, much m I
!
m
ft
I -"*
t
crv.
XXIII. Of
the curious texture
Sea-weeds. (?f
•>
i
beauty, I have not among all the Plants or Vegethis Sea-weed to any one comparable yetobferv'd,(een tables I have _J? I have here defcrib'd, of which I am able to fay very little more then what is reprefented by the fecond Figure of the ninth Scheme : Namely, that it is a Plant which grows upon the Rocks under the water, and increafes and (breads it (elf into a great tuft, which is not onely handfbmely branch' d into feveral leaves, but the whole furface of the Plant is cover a over with a moft curious kind of carv'd work, which confifts of a texture much refembling a Honey-comb 5 for the whole furface on both fides is cover'd over with a multitude of very fmall holes,being no bigger then
Or curiofity and
(b many holes made with the point of a (mall Pinn, and rang'd in the neateft and moft delicate order imaginable, they being plac'd in the man
ncr of a Quincunx^ or very much like the rows of the eyes of a Fly, the rows or orders being very regular, which way (be ver they are obferv'd what the texture was, as it appear'd through a pretty bigg Magnifying "" e, I have here adjoin d in the firft Figure of the 14. Scheme. ; whidyjround Area A B C reprefents a part of the furface about one eighth part of an Inch in Diameter : Thofe little holes, which to the eye look'd round, like (b many little (pots, here appear'd very regularly (hap d holes,' reprcfenting almoft the (hape of the (ble of a round toed (hoe, the hinder part of which, is, as it were, trod on orcover'd by the toe of that next below it^thele holes (eem'd wall'd about with a very thin and tranlparent fubftance, looking of a pale draw-colour 5 from the edge ofwhich, againft the middle of each hole, were fprouted out four fmall nfparent ftraw-colour'd Thornf, which feem'd to protect and cover ^
D
^^^
««ftk
cavities,
from either
fide
*
•
%
-
two 3 neer the root of this
Plant, were
(prouted out feveral fmall branches of a kind of baftard Coralline^ curioufly Branch'd, though (mall. .jAnd to confirm this, having lately the opportunity of viewing the large. Plant (if I may (b call it) of a Sponge fetriffd, of which I made mention the laft Obfervatian,^ found, that each of the Branches 01 Figures of it, did, by the range ofits pores* exhibit juft fucb a texture,
w
sw
the
c
\
cnv.Xiin.
I
Mi CROGRA P .-
the rows of pores croffing one another, rows of eye* do which are defcrib'd in the
much
after the
^.Scheme :
manner
as the
Coralline aifo,and
of white Coral, I have with a Atkrofeope obferv'd very cu(hap'd. And I doubt not, but that he that fliall obfei thefc feveral kinds of Plants that grow upon Rocks, which the Sea fome times overflows, and thofe heaps of Others which are vomited out of it upon the (hore, may find multitudes of little Plants, and other bodies,which "
forts
very beautifull objedb for the Micro/cope and this Specimen here is ad join'd onely to excite their curiofities who have op-> portunity of obferving to examine and colled what they find worthy their notice * for the Sea, among tefreftrial bodies, is alfo a prolific!^ mother, and affords as many Inftances of fiontaneoui generations as either the Air or Earth. like this will afford
>>
i
t
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;" * '
Obferv.
XXIV.
His which
Oftbefurfaces <fRofemary, anJother leaves
delineated within the circle ofthe fecond Figure of the 14. Scheme} is a fmall part of the back or under fide of a leaf of Rofemary, which I did not therefore make choice of, becaufe it had any thing peculiar r
is
which was not obfervable with z
Plants, but becaufe
it
exhibits at
Microfivpt in feveral
one view, ,
fmooth and (hining furface, namely, A B, which is a part bf the upper fide of the leaf, that by a kind of hem or doubling of the leaf appears on this fide. There are multitudes of leaves, whole iurfaces are like this fmooth, and as it were quilted, which look like a curious quilted bagg of green Silk, or like a Bladder j or fome fuch pliable transparent fubftance, full fluffed out with a green juice or liquor 5 the furface of Rue, or Herbgrafs, is polifh'd, and all over indented, or pitted, likethb Silk-worms Egg,which I (hall anon defcribe 5 the imooth iurfaces of other Plants are otherwise quilted, Nature in this, as it were, expreffing her Needle-work, or imbroidery. Next a downy or bufhy furface, fuch as is all the Under fide almou\ appearing through the Microscope much like a thicket of bulheS, and with this kind of Down or Hair the leaves and ftalks of multitudes of Vegetables are covered and there feems to be as great a Variety in the ihape, 5 bulk, and manner of the growing of thefe fecundary Plants, as I may call them (they being, as it were, a Plant growing out of a Plant, or fomewhat like the hairs of Animals) as there is to be found amongft fmall ftrubs that compofe bufbes 5 but for the moft part, they confift of fmall tranfparent parts, fome of which grow in the fliape of (mail Needles of Bodkins a$ontheThiftle,Cowag-ecod and Nettle } others in the form of Cat sclaws,as in Cliders. the beards of Barley* the edges of feveral fort* ofGrafs and Reeds,^. in other,as Coltsfoot,R.ofe-campion, Aps, Poplar^ Willow, and almoft all other downy Plants, they g tow in the form of buftes very much diverfify'd in each particular Plant* That which I have Firft, a
:
before
â&#x20AC;˘
MlCROGRAHP
I A2
before in the 1 9. Obfervation noted on Rofe-leaves, is of a quite differing kind, and feems indeed a real Vegetable, diftind from the leaf. Thirdly, among thefe fmall bufhesare obfervable an infinite company of fmall round Balls, exa&ly Globular, and very much refembling Pearls, of thefe there maybe multitudes obferv'd in Sage, namely, and feveral other Plants, which I fuppofe was the reafbn why Athanafius Kircher fuppofed them to be all cover'd with Spiders Eggs, or young which indeed is nothing elfe but fome kind of gummous exfu Spider dation,which is always much of the fame bignefs. At firft fight of thefe,I confefs, I imigin'd that they might have been (bme kind of matrices^ or
CCCC,
riourifhing receptacles for
feme
finall Infect, juft as I
have found Oak-
and multitudes of fach other large excrefcencies on the leaves and other parts of Trees and fhrubs to be for Flyes, and divers other Infects, but obferving them to be there all the year, and icarce at all to change their magnitude, that conjecture feem'd not fo probable. But whatever be the ufe of it, it affords a very pleafant objeft through the Microfeopey and may, perhaps, upon further examination, prove very apples,
luciferous. *
Obfierv.
XXV,
â&#x20AC;˘
Of the
flinging points
and
juice <jf Nettles,
and
fome other venomous Plants. -V
i
*
Nettle is a Plant fb. well known to every one,as to what the appearance of it is to the naked eye, that it needs no defcriptionsand there are very few that have not felt as well as feen it y and therefore it will be bo news to tell that a gentle and flight touch of the fkin by a Nettle,docs oftentime, not onely create very fenfible and acute pain, much like that of a burn or fcald,but often alio very angry and hard fweliings and infla-
mations of the parts, fuch as will prefently rife, and continue fwoln divers hours. Thefe obfervations, I fay, are common enough 5 but how the pain is fo fuddenly created, and by what means continued, augmented for a time, and afterwards diminifb'd, and at length quite exftinguifh'd, has not, that I know, been explaind by any. And here we muft have recourfe to our Microfcope, and that will, if almoft any part of the Plant be looked on, fhew us the whole furface of it very thick fet with turn-Pikes, or fhatp Needles, of the fhape of thofe reprefented in the 1 5. Scheme and firft Figure by A B, which are vifible alto to the naked eye 5 each of which confifts of two parts very diftincl for fhape,and differing alfo in quality from one another. For the part A, is fhaped very much like a round Bodkin,from B tapering till it end in a very (harp point 5 it is of a fubftance very hard and fthT, exceedingly tranfparent
and cleer,and,as
I
by many
from top to bottom. This I found by this Experiment,
I
trials certainly
found, is hollow
had a very coavenient Microfeopc
.
*
M
CROGR APHIAj
'
M.
\
*
with a fingle Glafs which drew about half an f nckthis I had faftned into a little frame, almoft like a pair of Spt&acies, which I placed before mine eyes, and fo holding the leaf of a Nettle at a convenient distance from my eye, I did fii ft, with the thrufting of feveral of thefe brifties into my fkin; perceive that prefentiy after I had thruft them in I felt the burning pain begin , next I obferv d in divers of them, that upon thrufting my finger againft their tops, the Bodkin (if I may fo call it) did not in the leaft bend , but I could perceive moving up and down within it a certain liquor, which upon thrufting the Bodkin againft its bafts, or bagg B, I could perceive to rife towards the top, and upon taking away my hand, I could fee it again fubfide,and fhrink into the bagg 5 this J did very often, and faw this fhtnomtnon as plain as I could ever fee a parcel of water aicend and defcend ina pipe oiQhis. But the bafis underneath thefe Bodkins on which they were fau, were made of a more pliable fubftance i and looked almoft like a little bagg of green Leather, or rather refers bled the (hape and fiirface of a wilde Cucumber, or cucumeris afinwi, and I could plainly perceive them to be certain little baggs, bladdcrs,or receptacles full of water, or as> I ghefs, the liquor of the Plant, which was poifonous, and thole final! Bodkins were but the Syringe-pipes, or Gly fter-pipes, which firft made way into the fkin, and then ferved to convey that poifonous juice,upon thepreffing of thofe little baggs, into the interior and fenfible parts of the fkin, which being fo difcharg d, does corrode, or, ask were, burn that pan of the fkin it touches 5 and this pain will fometimes laft very long, according as the impreffion is made deeper
fiope
orftronger.
The other
of the leaf or fiirface of the Nettle, have very little considerable, but what is common to molt of thefe kinds of Plants, as the ruggednefs or indenting, and hairinefs, and other roughnefles of thefur-^ face or out-fide of the Plant, of which I may fay more in another place. As I fhall likewife of certain little pretty cleer Balls or Apples which I have obferved to ftick to the fides of thefe leaves, both on the upper and under fide, very much like the fmall Apples which I have often obferv'd to grow on the leaves of an Oak eall'd Oal^apples which are nothing but the Matrices of an Infect, as I elfewhere fhew. The chief thing therefore is, how this Plant comes, by fo flight a touch, to create fo great a pain^and the reafon of this feems to be nothing elfe,but •««-*—»« fmall baggs in the ~* bladders. v* «* the corrofive contain'd ^^ «»«« ^»&&^ or jfive penetrant liquor contain upon which grow out thofe fharp Syringe- pi pes, as I before noted 5 ana very confonant to this, is the reafon of the pain created by the fting of a Bee, Wafp, &c asl elfewhere fhew: For by the Dart,which is likewife a pipe, is made a deep paflage into the fkin, and then by the anger of the Fly, is his gaily poifonous liquor in jetted 5 which being admitted among the fenfible parts, and fb mix'd with the humours or ft agnating juices of parts
5
.
that part, does create an Ebullition perhaps, or eprvefiens, as
is
I
ufually
by liquors, falwe the mingling of two Which means the parts become fwelf d* hard^ and very painfull 5 for thereby the nervous and fenfible parts are not onely ftreteh'd and ftrain'd
obferv
d
in
differing Chynnuil
beyond
^H
144 beyond
Micrograph their natural tone,
but are
jt
alfo prick'd, perhaps, or
corroded by
liquor. intruded of the pores incongruous and pungent the And this feems to be the reafon, why Aqua fortis, and other faline liquors, if they come to touch the fenfitive parts, as in a cut of the (kin, excruciate torment and the intollerably and fo violently do like, the or Patient. And 'tis not unlikely, but the Inventors of that Diabolical pra^ dice of poifoning the points of Arrows and Ponyards, might receive their fir ft hint from fome (ueh Inftance in natural contrivances, as this of lb infallibly kill weapons poifon'd fuch why Nettle : for the ground the the for Pon(ringing Nettle our of s this then do, other no 5 they feems as yard or Dart makes a paflage or entrance into the fenfitive or vital parts of the body, whereby the contagious fubftance comes to be diflblvd by, and mix'd with the fluid parts or humours of the body,and by that means (breads it felf by degrees into the whole liquid part of the body, in the lame manner, as a few grains of Salt,put into a great quantity ofWater, will by degrees diffine it felf over the whole. And this I take to be the reafon of killing of Toads, Frogs, Effs, and (everal Fifties, by ftrewing Salt on their backs (which Experiment was (hewn to the Royal Society by a very ingenious Gentleman, and a worthy Member of it) for thofe creatures having always a continual exfodation, as it were,of(limy and watry parts,fweating out of the pores of their (kin, the faline particles, by that means obtain a vehicle > which conveys them into the internal and vital parts of the body. This (eems alfo to be the realbn why bathing in Mineral waters are fuch (bveraign remedies for multitudes of diftempers,efpecially chronical* for the liquid warm vehicles of the Mineral particles,which are known to be in very considerable quantities in thofe healing baths,by the body's long ftay in them, do by degrees fteep and infinuate themfelves into the pores and parts of the flun,and thereby thofe Mineral particles have thenways and paflages open'd to penetrate into the inner parts, and mingle themfelves with theftagnant juices of the (everal parts 5 be(ides,many of thofe orlenfive parts which were united with thofe ftagnant juices, and which were contrary to the natural conflitution of the parts, and fo become irkfome and painfull to the body, but could not be difcharged, becaufe Nature had made no provifion for fuch accidental mifeniefs* are, by means of this foaking, and filling the pores of the (kin with a liquor, afforded a paflage through that liquor that fills the pores into the am bient fluid, and thereby the body comes to be difcharged. , So that 'tis very evident,there may be a good as well as an evil application of this Principle. And the ingenious Invention of that Excellent perlon, Doctor lVren } of injecting liquors into the veins of an Animal, feems to be reducible to this head : I cannot ftay, nor is this a fit place, to mention the feveral Experiments made of this kind by the raoft incomparable Mr. Boyle, the multitudes made by the lately mention'd Phyfician Doctor Clar^ the Hiftory whereof, as he has been pleas'd to communicate to the Royal Society, fo he may perhaps be prevail'd with to make publiquc himfelf; But I fliall rather hint, that certainly, if this Principle
&
,
were
MlCROGRAPHlA
m
U$
Were well confider'd,there might, befides the further improving ofBath ing and Syringing into the veins, bethought on feveral ways, whereby feveral obftioate diftempers of a humane body,fuch as the Gou^Propfie, Stone, £^. might bemaftcr'd, andexpell'dj and good men might make a» good a nfe of it, as evil men have made a perverfe and Diabolical. And that the filling of the pores of the fkin with fome fluid vehicle, \$ of no fmali efficacy towards the preparing a paflage for feveral kinds'of penetrant Juices, and other ditlbluble bodies, to infinuate themfelves within the ikin, and into the {eufaive parts of the body, may be, I think, provd by an (nitance given us by Be&onivf, m the 26, Chapter of the* feeond Book of "his Ohjervations } which containing a very remarkable Story I have here tranferibd : Cum Chamtleonh nigri radices (&yS be) apud Vagnm quendam Livadochorio nunenpatnm erui curaremniy plurimt Grtci Turcte fpetfatumvenerunt quid erueremus, eat vero fruftulatimfe-
&
cabamus,
&
trajiciebamus utfaeilim exjkeari pojfent, gotio occupatos nos videntes, fimi liter eas radices traftare rnnt : at
filo
vuw fnmmw
ejjet Jtfius^
& omnes fid
fire
7urc£ in eo n%-
& ficare
maderent3
volue-
qnfcttnqitt
radicem manibus tr att aver antfit doremque abfierfitant^ ant ficiem di~ gitisfealpferant, tantampruriginem its lock quos attigerant pofieafenjerunt i ut aduri viderentur, Cham thorns enim nigri radix ea virtute pol/et. Mi cu* ti applicata ipfam adeo inflammet> ut nee fquilU, nee uriicti ul/£ centefima parte ita adurent ; At prurigo non adeo celeriter fife prodit. Toft unam ant alteram porro horam^ fwgtth variis faciei heir cut em adeo intiammatam ha* fare c&pimus ut tot a fanguinea videretur, atque quo magis earn confricabt*nus£anto magis excitabatur prurigo- Fonti affidebamusfib platano^atqUe iniearn
tio
pro ludicro
funty
habebamm
& ridebamas
:
& mfiaffeverafjemm mtnquam expert
at
tandem illiplurimum indignati
os tali virtu te eamplantampolIerei
baud dubie male nos multafent. Attamen nofira excufatio fuit ab ihis fatili* Accepta^cum eodem incommodo nos affeUos confyicerent. Mirumfane quod in tantiUo radice tarn ingentem efficaciam nofiro malo expertifumm. By which obfervation of his,it leems maniteft,that their being all cpver'd withfweat who gather'd and cut this root of the black Chameleon Thi/He, was the great reafon why they iufler'd that inconvenience, for it feems the like circumftance had not been before that noted, nor do I find any mention offuch a property belonging to this Vegetable in any of the Her* bals I have at prefent by
me.
* >
kind, of this made have I which many Obfervations whereby I have found that the beft way to get a body to be infinuated into the fubftance or infenfible pores of another, is tuft, to find a fluid vehicle that has fome congruity,both to the body to be infinuated,and to the body into whofc pores you would have the other convey 'd. And in this Principle lies of bodies, as forts feveral (raining the great myftery of Marble, Woods, Bones, &c. and of Dying Silks, Qoaths, Wools, Feathers,*^. But thefe being digreflions, 1 mall I
could give very
Obfcrv.
XXVI.
bodies, operation effome OfCowzgc^nd the itching
HTHere is a certain Down of a Plant,brought from the Eaft-Indies^Vd which of reafon the commonly, though very improperly, Cow-rtch,
»
MfCROGRAPHi
1 46 «
r
I
•
Mr. the defcription of from it,which enough Parkinfin ismanifeft miftake I. Chap. 2. Phaftolusfdiqua hirfuta ^ The Tribe Herbal, his in down fets
X
it grows, We Zurratte where Couhage : have had in called Kidney-bean, hairy which brought us the out Eaft-Indies, this being kind another of of (fays he) planted, was injhew like the former, but came not to perfe&iott, the unkindly that the Cods were brought, the but ittojhew flower not 3 of fuffering feafon others Garden rounder the then much and kind oiler, Jhorter, } were fm fome d all in as cover together it over \ were growing clnfters,<and and many longer, with a brown port h air in eft,fo fine, that if any of it be rubb'd, or fall on the a will tender parts other the it caufe kind of skin, or hand, ones of back^ of
itching^ but notftrong, nor long induring, but pajjing quickly away, without either danger or harm 5 the Beans werefmaller then ordinary, and of a blac(
fhining colour.
-
*.
\
b
*
Having one of thefe Cods given me by a Sea-Captain, who had frequented thofe parts, I found it to be a fmali Cod, about three Inches long, much like a fhort Cod of Trench Beans, which had fix Beans in it, the whole furface of it was cover'd over with a very thick and fhining brown Down or Hair, which was very fine, and for its bignefs friff$ taking fome of this Down, and rubbing it on the back of my hand, 1 found very little or no trouble, only I was fenfible that feveral of thefe little downy parts with rubbing did penetrate, and were funk, or ftuck pretty deep into my fkin. After I had thus rubb'd it for a pretty while, I felt very little or no pain, in fb much that I doubted, whether it were the true Couhage } but whil'ft I was considering, I found the Down begin to make my hand itch, and in fome places to fmart again, much*like the flinging ot a Flea or Gnat, and this continued a pretty while, fo that by degrees I found my fkin to be fwell'd with little red pufrules, and to look as if it had been itchie. But fuffering it without rubbing or fcratching, the itching tickling pain quickly grew languid, and within an hour I felt nothing at all, and the little protuberancies were vanifh'd. The caufe ofwhich odd Phenomenon, I fuppofe to be much the fame with that of the fringing of a Nettle, for by the Microfcope, I difcoverd this Down to confift of a multitude of fmall and flender conical bodies* much refembling Needles or Bodkins^ fuch as are reprefented by A B. CD. EF. ofthefirftFigureoftheXVI.<S^ea*f j that their ends A A A, were very fharp, and the fubftance of them ftiff and hard, much like the fubftance of feveral kinds of Thorns and crooks growing on Trees. And though they appear'd very clcer and tranfparent, yet I could not perceive whether they were hollow or not , but to me they appear'd like fblid tranfparent bodies, without any cavity in them 5 whether, though they might not be a kind of Cane, fill'd with fome tranfparent liquor which was hardned (becaufe the Cod which I had was very dry) I was not able to examine.
Now,
t
being fuch ftirT, fharp bodies, it is eafie to conceive, how with rubbing they might eafily be thruft into the tender parts of the skin,and 4
by reafon of their exceeding Bnenefs and drinefs, not create any confiderable trouble or pain, till by remaining in thofe places moiftned with the humours of the body, fome cauftick part (ticking en them, or
there,
1
•
refiding
^^^^^^^M
M refiding within
of that place,
come affected,
I
CROC R A PHI A.
them might be diflblv'd and mix'd with the ambient juices and thereby thofe fibres and tender parts adjoyning beand as it were corroded by it 5 whence, while that acti-
on lafts, the pains created are pretty (harp and pungent, though fmall, which is the eflential property of an itching one. That the pain alfo caufed by the ftinging of a Flea, a Gnat, a Flie,a Wafp,and the like, proceeds much from the very fame caufe, Ielfewhere in their proper places endeavour to manifeft. Theftinginp alfooffhred is often f t rew'd between the meets of Bed-! Horf-hair,j which_ in meriment ... a feeras to proceed from the fame caufev I
:
r
*
.
-'
'
_!
-:
I
f
.1
Obferv.
X X V ]I.
Of the Beard of a
may be made of it for
wilds Oat,
exhibiting always to the
Air as to drinefi the of 7
Eye the temperatut6
.
r *
*
uft thai
and moifiure* (
HP His Beard of a wild
and the
ÂŤ
Oat, is a
body of a very
'
r
curious ftrucrure,though
naked Eye it appears very (light, and inconfiderable, it being only a fmall black or brown Beard or Briftle,which grows out ofthe fide of the inner Husk that covers the Grain of a wild 0*tf}the whole length of it,when put in Water, fo that it may extend it klf to its full length,isnot above an Inch and a half,andfor the moft part fomewhat ftiorter,but when the Grain is ripe, and very dry, which is ulualy in the Moneths ofjufy, and Anguft, this Beard is bent fomewhat below the middle, namely,about Angle, under and the a right of it, almoft to part of bottom from the f it is wreath'd lik a With ^ the fubftance of it is very brittle when dry, and it will very eafily be broken from the husk on which it grows.! If you take one of thefe Grains* and wet the Beard in Water,you will prefently fee the (mail bended top to turn and move round, as if it were ienfible} and by degrees, if it be continued wet enough, the joint or knee will ftreighten it felf } and if it be fuller 'd to dry again, it will by degrees former into its bend again length at and way, move round another to the
pofture. like appear it "will Mcrofcope, fingle ordinary If it be view'd with an a fmall wreath'd Sprig, with two clefts 5 and if wet as before, and then look'd on with this Microfcope, it will appear to unwreath it Cdf, and by degrees,to ftreighten its knee, and the two clefts will become body. cylindrical the fmall of fides ftreight, and almoft on oppofite If it be continued to be look'd a little longer with a Microfcope, it Will within a little while begin to wreath it felf again, and foon after
return to its former pofture, bending
it
felf again
.*
neer the middle, into
kind of knee or angle. there and Mkrofcopes, Several of thofe bodies Iexamind with larger found them much of the make ofthofe two long wreath'd cylinders delineated in the fecond Figure of the 1 5. Scheme^ which two cylinders rea
X
a
prefent
|
:
M ICROGRAPHIA. pieces,whereof the end A B into two part broken h wreathed the prefcnt C F does that fo E repreD, A the end C join to d have d to fuppos'd fiippos to be piece a of and finall E the the Beard, part of wreathd whole fent the upper part of the Beard which is beyond the knee, which as I had not for its form,or any either confiderable, very not fo was it to.infert, room is notable for both part wreathed or under but the known property ,
G
Astoitsform, itappear'd, if it were look'd on fide-ways, almoftlikea of or bigger half lower ofHazel^ the tapering afmall rod Willow, or more, in others three, ,in fome times feveral twifted round is which onely, on Grain of the and maturity bignefs according to the lefs, in others which it grew, and according to the drinefs and moifture of the ambient Air, as I (hall (hew more at large by and by. is body curioufly Cylindrical this of Superficies outward whole The adorned or rluted with little channels, and inter jacent ridges, or little protuberances between them, which run the whole length of the Beard, and are (freight where the Beard is not twifted,and wreath'd where it is, juft after the fame manner : each of thofe fides is befet pretty thick with Porcupines that refembling of form fomewhat in Thorns, Briiles or fmall Quills, fuch as a a a a a in the Figure $ all whofe points are directed like fo many Turn-pikes towards the fmall end or top of the Beard, which is imayour Beard you between reafon, endeavour draw the if to why, the gers the contrary way, you will find it to flick, and grate, as it were, againft the fkin.
>
The proportion of thefe
fmall conical bodies a a a. a a to that whereon.
they grow, the Figure will fufficiently (hew, as alfo their manner ofgrow ing,their thicknefs, and neerncfs to each other, as, that towards the root or bottom of the Beard, they are more thin, and much fhorter,infbmuch that there is ufually left between the top of the one, and the bottom of that next above it, more then the length of one of them, and that towards the top of the Beard they grow more thick and clofe (though there be fewer ridges) fo that the root, and almoft half the upper are hid by the tops of thofe next below them. I could not perceive any tranfverfe pores, unlefs the whole wreath'd part were feparated and clcft,in thofe little channels,by the wreathing into fo many little firings as there were ridges, which was very difficult to determine \ but there were in the wreathed part two very confpicuous channels or clefts, which were continued from the bottom F to the clow E H, or all along the part which was wreath'd, which feem'd to divide the wreath'd Cylinder into two parts, a bigger and a lefs the bigge* was that which was at the convex fide of the knee, namely, on the fide A, and was wreath'd by this, as it feem'd the broader, fo did it alfo the longer, the other P P P P P, which was ufually purs'd or wrinckled in the bending of the knecas about E, feem'd both the fhorter and narrower, fo that at firft I thought the wreathing and unwreathing of the Beard might have been caus'd by the fhrinking or fwelling of that part 5 but upon further examination,! found that the clefts, K K, L L,were ftuft up with a kind of Spongic fubfrance, which, for the moft part, was very 'â&#x20AC;˘>
OOOOO;
;
M
ÂŁ
CROOHAPHlA. ft
very confpicuous neer the knee, as in the deft K K, when iteiM^wis dry ^uponthedifcoveryof which, I began to think, that it was upon the (welling of this porous pith Upon the accefs of moiftufc or water that the Bcard,being made longer in the midft,was ftreightncd,and by themrinkmg or fubliding of the parts of that Spongie fobiranee together; when the water or moifture was exhal'd or dried, the pith o^roiddle parts
growing fhorter, the whole became twilled. But this I cannot be pofitive in, for upon cutting the wreath'd part in many places tranfverlly, I was not fo well fatisfy'd with rheftitipe and manner of the pores of the pith} for looking on thefe tranfverfe Seftionsl with a very good Microfco^ \ found that the ends of thofe tranfverfe Se&ions appear'd much of the manner of the third Figure of the i^. Scheme ABCFE, and the middle or pith CC, feem'd very full of pores indeed, but all of them feem'd to run the long-ways. 1 his Figure plainly enough fliews in what manner thole clefts, K and L divided the wreath'd Cylinder into two unequal -parrs, and alfo of what kind of fubftance the whole body confifts$ for by cutting the fame Beard in many places, with tranfverfe Sections, I found' much the fame ap* pearance with this exprefs'd * fo that thofe pores feem to run, as in moft
Cany bodies, the whole length of it. The clefts of this body K K, and LL> feem'd (as is alfo exprefsd in the Figure) to wind very oddly in the inner part of the wreath $ and in feme parts of them, they feem'd fluffed, as it Were,With that Spongie*
other fuch
'
r
which I juirnowdefcribed. n This fo oddly confrfcuted Vegetable fubftance, is ftrft (that I have met with) taken notice of by Baptifta Port*, in his Natural Magici, as a thing known to children and Juglers, and it has beencall'd by feme of thofe laft named perfons, the better to cover their cheat, theLeggof an Arabian spider, or the Legg of an inchanted Egyptian Fly, and has been ufed by them to make a (mall Index, Crofe, or the like, to move round upon the wetting of it with a drop of Water, and muttering certain Words. M fubftance,
But the ufe that has been made of it, for the discovery of the various conftitutions of the Air, as to drmefs and moiftnefs, is incomparably beyond any other 5 for this it does to admiration : The manner of contriving it fo, as to perform this great effect, is onely thus Provide a good large Bos of Ivory, about four Inches over, and of what depth you fhall judge convenient (according to your intention of making ufe of one, two,three,or more of thefe fmall Beards,ordered in the manner which
by and by defcribe)let all the fides of this Box be turned of Bafket-work (which here in London iseafily enough procui'd) full of holes,in the manner almoft of a Lettice, the bigger., ot more the holes are,the better,that the to paflage more free the have Air may the fo inclofed Bcard,and may the more eaftly pafs through the Inftrument it will be better yet,though the Bafof infteed handfom,if fo altogether not kct-work on the fides of the Box,the bottom and top of the Box be join'd together onely with three or four fmall Pillars, after the manner reprc I (hall
s,
*
*
fented
i
l
t
M
ICROG RAP"
4
'
*
Or,if intend Scheme. you to make ufe of 5. the 4-Figure of 1 fented you may a together, have joind fmall long Beards fmall thefe of many full Bafket-work, of turn'd of holes, which are fides whofe of Ivory, Cafe may be fcrew'd on to the underfide of a broad Plate of Ivory,on the other fide of which is to be made the divided Ring or Circle, to which divisions the pointing of the Hand or Index, which is moved by the conjoind Beard, may (hew all the Minute variations of the Air. There may be multitudes of other ways for contriving this fmall Inftfument, fo as to produce this efTe&, which any one may, according to his in the
peculiar ufe, and the exigency of his prefent occafion, eafily enough contrive and take, on which I (hall not therefore infift. The whole manner of
making any one of them is thus : Having your Box or frame A A B B, fitly adapted for the free pafiage of the Air through it,in the midft ofthe bottom B B B, you mufthave a very fmall hole C, into which the lower end of the Beard is to be fixd,the upper end of which Beard a ÂŁ,is to pals through a fmall hole of a Plate, or top A A, if you make ufe onely of a fingle one, and on the top of it e, is to be fix'd a fmall and very light Index fg, made of a very thin iliverof a Reed or Cane 5 but if you make ufe of two or more Beards, they muft be fix'd and bound together, either with a very fine piece of Silk, or with a very fmall touch of hard Wax, or Glew,which is better, and the Index fg, is to be fix'd on the top of the (econd,third, or fourth in the fame manner as on the fingle one. Now,becaufe that in every of thefe contrivances, the Index fgy will with fome temperatures of Air, move two, three, or more times round, which without lome other contrivance then this, will be difficult to diftinguifb,thcrefore I thought of this Expedient : The Index or Handfg, being rais'd a pretty way above the furface of the Plate A A, fix in at a little diftance from the middle of it a fmall Pin h, fo as almoft to touch the furface of the Plate A A, and then in any convenient place of the furface of the Plate,fix a (mall Pin, on which put on a fmall piece of Paper, or thin Paft-board, Vellom, or Parchment, made of a convenient cize5 and fhap'd in the manner of that in the Figure exprefs'd by i 4 3 fo that having a convenient number of teeth every turn or return of the Pin ÂŁ, may move this finall indented Circle* a tooth forward or backwards, by which means the teeth of the Circle, being mark'd, it will be thereby very eafie to know certainly, how much variation any change of weather will make upon the fmall wreath'd body. In the making of this Sccundary Circle of Vellom, or the like, great care is to be had, that it be made exceeding light, and to move very eafily, for otherwifea (mall variation will ipoil the whole operation. The Box may be made ofBrafs, Silyer, Iron, or any other fubftance, if care be taken to make it open enough, to let the Air have a fufficiently free accefs to the Beard. The Index al/b may be various ways contrived, fo as to (hew both the number of the revolutions it makes, and the Minute divifions of each revolution. I have made (everal trials and Inftruments for diicovering the drineis and moifture of the Air with this little wreath'd body,and find it to vary eeding fcnfibly with the leaft change in the conftitution of the Air \
to
MlC ROGR APH
i
A*
and moifture, fo that with one breathing upon it, I have made it untwift a whole bout, and the Index or Hand has ftiew'd or pointed to various divifions on the upper Face or Ring of the Inftrument, according as it was carried neerer and ncerer to the fire, or as the heat of the Sun increafed upon it. Other trials I have made with Cut-ftrings,but find them nothing neer fo fenfible, though they alfo may be fo contriv'd as to exhibit the changes of the Air* as to.drinefs and moifture. both by their ftretching andfbrinkine in length, and alfo by their wreathing and unwrcarhine todrinefs
-
but thefe are nothing neer fo exacl: or fo tender,for their rying property will in a little time change very much. But there are fcveral other Vegetable fubftances that are much more fenfible then even this Beard of a wilde Oat, fuch I have found the Beard ofthefecdof Mulk-grafs, or Geranium mofihatum, and thofe of other kinds of Cranes* bil feeds, and the like. But always the fmaller the wreathing fubftance themfelves
be, the
more
fenfible
thereafon of which
I
of the mutations of the Air, a conjecture at fhall by and by add.
is it
The lower end of this wreath'd Cylinder being (tuck upright in a little fort Wax, fo that the bended part or Index of it lay horizontal, I have cbferv d it always with moifture to unwreath it felf from the Eaft (For inftance)by the South to the Weft,and foby the
North to the Eaft again, moving with the Sun (as we commonly fay) and with heat and drouth tore-tWift, and Wreath it felf she contrary way, namely, from the 1 7 (for inftance) by the North to the Weft, and fo onwards. The cauie of all which Phenomena, feems to be the differing tenure of the parts of thefe bodies, each ofthem (efpecially the Beard of a wilde Oat, and of Moskrgrafs feed feeming to have two kind of (ubftanees,one J that is very porous.loofe,and fpongie,into which the watry iteams of the Air may be very eafily forced,which will be thereby fwelfd and extended in its dimensions, juft as we may obferve all kind of Vegetable fubftance upon fteeping in water to (well and grow bigger and longer. And a fecond that is more hard and clofe Jnto which the water can very little,or -
not at
penetrate, this therefore regaining always very neer the fame dimenfions, and the other ftretching and (hrinking, according as there all
more or lefs moifture or water in its pores, by reafon of the make and ftape of the parts , the whole body muft neceflarily unwreath and is
wreath it
i
fcVL
And upon
very eafie to make feveral (brts of contrivances that ftiould thus wreath and unwreath themfelves, either by neat and cold, or by drinefc and moifture, or by any greater or le(s force* from whatever caufe it proceed, whether from gravity or weight, or from wind which is motion of the Air, or from fome fpringing body, this Principle, it
is
the like This, had I time, I me to feems it for uport more much $ (hould enlarge to be the very firft footftep of Senfition, and Animate motion, the raoft plam,fimple,and obvious contrivance that Nature has made ufe of to produce a motion, next heat by Condensation and Rarefaction to that of and Uv
i
MlCROGRAHPi
1*2
examin'd, am well very very I apt tc cold. and help to find out great the a us very afford Mecbanifi would it think, hitherto able have been farr I indeed,as as which Mufcles, the of might one imagine,efj ie,eipe ally as perplex not fo very me to feems amine, Cra Mufcles of the of made which I Lobfter and examination upon the Obfervations comparing on them, my Shell-fifh,and large of forts feveral
And were
this Principle
obfervd in the mufcles of terreftrial Animals. Oat, fee Beard wilde we a there is of the Inftance of in this as Now, it unwreath felÂŁ and and wreath to make it to requifite elfe nothing reighten and bend its knee, then onely a little breath of moift or dry Air, or a fmall atome almoft of water or liquor, and a little heat to make it again evaporate j for, by holding this Beard, plac'd and fix'd as I before dire&ed, neer a Fire, and dipping the tip of a fmall fhred of Paper in well re&ify'd fpirit of Wine, and then touching the wreath'd Cjlitt~ dried part,you may perceive it to untwift it felf 3 and prefently again^up* on the dvolation of the fpirit, by the great heat, it will re-twift it felÂŁ and thus will it move forward and backwards as oft as you repeat the touching it with the fpirit of Wine 5 fo may, perhaps, the fhrinking and relaxing of the mufcles be by the influx and evaporation of fbme kind of liquor or juice. But of this Enquiry I fhall add more elfe where.
with the circumftances
I
9
Obfcrv.
XXVIII.
Of the Seeds of Venus kokhg-glafl,
or
Corn
Violet.
Rom the Leaves, and Downs, and Beards of Plants,we come at laftto the Seeds $ and here indeed feems to be the Cabinet of Nature,wherein arc laid up its Jewels. The providence of Nature about Vegetables,isin no part manifefted more,then in the various contrivances about the feed, nor indeed is there in any part of the Vegetable fo curious carvings, and beautifull adornments, as about the feed
moft e vid e nt to the eye 3
5
this in the larger forts
of feeds
manifeft through the Jlficrofeep thofe feeds whofe fhape and frru&ure, by realbn of their fmalnefs, the eye is hardly able to diftinguifti. Of thefe there are multitudes, many of which I have obferv'd through islt left
a Mcrofcope, and find, that they do, for the moft part, every one afford eding plealant and beauti bje<frs. For befides thofe that have various kinds of carv'd furfaces, there are other that have fmooth and perfectly polifh'd furfaces , others a downy hairy furface are fome j covered onely with a (kin, others with a kind offhelL others with both, obfcrvable alfo
Of thefe feeds I
greater feeds.
have onely defcribed four
forts
which may foveas*
Specimen of what the inquifitive obfervers are likely to find among the reft. Thefirft of thefe feeds which are defcribed in the are Scheme, 17. thofe of Corn- Violets, the feed is very fmall, black, and fhining, and, to the naked eye, looks almoft like a very fmall Flea But through the 5 Microfcty
\
Schermx v n
\
mi _*»
4
"
hem: XV m.
/
t
M
CROGRAPHIA.
Mic rofcope, it appears a large body, cover'd with a tough thick and bright reflecting fkin very irregularly fhrunk and pitted, infbmuch that it is alfind two to of them wrinkled alike, io great a vaimpoffibility moftan be even in this little feed. there may riety This, though it appeard one of the mofr promifing feeds for beauty to through the Microfcope e,yet it appear'd but ey a rude mifhapen naked the that might therefore drew, thereby I manifeft I which how unable leed 3 eye to judge beauteous or naked of lefs curious the microjcopiby are we fome funder, them in cutting of I obferv'd them to be fill'd Objects 5 cal pulp, yellow and to have a Very thick huik, in proporgreenifh a with .
tion to the pulp.
_ Obfcerv.
XXIX.
Of
the Seed: of Ty me. t
r
pretty fruits here reprefented, in the 18. Scheme, are nothing elfe^but nine feveral feeds of Tyme 5 they are all of them in differing pofture,both as to the eye and the light 5 nor are they all of them exactly of the fame fhape, there being a great Variety both in the bulk and figure of each (ced ^ but they all agreed in thls,that being look'd on with
THeie
or a Lemmon Orange refembled exa&ly of them each a Microfiope, they of them are a little Some colour. and in fhape both this dry'd $ and B, each and have of they A as Orange, of an (hape the rounder, of their little to were joitt'd they by which part them a very confpicuous opporemaining the on ftalk piece of little $ had a ftalk,and one of them very by Figure,is the plainly very perceive may fite fide of the feed, you
copped and
prominent, as
is
very ufual in Lemmons, which prominencies
D, E and F. They feem'd each of them
are exprefs'd in
a little creas'd or wrihckled, but
E was
been had feed this of make inward Very confpicuoutly furrow'd,asif the feeds feveral dividing upon but fomewhat like that of a Lemmon alfo, found I afterward, them with a very fharp Pen-knife, and examining is,to Peas,that of that from theirmake to be in nothing but bulk differing which pulp, white indifferent have a pretty thick coat,and all the reft an her alter much very not fecin d very clofe 3 fo that it feems Nature does in Principle vital the method in the manner of inclofing and preferving &c. Peas, Beans, of thefeed,in thefe very ftnall grains, from that name Microfcope, the for The Grain affords a very pretty Objeel: fhouldaLemmonorNut room 5 Difhof Lemmons plac'd in a very little make would is,it Tyme of be proportionably magnify'd to what this feed wonderto great no be would it appear as bigg as alarge Hay-reek and it We Nut-QielJ. fuch a fee Homers l!ia% and Hornet and all, cramm'd into curihow greater in may perceive even in thefe fmall Grains, as well as Vegeot principle ous and carefull Nature is in preferving the femmal Inc Cabinets convenient table bodies, in what delicate, ftrong and moil ;
Y
lays
x
MlCROGRAP
I $4
I
them in a pulp for their fafcr protection from ward dangers, and for thefupplyof convenient alimental juice, when the heat of the Sun begins to animate and move thefe little automatons if (he would,from the ornaments wherewith (he has deckt Eng them (he has laid p her Jewels thefe Cabinets, hint to us, th but diligent in obferving and Matter-pieces* And this. it we (hall find her method throughout. There is no curiofity in the Elemental kingdom, if I may fo call the bodies of Air, Water, Earth, that are com* parable inform to thofe of Minerals 5 Air and Water having no form at all, unlefs a potentiality to be form'd into Globules 5 and the clods and parcels of Earth are all irregular, whereas in Minerals (he does beg Geometrize^ and pra&ifi twere, the firft principles of Mechanic^ (haping them of plain regular (feu gles, lquares, &c. and traedrons y cubes, &c* But none of their forms are comparable to the more compounded ones of Vegetables For here (he goes a ftep further, forming them both of more complicated (hapes, and adding alfo multitudes of curious Mechanick contrivances in their ftru£ture$for whereas in Vegetables there was no determinate number of the leaves or branches, nor no exactly certain figure of leaves, or flowers,or feeds, in Animals all thofe things are exactly defin'd and determin'd , and where-ever there
lays
them and
clofes
-,
is
cither an excels or defeft of thofe determinate parts or limbs^there has
been fome impediment that has fpoil'd the principle which was moft ular : Here we (hall find, not onely moft curioufly compounded (hap moft ftupendious Mechanifms and here the are in the higheft perfection, nothing in all the Vegetable kingdom that is comparable to the deckings of a Peacock 3 nay, to the curiofity of any feather, as I elfewhere (hew 5 nor to that of the (mailed and moft defpi* cable Fly. But I muft not ftay on thefe (peculations, though perhaps it were very well worth while for one that had leifure,to (ee what Information may be Iearn'd of the nature,or ufe,or virtues of bodies,by their (everal forms and various excellencies and properties. Who knows but Adam might from fome fuch contemplation, give names to all creatures } leaft his names had any fignificancy in them of the creatures nature oft which he impos'd many (upon what grounds I know not) have fuppos'd : And who knows,but the Creator may,in thofe characters*have written and engraven many of his moft myfterious defigfts and counfeK and given man a capacity, whkh, affifted with diligence and induftty may be able to read and underftand them. But not to multiply my digreflion more then I can the time* I will proceed to the next, which is, V* 1
1
.
-
Obf<erv.
t
.
Of the
Seeds qf Poppy
.
HTHe (mall feeds of Poppy, which are defcribed in the 19. 8chmt h°th * for their finamefi, multiplicity and prcttinds> as alfo for their adr %
-
H»
able fcporifick quality, deferve to be taken notice of
the ong other
•• T P)l
Schem-.XIX
.
i
--
Mic ROGRAPHlAi i
.
For though they grow in a Vegetables firft, feeds of : mkrofcopical other of one of thefe Pi&ures then bigger the microoftentimes Hive Cafe or ver moft part fo tie, that they the yet they for appearance^ are fcopkal of an Inch in xcecd not the bulk ofa fmall N,tr,being not above ~i Diameter, whereas the Diameter of the Hive of them oftentimes exceeds rc>Inches,fb that it is capable of containing neer two hundred thoufaqd, d fo in all likelihood does contain a vaft quantity, though perhap Next, for their prettinefs, they may be compar'd to any that number. micrefcopical feed I have yet feen^ for they are of a dark brownifhred colour, curioufly Honey-comb'd all over with a very pretty variety of rais'd orderly very ridfges, of imbofment kind of fmall or a Net-work, the furface of them looking not unlike the infide of a Beey's ftomack. But that which makes it moft confiderable of all, is, the medicinal virtues of it, which are fuch as are not afforded us by any Mineral preparation , and that is for the procuring of ileep, a thing asneceflary to the well-being the voluntary both refrefties which that and meat, of a creature as his and rational faculties, which, whil'ft this affecTion has feis'd thebody,arS Nature does methinks, And, reft. at and for the moft part unmov'd, from the this Plant in excellency or virtue notable feem to hint fome very higheft the is of it flower, its Firft, in upon ofity it has beftow'd been has and coleur chiefeft and D fcarlet-Dye, which is indeed the prime
much has as it Next, efteenfd in all Ages of the world moft highly I Plant h one any as feed, the of cafe riofityfhew'd alfo in the hufk or the Microfcope thcmfelv feeds very yet met withall 3 and thirdly, the has Nature laftly, and bodies 3 dilcov , be very curioufly (hap d feed^ (Ingle one that it, of taken fuch abundant care for the propagation ot thouiands hundred fome grown into a Plant, is capable of bringing
w
feeds.
of intention whether the It were very worthy fome able mans enquiry fubfta— Vegetable and Nature, as to the fecundary end of Animal impreffions notable and characters fuch fome ght not be found out by place, lour, co figure, the as circumftances, » thefe, or from divers other or tafte,fmell,^.^ and ^ding, duration, time
of flourifhing, fpringing g^en me has grounds. if fuch there are !a/an thXivhyfman upon good fo (where Herbals ftudying of infteed caufe to believe we might then, have t* ruth) oft lefs and Plant, a of little is delivefd of the virtues natural moft the find there and felf, it courfe to the Book of Nature of Medipjnes, iifefoll moft effected and frecifick hopa fuch mcourage to nobble Inftances ongft Vegetables, two very
^ ™d
^f^^
fleeping. of defeft the other of the juice of Popty for the curing *.
v
*
I
*»
1
*
,
'
:
M ICROGRA
ltf
Obfcrv.
XXXI
.
Of
I
A.
Purflanc-fecd.
THc
Seeds oiTurJlane feem of very notable (ha pes, appearing through the Microfcepe (hap'd fomewhat like a nautilus or forcelane (hell, as coyl'd round being a body, it (mall in Scheme, in the XX. feen be may reprefents whereof,which greater end the the at Spiral} of manner a the uth or orifice of the Shell, there is left a little white transparent fubftance, like a (kin, reprefented by B B B B, which feems to have been the place whereunto the ftem was join'd. The whole (iirface of this Coclca or Shell, is cover'd over with abundance of little prominencies or buttons very orderly rang'd into Spiral rows, the fhape of each of which feera'd much to refemble a Wart upon a mans hand. The order, variety, and curiofity in the (hape of this little feed, makes it a very pleafant objeft for the Microfcope, one of them being ait aiunder with a very (harp Penknife, difcover'd this carved Calket to be of a brownim red, ana f< what tranfparent fubftance, and manifefted the infide to be filTd with a whitifti green fubftance Or pulp, the Bed wherein the feminal principle lies invelop d.
There are multitudes of other feeds which in (hape reprefent or imitate the forms of divers other forts of Shells : as the feed of Scurvy* graft very much refembles the make of a Concha Venerea^ kind of PurceJane Shell 5 others reprefent feveral forts of larger fruits, (weat Marjerome and Pot-marJerome reprefent Olives. Carret feeds are like a cleft of a Coco-Nut Hufk 5 others are like Artificial things, as Succory feeds are like a Quiver full of Arrows, the feeds of Amaranthus are or an exceeding lovely (hape, fomewhat like an Eye : The (kin of the black and (hrivled feeds of Onyons and Leeks,are all over knobbed like a Seals (kin Sorrel has a pretty black mining thrce-iquare feed, which is picked at both ends with three ridges, that are bent the whole length of it. It were alipoit endleis to reckon up the fevcral (hapes,they are fo many and fi rious \ Leaving them therefore to the curious ubferver, I (hall proceed theObfervations on the parts of Animals.
Obf<erv.
XXXII.
lOftbe Figure offeveral forts (jfHair,
the texture of the (kin.
V
m
and <f
Y
Iewing fome of the Hairs of my Head with a very good Mcrefeope, I took notice of thefe particulars 1. That they were$ for the moft part, Cylindrical, fome of them were fomewhat ?rifmatical}m generally they were veryneer roundsmen as are reprefented in the fecond Figure of the $.Schem$Jby the Cylinders EEE nor could I find any that had (harp angules. 2. That
* i
Sch&tw:XX< '
>
,
*
t
\
M i.
I
ROGRAPHlA
That that part which was next the top, was bigger then that which
Was neerer the root. 3. That they were all along from end to end tranfparent, though not very cleer, the end next the root appearing like a black tranfparent piece of Horn, the end next the top more brown, fomewhat like tranfparent r
Horn.
That the toot of the Hairs were pretty fmooth, tapering inwards, almoft like a Parfneb^ nor could I find that it had any filaments, or any other veflelsj mch as the fibres of Plants. 5. That the top when fplit (which is common in long Hair) appear'd like the end of a ftick, beaten till it be all flitter'd, there being not onely two (plinters, but fometimes half a fcore and more. 6. That they were farr as I was able to find, folid Cylindrical bodies, not pervious, like a Gane or Bulrufh could I find that they had any Pith, or diftinccion of Rind, or the like, fuch as I had obferv'd Horle-hairs, the Briftles of a Cat, the Indian Deer's Hair, 4.
*
'>
&
Obfervations on fever al other forts qf Hain -
For the Brifles of a Hogg, I found them to be firft a hard tranfparent horny fubftance, without the leaft appearance of pores or holes in it 5 and this I try'd with the greateft care I was able, cutting many of them with a Very (harp Razor, fo that they appear'd, even in the Olafs^ to have a pretty fmooth furface, but fomewhat waved by the fawing to and fro of the Razor, as is vifible in the end of the Vrifmatical body A of the fame Figure 5 and then making trials with caufing the light to be caft on them all the various ways I could think of, that was likely to make the pores appear, if there had been any, I was not able to difcOver any. Next, the Figure of the Brifles was very various* neither perfectly round, nor fharp edg'd, but Vrifmafical, with divers fidesj and round angles, as appears in the Figure A. The bending of them in any part where they before appear'd cleer, would all flaw them, and make them look white* The Muftacheos ofa Cat (part of one of which is reprefented by the lhort Cylinder^ of the fame Figure) feem'd to have, all of them that I obfcrv'd,a large pith in the middle, like the pith of an Elder, whofe texture Was fo clofe, that I was not able to difcover the leaft fign of pores j and thofe parts which feem to be pores,as they appear'd in one pofition to the light, in another I could find a manifeft refle&iom to be caft from them. This I inftance in,to hint that it is not fafe to conclude any thing to be pofitively this or that, though it appear never fo plain and likely when look'd on with a Mkrofcofe in one pofture, before the fame be examin'd by placing it in feveral other pofitions. And this I take to be the realbn why many have believed and afterted the Hairs of a man's head to be hollow, and like fo many finall pipes perforated from end to end. â&#x20AC;˘
Now, though I grant that by an
Analogic one
may
fuppofe
h
/
them ib9 and
t
Mi crograhp
i*8
and from the Tolonian difeafe one may believe them fuch, yet I tliink we have not the lead encouragement to either from the Microfcope^ much Jefs pofitively to afiert them fuch. And perhaps the very cflence of the Plica Polenica may be the hairs growing hollow, and of an unnatural conftitution.
And as for the Analogic though I am apt enough to think that the hairs of feveral Animals may be perforated (bmewhat like a Cane, or at leaft
v
have a kind of pith in them,firfr,becaufe they feem as 'twere a kind of Vegetable growing on an Animal, which growing,they fay, remains a long while after the Animal is dead, and therefore (hould like other Vegetables have a pith 5 and fecondly, becaufc Horns and Feathers, and Porcupine's Quils, and Cats Brides, and the long hairs of Horfes,which come Very neer the nature ofa mans hair,feem all ofthem to have a kind of pith, and fome of them to be porous,yet I think it not (in thefe cafes, where we have fuch helps for the fenfe as the Micropore affords) fafe concludin building on more then we fenfibly know, fince we may, with ning, find that Nature does in the make of the fame kind of fubftance, often vary her method in framing of it Inftances enough to confirm this we may find in the Horns of feveral creatures : as what a vaft difference is there between the Horns of an Oxe, and thofe of fbme forts of Staggs as to their fhape > and even in the hairs of feveral creatures, we find a vaft difference 3 as the hair of a man's head feems, as I faid before, long, Cylindrical and fometime a little Prijmatical, fblid or impervious, and very final 1 5 the hair of an Indian Deer (apart of the middle of which is defcribed in the third Figure of the fifth Scheme, marked with F) is bigger in compafs through all the middle of it,then the Brifle of an Hogg,but the end of it is fmaller then the hair of any kind of Animal (as may be feen by the Figure G) the whole belly of it, which is about two or three Inches long, looks to the eye like a thread of courfe Canvafi, that has been newly unwreath'd, it being $11 wav'd or bended to and fro, much after that manner, but through the Microfcope, it appears all perforated from fide to fide,and Spongie, like a fmall kind of fpongy Coral, which is often found upon the Englijh fhores 5 but though I cut it tranfverfly, I could not perceive that it had any pores that ran the long-way of the hair : the long hairs of Horfes C C and D, feem Cylindrical'and fbme what pithy 5 the BrHles of a Cat B, are conical and pithy; the Quils of Porcupines and Hedghoggs, being cut tranfverfly, have a whitifh pith, in the manner of a Starrer Spur^rowel : Piggs-hair (A) is fbmewhat triagonal, and feems to have nekher pith nor pore : And other kinds of hair have quite a differing ftru&ure and form. And therefore! think it noway agreeable to a true natural Hiftorian, to pretend to be fb fharp-fighted, as to fee what a pre-conceiv'd Hypothecs tells them fhould be there, where another man, though perhaps as feeing, but not foreftaU'd, can difcover no fuch matter. But to proceed 5 1 obferv'd feveral kind of hairs that had been Dyed, and found them to be a kind of horny Cylinder, being of much about the tranfparency of a pretty deer pieceof Oxe horn thefe appear'd quite 3 :
\
*
.
*
.
through-
A
Micrograph ta.
.j^q J
-
throughout 'ting'd With the colours they exhibited. And 'tis likely,that thofe hairs being boy I'd or fteep'd in thole very hot ting'd liquors in the Dye-fat, And the fubftance of the hair being much like that of an Oxes Horn, the penetrant liquor does fp far mollihe and foften the fubftance^ that it finks into the very center of it, and fo the ting'd parts come to be mix'd and united with the very body of the hair,and do not (as fome have thought) only (lick on upon the outward furface, And this 5 the boiling of Horn will rtiake more probable v for we ftiall hrtd by that adrion, that th nfinuate
felf to a pretty
depth within the furface of it, efpecially ifthis penetrancy of the water be much helped by the Salts that are ufually mix'd with the Dying liquors. Now. whereas Silk may be dyed or ting'd into all kind of colours without boiling or dipping in* hot liquors, F ghefs the reafon to be two-fold Firft, becaufe th rtient^or fittall cylinders of Silk, are abundantly fmaller and finer, and ft have a much lels depth to be penetrated then moft kind next, becaufe the fubftance or matter of Silk* is much more like a Glew then the fubftance of Hail* is. And that I have reafon to fuppole t Firft, becaufe when it it fpun or drawn out of the Wornij it is a perfect glutinous fubftance, and very eafily fticks and cleaves to any adjacent body 3 as I have feveral times obferved, both in Silk- worms and Spiders. Next, becaufe that I find that water does eafily diflolve and mollifie the fubftance again, which is evident, from" their manner of ordering thofe bottoms or pods of the Silk*worm before they are able to unwind them.it is no great wonder thereforejif thofeDyes or ting'd liquors do very quick ly mollifie and tinge the furfaces of fo fmall and fp gl And we need not Wonder that the colours appear fo lovely in the and fo dull id the other, if we view but the" ting'd cylinders of botjb kinds with a good Microsoft $ for whereas the fubftance of Hair.at beft,is but a dirty dufkifh white fomewhat tranfparent * the filaments of Silk have a moft lovely tranfparency and cleernefs> the difference between t^ofe t\vo being not much lels then that, between a piece of Horn, and a piece of Cryftal $ the one yielding a bright and Vivid refle&ion from the conAir the of furface concave cave fide of the cylinder* that is5 from the it
:
dull yielding a other the cylinder* of the that comparts Heterogenous and perturb'd reflection from the feveral get you eye,if to the enough pofeit. And this difference will be manifeft Horn, of other Glafs,the Cryftal couple of fmall Cylinders, the fmaller of colour tf fome with and very thirily that incompaftes the back*part
anWnt
then varnifliing them over vvhich objeci of kind fame which will reprefent to the naked eye much the the of help the by Hair wreprefentcd to it ftotii the filairients of Silk and ot up a made are S*rge foutofcape. Now fince the threads of Silk and 5 at Wonder to ceafe great number of thefe filaments* we may henceforth loveand vivid the the difFerence. From much the fame reafon proceeds
wcij as natural exceedthe ly coloursof Feathers, wherein they very farr place. proper its as Artificial colours of hair. of which I (hall fay more ift per tothe adapted The Teguments indeed of creatures are all of them very and tuliar ufe and convenience of that Animal which they inwTaf>5
much
M
i6o
i
ROGRAPHtA
â&#x20AC;˘
be moft evident various kinds confider the of cloathings attentively (hall that one any wherewith moft creatures are by Nature inverted and coverd. Thus I have obferved, that the hair or furr of thofe Northern white Bears that jnhabite the colder Regions, is exceeding thick and warm : the like have I obferv'd of the hair of a Greenland Deer, which being brough London^ had the opportunity of viewing 3 its hair was fo exceeding thick long and foft, that I could hardly with my hand, graip or take hold of his (kin, and it feem' d fo exceeding warm, as I had^ never met with any before. And as for the ornamentative ufe of them, it is moft evident in a multitude of creatures,not onely for colour, as the Leopards, Cats,Rhein
much alfo for the ornament and beauty of
1
will
Deer, &c. but for the fhape, as in Horfes manes, Cats beards,and feveral other ofthe greater fort of terreftrial Animals, but is much more con(picuous, in the Veftments of Fifties, Birds, Infecls, of which Khali by and by 8^ve fouie Inftances. As for the (kin, the Mcrofcopc difcovers as great a difference between the texture of thofe feveral kinds of Animals, as it does between their hairs 5 but all that I have yet taken notice of, when tann'd or drefc'd of a Spongie d (eem to be conftituted of an infinite company offmall long fibres or hairs, which look not unlike aheap of Tow Okum 3 every of which fibres feem to have been (bine part of a Mufcle* and probably, whii'ftjthe Animal was alive, might have its diftin& function, and (erve for the contraction and relaxation of the (kin, and for the frretching and fhrinking of it this or that way. And indeed, without fuch a kind of texture as this, which is very like that ofspun^ it would (eem very ftrange, how any body fo ftrong asthe (kin ofan Animal ufiially is, and fo clofc as it feems, whil'ft the Animal is living, (hould be able to (uffer fo great an extenfion any ways, without at all hurting or dilacerating any part of it. But,fince we are inform'd by the MicrofcopC) that it confifts of a great many (mall filaments, which are implicated, or intangled one within another, almoft no otherwife then the hairs in a lock of Wool, or the flakes in a heap ofTow, though not altogether fo loo(e 5 but the filaments are here and there twifted,as twere,or fnterwoven,and here and there they join and unite with one another,(bas indeed the whole (kin (eems to be but one piece,we need not much wonder: And though the(e fibres appear not through aMjcrofiopejexaQXy jointed and contexd,as in Sponge 5 yet,as I formerly hinted, I am apt to think, that could we find fome way of discovering the texture of it, whil'ft it inverts the living
Animator had fome very
eafie
way of feparating
the pulp
or intercurrent juices, fuch as in all probability fill thofe Interfihia, with* out dilacerating, brufing, or otherwife fpoiling the texture of it (as it feems to be very much by the ways oftanning and dreffing now us'd) we might difcover a much more curious texture then I have hitherto been able tc find 3 perhaps,fomewhat like that of Sponges
That of chamoife Leather i$ indeed very much like that of Spttnk,^ (ave ly that the filaments (eem nothing neer fo and round, nor altoether (b (maili has it (b curious joints as spnnl^ has, fome of which I have
MlC ROGR kPWUAi
lÂŁi
have lately difcover'd like thofe of a Sponge, and perhaps alltliefe three bodies may be of the fame kind offubftance, though two ofthem indeed are
commonly accounted Vegetable (which, whether they be
fa
or!
now
difpute) But this feema'trommon to all three, thad they undergo a tanning ordreiling, whereby the interfpers'd juices arfe wafted and wafh'd away before the texture of them can be/ difeovey'd.
po^
I
(hall
not
;
What their way
Of drefling, or curing Sponges, Iconfefs,. I cannot learn 5 but the way of dreifing sptnh^ is, by boiling it a good While* mu ftrong Lixivium^ and then beating it very well 5 and the manner of dreffing Leather is fufliciently known. is
were indeed extremely deferable, if fuch a way coul whereby the Parenchyma, or rleih of the-,Wufcles,, and ibveral other p^sohhe boa 3ymight be waft/d, or waftel c^'away^thout vÂŁating the form of'thefibrous parts or veflells of it, for hereby the texture of thofe parts, by the help of a good Microscope^ might be molt accuIt
found. But to digrefi no further,
rately
1
we may, from this diicovery of the Microfcvpe, plainly enough underftand how the fkin, though it looks; fo dole as it
does,
comes to give a paflage to
lb vaff a quantity of excrementitious
the diligent SauSorius has excellently obferved it to do, in his median a ftatica 5 for it feems very probable, from the texture after drefling 3 that there are an infinit of pores that every way pierce itjand that thofe pores are onely fill cl with ibme kind of juice, or fome very pulpy loft fubftance, and thereby the fleams may almoft as eafily find a paflage through fuch a fluid vehicle as the vaporous bubbles which are generated at the bottom of a Kettle of hot water do find a paflage through that fluid medium into the ambient Air. Nor is the fkin ofanimals only thus pervious,but even thofe of vegetables alio feem to be the fame^for otherwife I cannot conceive why,iftwo fprigs of Rofemary (for Inftance) be taken as exactly alike in all particulars a* can be, and the one be fet with the bottom in a Glafs of water, and the other he fet juft without the Glafs,butin the Air onely, though you flop the lower end of that in the Air very carefully with Wax, yet fhall it prefently almoft wither, whereas the other that feems to have a fupply from the fob jacent water by its fmall pipes, or microfcopical pores, pre* ferves its greennefs for many days, and fbmetimes weeks. Now, this to me, feems not likely to proceed from any other caufe then the avolation of the juice through the fkin 5 for by the Wax,all thofe other poresjof the ftem are very firmly and clofely ftop'd up. And from the more fubftancesi, as
?
of Vegetables may, perhaps, be fomewhat of the reafon given, why they keep longer green, or fooner wither 5 for we may obferve by the bladdering and craking ofthe leaves of Bays.jHolly, Laurel, &c. that their fkins are very clofe, and do not fufier or left poroufnefsof the fkins or rinds
10 free
a paflage through them of the included juices. But of this, and of the Experiment of the Rofemary,
Jpore fully confident feeming to me foch as feems indeed very plainly to
I
fhalielfc where
Experiment, luciferous extreme an ftru&ure or Scbmatifm the prove
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of
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I
ROGRA
HI A,
of Vegetables altogether mechanical, and as neceflary* that (water and warmth being apply'd to the bottom of the fprig of a Plant) fome of it (hould be carried upwards into theftem, and thence diftributed into the leaves, as that the water of the Thames covering the bottom of the Mjlls at the Bridge foot of London, and by the ebbing and flowing of it, paft fling ftrongly by them, (hould have fome part of it convey'd to the Gcfterns above,and thence into feveral houfes and Cefterns up and down the City.
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Obfcrv. I
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9
XXXIII. Of the Sales (fa Soal, and other Fifi,
*
Aving hinted fbmewhat of the ikin and covering of terreftrial Animals, I (hall next add an Oblervation I made on the (kin and Scales of a Soal, a fmall Full, commonly enough known 5 and herein Fifties, as well as other Animals, Nature follows itsufual method, framing fo that they arc both ulefull and ornamental in all its compo: Âť mingling utile and duke together j and both thefe defigns it feems to follow,though our unafliftea fenfes are not able to peceive them This is not onely manifeft in the covering of this Filh mtku, but in multitudes of others,which it would be too long to cnumerate,witnefs particularly that fmall Sand Shell, which I mention'd in the X I. Obfervation, and infinite other fmall Shells and Scales, divers of which I have view'd. This (kin I view'd, was flead from a pretty large Seal, and then expanded and dry'd, the infide of it, when dry, to the naked eye, look'd very like a piece of Canva(s,but the AUcrofcope difcover'd that texture to be nothing elfe,but the inner ends of thofe curious Scolopd Scales I, I, I, in the fecond Figure of the XXI. Scheme, namely, the part of (of the larger repre* fentation of a fingle Scale, in the fir ft Figure of the fame Scheme) which on the back fide, through an ordinary fingle Magnifying Glafs, look'd unlike the Tyles on an houfe The outfide of it, to the naked eye, exhibited nothing more of oraa* ment, fave the ufiial order of ranging' the Scales into a iriagondterÂŽ* :
GGGG
*
onely the edges feem'd a little to (hine, the finger being rubb'd from the wards towards the head, the Scales (eem'd to (lay and raze it s Bnt through an ordinaiy Magnifying glafs, it exhibited a moft curioufly carved and adorned furface, fuch as is vifible in the fecond Figure, each ofthofe (formerly almoft imperceptible) Scales appearing much of the ftape I, I, I, that is, they were round, and protuberant, and fomewbat (hap'd likeaScolop, the whole Scale being creasd with curioufly way'd and indented ridge&,with proportionable furrows between^each of which was terminated with a very (harp tranfparent bony fub(rance,which,like (b many (mall Turnpikes, feem'd to arm the edges. The back part K K K was the (kin into which each of thefe Scales were very deeply fix'd, in the curious regular order, vifible in the fecond Figure,
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The length andfhapeof the
H1A.
of the Scale which Was buried by the fkirys evidenced by the firft Figure-^ which is the representation of one of them pluck'd out and view'df through a good Microfeope y .namely*he part L F G G F L, wherein is alio more plainly jx> be feen,the mannerof carving of the fcclopt part of every particular Scale,how each ridge or barrEEE is alternately hollowed or engraven, and how every gutter between them is, terminated with verv tfaijfparent and hard- pointed fpikes, and how every other of thefe, as A A A A, are much longer then Figure.
the interjacent ones,
DDD.
The texture or form
part
jl
*
i
of the hidden part appears, namely, the middle part, GGG, feemsto connft of a great number of final! quills* or pipes, by which, perhaps, the whble may be nouriihed 5 and the fide parts F F confift of a more fibrous texture, though indeed the whole Scale feem'd to be of a very tough grilly fubftance,like the larger Scales of other
alio
Fifties.
-
.
of a Dog-filh (which is us'd by fuchas work in Wood,for the fmoothing of their work,and confifts plainly enough to the naked eye.of a great number offmall horny points) through the Microscope appeara each of them curiouf Iy ridg'd, and very neatly carved 3 and indeed, you can hardly look on the leaks of any Fifh, but you may difcover abundance of curiofity and beautifying} and not only in thefe Fifhes,but in the (hells and crufts or armour of moft (brts of Marine Animals fo inverted.
The Scales of the
fkin
V
XXXI V.
Obferv.
Sting the Of
Bee. (fa \t
He Sting of a Bee, delineated in the fecond Figure of the XVhSckeme, feems to be a weapon of offence, and is as great an Inftance, that Nature did realy intend revenge as any, and that firft, becaufe there feems to be no other ufe of it. Secondly, by reafon of its admirable fhape, vithe Thirdly,from end. feeming to be purpofely (hap'd for that very rulency of the liquor iteje&s, and the fad
efFeclrs
and fymptoms that fol-
low if. it is very of ftrufture the is,that But whatever be the ufe of it,certain it the defcribe, not I need eye, admirable 5 what it appears to the naked Microthe through appears thing being known almoft to every one,but it top, or chape a without ft'pe, to confift of two parts, the one a (heath, ending and d, at ftapd almoft like the Holfter of a Piftol, beginning conto and hollow, be to at i, this (heath I could moft plainly perceive the caules that hqnor tain in it, both a Sword or Dart, and the poifonous pain.
The (heath or cafe feem d
together, fettings or joints to have feveral
lewith top, the marked by g h i k I n 0, it was arm'd moreover neer other, the on u) and rft veral crooks or forks fide, one q on ( f rft) q (p ratter or briar, a each Thorns growing on
m
of which feem'd like like fo many Cat's Claws ;
(b
many
little be to a feem themfelves for the crooks ÂŤprotnberancte' little of (harp tranfparent points or claws, growing out
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the
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MlCROGRAHP
s
i6a.
I
A.
*
e fide of the (heath, which, by obferving the Figure diligently, is eafie enough to be perceiv'd i and from feveral particulars, I fuppofe the Ani»
mal has a power of displaying them, and (hutting them in again as it pleafes, as a Cat does its claws, or as an Adder or Viper can its teeth or tangs. The other part of the Sting was the Sword, as 1 may (b call it, which is (heath'd, as it were,in it, the top of which a b appears quite through at the (mailer end , juft as if the chape of the (heath of a Sword were loft, and the end of it appcar'd beyond the Scabbard \ the end ofthis Dartf4) was very (harp, and it was arm'd likewife with the like Tenterhooks or claws with thofe of the (heath, (iichas (vxy, xyzz) thefe crooks, I am very apt to think, can be clos'd up alfo, or laid flat to the fid es of the Sword when it is drawn into the Scabbard,as I have feveral times obferv'd it to be, and can be (pred again or extended when ever the Animal pleales.
The confederation ofwhich' very pretty ftrufturc,has hinted to me,that certainly the ufeof thefe claws feems to be very confiderable, as to the main end of this Inftrument, for the drawing in, and holding the fling in
the
the point being very (harp, the top of the Sting or Dagger («* y) is very eafily thruft into an Animal's bcdy,which being once entred, the Bee, by endeavouring to pull it into the fheath, draws (by reafon of fle(h 5 for
the crooks ( v xy ) and ( xy z z ) which lay hold of the (kin on either fide) the top of the (heath (tfrv) into the (kin after it, and the crooks *, /, and r, v, being entred, when the Bee endeavours to thruft out the top of the fling out of the (heath again, they lay hold of the (kin on either fide, and fo not onely keep the (heath from Aiding back, but helps the ~**~ top inwards, . UT ,«* auv* and thus, uiusj by vy an tuiciuaxc alternate anu , and and fucceflive *-^r luccenive retracting auu. emitting of the Sting in and out of the (heath, the little enraged creature by degrees makes his rcvengfull weapon pierce the tougheft and thickeft Hides of his enemies, in fo much that feme few of thefe ftout and refo Jute foldiers with thefe little engines, do often put to flight a huge mafty Bear, one of their deadly enemies, and thereby (hew the world how
W
much more
.
confiderable in Warr a few (kilfull Engineers and refolute foldiers politickly order'd, that know how to manage fiich engines, are, then a vaft unweildy rude force, that confides in, and ads onely by, its ftrength. But (to proceed) that he thus gets in his Sting into the (kin, I conjecture, becaufe, when I have obferv'd this creature living, I have found it to move the Sting thus, to and fro, and thereby alfo, perhaps, does, as 'twere, pump or force out the poifonous liquor, and make it hang at the end of the (heath about A in a drop. The crooks, I fuppofe alfo to be the caufe why thefe angry creatures, haftily removing themfclves from their revenge, do often leave thele weapons behind them, jheath d, as 'twere, in the fle(h, and, by that means, caufe the painfull
iymptoms to be greatcr,and more lafting,which are very probably caus'd, partly by the piercing and tearing of the (kin by the Sting, but chiefly by the corrofive and poifonous liquor that is by this Syringe-pipe coavey'd
among the
fenfitive parts
>
thereof and thereby more
eafily
gnaws a nd
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'
M ICROGRAPH1A. tender thofe fibres corrodes and Cowhage. of and Nettle a of
:
As
I
have (hewed
.;
Obferv.
XXXV.
Of
the contexture
in the defcription
i
and ft ape of the particles <f
Feath ers. Xamining
feveral forts of Feathers>
I
took notice of thefe particulars
d for ferv the which thofe in efpecially wing-Feathers, of in all forts beating of the air in the action of flying. a very hard,ftifr; was of Stem and the QmW furface of That the outward the above that part and enough, obvious is which and horny fubftance, Microthe and/with pith, light and white very a the Quill was fill d with congtries natural kind of a but be elfe, nothing to pith this found I fiefa fubftance with fame the be of to feem of which of imall bubbles,the films fubftance. horny tranfparent of (tiff is, a that of the Quill, that confederation* ferious more a worthy to me,very Which particular feems For here
we may
obferve Nature,as 'twere,put to
its drifts,
to
make a tub*
ftrong,without and (tiff very enough,and ftance,which (hall be both light be obferve to may we which Varying from its own eftablifh d principles, a alfo, heavic very part moll: fuch, that very ftrong bodies are for the gravity a denfity a and 5 denfity, a requiring ufually irrength of the parts
body fo broad and
fo ftrong
and therefore fhould Nature have made it of gravity the taken, a Feather, almoft, any other way then what it has to be feems pith this for muft neccflarily have many times exceeded this \ very do which tube, optical likefo many Hops or crofs pieces in a long were which pores of the much contribute to the ftrength of the whole, one anowith communication fuch, as that they feem'd not to have any ther, as I have elfewhere hinted. # th and e one that excellent, But the Mechanifm of Nature is ufually fo ot uie chief the For fame fubftance is adapted to ferve for many ends. or downy the to this, indeed, feems to be for the fupply of nourijhmem Feathers, of lorn all in enough obvious feathery part oftheftem 5 for 'tis of eiout grow that branches the of that 'tis plac d iuft under the roots rankthe to according d map ly exaft is ther fide of the quill or ftalk, and bethe juft then quill, ing of thofe branches, coming no lower into the fideot on onely growing the and ginning of the downy branches, (ascrt npe a in Jwhtt Now fo. do of the quill where thofe branches ftould >.succu* the how may call \v it feems difficult to conceive pafc d to imagin well be think, I be convey d to this pith 3 for it cannot, the th it w d examin having fince, quill, through the fubftance of the leaft the find not greateft diligence I was able, I could pores 5 but he that ihall well examine an unripe the be tc it ^veyanceof the plainly enough perceive the Veflel for 1' of filmy pith (as tiscall'd) which panes through the middle *ÂŁ felf, Down k As for the make and contexture of the a
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\66
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ve that the belie like is to hardly can be as I and fuch admirable, D and rare there is for hardly a world large in the } other body any in difcover'd million of a diftinct neer contains parts, Bird,but a of wing the in Feather admirable form,adaptregular molt in a fhapd them of one every and
&
For examining a middle ciz'd Goofe-quill, I ftem main it contain'd of the eyc,that naked my with found enough eafily upon one branchings fide, and Downy more and as longer about 300. branchings. fhorter fomewhat Many ftiffbut more other of the on many an with examining ordinary Mi branchings, and downy long thefe of 1 200. fmall leaves (as I neer contain to them divers of found I ofcop may call them, fuch as E F of the firft Figure of the i^Scheme) and as many (talks 5 on the other fide, fuch as I K of the fame Figure, each of the leaves or branchings, E F, feem'd to be divided into about fixteen or ghteen fmall joints, as may be feen plainly enough in the Figure, out of luch prefs'd molt of which there feem to grow fmall long fib the Figure, each of them very proportionably (hap'd according pofition, or plac'd on the ftalk E F 5 thofe on the under fide of it, name-
ed to a particular Defign
:
then much longer &c. thofe being directly 2 op&* 8, 9, 5j 7 3 3j 4> s ty> pofite to them on the upper 5 and divers of them, fuch as 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, were terminated with fmall crooks, much refembling thofe (mall J3
crooks,which are vifible enough to the naked eye, in the feed-buttons of Bur-docks. The (talks likewife, I K on the other fide, feem'd divided into neer as many fmall knotted joints,but without any appearance of (brings or crooks,each of them about the middle K,feem*d divided into two parts by a kind of fork, one fide of which, namely, K L, was extended neer the length of K I, the other, M, was very (hort.
The
of the ftems of thefe branchings, manifefted thethape or figure of it to be much like I N O E, which confided of a horny fikin or covering, and a white feemingly frothy pith, much like the make of the main ftem of a Feather. The ufe ofthis ftrange kind of form,is indeed more admirable then all the reft, and fuch as deferves to be much more feriouily examin'd and tranfVerfe Sections
confider'd, then I have hitherto found time or ability to ly, it
may very much
inftruft us in the nature
of the
do 5
for certain-
Air, efpecially as to
(bme properties of it. The ftems of the Downy branches I N O E, being rang'd in the order vifible enough to the naked eye, at the diftancc of I F, or fomewhat more, the collateral ftalks and leaves (if I may (b call thofe bodies I newI
ly deferibed) are fo rang'd, that the leaves or hairy ftalks of the one fid c lie at top, or are incumbent on the ftalks of the other, and cro6 eacfr other, much after the manner exprefs'd in the fecond Figure of the 23. Scheme, by which means every of thofe little hooked fibres of the
'
leaved ftalk get between the naked ftalks, and the ftalks being full of knots, and a prety way dif-join'4 fo as that the fibres can eafily get between them, the two parts are fo clofely and admirably woven together, that it is able to impedc,for the grcateft pajt, the tranfeurfion of the Air h and though they are fo exceeding fmall, as that the thicknefs of one of thefe
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GKOGRAPHIA.
amounts not to a 500. part of an Inch, yet compoie ar,- not with ifondbg the exceeding texture, a ftrong quick and violent fc beating of them agamic the Air. by the-ftrength of the Birds wing, they firmly hold together, And it argues an admirable providence of Nature in the contrivance and fabrick of them % for their texture is fuch, that though by any external injury the parts of them are violently dif-joyn'd; fo as that the leaves and (folks touch not one another, and confequently fevcral of thefe rents would impede the Bird's flying 3 yet, for the moil! part, of themfelves they readily re-join and re-contex themfelves,and are eafily by the Birds ftroking the Feather, or drawing it through its Bill, all pf them fettled and woven into their former and natural poilure} for there arfe ftieK an infinite company of thofe fm^W fibres in the under fid'o of the leaves, and moil of them have fuch little crooks at their ends,thae they readily catch and hold the (folks they touch. From which ftrange contexture,it feems rational to fuppofc that there is a certain kind of meÂŁh or hole fo fmall, that the Air will not very eafily pais through it, as I hinted alio in the fixth Obfervation about (mall Glaft Canes, for otherwife it feems probable, that Nature would have drawn over fome kind of thin film which fhould have covered all thofe almoft iquare meihes or holes, there feeming through the Mhrofeope to be more then half of thefurface of the Feather which is open and vifibly pervious $ which conjecture will yet (eem more probable from the texture of rhebruihie wings of the Tinea argentea^ or white Feather wing'd moth, which I (hall anone deferibe. But Nature, that knows beir its own laws, and the (everal properties of bodies^kno ws alio beft how to adapt and fit them to her defigned ends,and whofo would know thofe properties, muil! endeavour to trace Nature in its working, and to fee what courfe fhe obierves. And this I fuppoic will be no inconfiderable advantage which the Schematisms and Structures of Animate bodies will afford the dili* ent enquirer, namely, moft fure and excellent inftru&ions, both as to e practical part of Mecbanhk? and to the Theory and knowledge of the nature of the bodies and motions. thefc ftalka
*t t t
*~*
Obferv.
X X X V I. Of
*~
Pcacoks, Ducks, and other Feathers of
changeable colours. t e through appear, Bird glorious He parts of the Feathers of this 1 as to th c for, Feathers whole the do 5 Micro/cope^ no leis gaudy then tail in the Feather each of quill naked eye 'tis that the ftem or
1
evident Figu third the B in as A fuch fends out multitudes of Lateral branches, of the 23. Scheme reprefents a fmall part of about ~ part of an Inch Ion threa fprigs, little of multitudes and each of the lateral branches emit or hairs on either fide of them, fuch as C D, C D, C D, fo each of thofe amultioi bedyxonniting threads in the Microfiope appears a large long
*
MlCROGRAPHl
1*8
â&#x20AC;˘
Figure 'tis no eafie matter to de* whofe parts, reflecting bright tude of tor every new find pofition it (hall of it to examines 5 that as he termine, and fhape,and another form feem of nothing perfectly it makes the light nay appeared very differing before little a d oft it ap what a circumftance, that the inconfiderable interfeemingly 10 from times pofing of ones hand between the light and it,makes a very great change* like, much very Cafement and the diverfia (hutting or opening and the very the form it examining of by many though, And appearance. fies the to enumerate, fuppofe I have here difc I tedious be would which ways, covered the true Figure of it, yet oftentimes, upon looking on it in anodeficient, former obfervations thought my almoft have pofture, I ther though indeed, upon further examination, I have found even thofe alfo
confirm them. Thefe threads therefore I find to be a congeries of finall Lamint &c. each of them fhap'd much like this of a h c d. pi a the fourth Figure^tht part a c being a ridge, prominency, or ftem, and
d
the corners of two fmall thin Plates that grow unto the finall ftalk in the middle,fo that they make a kind of little feathery each of thefe Plates lie one clofe to another,almoft like a company of doping ridge or
b and
utter
Ty les^ they grow on each fide of the ftalk oppofite to one another,
bottom, to top two, from and two y
\
\
manner exprefs'd in the fifth Figure, the tops of the lower covering the roots of the next above them^ the under fide of each of thefe laminated bodies, is ofa very dark and opacous fubftance, and (urTers very few Rays to be trajected, but reflects them all toward that fide from whence they come, much like the foil of a Looking-glafs 5 but their upper fides feem to me to confift of a multitude of thin plated bodies, which are exceeding thin, and lie very clofe together, and thereby, like mother of Pearl fhells, do not onein the
ly reflect a very brifk light, but tinge that light in a moft and by means of various pofitions, in refpect of the light, they reflect
back
now one
colour, and then another,
and thofe moft
vi-
vidly.
Now,
that thefe colours are onelyfontafticalones, that is, fiich as ariie immediately from the refractions of the light, I found by this, that water
wetting thefe colour'd parts,deftroy'd their colours,which feem'd to proceed from the alteration of the reflection and refraction. Now, though I was not able to fee thofe hairs at all tranfparent by a common light, yet by looking on them againft the Sun, I found them to be ting'd with darkifhred ing a-kin to the curious and lovely greens and blues they exhibited
What
the reafon of colour feems to be in fuch thin plated bodies I have elfewhere fhewn. But how water caft upon thofe threads deftroys
fuppofe to be perform'd thus 5 The water falling upon thefe plated bodies from its having a greater congruity to Feathers then
their colours,
I
the Air,infinuates
felf between thofe Plates,ancT fo
extrudes the ftrong
whence both thefe parts grow more tranfparent,as the Miinforms, and colourlefs alio, at beft retaining a very faint and
reflecting Air, crofiope
it
MlCROGRAPHIA*
&$$
But this wet being wafted away by the continual evaporations and fteams that pais through them from the Peacock, whiTir that
dull colour.
yet alive, the colours again appear in their former luiren> the//?* terjlitia of thele Pktes being fill'd with the ftrongly reflecting Air. The beauteous and vivid colours of the Feathers of this Bird, bein found to proceed from the curious and exceeding rnialnefi andrfmen of the reflecting parts,we have here the rcafcn given us of all thofe gau* deries in the apparel of other Birds alfc, and how they come to exceed the colours of all other kinds of Animals, befides Infects \ far fince (as we Bird
is
here.and elfe where alio (hew) the vividnefs of a colour, depends upo» the finenefs and tranfparency of the reHecling and refracting parts^ and
our Microfiepe difcovers to us, that the component parts of .feathers are fuch, and that the hairs of AnimaJs are otherwMe $ and fince we find alfo by the Experiment of that Noble and molt Excellent Peribh I formerly named , that the difference between Silk and Flax^ as to its colour, is nothing elfe (for Flax redue'd to a very great fineness of pam6 both white and colour 'd, appears as white and as vivid as any Silk, butlofes that brightnefs and its Silken afpe&as foon as it is twifted into thread,by reaibn that the component parts, though very fmall and fine, are yet pliable flakes, and not cylinders, and thence,by twitting, become united in^ to one opacous body., whereas the threads of Silk and Feathers retail* their luftre, by preferving their cylindrical form intire without mix ing$ fo that each relle&ed and refracted beam that compofes theglofe of Silk, preferves its own property of modulating the light intire) g And fince we find the fame confirmed by many other Experiments eJfewhcre mentioned, I think we may fafely conclude this for an Axidme, that wherefbever we meet # with tranfparent bodies, fpun out into very fine parts, either cleer, or any ways ting'd, the colours refulting from fuch a compofition muft neceflarily be very glorious, vivid, and cleer, like thofe of Silk and Feathers. This may perhaps hint fome ufefull way of making * » of this but tinctures, other bodies, befides Silk, be fufceptible of bright fince
onely by the by.
The changeable
colour'd Feathers alfo
of Ducks, and
teveral other
proceed to Mcrofeope, with my Birds, I have found by examination much the fame caufes and textures.
froril
»
Obferv.
XXXVII.
Of
the Feet of Flics,
and feveral other In
->
fefts.
T
the *%****> of He foot of a Fly Pattens two and the Tallons, two the joints, which reprefents three which Scheme, fame the of Figure flat pofture ; and in the fecond is pofture) another prefents onely one joint, the Tallons and Pattens in marc Flies the of a moft admirable and curious contrivance, for by this and to upwards, •bled to walk againft the fides of Glafs, perpendicularly fc
a^
Figure thefirft in (delineated
A
a
contain
»
(^
/
Micrograph
170
t
contain themfelves in that pofture as long as they pleafe^nay,to walk and fufpend themfelves againft the under furface of many bodies 5 as the ceiling great a feeming with this as facility and firmand the like, or room, of a had Antipodes, and a tendency of upwards, as kind a were they as if ne(s, they alfo which contrary, evidently difcovcr, the have they fure we are fo light, as to ftick or fufpend themthemfelves make cannot they that in felves on the under furface of a Glafs well poliih'd and cleans'd 5 their fufpenfi on therefore is wholly to be afcrib'dto fome Mechanical contrivance in their feet 5 which, what it is, we (hall in brief explain, by (hew-
Mechanilm confifts principally in two parts, that is, firft its two Claws, or Tallons, and fecondly, two Palms, Pattens, or Soles. The two Tallons are very large, in proportion to the foot, and handfomly fbap'd in the manner defcrib'd in the Figures, by A B, and A C, the bigger part of them from A to dd, is all hairy, or brifled, but toward the top, at C and B finooth, the tops or points, which feera very (harp turning downwards and inwards, are each ofthem mov'd on a joint at A, by which the Fly is able to open or (hut them at pleafure, fo that the points B and C being entered in any pores, and the Fly endeavouring to (hut them,the Claws not onely draw one againft another,and fo faften each other, but they draw the whole foot, G G A D D forward, fo that on a foft footing, the tenters or points G G G G, (whereof a Fly has about
ing, that
its
ten in each foot, to wit,twoin every joint) run into the pores,if they find any, or at leaft make their way } and this is fenfible to the naked eye, in the feet ofa Chafer, which, if he be fuffer d to creep over the hand, or jjany other part of the (kin of ones body, does make his fteps as fenfible to the touch as the fight. -
But this contrivance,as
the Chafer .when he walks on hard and clofe bodies, fo would it alfo our Fly, though he be a much lefler, and nimbler creature, and therefore Nature hasfurnifh'd his foot with another additament much more curious and admirable, and that is, with a couple of Palms, Pattens or Soles D, the ftrucrure of which is this: From the bottom or under part of the laft joint of his foot, K, arife two fmall thin plated horny (ubftances, each confifting oftwo flat pieces, it
often
fails
',
D
D D, which feem to be flexible,like the covers of a Book, about F F,
4
*
which means,the plains of the two (ides E E,Wo not always lie in the fame j>lain, but may be fomctimes (hut clofer, and fo each of them may take a little hold themfelves on a body} but that is not all,for the under fides of thefe Soles are all befet with (mail brides, or tenters, like the Wire teeth of a Card ufed for working Wool, the points of all which tend forwards, hence the two Tallons drawing the feet forwards, as ! before hinted, and thefe being applied to the furface of the body with all the Dints looking the contrary way, that is, forwards there if outwards, and c any irregularity or yielding in the furface h' Fly of the body, the fpends it felfvery firmly and ea(ily,without the accefs fuch any or need of Sponges fiird with an imaginary gluten, as many good of have, for want Qlaflcs, perhaps, or a troubletome and diligent examination, (iippos'd Now, that the Fly is able to walk on Glafs, proceeds partly from fome
mgge dneft
Scbanxzw
'
Mi ROGRAPH1A.
171
ruggednefsof thefurface: and chiefly from a kind of tarniijh, or dirty fmoaky fubftance, which adheres to the iur&ce of that very hard body , and though the pointed parts cannot penetrate the fubftance of Glafoyet they find pores enough in the tarnifti, or at leaft make them This Stru&ure I fomewhat the more diligently iurvey'd^ becaufe I could not well comprehend, how, if there were fuch a glutinous matter in thofe foppofed Sponges* as moft (that have ©bferv'd that Obje& in a Microjcopejhave hitherto believ'd,how, I fay, the Fly could (o readily unglew and loofen its feet : arid, becauie I have not found any other creature to have a contrivance any ways like it 5 and chiefly, that we might not be caftupon unintelligible explications of i\zTh£nomen& of Nature, at leaft others then the true ones, where our ienfcs were able to rurnffh us with an intelligible, rationall and true one. Somewhat a like contrivance to this of Flies (hall we find in moft other Animals, fuch as all kinds of Flies and cafe- wing d creatures 3 nay, in a Flea, an Animal abundantly fmaller then this Fly. Other creatures, as Mites, the Land-Crab, &e. have onely one fmall very fharp Tallon at the end of each of their legs, which all drawing towards the center or middle of their bodyyinablethefe exceeding light bodies to mfpendand fcften themfelves to almoft any iurface. confider, we ftrange,if feem not will do, able are to Which how they their to compar'd creatures thefe one of firft,how little body there is in amountin oftentimes,nor perhaps, thkknefs, fcperficics, or outfide,their the agility of and ftrength the Next, «o the hundredth part of an Inch: thei bulk to proportionable creatures compar'd to their bulk^being, thirdly, And Man. or Bode an then perhaps, an hundred times fmuagcr mftruments, fo the appropriate always if we confider that Nature does and the* offices, their perform to as they are the moft fit and convenient vettfurther fee may we this moft firnple and plain that poflibly can be 5 thofc from I differing much fy'dalfointhefootof a Lode which is very for^thrj* »dnccd6fy have been describing, but more conv^mknt fmall of couple a with footed of its habitation, each of his legg _ claw* the like almoft claws whkhibe'ean open or fhut^pleafore, fhap'd his peculiar for contrivances of a Lobfter or Crab,but with appropriated creathe ot hairs the ufe, which being to move its body toand fro upon almoft pints, with claws ture it inhabit/Nature lias fisniftd one of its jbletoencompafsof is it uke the joints of a mans fingers, to as thereby grain a hair as firmly as a man can a ftick or rope. loot the in Mahamfm wonderful! Nor, is there a Ids admirable and his on run or cbmb and weave, fphr, of a Spider, whereby he is able to of whichlinaQfaymoreinthedclcrrpcwous-ftranfparent clew, of that Animal does Nature that find, things all And to conclude, we fmall mof and cm e*cel onely work Mechanically, but by fuch mi were that ft ous, as well a 3 ftnpendiou* contrivances, *«"""¥ the do «he reafon in the world to find ott any contrivance to tottdb. lo be any cao And properties. tbat Ihoald have mote convenient •
/
_
t
v
1
«mp«
^«*™' t
A
M ICRO GRA
172
Certainly. think all thofe things the productions of cha ther their Ratiocination muft be extremely depraved,or they did attentively confidcr and contemplate the Works of the Al-mighty
Obferv.
XXXVIII.
Of
and motion
the Strutture
ofthe Wingi
<jfFlies.
'T'He Wings of
all
kinds of Infe&s
,
are
,
for the
mod part
,
very
,r beautifull Obje&s, and afford no lefs pleating an Object to the mind to (peculate upon,then to the eye to behold. This of the blue Fly,among
I
the
If
l
wants not of the ihor
and contrivances 5 it grows middle part of the body of a Fly, and is feated little beyond the center of gravity in the body towards the head, but that Excentricly is curioufly balanc'd 5 firft, by the expanded Area ofthe wings which lies all more backwards then the root, by the motion of them,whereby the center of their vibration is much more backwards towards the tail of the Fly then the root of the wing is. What the vibrative motion ofthe wings is, and after what manner they are moved, I have endeavoured by many trials to find out : AndlSrthe fiifrmanner oftheir motion, I endeavoured to obferve feveral of thofe kindoffmall /pinning Flies, which will naturally fufpend themfelves, as it were, pois'd and fteady in one place of the air, without rifing or falling, or moving forwards or backwards 5 for by looking down on thofe, I could by a kind of faint (hadow, perceive the utmoft extremes of the vibrative motion of their wings, which fhadow, whil'ft they fo endeavoured to fufpend themfelves, was not very long, but when they endeavourd to flie forwards^ was fomewhat longer , next,I tried jt,by fixing the leggs of a Fly upon the top ofthe ftalk of a feather, with Glew, Wax, &c. and then making it endeavour to flie away 5 for being thereby able to view it in any pofture, I collected that the motion of the wing was after this manT he extreme limits of the vibrations were ufually fomewhat about ner. the length ofthe body diftant from one another, oftentimes fnortcr,and fometimes alio long that the formoft limit was ufually a little above the backhand the hinder fom what beneath the belly 5 between which . limits, if one may ghefs by the found, the wing feem'd to be mov'd forwards and backwards with an equal velocity; And if one may (from the lnadow or faint reprefentation the wings afforded, and from the confideof the nature of the thing manner ghefs at the poftur ) of the wings moving betweeen them, it feem'd to be this ; The wing being lupposd placed in the upmoft limit, feems to be put (o that the plain of it lies zlmott horizontal, but onely the forepart does dip fomewhat more depreft 3 in this pofit vibrated the wing x or mov'd the lower limit, being almoft arrived H lower at the ^t, the hinder part of the wing moving the then fomewhat fatter reft,
its
peculiar ornaments
..
'
'
former,
M iCROGRAfHlA.
if
former, the Area
of the wing begins to dip behind, and in that pofture feems k to be mov'd to the upper limit back again, and thence back again in thefirft pofture,the former part of the Area dipping again,as it in moved downwards by means of the quicker motion of the main frera which terminates or edges the forepart of the wing. And thefe vibrations or motions to and fro between the two limits feem fo fwift, that 'tis very probable (from the found it affords, if it becompar'd with the vibration
of a mufical ftring, tun'd unifon
makes many hundred?, ifnotfomethoufands of vibrations in a fecond minute of time. And, if we may be allow'd to gheis by the found, the wing of a Bee is yet more fwift, for the tone is much more acute, and that, in all likelihood, proceeds from the exceeding fwift beating of the air by the fmall wing. And it feems the more likely too, becaufe the wing of a Bee is lefs in proportion to its body,then the other wing to the body of a Fly 5 fothat for ought I know, it may be one of the quickeft vibrating ftontaneous motions of any in the world \ and though perhaps there may be many Flies in other places that afford a yet more fhrill ncife with their wings, yet 'tis mof t probable that, the quickeft: vibrating fpontaneous motion is to be found in the wing of fome creature. Now, if we confider the exceeding quicknefs of thefe Animal fpirits that muft caufe thefe motions, we cannot chufe but .admire the exceeding vividnels of the governing faculty or Anima of the Infeft, which is able to difpofe and regulate Co the the mo- I tive faculties, as to caufe fo
quick, but to
do it
to
it)
it
every peculiar organ, not onely to
move
or
acl:
alfb fo regularly.
the Mechatiifm of curious considering the and examining was Whifft I wings, I obfervd that under the wings of molt kind of Flies, Bees, there were plac'd certain pendulums or extended drops (as Imay fo call them from their refembling motion and figure) for they much referable d a long hanging drop of fome tranfparent vifcous liquor 5 and I obferved them conftantly to move juft before the wings of the Fly began to move fo that at the firft fight I could not but ghefs, that there was fome excelphancy, did and wing, the lent ufe, as to the regulation of the motion of vibraby which Cock, that it might be fomething like the handle of a give thereby Cock.and the ting to and fro,might,as 'twcre.open and (hut
&c
afterwards,upMufcles the into 3 a paflage to the determinate influences rejpirain ufc fome for be on fome Other trialsj fuppos'd that they might
me and, ufe, to Animals tion, which for many reafons I fuppofe thofe convehave might they thought, it was not very improbable, but that ir notair, the atleaft,of nient paflages under the wings for the emitting, ?enthis perhaps, admitting, as in the sills of Fifties is moft evident 3 or, creathefe whereby Pump, dulum might be fomewhat like the ftaffto a force but in, draw tures might exercife their Analogm lungs, and not only further upon out,theair they live by : but thefe were but conjeftures,and
examination fee m'd
probable. magnifymoderately a Thef; brick of the wing,as it appears through in the le vihb is parts.as ing Mcrofcepe feems to be a body confifting oftwo 3 is one the 26.Scheme ^Figure of the 22.Schwepnd by the 2.Figure of the h J * aquilly lefs
MlCROGRAHP
174
I
flender fevcral long and varioufly of a bendea quills or wires, fomething refembling the veins of lea ves s t hefe are, as 'twerc,the firms or quills which ftifFen the whole Area, and keep the other part diftended, which is a very thin tranfparent fkin or mem* brane varioufly folded, and platted, but not very regularly, and is be* fides exceeding thickly beftuck with innumerable miall brides, which are onely perceptible by the bigger magnifying Micro/cope, and not with that neither, but with a very convenient augmentation of Ikylight projected on the Object with a burning Glafs, as I have elfewhere (hew a, or by looking through it againft the light. In fteed of thefe fmall hairs, in feveral other Flies, there are infinite of fmall Feathers, which cover both the under and upper fides of this thin film as in almoft all the forts of Butterflies and Moths: and thofe finall parts are not onely fhap'd very much like the feathers of Birds, but like thofe variegated with all the variety of curious bright and vivid colours imaginable 5 and thofe feathers are likewife fo admirably and delicately rang'd,as to compofe very fine flourifhings and ornamental paintings,like Turfye and Verfian Carpets,but of far more lurpafling beauty, as is evident enough to the naked eye, in the painted wings of Butterflies, but much more through an ordinary Microfiope. Intermingled likewife with thefe hairs, may be perceived multitudes of little pits, or black fpots,in the exended membrane, which feem to be the root of the hairs that grow on the other fide 5 thefe two bodies feem diipers'd over the whole furface of the wing. The hairs are beft perceiv'd, by looking through it againft the light, or, by laying the wing upon a very white piece of Pa conve quilly or finny fubftance,confiiting
5
nient right , for thereby every little hair moft manifeftly appears Specimen { of which you may obferve draw the fourth Figure of
A
the 23. Scheme, B, CD, EF whereof reprefent fome parts of the bones or quills of the wing, eack of which may perceive to be d] over with a multitude of fcales, or brifles, the former A B, h the biggeft ftcm of all the wing, and may be properly enough call'd the cut-air, it being that which terminates and ftiffens the formoft edge of the wing 5 the fore-edge of this is arm'd with a multitude of little brifles, or Tenter-hooks, in fome franding regular and in order, in others not all the points of which directed from the body wards the tip of the wing ÂŤ, nor is this edge onely thus fring d , but
even
the whole edge of the wing is cover d with a fmall fringe, confiding of (hort and more ilender brifles Thit Subjeer, had I time, would afford excellent matter for the conall
templation of the nature of wings and of flying } but, becaufe I may, perhaps, get a more convenient time to profecute that fpeculation, and recollect icveral ObfervationsthatI at prefent proceed to
have made of that particular.
Ifbail
Obfcry.
Mi ROGRAP
hi
I •
—
.
Obferv.
Mm
XXX
1 W
X. Of the Eyes anJHeaJofa Grey drone-Fly
<W offeveral other creatures. m
m
»
•>
v
-
took a large grey Dr<wc-F^ a that had a large head, but a
fmall
and
(lender body in proportion u> it,and cutting off its head, I hVd it, with the forepart or face upwards upon my Object Plate (this I made choice of rather then the head of a great blue Fly,becaufc my enquiry being now
about the eyes,I found this Fly to have, fii ft the biggeft clutters of eyes in proportion to his head, of any fmall kind ot Fly that I have yet feen, it being fomewhat inclining towards the make o| the large Dragon-Flies. Next, becaufe there is a greater variety in the knobs or balls of each
clufter,thenisofany fmall Fly) Then examining it according to my ufual manner, by varying the degrees of light, and altering its pohtion to each kinde of light,
drew
that reprefentation of
which
delineated in the 24. Scheme, and found thefe things to be as plain and evident, as notable and pleafant* I
it
is
J.
fhegreateft part ofthe facc,nay,of the head,was nothing elf< but two large and protuberant bxmchespv prominent parts,A B C E A,the furface of each of which was all cover'd over* or (hap'd into a multitude of (mall Fiemijpheres^placd in a triagonal order, that being the clofdf and molt compacted, and in that order, rang'd over the whole /uriace of the eye in very lovely rows,between each of which, as isneceflary, were left long and regular trenches, the bottoms of every of which, were perfectly intire and not at all perforated or drilfd through, which I moil certainly was aflured of. by the regularly reflected Image of certain Objects which I tnov'd to and fro between the head and the light. And by examining the Cornea or outward ikin, after I had ftript it off from the (everal fubftances that lay within it,and by looking both upon the infide and againft Firjt 3 that
D
the light.
Next, that of thole multitudes of Hemifphcres, there were obfervable two degrees of bignefs, the half of them that were lowermoit,and look'd being a toward the ground or their own leggs, namely, E,
CD
pretty deal (mailer then the other, namely,
CDE
A B C E, A B C E, that
look'd
upward, and fide-ways,or foreright,and backward, which variety I have not found in any other fmall Fly. Thirdly, that every one of thefe Hemijpheres^s they feem d to be pretty neer the true ftiape of a Hemijphere, fo was the furface exceeding fmooth and regular, reflecting as exact, regular, and perfect an Image of any Object from the furface of them, as aYmall Ball of Quick-filver of that bigncls would do, but nothing neer (b vivid, the reflection from thefe being very languid, much like the reflection from the outfide of Water, Glafs, Cryftal, &c. In fo much that in each of thefe Hemifpheres, I have been able todifcover aLand-fcape of thofe things which lay before my
window y
MlCROGRAPHIA
17 6
y
\
whofe trunk Tree, and top I a large was which thing of one window, parts my window., of the alfo could and my as I difcover, plainly could and Window the Object y a the between it if held fingers, I and hand in the theyappeard bigger Magas which, of nineteen of foall draught nifying-glafs to reflect the Image of the two windows of my Chamber, are delineated in the third Figure of the 23. Scheme. Fourthly 1 that thefe rows were fo difpos'd, that there was no quarter vifible from his head that there was not Tome of thefe Hemijpheres dire&ed againft 5 fo that a Fly may be truly faid to have an eye every way, and to be really circumfpeU. And it was further obfervable, that that way where the trunk of his body did hinder his profpeÂŁt backward, thefe protuberances were elevated, as it were, above the plain of his moulders and back, (b that he was able to fee backwards alfo over his back. Fifthly, in living Flies, I have obferv d, that when any (mall mote or duft, which flics up and down the air, chances to light upon any part of thefe knobs, as it is fare to ftick firmly to it and not fall, though through the Microfcopc it appears like a large ftone or ftick (which one would admire,efpecially fince it is no ways probable that thereis any wet or glutinous matter upon thefe Hemijpheres, but I hope I (hall render the rea another place) fo the Fly presently makes ufe of his two fore-feet in ftead of eye-lids, with which , as with two Brooms or Brulhes, they being all beftuck with Brifles, he often (weeps or bruftics off what ever hinders / the profpcft of any of his Hemijpheres, and then, to free his leggs from that dirt,he rubs them one againft another.the pointed Brifles or Tenters of which looking both oneway, the rubbing of them to and fro one againft another, docs cleanfe them in the (ame manner as I have obferv'd thofe that Card Wool, to cleanfe their Cards, by placing their Cards, fo as the teeth of both look the fame way,and then rubbing them one againft
another. In the very (ame manner do they brufh and cleanfe their bodies and wings, as 1 (hall by and by (hew other creatures have other contriâ&#x20AC;˘>
vances for the cleanfing and cleering their eyes. Sixthly, that the number of the Pearls or Hemijpheres in the clufters of this Fly, wasneer 14000. which I judged by numbering certain rows of them feveral ways, and cafting up the whole content , accounting each clufter to contain about (even thou(and Pearls, three thou fand of which were of a cize, and confequently the rows not (b thick, and the foure thoufand I accounted to be the number of the fmaller Pearls next the feet and probofiis. Other Animals I obferv'd to have yet a greater number, as the Dragon-Fly or Adderholt : And others to have a much Ie(s company, as an Ant, ckc. and feveral other fmall Flies and Infects.
Seventhly, that the order of thefe eies or Hemijpheres was altogether curiand admirable,they being plac'd inallkind of Flies,and aerial animals9
moft curious and regular ordination of triangular rows,
which or der they are rang'd the neereft together that pofiibly they can. and confequently leave the leaft pits or trenches between them. But in shrimp Crawjjfhes) ldjiersi and fuch kinds of Crufiaceous water Animals, I have in
yet
M ICROGKAPHlA* yet obfery'd
them rang VI
quadrangular order, the rows cutting each other at right angles,which as it admits of a left number ofPearls in equal jfurfaces $ fo have thofe creatures a recompence made them, by having their eyes a little movable in their heads, which the other altogether want. So infinitely wile and provident do wc find all the Diipeniations in Nature, that certainly Epicurm, and his followers, mult very little have confiderd them, who afcribd thofe things to the production of chance, $ that wil.to a more attentive confiderer,appear the products of the higheft Wifiiom and Providence. Upon die Anatomy or Difle&ion of the Head, I obferv'd thefe parin a
ticulars:
*
outward
of the eyes of the greater Animals, was both flexible and transparent, and feem'd, through the Mitivfiope i perfectly to refemble the very lubftance of the Cornea, of a man s eye 5 for having cut out the clutter, and remov'd the dark and mucous ftuffthat is fubjacent to it, I could fee it transparent like a thin piece of Id, having as many cavities in the infide of it, and rang'd in the fame order as it had protuherakces on the outfide,and this propriety,I found the fame in all the Animals that had it, whether Flies or Shell-Fifti. Secondly, I found that ail Animals that I have obferv'd with thofe kind of eyes, have within this Cornea, a certain cleer liquor or juice, though in Firft,
that this
fkin,,
like the Cornea
very little quantity, and, I obferv'd thirdly, that within that cieer liquor, they had a kind of dark mucous lining, which was all fpread round within the cavity ofthe a
*
the colour of which, in fotne FlieSjWas grey 3 in others, black} in others red 5 in others,of a mix'd colour 5 in others,fpottcd 5 and that the whole clufters, when look'd on wnil'ft the Animal was living, Or but newly kill'd, appear'd of the fame clufter,
and feem'd very neer adjoining to
it,
cofour that this coat (as I may fo call it) appear'd of, when that outward &in, or Comea was remov'd. 3 Fourthly, that the reft of the capacity of the clufters was in fbme, as fo
Dragon Flies,
&c
.
hollow, or empty 5
in others fill'd
with Ibme kind
wither*/ fubftance, mufculous reddilh 3 in blue Flies,with a tending from the center or bottom outwards \ and divers other,with vaof fubftance
rious
and differing kinds oflubftances. That this curious contrivance is the organ of
.
.
light to all thole various
Cruftaceom Animals, which are fumifh'd with doubt3 ifweconfider but the feveral congruities
it,
it
I
think
we need
has with the eyes
greater creatures.
_
,
not
of â&#x20AC;˘
,and humour tranfpartnt As firft, that it is fumifh'd with a Comea 3 mth a with a uvea or retina, that the Figure of each ofthe fmall Hemrfpheres are very Spherical, exa&ly poliih'd, and moft vivid, lively and plump,when the
Animal is
In like
living.as in greater Animals,and and irregular, or mrunkj when the Animal is dead.
manner dulMlaccid,
no have it, with Next, that thole creatures that are fumifh'd other organs that have any refemblance to the known eyes of other creatures.
B b
Thirdly,
MrCROGR AP
i 78
I
A.
the eyes of Crabs,Lobfters,Shrimps, and the like, and are really fo, are Hemifpherd, almoft in the fame manner as thele of Flies are. And that they really are fo, 1 have very often try'd, by cutting off thefe little movable knobs, and putting the creature again into the water, that it would fwim to and fro, and move up and down as well as before, but would often hit it felf againft the rocks or ftones^ and though I put my hand juft before its head, it would not at all ftart or fly back till I touch'd it, whereas whiffr thofe were remaining, it would ftart back,and avoid my hand or a ftick at a good diftance before it touch'd it. And if in cruftaceous Sea-animals, then it feems very probable alfo,that thefe knobs are the eyes in crufiace<w*InfeÂŁts, which are alio of the fame kind, onely in a higher and more active Element 5 this the conformity or congruity of many other parts common to either of them, will ftrongly argue,their cruftaceous armour,their number of leggs,which are fix, befide the two great claws, which anlwer to the wings in Infects 3 and in all kind of Spiders, as aho in many other Infects that want wings, we (hall find the compleat number of them, and not onely the number, but the very fhape, figure, joints, and claws of Lobfters and Crabs, as is evident in Scorpions and Spiders, as is vifible in the lecond Figure ofthe 3 1 Scheme ,and in the little Mite-worm,which I call a Land-crab,defcrib'd in the fecond Figure of the 33. Schemejout in their manner of generation being oviparous, &c. And it were very worthy obfervation, whether there be not fome kinds of transformation and metamorphofis in the feveral ftates of cruftaceous water-animals, as there is in fevcral forts of Infers j for if Tuch could be met with,the progrefs of the variations would be much more confpicuous in thofe larger Animals, then they can be in any kind of Infects our colder Climate affords. Thefe being their eyes, it affords us a very pretty Speculation to contemplate their manner of virion, which, as it is very differing from that of biocular Animals, fo is it not lefs admirable. That each of thefe Pearls or Hemispheres is a perfect eye, I think we need not doubt, if we confider onely the outfide or figure of any one of them, for they being each of them cover'd with a tranfpa rent protuberant Cornea^ and containing a liquor within them, refembling the watry or glaflie humours of the eye, muft neceflarily refract all the parallel Rays that fall on them out of the air, into a point not farr diftant within
Thirdly ,that thofe which they
call
.
them, where (in all probability) the Retina of the eye is placed,and that opacous, dark, and mucous inward coat that (I formerly fhew'd) I found to fubtend the concave part of the clufter is very likely to be that tunicle or coat, it appearing through the Microfcope to be plac'd a little more than a Diameter of thofe Pearls below or within the tunica cornea. And if fo,then is therein all probability, a little Picture or Image of the objects without, painted or made at the bottom of the Retina againft every one of thofe Pearls, fo that there are as many impreffions on the Retina or opacous ikin, as there are Pearls or Hemifpheres on the clufter.
But becaufe
impolfible for any protuberant furface whatfoever, whether fphdrial or other, fo to refract the Rays that come from farr remote it is
lateral
A
M ICROG R A lateral points
of any
P
HI
Ob jecl as to collecl: them
a
agai n,and unite them each
point,and that onely thofe Rays which come fromfome point that lies in the Axis of the Figure product, are ,fo accurately re* framed to one and the fame point again, and that the lateral RaysjtHe£ur± ther they are remov'd, the more im perfect is their refracted confluence 5 Itfollows therefore, that onely the Picture of thofe j>arts of the external bjects that lie in, or neer, the Axis of each aredifcernably painted or made on the Retina of each Hewifph d that .therefore h of them can diftinct lyfenfate or fee onely thefe parts which are very neer perpendicularly eppos'd to it, or lie or neer' its optick Axm Now, though there may be by each of thefe eye-pearls,a reprefenmtion in a diftinct
;
m
Animal ofa whole Hcwjjphere in the fame manner as in. a mans eye there is a picture or fenfation in the Retina of allrhe objects lying almoft Hemijph yet man's eye alio, there are but fome very few points which liyng in, or neer, the optick Axis are diftinctly difc cern'd; So there may be .multitudes of Pictures made of an Object in thefeveral Pearls, and yet but one, or fome very few that are diftinci 5 The reprefentation of any object that is made in any other Pearl, but that to the
which is direcrly,or very neer directly,oppos'd 3 being altogether confus'd and unable to produce a diftinct vifion. > n So that we fee, that though it has pleas'd the All-wife Creator, to i due this creature with fuch multitudes of eyes, yet has he not indued with the faculty of. feeing more then another creature 5 for whereas this move his head,at lcaft can move itvery little, without moving his whole body ,/ i ocular creatures can in an infra nt (or the twinkling of an fye, which, being very quick, is vulgarly ufed in the fame Signification) move their eyes fo as to dired the optick Axis to any point $ nor is it probable, that they are able to fee attentively at one time more then one Phyfical point 5 for though there be a diftinct Image made in every eye, yet 'tis very likely,that the obferving faculty is only imploy'd about fome object for which they have moft Now, as we accurately diftinguifti the fite <3r pofition of an Object by the motion of the Mufcles of the eye requifite to put the optick Line ^
by the pofition ofthe imperfect Picture of the object at the bottom of the eye 5 fo are thefe cruftaceous creatures able to judge confufedly of the pofition of objects by the Picture or imprefBon made at the bottom of the oppofite Pearl* and diftindtly by the removal of the attentive or obferving faculty, from one Pearl to another, fpcdeeper much a place, fo another but what this faculty is4as it requires eyeof multitude this with culation. Now,becaufeit were impoflible,even that parts thofe before,onely hinted balls,to fee any ob jed dif tin&(for as I
in
a direct pofition,and confufedly
lay in,or veryneer,the optick Lines could be fo)the Infinitely wife Creator in little a head the moving has not left the creaturewithout a power of Aerial cruftaceous animals,and the very eyes alfo in cruftaceous Sea-animals*
by thefe means they are inabled to direft.forae optick Jine or other againft any object,and by that means they have the vifive faculty as com-' [U fOY'Ol pleat as any Animal that A eyes
fo that
•
*
B b
2
Diftances
«
MlCROGRAPHlA.
l80
'tis very likely they diftinguiih, partly*by of Objects alfo, Diftances i the conlbnant imprefiions made in fome two convenient Pearls, one in each clufter } for, according as thofe congruous impreffions affect, two Pearls neerer approach'd to each other, the neerer is the Object, and
v
the farther they are diftant, the more diftant is the Object: : partly alfo by the alteration of each Pearl, requifite to make the Senfation or Picture perfect \ for 'tis impoflible that the Pictures of two Objects, varioufly diftant, can be perfectly painted, or made on the fame Retina or bottom of the eye not altered, as will be very evident to any one that (hall attentively confider the nature of refraction. Now, whether this alteration may be in the Figure of the Cornea jn the motion of accefs or recefs ofthe Retina towards the Cornea^ or in the alteration of a cruftaline humour, if fiich there be, I pretend not to determine } though I think we need not doubt, but that there may be as much curiofity of contrivance and ftructure in every one of thefe Pearls, as in the eye of a Whale or Elephant, and^thelalmightys Fiat could as cafily caufe the exiftence of the ene as fhe other $ and as one day and a thouland years are the fame with him,(b may one eye and ten thoufand This we may be fure of, that the filaments or fenlative parts of the Retina muft be moll: exceedingly curious and minute, fince the whole Picture it felf is fuch} what muft needs the component parts be of that Retina which diftinguifhes the part of an object's Picture that muft be many millions of millions leis then that in a man's eye } And how exceeding curious and (iibtile muft the component parts of the medium that conveys light be, when we find the instrument made for its reception or refraction to be fo exceedingly fmall ? we may,I think, from this (peculation be fufficiently dilcouragcd from hoping to difcover by any optick or other inftrument the determinate bulk of the parts of the medium that conveys the pulfe of light, fince we find that there is not leis accuraterieis (hewn in the Figure/ and polifli of thole exceedingly minute lentifurfaces, then in thole more large and confpicuous (urfaces of own eyes. And yet can I not doubt, but that there is a determinate bulk of thole parts, fince I find them unable to enter between the parts of Mercury, which being in motion, muft neceflarily have pores, as I ffaall liewhere (hew, and here pals by, as being a digreffion As concerning the horns F F, the feelers or fmellers, G, the fro hafch H H, and I, the hairs and brifles, K K, I (hall indeavour to de fcribe in the 42. Obfefvation
G
E
i
.
1 *
• .
«l
I
M
Obferv.
»
X L.
Of the
Teetb of a Snail
Have little more to add of the Teeth of a
1
4
\
the Picture of it, which is reprefented in the firft Figure of the 2 5. Scheme^ fave that hishended body, A B C E F, which feem'd falhioned very much like a row of (mall teeth, orderly plac'd in the Gums, and looks as if it Snail, befides
D
a
were
\
xxv:
>
*
MACROGRAPH
1
A.
l8l
were divided into fevcral fmailer and greater black teeth, was nothing but one fmall bended hard bone, which was plac'd in the upper jaw of th mouthofaHoufe-Snail, with which I obfeiVd this very Snail to&ed oh upper part A B C D of this bone, I found to be much white. and to grow out of the upper chap of the SmrlO G G,and not to beany thing neer fo much creas'd as the Jower and blacker part of it hi II H KKH which was exactly fliap'd like teeth, the bone growing thinner, ortaperingtoan edge towards K K K. Itfcem'd to have nine teeth, or prominent parts IK, IK, IF, &c. which were join'd together by the thinner interposed parts of the bone. The Animal to which theie teeth belong, is a very Anomalous creature, and feems of a kind quite diftinft from any other terreftrial Animal or Infecl:, the Anatomy whereof exceedingly differing from what has been hitherto given of it I fhouht have inferted,btit that it wil 1 be more proper in another place. I have never met with any kind of Animal whofe teeth are all join'd in one, faveoncly that 1 lately obferv'd, that all the teeth of a Rhinocerot, which grow on either fide of its mouth, are join'd into one large bone, the weight of one of which I found to be neer eleven pound Haverdnpois. So that it feems one of the biggeft fort of terreftrial Animals, as well as one of the fmallefty bigneis, the
'
has his teeth thus (hap 'd. i
'T
Obferv.
*
*
"
'
"
'
"
'
'
-
"f
'
i
i
I
W
9
XLI. Of the Eggs tfSilk-worms^nJ other
9
i
mfefts.
He Eggs of Silk*worms(one of which I have deicrib'd in the fecond Figure of 25. Scheme) afford a pretty Objeft for a After ofiope that magnifies very much, efpeeially if it be bright weather, and the light of a window be caft or collected on it by a deep Convex-glaj^ or Water-balk
For then the whole furface ofthe Shell may be perceiv d all cover 'd over with exceeding fmall pits or cavities with interpofed edges, almoft in the an hunnot are holes theie but that manner ofthe forface of a Poppy-feed, dredth part fcarce of their bignefo the £heH,when the young ones were a in were kept Eggs the if do, to hatch'd (which I Found an eafie thing .«.• 1 . 1 ^ >i __j ^: .a u. ki.ll/ »Un tUf />( Warm place) appear'd no thicker in proportion to its bulk,then that of an Hen's or Goos's Egg is to its bulk,and all the Shell appear d very white •_._
whence
all
thole pit-
(which fcem'd to proceed from its tings did almoft vanifh, fo that they could not, without much difficulty, be difcern'd, the infide of the Shell feenvd to be lin'd alfo with a kind of which with Shell)that its to thin film,not unlike (keeping the proportion tranfparency)
the (hell
of an Hen-egg is
lin'd
5
and the (hell
it
felf feem'd like
common T
Eggs thefe of other Egg-fhells, very brittle, and crack'd. In divers Infett lie fmall the could plainly enough, through the (hell, perceive kit, the it Egg the coyled round tht edges of the (hell. The (hape of Figure pretty well reprefents (though by default of the Graver
it
does
I
.
:
Ml CROGRAP HI A.
l82
above the lying Paper, as it were,as and rounded, fo it ought appear not part pretty oval end-ways, the raoft for was it is, that fomewhat do) to on little flatted two it was a other oppofite fides. way the Egg,but an like Divers of thefe Eggs, as is common to moft others, I found to be barany young afforded ones. never And thofe I they for addle, or ren, ulually found much whiter then the other that were prolifick. The to I have found Infe&s be perfecliy Oviparous kinds of of other Eggs round every way,like fo many Globules,of this fort I have obferv'd fome ibrts of Spiders Eggs 3 and chancing the laft Summer toinclofea very large and curioufly painted Butterfly in a Box, intending to examine its gaudery with my Micro/cope, I found within a day or two after I inclos'd her, almoft all the inner furface of the Box cover'd over with an infinite of exactly round Eggs, which were ftuck very faft to the fides of it, and in fo exactly regular and clofe an order, that made me call to mind my Hjpothejify which I had formerly thought on for the making out of all the regular Figures of Salt, which I have elfewherc hinted $ for here I found all of them rang'd into a moft exaft triagonal order, much after the manner as the Hemifpheres are place on the eye of a Fly 5 all which Eggs I found after a little time to be hatch'd, and out of them to come a multitude of fmall Worms, very much refembling young Silk- worms, leaving all their thin hollow ihells behind them, (ticking on the Box in their triagonal pofture } thefe I found with the Microfcope to have much fuch a iubftance as the Silk-worms Eggs, but could not perceive them pitted. And indeed, there is as great a variety in the fhape of the Eggs of Oviparous Infe&s as among thole of Birds. Of thefe Eggs, a large and lufty Fly will at one time lay ncer four or five hundred, fo that the increafe of thefe kind of Infe&s muft needs be very prodigious, were they not prey'd on by multitudes of Birds, and deitroy d by Frofts and Rains 5 and hence 'tis thofe hotter Climates between the Tropick* are infefted with fuch multitudes of Locufts, and fuch other Vermine.
1
Obferv.
XL11
I
.
Of a blue Fly
V
'
Âť
<
*
i ~
r
His kind of Fly,whereofa MicrofcopicalTi&ure is delineated in the firft Figure of the 26. Scheme, is a very beautifull creature, and has many things about it very notable 5 divers of which I have already partly deforib'd, namely, the feet, wings, eyes, and head, in the preceding Observations.
And though
the head before defcrib'd be that of a grey Drone-Fly, yet for the main it is very agreeable to this. The things wherein they differ moft, will be eafily enough found by the following particulars Firft, the clufters of eyes of this Fly, are very much (mailer then thofe of the Dron-Fly, in proportion to the head.
And
/
Mi ROGRAPHIA.
i8Âť
And
next, all:thc eyes of each clufter feem'd much of the fame bignefi one with another, not differing as the other, but rang'd in the famctriagond order. r j .
Thirdly, between thefe two charters, there was a fcaly prominent which was arm'd and adorn'd with large tapering (harp black front brides, which growing out in rows on either fide, were fq bent toward each other neer the top, as to make a kind of arched arbour of Brifles, which almoft cover'd the former front. Fourthly, at the end of this Arch, about the middle of the face, on d prominent part C, grew two finalf oblong bodies, Dj which through a Microfcopc look'd not unlike the Pendants in Lillies, thefe feem'd to be jointed on to two fmall parts at C, each of which feem'd again jointed
D
into the front*
out of the upper part and outfides of thefe horns (as I may call them, from the Figure they are oÂŁ3 in the 24. Scheme, where they are marked with F F) there grows a fingle feather, or brufliy Brifle, E E* fomewhat of the feme kind with the tufts of a Gnat, which 1 have before Fifthly,
defcribed. *
L
*
What
the ufe of thefekind of horned and tufted bodies mould be, I cannot well imagine,unlefs they ferve for fmelling or hearing,though how they are adapted for either, it feems very difficult to defcribe they are in almoft every feveral kind of Flies of lb various a fbape^ though certainly they are (bme very eflential part of the head, and have fbme very notable office affign'd them by Nature, fince in all Infects they are to be found in one or other form. 1 Sixthly, at the under part ofthe face F F, were feveral of the former fort of bended Brifles , and below all, the mouth, out of the middle of
G
H I, which,by means of feveral joints,wherewhich, grew the prohofek of it feem'd to confift, the Fly was able to move to and fro, and thruft it in and out as it pleas'd $ the end of this hollow body (which was all over cover'd with fmall fhort hairs or brifles) was, as 'twere, bent at H, and into as were, it flit, the outer or formoft fide of the bended part I, hairs, with cover'd where which two chaps, HI, HI, all the outfide of readily very chaps, like two could, and pretty large brifles 5 thefe he of furface the from thing any open and fhut, and when he feem'd to fuck part hollow the apply and a body, he would fpread abroad thofe chaps,
H
of them very clofe to it. other two grew mouth, the From either fide of the Trobofch, within Figure this in fmall 5 but fmall horns, or fingers, KK, which were hairy, where Scheme, the in 24. but ofanother fhape, and bigger in proportion, fmellers, of kind a feem'd they are marked with G, which two indeed but whether fo or not, I cannot pofitively determine. beand above both The Thorax or middle part of this Fly, was cas'd, and round, more neath, with a very firm cruft of armour, the upper part backvyards5, pointed ends covered over with long conical brifles,all whofe
G
.
grew out
in a clufter fix leggs,
out of the hinder and under part of this the by hid were three three of which are apparent in the Figure,the other
MlGROGRAHPIA
184 body pkc'd in
that pofture.
The leggs were all much of the fame make,
ofthem cover'd With a ftrong hairy fcale or fhel,juft like the legs of a Crabb or Lobfter,and the contrivance of the joints fcemd much the fame 3 each legg feem'd made up of eight parts, 1, % 3, 4; 5, 6 t 7, 8, to
fceing all
the eighth or laft of which;, grew the foles and claws* 'described before the 3 8. Obfirvxtion Out of the upper part of this trunck grew the two wings, Which I mention d in the 38. Obfervation, confining of a film, extended on certain fmall flirT wires or bones : thefe in a blue Fly, were much longer then the body, but in other kind of Flies they are of very differing proportions to the body. Thefe films,in many Flies,were fo thin,that,like feveral other plated bodies (mentioned in the ninth Obfervatiw) they afforded all varieties of fantaftical or tranfient colours (the reafon of which I have here endeavoured to explain) they feem'd'to receive their nourifhment from the ftalks or wires, which feemd to be hollow, andneer the upper part of the wing feveral of them feem'd jointed, the fhape of which will fufficiently appear by the black lines in the fecond Figure of the 26.Scheme~ which is a delineation of one of thofe wings expanded di*Âť
1
LL
redly to the eyes All the hinder part of its body is cover'd with a moft curious blue Mrang armour,looking exactly like a polifh'd piece of freel brought to that
blue colour by annealing, all which armour is very thick beftuck with abundance of tapering brifles, fuch as grow on its back, as is vifible ** X igh by the Fig Nor was the infide of this creature lefs beautifull then its outfide, for cutting offa part of the belly, and then viewing it, to fee if I could discover any Veflels, fuch as are to be found in ^greater Animals, and even in Snails exceeding manifeftly,! found,much beyond my expedration,that there were abundance of branchings of Milk-white veflels,no lefs curious then the branchings of veins and arteries in bigger terreftrial Animals,in one of whichj found two notable branches, joining their two main flocks, as it were, into one common dnUus 5 now, to what veins or arteries thefe VeiTclIs were analogm^ whether to the vevaparta, or the nrefirm'ch^ vtffel/fy or the like, or indeed, whether they were veins and arteries, or v*f* la&ea 3 properly fo called, I am not hitherto able to determine, having not yet made fufficient enquiry } but in all particulars, there feems not to be any thing lefs of curious contrivance in thefe Infe&s, then in thofe larger terreftrial Animals, for I had never feen any more curious branchings of VefTells, then thofe I obferv'd in two t)r three of thefe Flies thus opened. *
I
It is
a creature active
and nimble,
ÂŤ
;
-
i
-
very few creatures like it, whether bigger or fmaller, in fo much, that it will fcape and avoid a fmall body, though coming on it exceeding fwiftly, and if it fees any thing approaching it, which it fears, it prefcntly fquats down, 2iS k were,that i t m ay be the more read y for its rife. Nor is it lefs hardy in the Winter, then active in the Summer, induring al 1 the Frofts, and furviving till the next Summer, notwithstanding the fb as there are
bitter
MlCROGRAPHlA.
jgrj
cold of our Climate 5 nay, this creature will indure to be frozen and yet not be deftroy'd,for I have taken one of them out of the Snow bitter
whereon it has been frozen almoft white, with the Ice about it, and yet by thawing it gently by the warmth of a fire, it has quickly reviv'd and (km about. This kind of Fly feems by the (reams or tafte of fermenting an putrifying meat (which it often kiftcs,as'twere, with its probofcis as it trips over it) to be ftiinulated or excited to eject its Eggs or Seed on it, per1
.
haps,
from the fome reafon
as
Dogs,Cats,and many other brute creatures
are excited to their particular lulls, by the fmcll of their females, when by Nature prepared for generation 5 the males feeming by tho&kind
of fmells, or other incitations, to be as much neceflitated thereto, as Aqua Regis ftrongly impregnated with a folution of Gold,is forced to pre* cipitate it by the afFufion of fpirit of Vritte> or a folution of Salt of Tartar.
One of thefe put in
otWine, was very quickly leemingly kilfd > and both its eys and mouth began to look very red, but upon the taking of it out, and fullering it to lie three or four hours, and heating it with the Sun beams caft through a Burning-glafs, it again reviv'd, feeming, as it were, to have been all the intermediate time, but dead drunk, and after certain hours to grow frelh again and fbber.
i
Obferv.
L
n
fpirit
-
1
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
'
' '
XL III.
Of the
Water- In fed or Gnat *
His
little
creature, defcribed in the
firft
Figure of the i-j.Schem^
(baled or crufted Animal, which I have often obferv'd to be generated in Rain-water 5 1 have alfo obferv'd it both in Pond and River-water. It is fuppos'd by fome, to deduce its firft original from the putrifacrion of Rain-water, in which,if it have ftood any time open to the
was a fmall
air,
you
(hall
feldom
mifs,all
the
Summer
long,
of ftore of them friiking
too and fro. Tis a creature, wholly differing in fhape from any I ever obferv'd 3 nor to its proportion in is its motion lefsftrange : head, large It has a very body, all covered with a (hell, like other teftaceotts Animals, but it differs in this,
hairs,
that
it
has,
up and down
fevcral parts
of
it,
feveral tufts
has It Figure in the exprefs'd $ or brifles, plac'd in the order
of
two
as neer Oxe,inverted,and, an of horns,whichfeem'd almoft like the horns as I could ghefs,were hollow,with tufts of brilles,likewife at the toptfhefe be perchance, might, way,and horns they could move eafily this or that much contriv'd feem'd their noftrils. It has a pretty large mouth, which like thofe of Crabs and Lobfters,by which,I have often obferv'd them to feed on water, or fome imperceptible nutritive fubftance in it. " * ur aI ,m An the while (hell, I could perceive, through the tranfparent viv'd, feveral motions in the head, thorax, and belly, very difhncrly of C c .
.
c
Mic RO GR A
i86
of differing kinds which I may, perhaps, elfewherc endeavour more accurately to examine, and to fhew of how great benefit the ufe of a Microscope may be for thedifcovery of Nature'scourfe in the operations performed in Animal bodies, by which we have*the opportunity of obferving her through thefe delicate and pellucid teguments of the bodies of InfectS acting according to her ufual courfe and way, undifturbed,, whereas, when we endeavour to pry into her (ecrets by breaking open the doors upon her, and directing and mangling creatures whil'ft there is life yet within them, we find her indeed at work, but put into fuch diforder by the violence offer'd, as it may eafily be imagin'd^ow differing a thing we (hould find,if wecould,aswe can with a Microfcepejxx thefe fmaller creatures, quietly peep in at the windows, without frighting her out of her ufual byas; The form of the whole creature, as it appear'd in the Microscope, may, without troubling you with more defcriptions, be plainly enough perceiv'd by the Scheme, the hinder part or belly confining of eight feveral jointed parts, namely, A B C E F H, of the firft Figure, from the midft of each of which^on either fide>ifiiied out three or four fmall brifles or hairs, I, I, I, I, I, the tail was divided into two parts of very differing make ^ one of them, namely, K, having many tufts of hair or brifles, which feem'd to ferve both for the finns and tail, for the Oars and Ruder of this
D
wherewith
G
was able, by frifking and bending its body nimbly to andfro,to move himfelf any whither,and to fkull and fteer himfelfas he pleas'd^the other part, L, feem'd to be^as *twere,the ninth divifion of his belly,and had many fingle brifles on either fide. From the end V, of which, through the whole belly, there was a kind of Gut of a darker colour, M, wherein, by certain Vcriftaltick^ motions there was a kind of black fubftance mov'd upwards and downwards through it from the orbicular part of it, N,(which feem'd the Ventricle^ ftomach)to the tail V,and fo back again, which periftaltick^ motion I have obferv'dalfb in a Loufe, a Gnat, and feveral other kinds of tranfparent body'd Flies. The Thorax or cheft of this creature O O O O, was thick and fhort, and pretty tranfparent, for through it I could fee the white heart (which is the Ifb of the bloud in thefe, and moft other Infects) to beat, and feveral other kind of mot It was beftuck and adorn'd up and down with feveral tufts of brifles, fuch as are pointed out by P, P, P, P, th head Qjyas like wife beftuck with feveral ofthofe tufts, S S S3 it was broad and fhort, had two black eyes, T T, which I could not perceive at a11 pearj'd, as they afterwards appear'd, and two fmall hornsTRR, fuch little
creature,
it
MM
as
ÂŤ
I
formerly defcrib'd.
Both its motion and reft is very ftrange, andpleafant, and differing from thofe of moft other creatures I have obferv'd 3 for, where from moving its body> the tail of it feeming much lighter then the reft of its body,and a little lighter then the water it fwims in, prefently boys it up to the top of the water, where it hangs fufpended with the head always downward 5 and like our Antipodes, if they do by a frifk get below that fuperficies, they prefently afcend again unto it, if theyceafe
mov ing,
zrrv.XXMU
â&#x20AC;˘
Mi CROGRAPHI A* moving, until they tread, as it were, under that fuperhcies with their tails 3 the hanging of thefe in this pofture, put me in mind of a certain creature I have feen in London, that was brought out of America, which would very firmly fufpend it felf by the tail, with the head downwards,and was faid to deep in that pofture, with her young ones in her
which is a Purfe, provided by Nature for the production, nutrition, and prefervation of her young ones, which is defcribed by Pifi in the 24. Chapter of the fifth Book of his Natural Hiftory oiBrafiL The motion of it was with the tail forwards,drawing its felf backwards, by the frifking to and fro of that tuft which grew out of one of the frumps of its tail. It had another motion,which was more futable to that ofother creatures, and that is, with the head forward , for by the moving of his chaps fif I may fb call the parts of his mouth) it was able to move it felf downwards very gently towards the bottom, and did,as twerc,eat falfe
belly,
up its way through the water. But that which was molt obfervabl e in this creature, was, itsMetattiorphofisor cbange*5 fbr having kept feveral of thefe Animals in a Glafsof Rain-water,in which they were producd, I found,after about a fortnight or three weeks keeping, that feveral of them hew away in Gnats,leaving their hulks behind them in the water floating under the furface, the place where thefe Animals were wont to refide, whil'ft they were inhabitants of the water : this made me more diligently to watch them, to fee if I could find them at the time of their transformation 3 and not long after, I obferv'd feveral of them to be changed into an unufuaJ fhape^ wholly differing from that they were of before, their head and body being grown much bigger and deeper, but not broader, and their belly, or hinder part finaller^ and coyl'd, about this great body much of the fafhion reprefen ted by theprick'd line in the fecond Figure of the 27. Scheme, the head and horns now fwam uppermoft, and the whole bulk of the body feem'd to be grown much lighter 5 for when by my frighting of it, it would by frifking out of its tail (in the manner exprefs'd in the Figure by B G) fink it felf below the furface towards the bottom 5 the body would mOrefwiftly re-afeend, then when it was in its former fha pe. ftill to body its found time,and to time I ftill marked its progrefs from grow bigger and bigger, Nature, as it were, fitting and accoutring it for the lighter Element, of which it was now going to be an inhabitant 3 fbr,by obferving one of thefe with my Microfcope, I found the eyes of it ., to be altogether differing from what they feem'd before, appearing now vi/ible is as Gnats, of eyes all over pearl'd or knobb'd, like the fwim to creature this of part the fecong Fignre by A. At length, I faw above, and part beneath the furface of the water, below which though it would quickly plunge it felf if I by any means frighted it,and presently f expectation, longer little a 'c-afcend into its former pofture 3 after deer fraud and appear to found that the head and body of a Gnat,began twojorthe firft itsjeggs, out above the furface, and by degrees it drew ppear'd a entire and perfeft nioir,then the other^t length its whole body upon gs leg its on (landing out of the hulk water) in the left it \(k (which the 2 Cc
m
!
:
i
MlCROGRAPHIA,
,l88
the top of the water, and by degrees it began to move, and after flew about the Glafs a perfect Gnat. I have been the more particular, and large in the relation of the tran£
formation of divers of thefe little Animals which I obferv'd, became I have not found that any Authour has obferv d the like and pecaufe the thing it (elf is fb ftrange and heterogeneous from the ufual progrefs of other Animals, that I judge it may not onely be plcafant, but very ufefull and neceflary towards the compleating of Natural Hiftory. •>
There is indeed in Pife, a very odd Hiftory, which this relation may make the more probable 5 and that is in the 2. Chapter of the 4. Book of his Natural Hiftory otBrafil, where he fays,Porro pr£ter tot documentaferti lit at is
circa vegetabilia &fenfitiva
marina Ullnris tmula^accidit
&
il/ud,
quodpaucis k ParanambucenfimiUiaribusjifcatoris uncum contingat infigi vadispetrojis^ loco pifcisjpongia^coralla^aliafque arbufculas marinas capi. Inter htec inujitat<e forma prodit Jpongiofi arbufcula^fejquipedis longitudinis, brevioribns radicibus, lapideis nit ens vadis,
& rupibus
erigiturque in corpus fyongiojum mo He oblongum rotundumturbinatum: intus
miris cancel/is
& ah
ei sfabric at urn,
extus autem ten act glutine inftar
propolis undique veftitum, oflio fatis patulo
& profundo infummitate
Apum
rclitfo,
ex altera iconum probe depi&a videre licet (fee the third and fourth Figures of the 27. Scheme?) It a ut Apiarium marinum vere dixeris 3 prima enim intuitu $ Mare adterram delatum^vermiculisfcatebat ctruleis parvis,
ficut
qui
mox a calorefilis inMujcas^vel Apes potius^eajqj exiguas& nigras tranf
formebantur, circumvolantefque evanefeebantjta ut de eorum mellific atiofte nihil certi confpici datumfuerit, cum tamen caroja materia propolis Apumque cel/<e manifejie apparerent^atque ipfa mellis qualifcunque fubftantiaprocuU dubio urinatoribus patebit, ubi curiofius inquijiverint hdc apiaria, eaque in natali
fob
& falo
diverjis temporibus penitius lujirarint.
Which Hiftory contains things
be confider'd, as whether the hulk were a Plant, growing at the bottom of the Sea before, of it lelf, out of whole putrefaction might be generated thefe ftrange kind of Magots $ or whether the feed of certain Bees, (inking to the bottom, might there naturally form it lelf that vegetable hive, and take root 3 or, whether it might not be placed there by fome diving Fly 5 or, whether it might not be fome peculiar propriety of that Plant,whereby it might ripen or form its vegetable juice into an Animal fubftance 3 or, Whether it may not be of the nature of a Sponge, or rather a Sponge of the nature of this, according to fome of thofe relations andf conjectures I formerly made of that body, is a matter very difficult to be determined. Butindeed,in this defcription,the Excellent Pijb has not been fufficiently Particular in the letting down the whole proccfs, as it were to be wifij'd here are indeed very odd progrefles in the production of feveral kinds of Infects, which are not lefe inftructive then pleafant, feveral of which, the diligent Goedartius has carefully obferv'd and recorded, but among all his Obfervations, he has none like this, though that of the Hemerobius be fomewhat of this kind, which is added as an Appendix by Johannes diffidently ftrange to
I
have
M ICROGRAPHIA. I
have, for my
own
particular, befides feveral
of tho/e mention'd
him, obferv'd divers other circumftances,perhapsj not
much taken
fcy
notice
very common, which do indeed afford us a very coercive argument to admire the goodnefs and providence of the infinitely wife Cre^ tor in his moil: excellent contrivances and difpenfations.Ihave obferv'd^atjf feveral times ofthe Summer,that many ofthe leaves of divers Plants havjejr been fpotted,or, as it were fcabbed, and looking on the underfides of thofe of them that have been but alitte irregular^ I Jiave perceiv'd them to be fprinkled with divers forts of little Egg?, which letting alone,I haven found by degrees to grow bigger, and become little Worms with Jeggg 5 but ftill to keep their former places,and thofe places of the;Jeaves,of theiirl own accords, to be grown very protuberant upwards, and very hoJJovv^ and arched underneath, whereby thofe young creatures are, as it wereA fttelter'd and houled from external injury 5 divers leaves I have obferv _ of, though
N.
grow and fwell fo farr, as at length perfectly to inclofe the Animal, which, by other obfervations I have made, I gheis to contain it, and beto
i
come, as it were a womb to it, fo long, till it be fit and prepar'd to be tranilated into another ftate, at what time, like (what they fay of) Vi-i pers, they gnaw their way through the womb that bred them 5 divers of: thefe kinds 1 have met with upon Goofberry leaves, Rofe-tree leaves^-, > Willow leaves, and many other kinds. There are often to be found upon Rofe-trees and Brier bulhes, little.* red tufts,which are certain knobs or excrelcencies,growingout jirojn the> Rind, or barks of thole kinds of Plants, they are cover 4 wjtjp ftrange kinds of threads or red hairs, which feel very loft, and look not unpJeafantly. In moft of thefe, if it has no hole in it, you /hall find certain little; Worms, which I fuppofe to be the caufes of their production \ for when that Worm has eat its way through, they, having performed what the\ were defign'd by Nature to do, by degrees die and wither a,way. \\ K6w,the manner of their production,I fuppofe to be thus 5. that the Afo wife Creator has as well implanted in every creature a faculty, ofknpw-1 ing what place is convenient for the hatching, nutrition, and .preferVati on of their Eggs and of- fprings. whereby they are Simulated AafjL'dk'c&ed to convenient places, which becom, as 'twere the wombs that perform* thofe offices : As he has alfo fuited and adapted ,a property to thofe places wherby they grow and inclofe thofe feeds, and having inclofed/ them, provide a convenient nourifhment for them, but as foonas they have done the office of a womb; they die and wither. which leaves, in obferv'd often have The progrefs of inclofure I thofe places where thofe feeds have been caft, have by degree^ fwell 'd andinclos'd them, i> perfectly round, as not to leave any perceptible^ i
1
\
Âť
'
paflag wage out.
n
.,, r
and Oak-apples, Galls, that this fame caule, I fuppofe Trees, ie^es, and of other productions of that kind, upon the branches you) alrtfoftripe, when have their open any of them,
From
original for
fliall
find a little
Galls,
you (hall
w
if you
Worm in them.
>
find either a hole
Thus,
if you
whereby the
open neve^fe
Worm
has eat
nJanvrflrJ1
.its
paflag* out,
Ml CROGR AHP
1^2
I
A.
and taken wings flown away, their through, way eaten having it leems, received in writing from the fame peraccount (which I following as this In a moorijh blacky lcn, as it was lent him by his Brother) manifefts. upon Sands yellow occajion veins , mould., with fomefmall ofwhitifi Peaty a Pond or head the Pool, or deep, at three two hole foot digging to a of of a Tree in n at that depth, werefound, about the end of October 166 a Nuts, to little Buttons or Sand, fticking loofe veins thofe very thofe of them Tree, any live andfome belonging to alfo free by is, not that of flicks, themfelves.
Four orfive of which being then opend, fome were found to contrin live InfeUs come toperfe&ton, mofi like to flying Ants 5 if not the fame 5 in ethers, InfeUs,yet imperfeU, having but the head and wings form d, the reji remaining afoft white pulpy fubjiance. Now,as this furnifhes us with one odd Hiftory more,very agreeable to what I before hinted, fb I doubt not, but were men diligent obfervers, they might meet with multitudes of the fame kind, both in the Earth and in the Water, and in the Air, on Trees, Plants, and other Vegetables, all places and things being,as it were.animarum plena. And I have often,with wonder and pleaiure.in the Spring and Summer-time, look'd clofe to,and diligently on, common Garden mould, and in a very fmall parcel of it, found fuch multitudes and diverfities of little reptiles, fame in hulks,others onely creepers, many wing'd, and ready for the Air 5 divers hulks or habitations left behind empty. Now, ifthe Earth of our cold Climate be ib fertile of animate bodies, what may we think of the fat Earth of hotter Climates ? Certainly,the Sun may there, by its activity, caufe as great a parcel of Earth to fly on wings in the Air, as it does of Water in fteams and vapours. And what fwarms mull: we fuppofe to be fent out of thofe plentifull inundations of water which are poured down by the lluces of Rain in liich vaft quantities ? So that we need not much wonder at thofe innumerable clouds of Locufts with which Africa, and other hot countries are {o peltred, ftnee in thofe places are found all the convenient caufes of their production, namely, genitors, or Parents, concurrent retacles or matrixes,and a lufficient degree of natural heat and moifture. was going to annex a little draught of the Figure of thofe Nuts fent out of Devonfiire , but chancing to examine Mr. Park}nfon$ Herbal for lomething elfe, and particularly about Galls and Oak-apples, I found among no left then 24. leveral kinds of excrefcencies of the Oak, which I doubt not,but upon examination,will be all found to be the matrixes of fo many leveral kinds of Infe&s , I having obferv'd many ofthem my lelf to be fo,among 24/leveral kinds, I fay,I found one defcribed and Figur'd dire&ly like that which I had by me,the Scheme is there to be leen,the description, becaule but Ihort, I have here ad join'd Theatri Botamci trib. 1 6, Chap. 2. There groweth at the roots of aid Oaks in the Spring-time, and femetimes alfo in the very heat of Summer, a. peculiar kind ofMufhre*? Excrefcence, call'd Uva Quercim,Jwelfing out of the Earth, many growing one clofe unto another 5 of the fafrion of a Grape , and therefore took. the name , the Oak-Grape , and w of a Purplifh colour on the outfd
w
a nd
.
$ ch &rrv:XXVm s
s
.
MlCROGRAPHliA. androhite within lrk$ Mil^ and in the end of Summer htcpmeth hard woody. Whether this be the very fame kind, I. cannot affirm, but both- the Picture and Description come very neer to that I have
md
but that he tecnas not to take notice of the hpllownefs or Worm, for which 'tis raoft obfervable. And therefore 'tis very likely, it men dy but take notice, they might findi very many differing Species of si Nuts, Ovaries, or Matrixes , an<J
of them
much
the fame defignation and office. And I have very lately found feveral kinds of Expirees and Shrubs, which having ensured the Winter, upall
.UO
h<ave
on opening them,. I found raoft of them to contain little Worms*, but; dead, thofc things that contained them being wither 'd and dry. £ I
J
r
I L/
>
I
i
••
?
*
i
Ofaierv.
t
/
XL IV.
Of
the itfteJ or
Bruffj^howJ Gmt »
V .
^
.
His
was one of thole multitudes that fill our Englifo the time that warm weather lafts, and is exactly of the ffeape
little
air all
creature
ofthatlobferv'dto be generated and hatch'd out of thole little Inie&s that wriggfe up and down in Rain-water. But,though many were of this form, yet I obferv'd others to be of quite 'Other kinds 5 nor were all of this- or the other kind generated out of Water Infects $ for whereas I ooferv'd that thofe that proceeded from thefe Infects were at their foil growth, I have alfp found multitudes of the fame fliape,but much imalter and tenderer teeming to be very young ones, creep up and down upon "
M
9
ft
and flying up and down in fmatt clutters, in places very remote from water 5 and this Spring, I obferv'd one day, when the Wind was very calm, and the afternoon very fair, and pretty warm, though it had for a long time been very cold weather, and the wind continued frill in the Eaft, feveral fmall fwarms of them playing to and fro in little clouds in the Sun, each of which were not a tenth part of the bignelsof one of thefe I here have delineated, though very much of the might be fwarm* thefe of each ghefs, that cftiape, whieh makes me the of-fpring of one onely Gnat^ which had been hoorded up in fome fafe by now, Parent, and were provident i-cpofitory all this" Winter by fome the warmth of the Spring-air, hatch'd into little Flies. generations or the are irregular And indeed, fo various, and feemingly obferve diligently and carefully fhall productions of fafecf *, that he that caufe further infinitely have will feveral methods o'f Nature therein, to admire'the wifdom and providence of the Creator 5 for not onely the fame kind of creature may be produe'd from feveral kinds of ways, but the very fame creature may produce feveral kinds For,as divers Watches may be made out of feveral materials, which may yet have all the fame appearance,and move after the fame manner,that is,fhew the hour equally true, the one as the other, and out of the fame kind of matter, like Watch feme the and one and,as Watches,may be wrought differing; ways$ 6 may, d the leaves of Tre&,
:
D
1^4
MlCROGRAPHIA
â&#x20AC;˘
~ may, by being diverfly agitated, or mov'd,by this or that agent/or after this or that manner, produce a quite contrary effecT: : So may it be with thefe moft curious Engines'of InfedYs bodies^ the All-wife God of Nature, may have fo ordered and difpofed the little Automatons ^ that when nou-
by this caufe, they produce one kind ofeffect, or animate (hape, when by another they aft quite another way, and another Animal is produc'd. So may he fb order feveral materials, aa to rished, a&ed, or enlivened
make them,by feveral kinds of methods, produce fimilar Automatons. But to come to the Defcription ofthis Infe&,as it appears through a Microjcope^of which a reprefentation is made in the i2.Scheme. Its head A, is body, confifting of two clufters of pearl d eyes B B, on each fide of its head, whole pearls or eye-balls are curioully rang'd like thole of other Flies , between thefe,in the forehead of it, there are plac'd upon two fmall black balls, C C, two long jointed horns, tapering towards the top, much refembling the long horns of Lobfters, each of whofe items or quills, D D, were brifled or brufhed with multitudes of fmall ftirT hairs, ifluing out every way from the feveral joints, like the firings or fproutings of the herb Borfi-tail^ which is oft obferv'd to grow among Corn, and for the whole (hape, it does very
exceeding fmall,
in proportion to its
much refemble thofe brujhy
Vegetables
,
befides thefe, there are
two other
jointed and brifled horns, or feelers, E E, in the forepart of the head, and Zprobojcffs F, underneath,which in fome Gnats are very long, ftreight hollow pipes, by which thefe creatures are able to drill and penetrate the fldn, and|thence, through thofe pipes fuck fo much bloud as to fluff their bellies fo full till they be ready to burft. This fmall head,with its appurtenances,is faftned on by a (hort neck,G, to the middle ofthe thorax^ which is large, and feems cafed with a ftroug black fhel,H I K, out ofthe under part of which, iflue fix long and flender legs, L L L L L L, fhap d juft like the legs of Flies, but ipun or drawn out longer and flenderer,which could not be expreis'd in the Figure,becaufe of their great length and from the upper part, two oblong, but flender tranfparent wings, M, fhaped fomewhat like thofe of a Fly,underneath each of which, as I have obferv'd alfb in divers forts of Flies, and other kinds of Gnats, was placed a fmall; body, N, much refembling a drop 1
-,
M
of fbme tranfparent glutinous fubftance, hardned or cool'd, as it was almoft ready to fall, for it has a round knob at the end, which by degrees grows fiend erer into a fmall ftem.and neer the infertion under the wing, this ftem again grows bigger $ thefe little Pendulums^s I may fo call them, the litle creature vibrates to and fro very quick when it moves its wings, and I have fbmetimes obferv'd it to move them alfb, whii'ft the wing lay (till, but always their motion feem'd to further the motion of the wing ready to follow 5 of what ufe they are, as to the moving of the wing, or otherwife, I have not now time to examine. Its belly was large,as it is ufually in all InfeÂŁta, and extended into nine lengths or partitions, each of which was covered with round armed rings or fhells $ fix of which, O P QR. S T were tranfparent, and divers kinds oiP_eri/iaUrcJ( motions might be very eafily perceiv'd, whii'ft the Animal was
/.
T
'
M Was
CROGRAJVHIA*
alive, but efpccially a fmall cleer
white part V, feemed to beat lite The laft three divifios, the heart of a larger Animal. X were cover'd with black and opacous (hells. To conclude, take this creature altogether, and for beauty and curious contrivances, it may be compared with the largeft £nimai upon the Earth. Nor doth the AJwife Creator feemtohavefliewnlefscare.and providence in the fabrick of it, thenifl thof^hich ftero moft confutable. ,.„ An >f
W %
-
,
T
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.
.
:
I
*
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i
wmmm&mk m filU'lj:!.
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XLV.
erv. 11
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1
1
r
t
f .
fecond Gnat , delineated in the twenty ninth Scheme, is of a very differing (hape from the formerjbut yet of this fort alfo,I found _ rw s feyeralof the Gnats, that were generated out of the Water Infect; the wings of this, were much larger rhen thofe of the other, and the belly 1
much lars, I
bigger, inorter and of an other ihape $ and, from feveral particugheft it to be the Female Gnat, and the former to be the Male. r
The thorax of this was much like that of the other,having a very ftrong :
and ridged back-piece, which went alfoon either fide of its legg^ about the wings there were feveral joynted pieces of Armor, whMi feenid cu* riouHy and conveniently contrived, for the promoting and the motion of the wings:its head was much differing from the otherd being much bigger and neater fhap'd, and the horns that grew out between his eyes on two little balls, were of a very differing fhape from ths tufts of the other Gnat, thefe h ut few knors or joynrs, and ^ach of The formoft horns thofe but a few, and thofe ibort and ftrong, b ^'feelers, were like thofe of the former Gnat. v 1 Otie of thefe Gnats I have fuffer d to pierce the fkinof my hand D with fill its belly prohofcis. and thence to draw out as much blood as full as it could hold, making it appear very red and transparent , and this without any further pain, then whil ft it was finking m'mprobofcis, as ging of Fleas : a good argument, that thefe c alfo the wound thefkin, and fuck the blood out of enmity and revenge, By what means this for meer neceflity, and to fatisfy their hunger. •
4 I
,,
creature is able to fuck,
we fhall Jhew in another
plac
ii I
i
I I
1
-
H
f
«
<
•
Obferv
XL
Of
Moth
n>Ute
the
JV/
Argentca . •
1
i
«
1 •
*
i
tinea
or
.'
•
/
v
/ >
if
_
%o.Stkem inthc delineated His _. white long wing'd Moth., *Mi through e,and naked Ey ftorded a lovely obje& both to the 2/ftf/»
the
Eve it
appeared a fmall Milk white
Dd3
By withipiw wjr Wing
m
MlCROGRAP
196
I
.
two formoft lomewhat longer then the two hiridermoir, and fhorter about halfan Inch long, each of which four Wings feem'd to confift of two fmall long Feathers, very cnrioully tufted, or haired on
Wings j the two
the
each fide, with purely white, and exceedingly fine and fmall Haires, proportion^ to the ftalks or ftems, out of which they grew, much like the tufts of a long wing-feather of fome Bird, and their ftalks Or items were, like thofe, bended backwards and downwards, as may be plainly feen by the draughts of them in the Figure. Obferving one ofthefe in my Mkrofiope3l found,in the firft place, that all the Body^Legs, Horns and the Stalks of the Wings, were covered pver with various kinds of curious white Feathers, which did, with handling or touching, eafily rubb off and fly about, in fo much that looking on my Fingers, with which I had handled this Moth, and perceiving on them little white fpecks, I found by my Mcrojcope, that they were feveral of the fmall Feathers of this little creature, that ftuck up and down in the rw gafi/es of my Skin. Next, I found that underneath thefe Feathers, the pretty Infeft was Covered all over with a crufted Shell, like other of thole Animals, but with one much thinner and tenderer. Thirdly, I found, as in Birds alio is notable, it had differing and appropriate kinds of Feathers, that covered feveral parts of its body. Fourthly- furveying the parts of its body, with a more accurate and better Magnifying Micro/cope^ I found that the tufts or hah es of its Wings were nothing elfe but a congeries, or thick let clufter of fmall vimina or twiggs, referhbling a imall twigg of Birch, ftript or whitned, with which Bruihes are ufiially made, to beat out or bruih off the duft from Cloth and Hangings. Every one of the twiggs or branches that compofed the Brufh of the Feathers, appeared in this bigger Magnifying Claft (of which E F which reprefents j? part of an Inch, is the fcale, asG is of the lefler, which is only ,) like the figure D. The Feathers alfo that covered a part of his Body, and were interiperfed among the brufh of his Wings, I found,rn the bigger Magnifying GlaiSj of the ihape A, confuting of a ftalk or item in the middle, and afeeming tuftedneisor brufhy part on each fide. The Feathers that cover'd moft part of his Body and the ftalk of his wings, wcre,in the feme Mcrojcopc, much of the figure B, appearing of the ihape of a fmall Feather, and teemed tufted thofe which covered the Horns and imall parts of the Leggs, through the feme Microfiope, appear 'd ofthe ihape C. Whether the tufts of any or all of thefe fmall Feathers, coniifted of fiich component particles as the Feathers of Birds, I much doubt, becaufe I find that Nature does not alwaieskeep, orjoperate after the iame method , in fmaller and bigger creaturesf And of this, we have particular Inftances in the Wings of feveral creatures For whereas, in Birds of all kinds , itcompofes each of the Feathers of which its Wing confifts, of fuch an exceeding curious and moft admirable and ftupendious texture, as I elfe where fhew, in the Obfervations on a i
.*
:
Feather $ we find it to alter its method quite, in the fabrick of the Wingt of thefe minute creatures, compofing ibme of thin extended membranes
3
;:
v
;
.
itf.W.il.U'Ul 11.1 1
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it T*P_
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V*.
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3
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:
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M?n
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-'
Mic iVUCROGRAPHl the Wings of Dragon-flys 5 in others, thofe Ikinsare all grown, or pretty thick beftuck, with fhort briiles, as in Flefh-fiies in others, thole filmes are covered, both on the upper and under fide, With fmall Feathers, plac'd almoft like the tyles on a Houfe, and are curioufly rang'd and adorn'd with moft lively colours, as is ob fkins, fuch as
fervable in Butter-flies, and feveral kinds of Moths y brothers, inftead of their films, Nature has provided nothing, but a matter of half a fcore
well remember the number} for I have not lately met with any of thefe flysj and did not,when I firft obferv'd them, take fuffici of divers particulars^) and each of thefe ftalks^ with a few fingle branch mgs on each fide, refembling much the branched back-bone 01 a Herring or the like Fifh , or a thin hair d Peacocks feather, the top or the eye being broken oft With a few of thefe on either fide(which it was able to (hut Up or expand at pleafure, much like a Fann, or rather like the pofture of the feathers in awing, which ly all one under another, when (hut, and by the fide of each other, when expanded) this pretty little grey Moth (for fuch was the creature I obferv'd, thus wing'd) could very nimbly, and as it feem'd very eafily move its corpufcle , through the Air,from place to place. Other Infects have their wings cas'd, or cover'd over, with certain hollow fhel Is, fhap'd almoft like thofe hollow Trayes, in which Butchers carry meat, whofe hollow fides being turn'd downwards, do not only fecure their folded wings from injury of the earth, which ntoft of thofe creatures rend e, but whilft: they fly, fervesasa lp to fiiftain and bear them up. And thefe are obfervable in Scarabees and a multitude of other t err eftrial cruftaceouslnfe&s 5 in which we mayyet further obferve a partial Iar providence of Nature. Now in all thefe kinds of wings, we obferve this particular, as a thing moft worthy remark ^ that where ever a wing confifts of difcontinued parts, the Pores or intcrftitia between thofe parts are very feldom, either much bigger,or much lmaller, then thefe which we here find between the particles of thefe brufhes, fo that it fhould feem to intimate, that the pa/s if at all, readily, or eafily not will parts of the Air are fuch, that they hinto enough fine ftrainers be to through thefe Pores, 10 that they ieern der the particles of the Air (whether hinder'd by their bulk, or by their determine) here not fhall I undulation agitation, circulation, rotation or , from getting through them,and,by that means,ferve the Animal as well.if not better, then if they were little films. I fay, if not better, becaufe I them move wings, film'd have that have obferv'd that all thofe creatures, Scaand Flies of kind all as fuch aboundantly quicker and more ftrongly, as feathers, with covered rabees and Batts, then fuch as have their wings a them of each have which Butter-flies and Birds, or twiggs, as Moths, of perhaps ruggednefs little much flower motion of their wings } That of parts the of hold better their wings helping them fomewhat,by taking then way other any by, pafs the Air, or not fuflering them fo eafily to fmooth the that evident, But what ever be the reafon of it, 'tis moft wings, their of parts Wing'd Infects have the ftrongeft Mufcles or movent defcnbing, now and the other much weaker $ andthi$verylnfe&,weare ftalks(if I
had
<
A
M
198
ROGR A P HI
i
•
body, part his if middle of or cqmpar'd thorax fmall to the very a had length and number of his wings } which therefore, as he mov'd them veowfy,fo muft he move them very weakly. And this laft propriety do of Flying kind in bigger alfo creatures,Birds j obferv'd Somewhat find we of Providence the All- wife Creator, and Wifdom the that iee we that {6 is not lefs Shewn in thefe fmall defpicable creatures, Flies and Moths, Which we have branded with a name of ignominy, calling them Vermine, then in thofe greater and more remakablc animate bodies. Birds. I cannot here Stand to add any thing about the nature of flying, though, perhaps, on another occafion, I may fay fomething on that fubjjedr, it being Such as may defer ve a much more accurate examination and to me» with For there Seems met hitherto nothing it has then 5 \ Wanting to make a man able to fly, but what may be eafily enough fup ply'd from the Mechanicks hitherto known , fave onely the want of ftrength, which theMufcles of a man feem utterly uncapable of, byreafon of their imalnefs and texture, but how even ftrength alfo may be me* chanically made, an artificial Mulcle fo contri vd,that thereby a man (hall be able to exert what ftrength he pleafes^ and to regulate it alfo to his own mind, I mav elfe where endeavour to manifeft. /
t *
.
1
-— »
Obfcbrv.
X L V 1 1.
Of
the
Shepherd Spider >
or long
Spider.
\\
•
*"pHeCarter 5 ShepherdSpider,or long-legg'd Spider ,has, for two particularities, very few Similar creatures that I have met with , the firft, which is difcoverable onely by the Microfcope^ and is in the firft and Second Figurei of the 31. Schemey plainly defcrib'd, is the curious contrivance of his eyes, of which (differing from moft other Spiders) he has onely two, and thofe plae'd upon the top of a (mall pillar or hillock,rifing out of the middle of the top of its back, or rather the crown of its head, for they were fix'd on the very top of this pillar (which is about the heighth of one of the tranSverfe Diameters of the eye, and look'd on in another pofture,appear'd much of the Shape, BCD) The two eyes^ B B, «
were placedback
to back, with the transparent parts,or the pupils, looking towards cither fide, but (bmewhat more forward then backwards*
was the column or neck on which they ftood, and D the crown of the head out of which that neck Sprung. Thefe eyes,to appearance. Seem <i to be of the very lame Structure with that of larger binocular creatures, Seeming to have a very Smooth and very protuberant Cornea^nd in the midft of it to have a very black pupil, incompafled about with a kind of grey Ir*r, as appears by the Figure 5 whether it were able to move thefe eyes to and fro, I have not obferv'd, but 'tis not very likely he Should,the pillar or neck C, feemingto becover'd and ftiffen'd with a crufty Shell 3 but Nature,in probability^has Sup-
C
I
f
(
-
ply'd
—•«-
r:,
^ i
•••.
Vv.
>*
.
?:^
MlCROGRAPHlA. by making the Cornea fo very protuberant, and fetting cleer above the (hadowing or obftruftins of its profpefr by the bod v6
ply'd that defect, it
fo
that 'tis likely each eye
may
perceive,though not fee diftinclly, almoft « a HeMiJpkere,whcnce having fo fmall and round a bodyplacd upon fuch long leggs, it is quickly able fo to wind, and turn it, as to fee any thing diftind. This creature, as do all other Spiders I have yet examin'd, does very much differ from moft other Infects in the Figure of its eyes 5 for I cannot, with my beft JMcrofcope, difcover its eyes to be any ways knobb'd or pearl'd like thofe of other Infects. The fecond Peculiarity which is obvious to the eye, is alfo very re markable, and that is the prodigious length of its leggs, in proportion to
round body, each legg of this I drew, being above fixteen times the length of its whole body, and there are fbme which have them yet longer, and others that feem of the fame kind,that have them a great deal (horter} the eight leggs are each of them jointed, juft like thofe of a Crab, but every of the parts are. foua out ptodigioufly longer in proportion y each of thefe leggs are terminated in a fmall cafe'or fheli,fhap'd almoft like that of a Mufle-fhell, as is evident in the third Figure of the fame Scheme (that reprefents the appearance of the under part or belly ofthe creature) by the fhape of the protuberant conical body, 1 1 1 1, &c. Thefe areas 'twere plac'd or faften d on to the protuberant body of the Infe£t,which is to be fuppos'd very high at M,making a kind of blunt cone whereof is to be fuppos'd the Apexs about which greater cone of the body,the fmaller cones of the leggs are plac'd,each of them almoft reachits
fmall
M
ing to the top in fo admirable a manner, as does not a little manifeft the wifdom of Nature in the contrivance 5 for thele long Leavers (as I may fo
them)of the Iegs,havingnot the advantage ofa long end on the other fide of the hypomochlion or centers on which the parts of the leggs move, muft neceflarily require a vaft ftrength to move them , and keep the body ballancd and impended, in fo much, that if we fhould fuppofe a man's body lufpended by fuch a contrivance, an hundred and fifty ti mes the ftrength of a man would not keep the body from falling on the breaft. To fupply therefore each of thefe leggs with its proper ftrength, Nature has allow'd to each a large Cheft or Cell, in which is included a very large and ftrong Mufcle, and thereby this little Animal is not onely able to fufpend its body upon Iefs then thefe eight, but to move it very fwiftly over the tops of grafs and leaves. u and ninth, the long, but prodigioufly thefe eight leggs fo are Nor call
K
K, areas fhort,and ferve infteedofa of them each then his mouths longer little probofciS) for thofe feem'd very had three parts, but very fhort, the joints K K, which reprefented the third, being longer then both the other. This creature, feems body its throw to obferv'd) (which I have feveral times with pleafure upon the prey, infteed of its hands, not unlike a hunting Spider, which leaps like a Cat at a Moufe. The whole Fabrick was a very frtetty one and could I have differed it,I doubt not but I fhould have found as many Angularities within it as without,perhaps, for the moft part,not unlike the tenth,
which are the two claws,
•,
j
m
MlCROGRAHP
20O
\
creature does in many this little things, very which Crab, of a parts the contrivance,! in another whofe have curiofityof place the referable, much A, of the mouth, L L, examin'd. I omit the defcription of the horns,
A
which feemd like that of a Crab 5 the fpecklednefs of his fhel], which roceeded from a kind of feathers or hairs, and the hairineii of his leggs. large therax and little belly, and the like, they being manifefk the Figure , and (hall onely take notice that the three parts ofthe body namely, the head,breaft,and belly,are in this creature ftrangely confus d, in Crab is are alfo a which,as they which determine difficult to 'tis that fo 3 and indeed, this (eemsto be nothing elfe, but an Air-crab, being made more light and nimble, proportionable to the medium wherin it refides $ and as Air feems to have but one thoufandth part of the body of Water,fo does this Spider (eem not to be a thoufandth part of the bulk of a Crab. f
1
Âť
â&#x20AC;˘
XL VIII.
Obferv.
Of the
bunting Spider,
W
fever al other forts
cf Spiders.
THe 1
j
hunting Spider is a (mall grey Spider, prettily befpeek'd with black fpots all over its body, which the Microjcope dilcovers to be a kind of feathers like thofe on Butterflies wings, or the body of the white Moth I lately defcrib cl. Its gate is very nimble by fits, fometimes running, and fometimes leaping, like a Grafhopper almoft,then (landing (rill, and (e tting it (elf on its hinder leggs, it will very nimbly turn its s body, and look round it (elf every way : It has (ix very con(picuous eyes, two looking directly forwards, plac'd juft before , two other, on either fide of thole, looking for ward and fide- way s^and two other about the middle of the topof its back or head, which look backwards and fide-wards 5 thefefeem'd to be the biggeft. The fur face of them all was very black,fphaerical, purely polifh'd, reflecting a very cleer and diftinft Image of all the ambient objects, fuch as a window,a man's hand,a white Paper, or the like. Some other properties of this Spider, obferv'd by the moll: accomplifh'd Mr. Evelyn % in his travels in Italy, are moft emphatically fet forth in the Hiftory hereunto annexed, which he was pleas'd upon my defire to (end me in writing. '
w
Of
all
the forts
of
Infefts, there is
more divertifements then that have their
houfes
Denns
a fmall
;
at three
I
*
none has afforded me
the Venatores, which arc a fort ofLupi,
in the
brown and
rugged walls, and crevices of our delicately fpotted kind
whofe hinder leggs are longer then the
Such
f
of Spiders,
reft.
did frequently obferve at Rome? which efpy ing a Fly
or four yards diftancc,upon the Balcony (where I ftood) would
M would not make
ROGRAPH 1A.
direftly to her, but craul
being arriv'dtothe Antipodes, its
aim
but if
;
it
ppofite,would at
would
fteal
up, feld^miJniiEwg;
chanced to want any thing of being perfectly firft peep, immediatly (lid
mmm
taking better notice, the Fly s back
it
undeb rtdR^ritf
it
would come the next time daftly updo?
But, if this hapn'd not to be within
:
>
then would this
tent leap,
(hadow of the Gnomon unlefs the
Fly mov'd
;
move/ fo
InfecT:
feern
d
or- 1
not to be
and then would
Vjeryj
more im
the Spider
the fame proportion, keeping that juft time withher^imbtion^
fame Soul had animated both thole
if the mm
whether
little
were forwards, backwards ? or to either
it
J
9
bodies
:
!7
i?
M i
i
fide, withoufc
i
turning her body, like a well manriag'd Horfe
at a
the capricious Fly took wing,
and
pitcri'd
But, if
:
upon another
plaqt
behind our Huntrefs, then would the Spider whirle its fcodytfb
nimbly about, as nothing could be imagin'd more fwifr i by which means,irie always kept the head towards her prej^diough to appearance, as
Wood,
into the riv'd
withi
immovable, as if
till
e
by that
fP h.
(fwift as Lightning)
whcre (he
i
had been a
h)
flie
made a him
the Fly, catching
quitted hold
carried the remainder home.-
Njjtfdriven
nd i fcerna ble progrefs (being
of her
upon
it
till
I
young ones, hew
in the pole,
her belly was fully arid' then
em
have beheld
inft r
they would fomctimes
to hunt1
difcipline for not well obfcrving
;
but,
when
:
any:
of the old "" :
â&#x20AC;˘
.
did (as fomctimes) mifs a leap the field,
and hide them
ley
in their crannies.*
haply not be feen abroad for four or long have
five
of whofe
templation
after
me
: >
nor do
I find in
and Stratagem obferv'd ders in
my
;
I
con-
and
as ffrjru
any chafe whatfoever, more :
and
for Co
InfeQ;, the
t
amaz'd
/.
as afhamkti
hours
fo wonderfull fagacity
,7
would run out of
watched the nature of this ftrange
I
l^p
fatsl
.
their
ar-
gui
have found fome of thefe-Spi-
Garden, when the weather (towards e
the Spring) is
M
202 is
I
CRO GRA
very hot, but they arc nothing fo eager of hunting as they
ttc'mltalj* •»)*'.
I
.
»
«
•;*-
r.
*
•*> *~»
t.
1
I
o
«
;
and eyes, molt whole Spiders, multitudes or are torts of other here ,;y other parts and properties, are fo exceedingly different both from thofe i have deicrib <lj and from one another, that it would be almoft endlefsj at leajft too long for my prefent Eiiay, to defcribe themes fome with fix eyes', plac'd in quite another order 5 others with eight eyes 3 others with fewer, and fome with more. They all feem to be creatures of prey, and to feediio other fmall Infefts, but their ways of catching them feem very differing : the Shepherd Spider by running on his prey , the Hunting Spider by leaping on it,other forts weave Nets, or Cobwebs, whereby they enfnare them. Nature having both fitted them with materials and tools, and taught them how to work and weave their Nets, and to lie perdue, and to watch '^diligently to run on any Fly, as fbon as ever enr
tangled.
»•
\/
i
•
*
*
Their thread' or web feems to be fpun out of fome vifcous kind of excrement, lying in their belly, which, though fbft when drawn oui^ ) prefentlyby reafbn of its fmalnefs, hardnedand dried by the ambiem $r. Examining feveral of which with my MkrvfiofeJ. found them to ap pear much like white Horf-hair, or fome fuch tranfparent horny fubftance txr tie of Very differing magnitudes, fome appearing as bigg as a Pigg's brifle, others equal to a Horls-hair } other
no bigger then a man
others yet (mailer and finer. \ obfervd further, that theradia ii ting chords of the web were much bigger, and fmoother then thofe that were woven round, which feem'd fmaller,and all over knotted or pearl'd, with fmall tranfparent Globules, not unlike fmall Cryftal Beads or feed Pearls, thin ftrung on a Clew of Silk 3 which, whether they were fb.fp theSpider, or by the adventitious moifture of a fogg (which I have pbferv'd to coverall thefe filaments with fuch Cryftal line Beads) I will 9
not now difpute. Thefe threads were fome of them fo (mail, that I could very plainly, with the Microjccpc, difcover the fame confecutions of colours as in a frifmeA-prid they feem'd to proceed from the fame caufe with thofe colours which I have already aefcrjb'd in thin plated bodies. J Much refembling a Cobweb , or a confus'd lock of thefe Cylinders, is a certain white fubftance which, after a fogg, may beobfery'd
/
to fly up and down the Air 5 catching feveral of thefe, and examining them with" my Microfiope, I found them to be much of the fame form looking molt like tf> a flake of Worfted prepared to be fpun, though
by what means they fhould be generated, or producd,
not eafily imagined: they were of the fame weight, or very little heavier then the Air *and 'tis not unlikely, but that thofe great white clouds, that appear S>\
all
the Summer time,
is
may be of the fame fubftance;
-\
A
J
Obftrv*
,
Mic ROGRAPHlA* Obferv.
*
XUIX.
Of an Ant
or Pifmirc.
His was a creature, more troublefom to be drawn, then any of the reft, for I could not, for a good while, think of a way to make it fufFer its body to ly quiet in a natural pofture but whiff* it was alive, y -
if its feet
were fetter'd
Wax or Glew
would fo twift and wind its body, that I could not any wayes get a good view of it 5 and if I killed it, its body was fo little, that I did often fpoilethe fhapeof it, before I could throughly view it : for this is the nature of thefe minute Bodies in
that as foon,almoft, as ever their
and
life
,
it
isdeftroy'd, their parts immediate-
beauty 5 and fo is it alfo with fmall Plants, as I inftanced before, in the defcription of Mote. And thence alfo is the reaibn of the variations in the beards of wild Oats, and in thofe of Mu/kgrafs feed, that their bodies, being exceeding fmall, thofe fmall variations which are made in the furfaces of all bodies, almoft upon every change of Air, efpecially if the body be porous, do here become fenfible, where the whole body is fb fmall, that it is almoft nothing but furface ^ for getable fubftances, I fee no great reafon to think, that the moifture of the Aire(that, fticking to a wreath'd beard, does make it untwift Jihould evaporate, or exhale away, any fa fter then the moifture of other bodies, but rather that the avoiation from., or accefa of moifture to, the furfaces of bodies being much the fame , thofe bodies become moft fenfible of it, which have the leaft proportion of body to their furface. So is it alfo With Animal fiibftances 5 the dead body of an Ant, or fuch little creature, does almoft inftantly fhrivel and dry, and your objed (hall be quite another thing, before you can half delineate it, which proceeds not from the extraordinary exhalation, but from the fmall proportion of body and juiFor ces, to the ufual drying of bodies in the Air, efpecially if warm. Which inconvenience, where I could not otherwise remove it, I thought ly fhrivel,
lofe their
of this expedient. drop a into it and put delineate, to d I took the creature, I had defign ofvery well rectified fpirit of Wine,this I found would prefently difpatch, as it were, the Animal, and being taken out of it, and lay'd on a paper, the fpirit of Wine would immediately fly away, and leave the Animal dry, in its natural pofture, or at leaft, in a conf titution, that it might eafily with a pin be plac'd, in what pofture you defired to draw it, and the thus I And fhriveling. or moving, limbs would fo remain, without either dealt with this Ant, which I have here delineated, which was one of mafrom a Tree, Roots of the under ny, of a very large kind, that inhabited grievous make moft and whence they would fally out return and Garden, ambient havockofthe Flowers and Fruits, in the back again very expertly, by the fame wayes and paths they went. brown, or dark a of Earwig, n a It was more then half the bignefs of ftand would it which hinder of reddifh colour, with long legs, on the in great parties,
E
e 2
up
/
MjCROGRAPHIA..
204
J
l â&#x20AC;˘
up,and raife its head as high as it could above the ground, that it might ftare the further about it, juft after the fame manner as I havealfo obferv'd a hunting Spider to do: and putting my finger towards them, they have at firft all run towards i^till almofl: at it 5 apd t hen they would ftand round about it, at a certain diftance, and fmell, as it were, and confider whether they Qiouid any of them venture any further, till one more bold chen the reft venturing to climb it,all the reft, if I would have fuflered them, would have immediately followed : many fuch other feemingly rational actions I have obferv'd in this little Vermine with much pleaure,which would be too long to be here related , thofe that defire more of them may fatisfie their curiofity in Ligens Hiftory of the Barbadoes. Having infnar'd leveral of thefe into a fmall Box, I made choice of the talleft grown among them, and feparating it from the reft,I gave it a Gill of Brandy, or Spirit of Wine, which after a while e'en knock'd him down dead drunk, fo that he became movelefs, though at firft putting in he ftruggled for a pretty while very much, till at 1 aft, certain bubbles iflu* ing out of its mouth, it ceafed to move } this ( becaufe I had before found them quickly to recover again, if they were taken out prefently ) I fuffered to lye above an hour in the Spirit 5 and after I had taken it, out, and put its body and legs into a natural pofture, remained moveleft about an hour } but then , upon a mdden, as if it had been awaken out of a drunken deep, it fuddenly reviv'd and ran away $ being caught, and ierv'd as before, he for a while continued ftruggling and ftriving,till at laft there iflued feveral bubbles out of its mouth,and then, tanqutm animam expiraffet, he remained movelefs for a good while $ but at length again recovering, it was again redipt, and funered to lye fbme hours in the Spirit 5 notwithstanding which , after it had Jayen dry lbme three or four hours, it again recovered life and motion : Which kind of Experiments, if profecuted, which they highly defer ve, feem to me of no inconfiderable ufe towards the invention of the Latent Scheme, (as the Noble Vernlam calls it) or the hidden,
I
unknown Texture
of Bodies. Of what Figure this Creature appeared through the Microfcope , the 32. Scheme ( though not fb carefully graven as it ought) will represent to the eye , namely , That it had a large head A A, at the upper end of which were two protuberant eyes, pearfd like thofe of a Fly, but (mailer B B 5 out of the Nofc,or foremoft part, iflued two horns C 6, of a ftiape fufficiently differing from thofe of a blew Fly, though indeed they feem to be both the fame kind of Organ, and to ferve for a kind of fmelling 5 beyond thefe were two indented jaws D D, which he opea d fide-wayes, and wa$ able to gape them afunder very wide 5 and the ends of them being armed with teeth, which meeting went between each other, it was able to grafp and hold a heavy body , three or four times the bulk and weight of its own body It had only fix legs, (hap d like thofe of a Fly, which, as I fhewed before, is an Argument that it is a winged Infect, and though I could not perceive any fign of them in the middle part of its body ( which feem'd to confift of three joints or pie:
ces
.
M
CROGR APHl A
..
20
PC,
out of which fprung two legs, yet 'tis known that there are of them that have long winps, and fly up and down in the The third and laft part of its body III was bigger and larger then the other two, unto which it was joyndby a very fmail middle, and had a kind of loofe (hell, or another diftinct part of its body H, which feem'd to be interposd, and to keep the thorax and belly from touch ces
I
I
over with a very ftrong armour, and the j belly III was covered like wife with multitudes of fmall white fhinin briiles 5 the legs, horns, head, and middle parts of its body were beftuc with hairs alio, but fmaller and darker.
The whole body was
cas'd
>
'«
J
J
'
!!
» »
J
II
i
.
u
I
!
»
'
i| 1
1
'
'
1
,
I
»
t
Oblerv, L.
Of
the warxtrivgKite
N
September and O&ober, 1661. 1 obferv'd in Oxford ie veral of thefe little pretty Creatures to wander to and fro,and often to travel over the plains of my Window. And in September and O&ober. 1663. I obferv'd likewife feveral of thefe very fame Creatures traverfing a window at London, and looking without the window upon the (ubjacent wall, I found whole flocks of the lame kind running to and fro among thefmali groves and thickets of green mo£p and upon the curioufly Spreading ve getable blew or yellow mofs, which is a kind of a Mufliromeor jews ear.
Thefe Creatures to the naked eye feemed to be a kind of black Mite, but much nimbler and ft ronger then the ordinary Cheefe-Mites ^ but examining them in a Microscope , I found them to be a very fine crufted or (hell'd Infecr, much like that reprefented in the firft Figure of the three and thirtieth Scheme, with a protuberant oval (hell A, indented or pitted with an abundance of fmall pits , all covered over with little white briiles, whofe points all directed backwards. It had eight legs, each of them provided with a very (harp tallon, or claw at the end, which this little Animal, in its going, faitned into the pores of the body over which it went. Each of thefe legs were beftuck an every joynt of them with multitudes of fmall hairs, or ( if We refpect the proportion they bore to the bignefs of the leg ) turnpikes, all pointing towards the claws. exceedwas Creature, this body of of the The lhorax,ox middle parts ing fmall, in refpeft both of the head and belly , it being nothing but to it feem'd though BB, (hells the two that part which was covered by great the confider if we indeed , grow thicker underneath : And variety Nature ufes in proportioning the three parts of the body, pro(mall the at wonder the Head, Thorax, and "Belly ) we (hall not could for belly, the of bulk vafter portion of this Thorax, nor at the departicular obfervethe and we exactly anatomife this little Creature,
%ns of
each part,
we
(hould doubtiefe,
as we do in
all
her more
ma-
nageable
206
MlCROGRAPHlA.
I
pageable and tradable fabricks, find much more reafonto admire the excellency of her contrivance and workmanfhip, then to wonder, it was
made otherwife The head of this
was fhap'd fomewhat like a Mite s^ that? js,it had a long fncut , in the manner of a Hogs, with a knobbed ridge running along the middle of it, which was beftuck on either (ide with many fmall brifles, all pointing forward, and two very large pikes or horns, which rofe from the top of the head, juft over each eye, and pointed forward alfo. It had two pretty large black eyes on either fide of the head E E, from one of which I could fee a very bright reflection of the window, which made me ghefs, that the Cornea of it was fmooth, Its motion was pretty quick and ftrong, like thofe of bigger Infe&s. it being able very eafily to tumble a ftone or clod four times as big as its whole body. At the fame time and place, and divers times fince, I have obferved with my Microfiope , another little Infect , which, though I have not annexed the picture of, may be worth noting, for its exceeding nimblenefs as well as fmalnefs 5 it was as fmall as a Mite, with a body deep and ridged, almoft like a Flea 3 it had eight blood-red legs, not very long, but flender $ and two horns or feelers before. Its motion was fb exceeding quick, that I have often loft fight of one I have obferved with my naked eye 5 and though, when it was not frighted, I was able to follow the motions of fbme with my Microfiope 3 yet if it were never fo little ftartled, it pofted away with fuch (peed, and turn'd and winded it felf fb quick, that I (hould prefently lofe fight of it. When I firft obferv'd the former of thefe Infe&s, or Mites, I began to conjecture, that certainly I had found out the vagabond Parents of thofe Mites we find in Cheefes, Meal, Corn, Seeds, mufty Barrels, mufty Leather, &c. thefe little Creatures, wandring to and fro every whither, might perhaps, as they were invited hither and thither by the mufty fteams of feveral putrifying bodies, make their invafions upon thofe new and pleafing territories , and there (pending the remainder of their life, which might be perhaps a day, or thereabouts, in very plentiful and riotous living, might leave their ofF-fpring behind them, which by the change of the foil and Country they now inhabite, might be quite alter d from the hew of their primogenitors, and, like Mores tranflated into Northern European Climates, after a little time, change both their skin and fhape. And this feems yet more probable in thefe Infects , becaufe that the foil or body they inhabit, feems to be almoft half their parent, for it not only hatches and brings thofe little eggs, or feminal principles, to perfection, but feems to augment and nourifh them alio before they are hatch d or (haped 3 for it is obvious enough to be obferv'd, that the eggs of many other Infects, and particularly of Mites, are increas'd in bulk after they are laid out of the bodies of the Infects, and plump'd little Infed:
fometimes into many times their former bignefs , fb that the bodies they are laid in being, as it were, half their mothers, we ifaall not wonder that it fhould have fuch an active power to change their forms. find by
We
relations,
znV-
f
M 'CROC RAPHlA
.
t
relations
how much
t!ZAuuT
the
tig* Women do befmeer
° f rth n0t!ler 8
r P
u °P° "J
this as
*f*
e
* WI
probable,
nor
^a k J?ur ceitiryd by Obfervattons as to conclude any thing, I
the of-fpring of the
Wack/buf tawny
have not yet been
fo
6rr
either pofitivelvor
n egative)y,concern,ng it. Perhaps/ome more lucky diligence may pleafe the cunous Inquirer with the difcovery of this,to be a truth,which I now conjure, and may thereby g,ve him a fatisfaftory account of the caufe of thole creatures whofe ong.nal feems yet fo obfcure, and may give him caufe to believe that many other animate beings, that fcem alfo to be the mereprodudof putnfaction, may be innobled with a Pediefee as the firft and iarr exceed the greateft beings in their merons Genealogies But on the other fide, if it mould be found that thefe.or any other animate body,have no immediate fimilar ParentJ have in another place let down a conjectural Hypothecs whereby thofe Th* nomeva may likely enough be folv'd, wherein the infinite wifdom and providence of the Creator is no lets rare and wonderfull I
Obfcrv. x
L
I.
Of tk Crab-like Infeft
*"
Eading one day in Septcmb. I chanced to obferve a very fmal creature creep over the Bock I was reading., very ilowly 5 having a Mkrofcepe by me,I obferv'd it to be a creature of a very unufual form,and that not notable 3 fuch as is defcrib'd in the fecond Figure of the 22. Scheme ft was^bout the bignefs of a large Mite,br fbmt what longer,it hid ten legs, eight of which, A A A A, were topt with veryftiarp claws, and were thofe Jefs
upon which he walk'd, (eeming fhap'd much
like thole of a
Crab, which
many other
things alfo this little creature refembled 5 for the two other claws,B B, which were the formoft of all the ten,and feem'd to grow
in
out of his head,like the horns of other Animals,were exactly form'd in the manner of Crabs or Lobfters claws, for they were fhapd and jointed much like thofe reprefened in the Scheme and the ends of them were fur niuYd with a pair ofclaws or pincers,C C, which this little animal did open and (hut at pleafure : It feem'd to make ufe of thofe two horns or claws both for feelers and holders 5 for in its motion it carried thefe aloft extended before, moving them to and fro, juft as a man blindfolded would do his hands when he is fearfull of running againft a wall, and iflf put a hair to it, it would readily take hold of it with thefe claws, and feem to hold it fait. Now, though thefe horns feem'd to ferve him for two ufes,namely,for feeling and holding yet he feem'd neither blind, having two fmall black fpots, D, which by the make of them, and the bright reflection from them feem'd to be his eyes^ nor did it want other hands, having another pair of claws, E E, very neer plac'd to its mouth, and feem'd adjoining to it.
I
t,
D
The whole body was . ..
Unlit,'
cafed over with armour-fhells, as
ig
f *
ufuall in all
thofe
.
r
\
>V /
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i
#
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'*>"*# *
r
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i
M
CROGRAHP
A.
thofe kinds of crufi efpecially about their bellies nd feem'd of three kinds 5 the head F feem'd cover'd with a kind of fcaly (hell, the thorax with two fmooth (hells., or Rings, G, and the belly with eight knobb'd ones. I could not certainly find whether it had under
G
theie laft (hells any wings, but I fufpecr the contrary
have not found any wing'd Infect with eight leggs, two of thofe leggs being always converted into wings, and, for the moft part, thofe that have but fix, have 5
for
I
wings.
This ereature, though I could never meet with more then one of them, and fo could not make fo many examinations of it as otherwife I would,Idid notwithftanding,by reafon of the great curiofity that appear'd to me in its (bape,delineate it, to fhew that,in all likelihood, Nature had crouded together into this very minute Infeft, as many, and as excellent contrivances, as into the body of a very large Crab, which exceeds it in bulk,perhaps,fome Millions of times 5 for as to all the apparent parts,there is a greater rather then a lefs multiplicity of parts,each legg has as many parts, and as many joints as a Crabs, nay,and as many hairs or brides and 5 the like may be in all the other vifible parts 5 and 'tis very likely, that the internal curiofities are not lefs excellent : It being a general rule in Nature's proceedings, that where (he begins to difplay any excellency, if the fubjeft be further fearch'd into, it will manifeft, that there is not lefs curiofity in thofe parts which our (ingle eye cannot reach, then in thofe
which are more obvious.
r
Obfer v , S
MI.
Of the [mall
Silver-colour
d
Book-worm
among greater Animals
there are many that are fcaled, both for ornament and defence, fo are there not wanting fuch alfb among the letter bodies of Infe&s, whereof this little creature gives us an Inftance.
It is
a fmall white Silver-mining Worm or Moth,which
found much converfant among Books and Papers, and is fuppos'd to be that which rodes and eats holes through the leaves and covers it appears tothc 5 naked eye, afmall glittering Pearl-colour'd Moth,which upon the removing of Books and Papers in the Summer, is often obferv'd very nimbly to feud, and pack away to fome lurking cranney, where it may the better protccl: it (elf from any appearing dangers. Its head appears bigg and blunt, and its body tapers from it towads the tail, fmallcr and fmaller.be-
mg
I
â&#x201E;˘
fhap'd almoft like a Carret.
This the Microfiopcal appearance will more plainly manifeft,which exhibits,â&#x201E;˘ the third Figure of the ^Scheme, aconical body, divided into fourteen feveral partitions,being the appearance of fo many feveral (hels, or fhields that cover the whole body, every of thefe (hells are again cover d or tiled over with a multitude of thin tranlparent fcales, which, from the multiplicity of their reflecting furfaces^nake the whole Animal appear of a perfect Pearl-colour.
dM C^UWLWM
#
I
Which
M
ROGRAPH1A.
209
Which,by the way,may hint us the reafon of that fo much admired appearance of thofe fo highly efteem'd bodies, as alfo of the like in mother
'
of Pearl-fhells, and in multitudes of other ihelly Sea-fubftances 5 for they each of them confuting of an infinite number of very thin (hells or laminated prbiculations, caufe fuch multitudes of reflections, that the com-
of them together with the reflections of others that are ib thin as to afford colours (of which I el fe where give the reafon) gives a very pleafant reflection of light. And that this is the true caufe,feems likely, firft, becaufe all thofe fo appearing bodies are compounded of multitudes of plated fubftances. And next that,by ordering any trafparent fubftance after this manner,the like Phenomena may be produe'd this will be made very obvious by the blowing of Glafs into exceeding thin (hells, an_ then breaking them into fcales,which any lamp-worker will prefently do 3 for a goodquantity of thefe fcales,laid in a hcaptogether,have much the fame refemblance of Pearls. Another way, not Iefs inftructive and pleafant, is a way which I have feveral times done, which is by working and petitions
t,
tofling,as 'twere, a parcel
of pure
cryftalline glafs whilft
it is
kept glowing
hot in the blown flame of a Lamp, for,by that means,that purely transparent body will be fo divided into an infinite number of plates, or fmall firings, with interpos'd aerial plates and fibres, that from the multiplicity of the reflections from each of thofe internal furfaces, it may be drawn out into curious Pearl-like or Silver wire, which though fmall, will yet be opacous'5 the fame thing I have done,, with a composition of red Colopkon and Turpentine, and a little Bee's Wax, and maybe done Jikewife* with Birdlime, and fuch like glutinous and tranfparent bodies ; But to return to our defcription. The fmall blunt head of this Infect was furnifh'd on either fide of it with a clutter of eyes, each of which ieem'd to contain but a very few, in c< roparifonof what I had obferv'd the clufters of other Infects to abound With^ each of thefe clufters were befet with a row. of fmall brifles, much IxKe the cilia, or hairs on the eye-lids, and, perhaps, they ferv'd for the fame purpofe. It had two long horns before, which were ftreight, and tapering towards the top, curioufly ring'd or knobb'd, and brifled much like the Marfh Weed, call'd Horfe-tail, or Cats-tail, having at each knot fring'd Cirdle,as I may fb call it, of fmaller hairs, and feveral bigger and larger brifles,here
two
and there
difpers'd
among them
;
befides thefe,
it
had
which were knotted and fring'd, juft as the and were blunt at the ends the hinder part
fhorter horns, or feelers,
former, but wanted brif les, of the creature was terminated with three tails, in every particular fembling the two longer horns that grew out of the head : The kgg %,
were fcal'd and
hair'd
much
like the reft, but are notexprefs'd in this
Glew, and fo the leggs of this appear'd not through the Glafs which looked perpendicularly upon! Figure, the Moth being intangled all in
the back. This Animal probably feeds upon the Paper and covers of Books, anq perforates in
nient nourifhment in
.-
â&#x20AC;˘
round holes, finding, perhaps, a corive* thofe hufks of Hemp and Flax, which have pafs'd through F f
them feveral
fmall
\\
MlCROGRAPHIA.
210
and dryings,"
as the parts
through fo many faculty digeftive it feems, the fufFer'd* have neceflarily muft Paper of old to upon thofe work further yet able ftubbeing creatures little thefe of form. another into them and reduce parts, born of Saw-duft or chips heap a what this confider when I indeed, And conveys into its Time) of teeth inone the of is (which creature little excellent admire the contrivance and remember but chufe cannot I trals. nouriQied is continually as and fire, fuch Animals a placing in in Nature, of by and fomented ftomach, the the 'd into convey materials the by fupply'd admirable fabrick the moll: contriving of in fo and lungs } the bellows of that fire, to be and of wafting fpending very to make the as Animals, to augment materials more collecting and to procuring the inftrumental end of all the to be the principal feems it which indeed felf, and cherifh fcourings, wafhings,dreliings
,
,
un, i
m
contrivances obfervable in bruit Animals.
Obfcrv.
LIU.
0/a
Flea. a
T^He ftrength and beauty of this fmall â&#x20AC;˘*
creature,
had
it
no other rela-
would deferve a defcription. the Mkrofcope is able to make no
tion at all to man,
greater difcoveries For its ftrength, of it then the naked eye, but onely the curious contrivance of its leggs and joints, for the exerting that ftrcngth,is very plainly manifefted, fuch as no other creature, I have yet obferv'd, has any thing like it 5 for the joints of it are fo adapted,that he can,as 'twerc,fold them (hort one within another,and fuddenly ftretch,or fpring them out to their whole length,
of the fore-leggs, the part A, of the 34. Scheme, lies within B, and B within C, parallel to, or (ide by fide each other 5 but the parts without E, and E withofthe two next, lie quite contrary, that is, out F, but parallel alfo } but the parts ofthe hinder leggs, C, H and I, bend one within another, like the parts of a double jointed Ruler, or like the foot, legg and thigh of a man 3 thefe fix leggs he ditches up altogether, and when he leaps, (prings them all out, and thereby exerts his whole ftrength at once. But, as for the beauty of it, the Micropore manifefts it to be all over adorn'd with a curioully polifh'd fuit of fable Armour, neatly jointed, and belet with multitudes of (harp pinns, fliap'd almoft like Porcupine's Quills, or bright conical Steel-bodkins j the head is on either fide beau tify'd with a quick and round black eye K, behind each of which alfo appears a fmall cavity, L, in which he feems to move to and fro a certain thin film befet with many fmall tranfparcnt hairs,which probably may be his ears 5 in the forepart of his head, between the two fore-leggs, he M, which have has two (mall long jointed feelers, or rather fmellers, four joints,and are hairy, like thofc of fcveral other creatures } between thefe, it has a (mall probofck^ or probe > N N O, that (eems to confift of a that
is,
D
M
v
tube,
*
Ms ROGRAP N N, and a tongue or fucker O,
which
I
A.
211
have perceiv'd him to flip Befides thefe, it has alio two chaps or biters P P, which arc jn and out. ibmcwhat like thole of an Ant , but I could not perceive them tooth'd $ thefe were (hap d very like the blades of a pair of round top'd Scizers* and were opened and Ihut juft after the lame manner $ with thefe Inftru* ments does this little bufie Creature bite and pierce the (kin, and fuck out the blood of an Animal,leaving the fkin inflamed with a (mall round red (pot. Thefe parts are very difficult to be difcovered, becaufe, for the moft part, they lye covered between the fore-legs. 1 here arc many other particulars, which, being more obvious, and affording no great matter of information , I fhall pals by , and refer the Reader to the Fitube
I
gure.
Obfierv.
LIV.
Of a
Loufe.
His is a Creature fb officious , that 'twill be known to every that it will be time or other, fo bufie, and fb impud
every ones company, and fo proud and afpiring withall, that it fears not to trample on the bed, and afFe&s nothing (b much as a Crown 5 feeds and lives very high, and that makes it fbfaucy, as to pull be quiet any one by the ears that comes in its way, and will troubled at nothing fo much as at a man that has drawn blood (cratches his head, as knowing that man is plotting and contriving (bme mifchief againft it, and that makes it oftentime fculk into fome meaner behind a mans back, though it go very much and lower place, and againft the hair } which ill conditions of it having made itbetter known then trufted, would exempt me from making any further defcription of it, did not my faithful Mercury , my Microfcope ) bring me other info bright a very of means me by to difcovered has this mation of it. For 3 a head has it (hape odd very a a Creature of $ lightcaftonit, that it is alfeems which A, with marked fhap'd like that expreft in 35. Scheme the at fides, under and upper moft Conical, but is a little flatted on the bewere, it (as head the biggeft part of which, on either fide behind ding
it
(elf in
black two its placed are (land) ing the place where other Creatures ears fe with round .w~.. fenced ivnvv» and auu ' backwards, uaitvwam?, imjn.iug looking eyes BB, dd, (hining goggle S 00 this feems it that it,fo mall cilia or hairs that incompafs
d eye-lids any have to It does not feem has no very good forefigh cleanfe better the might it therefore perhaps its eyes were fo placed, that they why reafon, the be them with its fore-legs 5 and perhaps this may made being for them , fo much avoid and run from the light behind their probably thence d live in the (hady and dark recedes of the hair
—
that efpecially t, ligr clear
eye having a great aperture, the open and eyes thefe *.*«-«fecure to of the Sun, muft needs very much offend them, :ha9 pafles it 9 from receiving any injury from the hairs through which two F f2
11
HIA AP CROGR M#
2 J2
two horns that grow thought the eyes mould be
before
it,
in the place
where one would have
CC
hath four joynts, which 5 to the tip which of from its brides, fmall with 'twere, as are fringed, ending in tapering, a very round and very feems the head fnout D, be and to the paflage hole, a fmall have to feems which D, fharp nolo be d plac if it whereas Now blood. the through which he fucks Scheme, it feems in feveit is in the as 5. upwards, belly its 3 back, with is as reprefented jaws, or chaps, of refemblance a have ral Pofitions to ftrokes difappear dark thofe poftures other in yet 5 in the Figure by E E, dayes, fo that three two or box for in a them of feveral kept and having letting upon one found, I feed on to nothing had , they that time for all and did neither fucking, to immediately fell it that hand, on my creep kind open any of to nor fkin, into the deep very nofe its feem to thruft bloody which of current a fmall perceive plainly could mouth, but I about there and A belly part into its and fnout, its 5 from came dire&ly Bellows, pair of or Pump, a refembling fopiewhat contrivance, feem'd a feem'd drawn blood the and fwift diafiek very a jyftole Heart, for by at although feem not It did the body. into forced from the nofe, and its nofe inof more to thruft fucking, was it as while good I viewed it a difcernable theleaft it D, did caufe nor ihout very to the fkin then the quick and head very its through to run feem'd blood pain, and yet the is the blood dibut (kin the no part of is there feems it that freely, fo whole thruft its nofe it cuticula had for the into even into, nay, 5 fpers'd fuppofed thickthe to amounted have not would it CC, to in from then three more a not being nofe the of length tegument fhe nefs of that tranfpavery a with covered legs, fix has It inch. an of hundredth part each leg is orLobfter's^ like Crab's, a exactly joynted rent (hell, and there and here have thofe and joynts , thefe parts by divided into fix claws, two very has leg it each end of at the and feveral fmall hairs} inabled to walk thereby being ufe, peculiar its for adapted properly contrivance this indeed of and hair and on fkin the 5 both fecurely very commodioufly. and more made be not could and curious, is very the feet of walking motions, requisite thefe both performing for compendiouily, having by the it is for, head, then mans : a of hair the up climbing and walks it when oa (b) bigger the (hort of much fo fet claw lefler fa ) fame with feet are the the then and not, touches ftiorter fkin the the the by means of but Infe&s, fmall other feveral and Mite, a of thofe both with it round, bend andfb it can claw longer the joynts of fmall the Figure, reprefented in the manner in the a hair, hold of claws take long tranfparent Cylinder F F F, being a Man's hair held by belthen the of fubftance another kind with cas'd feem'd Thorax The the which upon fubftance, horny tranfparent thin a with ly, namely, plainthis could through I grow flaccid ; not did Creature fafting of the and difkibuted, variouily hand, be to my fuck'd from ly fee the blood, fuba big pretty white there feem'd about and fro$ mov'd to and ap thorax there its befides, moved within be feem'd to $ ftance, which breaft the which croft over fmall milk-white vcficls, pear'd very many
each of thefe
D
r
;
G
between
M
I
CROGRAPHIA
21?
|
out of which, on either fide, were many fmallbranchtngs,thefc feem'd to be the veins and arteries,for that which is analogus to blood in all Infecls is milk-white. The belly is covered with a transparent iiibfrance likewife, but more refembling afkinthen afhell, for tisgrain'd all over the belly juft like the skin in the palms of a man s hand, and when the belly is empty,grbws very flaccid and wrinkled 5 at the upper end of this is placed the ftomach H H,and perhaps alfo the white fpot 1 1 may be the Xwzx, ox pancreas, which, by the periftahick motion of the guts, is a little mov'd to and fro with a Jyftole and diaftole, but rather with a thronging juftling motion. Viewine one of thefe Creat fter it had fafted two day the hinder part was lank and flaccid and the white fpot 1 1 hardly mov'd, moft of tl>e white branchings difappear'd , and moftalib of the rednefe or fucked blood in the guts, the periftahick motion of which was {caret diicernable 5 but upon the fiifTering fuck it prefently fill'd the ikin of the belly, and of the fix fcolopd emboiments on either fide, as full as it could be ituft 5 the ftomach and guts were as full as they could hold 5 the per/Jialtic^ motion of the gut grew quick,and the juftling. motion of 1 1 accordingly 5 multitudes of milk-white veflels feem'd quickly filled, and turgid, which were perhaps the veins and ard the Creature was ib greedy, that though it could more* yet it continued fucking as fail d as fait emptying it felf behind: the digeftion of this Creature muft needs be very quick, for though I perceiv'd the blood thicker and blacker when fuckd, yet,, when in the guts, it was of a very lovely ruby colour, and that part of J w which was digefted into the veins* itemed white 5 whence it appears, leaft of arcfemthat a further digeilion of blood may make it milk bling olour : What iselieobfervable in the figure of this Creature, may J be feen by the 35. Schem
between the
legs,
:,
'
<
1
i
t r
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
ft
-
h.
Obfierv. w
LV
Mites
*
of Reptiles I have hitherto met witlx, is a Mite, a Creature whereof there are fome fo very fmall , that the iharpeft fig of them, though, being white diicern able to Glaffi jfted with themfelves, they move on a black and fmooth furface 3 and the Egg thofe final ler, hatch'd yet be to feem Creatures of which thefe well grown a hundredth part of five four or being ufiially not above a one hundredth above much Mite grown Mite and thofe well be may there this reckoning to according that of an inch in thicknefs 5 fo inch ick contain ci a d in Mites grown 5 no lefs then a million of well five hundred times as many Eggs. thol, difcovers good Mcrofiope Notwithftandmc which minutenefs a fur them each of (hap'd Inie&s, be very prettily finall movable fv
He
leaft
>
niih'< -
*
\
9
r
-
^
MlCROGRAPHl
214
with eight well fhapd and proportion'd legs, which are each of them joynted or bendable in eight feveral places, or joynts, each of which is covered, for the moft part, with a very transparent fiiell, and the lower end of the fhell of each joynt is fringed with feveral Ymall hairs 5 the contrivance of the joynts Teems the very fame with that of Crabs and Lobfters legs, and like thofe a J fo, they are each of them minated with a very fharp claw or point 5 fourofthefc legs are lb placed, that they feem to draw forwards, the other four are placed in a ite contrary pofition , thereby to keep the body backwards when nifti'd
ere Fig. 1.
Uhtm.i*.
occafion.
is
The body,
as in other larger Infects
of three regions parts the hinder or belly A, feems covered with one intire fhell , the middle, or cheft, feems divided into two (hells B C. which running one within the other, the Mite is able to fhrink in and thruft out as it finds occafion, as it can alfo the fnout D. The whole body is pretty tranfparent, fo that being look'd on againft the light, divers motions within its body may be perceived 3 as alfo all the parts are much more plainly deconfifts
,
.
Jineable, then in other poftures, to the light.
which covers the back, !
tt>Âťz/e* Looking-glafs,
jects
round about
3
is
curiouily
poliftit,
The fhell,
fo that
'tis
efpecially that
eafie to fee,
ox foliated Glafs-ball, the picture of all
up and down,
a the obas in
of its body, it has fefhell , which are often
in (everal parts
veral fmall long white hairs growing out of its longer then the whole body, and are reprefented too fhort in the firft and fecond Figures 3 they feem all pretty ftraight and plyable, fa ve only two upon the fore-part of its body, which feem to be the horns, as may fee feen in the Figures 3 the firft whereof is a profpecl: of a fmaller fort of Mites ( which are ufually more plump ) as it was pajjant to and fro the 5 fecond is the profpect of one fixt on its tail ( by means of a little mouthglew rub'd on the object plate) exhibiting the manner of the growing of the legs, together with their feveral joynts.
This Creature is very much diverfify'd in fhape, colour, and divers other properties, according to the nature of the fubftance out of which it feems to be ingendred and nourifhed,being in one fubftance more long, in another more round, in fbme more hairy, in others more fmooth, in this nimble, in that floW, here pale and whiter, there browner, blacker more tranfparent, &c. I have obferved it to be refident almofton all kinds of fubftances that are mouldy, or putrirying, and have feen it very nimbly mefhing through the thickets of mould, and fometimes to lye dormant underneath them 3 and 'tis not unlikely, but that it may feed on that vegetating fubftance , fpontaneous Vegetables feeming a food proper enough for fpontaneous Animals But whether indeed this Creature, or any other, be fuch or not, I cannot positively, from any Experiment, or Obfervation, I have yet made, determine. But,aa I formerly hinted, it feems probable, that fome kind of wandring Mite may fow, as 'twere, the firft feeds, or lay the firft eggs,
m thofe places , tor
which Naturehas inftrudted them to know convenient the hatching and nourifhing their young 3 and though perhaps the prime
â&#x20AC;¢
/
Sch emyxxyi.
/
*
M
OGR.A
I
H1A
21
grime Parent might be of a ihape very differing from what e fpring, after a little while, by reafon of the fubftance they feed .
the
Region
off-
) they inhabited yet perhaps even
one of thefe alter'd progeny, wandering again from its native foil, and lighting on by chance the lame place from whence its prime Parent came, and there fettling, and planting, may produce a generation of Mites of the fame (hapes and properties with the firfc wandring Mite : And from fome fuch accidents as thefe, I am very apt to think, the mod: forts of Animals, generally accounted fpontaneotts , have theii origination , and all thofe various forts of Mites, that are to be met with up and down in divers putrifying fubftances, may perhaps be allof rhe fame kind, and have fprimg from one and the fame fort of Mites at the hrfiy
erv.
LVI.
Of a fmall *
Here
Creature hatch'
J
on a Vine*
-
almoft all the Spring and Summer time, a certain finally round, white Cobweb 5 as 'twere, about the bignefs of a Pea,which flicks very clofe and fait to the ftocks of Vines nay I'd againft a warm wall : being attentively viewed,they feem cover'd, upon the upper fide of them, with a fmaUhusk, not unlike the fcale, orfhellof a Woodloufe, or Hog-loufe , a fmall Infect ufually found about rotten wood, which upon touching prefently rouls it ft If into the form of a pepper corn : Separating feveral of thefe from the flock * I found them, with is,
to conhft of a (hell, which now feemed more likely to be the hufk of one of thefe Infe&s And the fur feem'd a kind of cobweb, In confiiting of abundance of fmall filaments, or (leaves of cobwebs*
my Jllicrofcopc,
.*
were not hatchd,and run away before, the time of which hatching was ufually about the latter end of June, or beginning of July , I have often found abundance of fmall brown Eggs, fuch as A and B in the fecond Figure of the 36. Scheme, much about the bignefs of Mites Eggs 5 and at other times, multitudes of fmall Infects , fhaped exactly like that in the third Figure marked with X. Its head large, almoft half the bignefs of its body , which is ufual in thefvtus of moft joynted long fmall and two a a, threat ures. eyes black fmall It had two and brifled horns b tf. The hinder part of its body feem d to confifc of nine fcales, and the laft ended in a forked tayl , much like that of a Cutio, or Wood loufe, out of which grew two long hairs $ they ran to and fro very fwiftly, and were much of the bignefs of a common Mite, but fome of them lefs : The longeft of them feem'd not the hundredth They much. as half above not part of an inch, and the Eggs ufually feemed to have fix legs, which were not vifible in this I have here delineated, by reafon they were drawn under its body. ihape own their from Ifthefe Minute creatures were irood-lke(as indeed progreat with may them,one and fr^mii the fkin,or on grows fhelkthat ' * the midft
r
of this,
^
if they
babilrty
,
*
/
M
216
CROGRAHP
A.
us an Infrance, whereof perhaps there are not many Jike in Nature,and that is,of the prodigious increafe of thefe Creatures,after they are hatch'd and run about ^for a common Wood-loufe of about half an inch long, is no lefs then a hundred and twenty five thou* bability ghefsj
itf affords
/and times bigger then one of thefe, which though indeed it feems very ftrange, yet I have obferved the young ones of fome Spiders have almoft kept the fame proportion to their Dam. This, methinks, if it be fo, does in the next place hint a Qusery, which may perhaps deferve a little further examination : And that is, Whether there be not many of thofe minute Creatures,fuch as Mites, and the like, which, though they are commonly thought of otherwife , are only the fully> or young ones, of much bigger Infe&s, and not the generating, or parent Infeft, that has lavd thofe Eggs 3 for having many times obferv'd thofe Eggs, which ufually are found in great abundance where Mites are found it feems fomething ftrange , that fo fmall an Animal /"•!•• r_ _ • 1 * (hould have an Egg fo big in proportion to its body. Though on the other fide, I muft confefs, that having kept divers of thofe Mites inclofed in a box for a good while, I did not find them very much augmented be•
yond
their ufual bignels.
What the husk and cobweb of
white fubftance (hould be, I cannot imagine, unlefs it be, that the old one, when impregnated with Eggs, (hould there ftay, and fix it felf on the Vine, and dye, and all the body by degrees (hould rot, fave only the husk, and the Eggs in the body : And the heat, or fire, as it were, of the approaching Sun-beams (hould vivifie thofe Reli&s of the corrupted Parent , and out of the afhes, as 'twere, ( as it is fabled of the Phenix ) (hould raiie a new off fpring for the perpetuation of the jpecies. Nor will the cobweb , as it were, in which thefe Eggs are inclos'd, make much againft this Con jefture
5
for
this little
we may, by thofe cobwebs
that are carried up and down the Microfcope I have difcovered to be made
Air after a Fog (which with my up of an infinite company of (mail filaments or threads) learn, that fuch a texture of body may be otherwife made then by the (pinning of a Worm.
Obferv.
o
LVII
Of
the Eels in Vineg.
F
thefe (mall Eels, which are to be found in divers forts of Vine gar, I have add befides their Pifture, which you may find drawn in the third Figure of the 2 5. Scheme : That they were
(haped much Jike an Eel, fave only that their nofe A, (which was tie more opacous then the reft of their body) was a little (harper, and longer, in proportion to their body, and the wrigling motion of'their bodyfeem'd to be onely upwards and downwards, whereas that of teh is onely fide wayes : 1 hey feem'd to have a more opacous part
about
I
i
M
i
ROGRAPHlA
217
« 1
about B, which might, perhaps, be their Gills 5 it fecming always t efame .„ proportionate difhnt from their nofc, from which, to the tip of their tail, C, their body feem'd to taper.
Taking
ofthefc out of their Pond of Vinegar, by the net of a fmall piece of filtring Paper, and laying them on a black fmooth Glafs plate, I found that they could wriggle and winde their body, as much almoft as a Snake, which made me doubt, whether they were a kind of feveral
Eal or Leech.
add no other obfervations made on this minute Animal, being prevented herein by many excellent ones already publifh'd by theinge nious, Doctor Tower, among his Aficrefcophal Obfervations, lave onely I (hall
of Vinegar repleat with them being included in a fmall Viol, and ftop'd very clofe from the ambient air, all the included Worms * a very (hort time died, as if they had been ftifled. And that their motion feems (contrary to what wemayobferve in the motion of all other Infers) exceeding flow. But the reafon of it fcems plain, for being to move to a*d fro after that manner which they do, by waving onely, or wrigling their body 5 the tenacity, or glutinoufneis, and the denfity or refinance of the fluid medium becomes fb exceeding fenfible to their extremely minute bodies,that it is to me indeed a greater that a quantity
wonder that they move them fb fafi: as they do,then that they move them no fafter. For what a vaftly greater proportion have they of their fuper* or other larger Fifties, and next, the tenacity and denfity of the liquor being much the lame to be moved^both by the one and the other, the refinance or impediment thence arifing to the motions made through it, muft be almoft infinitely greater to the fmall one then to the great. This we find experimentally verify 'd in the Air, which though a medium a thoufand times more rarify'd then the water,the refiftance of it to motions made through it,is yetfo fenfible to very minute bodies,that a Down-feather(the leait of whole parts feem yet bigger then thefe Eels, and many of them almoft incomparably bigger, K as and fro to carried and fuch as the quill and ftalk) is fufpended by it, r it had no weight. frPr fides to their bulk, then Eels
/
(
*— } 9
Obferv.
LV
tranfparent
Of arm Mediums tumid II.
other andfeverat Air, in the Property
Inflection, whereby very marry con-
otbet divers and fu&rabkVhxnomcnaareattemptedtobefolvdy ufes are hinted.
of Tekfeoptf,
it
has
Ince the Invention (and perfecting in fome meafure) Horizon, the neer Moon been obferv d by feveral, that the Sun and limb, circular are disngurd ( lofing that exaaiy-fmooth terminating and Zeniths the neerer fituated Which thev are obfenPd to have when left and right the are bounded with an edge every way (efpecially upon
w
G
g
/
M
2l8 (ides) ragged
'
i
CROGRAP
and indented
like a
A.
Saw which inequality of their :
limbs, I
have further obferv'd, not to remain always the fame, but to be continually chang'd by a kind of fluctuating motion, not unlike that of the waves of the Sea 5 fo as that part of the limb, which was but even now nick'd or indented in, is now protuberant, and will prefently be finking again 5 neither is this all.but the whole body of the Luminaries, do in the Tele/cope, feem to be deprefs'd and flatted, the upper,and more efpecially the under fide appearing neerer to the middle then really they are,and the right and left appearing more remote: whence the whole Area feems to be terminated by a kind of Oval.Tt is further obferv'd.that the body,for the moft part, appears red, or of fbme colour approaching neer unto it, as Ibme kind of yellow , and this I have always mark d, that the more the limb is flatted or ovalled,the more red does the body appear, though not It is further obfervable, that both fix'd Stars and always the contrary. Planets, the neerer they appear to the Horizon, the more red and dull they look, and the more they are obferv'd to twinkle 5 in fo much, that I have feen the Dog-ftarr to vibrate fo ftrong and bright a radiation of light, as almoft to dazle my eyes, and prefently, almoft to difappean obfervable, that thofe bright fcintillations neer the Horizon, are not by much fo quick and fudden in their confecutions of one another, as the nimbler twinklings of Stars neerer the Zenith. This is alfo notable, that the Starrs neer the Horizon, are twinkled with feveral colours as fometimes to appear red 3 fometimes more yellow,and fometimes blue,and I have this when the Starr is a pretty way elevated above the Horizon. further, very often feen ibme of the imall Starrs of the fifth or fixth magnitude, at certain times to difappear for a imall moment of time, and It is alfo
again appear more confpicuous, and with a greater lufter. I have feveral thnes,withmy naked eye, feen many fma Her Starrs, fuch as maybecall'd of the feventh or eighth magnitude to appear for a fhort fpace, and then vanifh, which, by directing a fmall Tele/cape towards that part they appeared and difappeard in} I could prefently find to be indeed fmall Starrs Jo fituate.as I had feen them with my naked eye, and to appear twinkling like the ordinary vifible Stars 5 nay, in examining fbme very notable parts of the Heaven,with a three foot Tube , me thought I now and then, ;in feveral parts of the conftellation, could perceive little twinklings of Starrs, making a very fhort kind of apparition,and prefently vanifhing, but noting diligently the places where they thus fedmd to play.at bo-peep, I made ufe of a very good twelve foot Tube, and with that .it was not uneafie to fee thofe, and feveral other degrees of fmaller Starrs, and fome'fmaller yet, that feem'd again to appear and difappear, an<ithefe alfo by giving the fame Objeft-glafs a much bigger aperture, I could plainly and conftantly fee appear in their former places $ fo that I have obferv'd fbme twelve feveral magnitudes of Starrs lefs then thofe of the fix magnitudes commonly recounted in the Globes. It has been obferv'd and confirm'd by the accurateft Obfervations of the beft of our modern Aftronomers3 that ail the Luminous bodies appear above the Horizon, when they really are below it. So that the 1
j>
40
Sun
:
V
MlCROGRAPHlA.
21?
Sun and Moon have both been feen above the Horizon, whil ft the Moon has been in an Eclipfe. I (hall not hereinftance in the great refra dions, that the tops of high mountains, fcen at a diftance, have been found to have j all which feem to argue the Horizontal refraction, much greater then it is hitherto generally believ'd; I have further taken notice, that not onely the Sun, Moon and Starrs, and high tops of mountains have fuffer'd thefe kinds 6f refraction, but Trees, and feveral bright Objects on the ground : I have often taken notice of the twinkling of the reflections of the Sun from a Glafs-windovv at a good diftance, and of a Candle in the night, but that is not foconfpicuous.and in observing the letting Sun 3 I have often taken notice of the tremulation of the Trees and Bufhes, as well as ofthe edges of the Sun. Divers of thefe rh^nomena have been taken notice of by feveral, who have given feveral reafons of them, but I have not yet met with any altogether fatisfa&ory, though fome of their conjectures have been partly true,but parly alio falfe.betting my felf therfore upon the inquiry of thefe Thtnomena, I firft endeavour'd to be very diligent in taking notice of the feveral particulars and circumftances obfervable in them 5 and nextj in making divers particular Experiments, that might cleer fbme doubts, and ferve to determine, confirm, and illufrrate the true and adequate caufeofeach} and upon the whole, I find much reafbn to think, that the true caufe of all thefe Th&nomena is from the inflection, or muhiplicate reftaBion of thofe Rays of light within the body of t\\t Atmojphere^ and that it does not proceed from a reflation caus'd by any terminating fuperficies of the Air above, nor from any fuch exactly defrn'd fuperficies within the body of the Atmofphere. This Conclusion is grounded upon thefe two Propofitions Firft, that a medium, whole parts are unequally denfe, and mov'd by various motions and tranfpofitions as to one another, will produce all thefe vifible effects upon the Rays of light, without any other coefficient .
t
r&L
caufe.
Secondly, that there
is
in the Air
or Atmofphere, fuch a variety in the
conftitucnt parts of it, both as to their denfity and rarity, and as totheir divers mutations and pofitions one to another* body* tranfparent of a property a underfrand Rarity, By Denfity and I
Ray of light (coming
obliquely
more or As perpendicular its toward medium) upon its fuperficies out of a third body rare more Water a and Water, I call Glafs a more denfe body then the towards deflecting lefs or (more then Glafs. becaufe of the refractions Air of the out light of Ray a perpendicular) that are made in.them,of that has the fame inclination upon either of their fuperficies. body more denfe is a Wine of So as to the bufmefs of Refraction, fpirit meafures that Inftrument accurate then Water,it having been found by an angle of refracted fame the the angles of Refractions to Minutes that for 30.-00' in both thofe Mediums, the angle of incidence in Water was fpirit of with trial the in incidence but 41 but the angle of the 3$. body then denfe more a is Wine was 42°.- 45'. But as to gravity, Water that does"either
lefs refracl:
a
:
.
Gg
2
fpint
*
MiCROGRAPHIA.
22 O i
of Wine, for the proportion of the fame Water, to the fame very well rectify 'd fpirit of Wine was, as 2 1. to 19. So as to Refraction., Water is more Denfe then Ice 5 for I have found by a molt certain Experiment, which I exhibited before divers illuftrious Perfbns of the Royal Society , that the Refraction of Water was greater then that of Ice, though fome confiderable Authors have affirm'd the contrary, and though the Ice be a very hard, and the VVater a very fluid body. That the former of the two preceding Propofitions is true,may be manifefted by feveral ExperimentsrAs firfUf you take any two liquors differing from one another in den(ity,but yet fuch as will readily mixras SaltWater,or Brine,6c Freffyalmoft any kind of Salt diflblv d in Water,and filtrated, fo that it be cleer,fpirit of Wine and Water 5 nay, fpirit of Wine,and fpirit of Wine, one more highly rectify 'd then the other, and very many other liquors } if(I fay) you take any two of thefe liquors, and mixing them in a Glafs Viol, againft one fide of which you have fix ci or glued a fmall round piece of Paper, and fhaking them well together (fo that the parts of them may be fbmewhat difhirb'd and move up and downjyou endeavour to fee that round piece of Paper through the body of the liquors j you fhall plainly perceive the Figure to wave, and to be indented much after the fame manner as the limb of the Sun through a Jelefeopc feems to be,fave onely that the mutations here,are much quicker. And iÂŁ in iteed ofthis bigger Circle, you take a very fmall fpot, and fallen and view it as the former, you will find it to appear much like the twinkling of the Starrs, though much quicker : which two Thxnomena. (for I fhall take notice of no more at prefent, though I could inftance in multitudes of others) muff neceflarily be caus d by an inflexion of the Rays within the terminating fuperficies of the compounded medium, fince the furfaces ofthe tranfparent body through which the Rays pafs to the eye, are not fpirit
5
at all altered or chang'd.
This inflexion (ifI may fb call it) I imagine to be nothing elfe, but a muhiphcatc refia&ion, caufed by the unequal dcnftty of the conftituent parts of the medium , whereby the motion, action or progrefs of the Ray of light is hindred from proceeding in a {freight line, and inflefted orde* fieUed by a curve. Now, that riment : I took a Box,fuch as A
A B C D,
it is
a curve line
D G E, in the
EFG
firft
manifeff by this ExpeFigure of the 3 j.Scheme
is
y
H, were made of two fmooth flat plates of Glafs, then filling it half full with a very ffrong folution of Salt, I filled the other half with very fair frefh water, then expofing to the Sun, I obferv'd both the refia&ion and the opacous fide, 8c K H, and marking as exactly as Lcould, inflection of the Sun beams,I the points, P, N ? O, M, by which the Ray, K H, palled through the compounded medium, I found them to be in a curve line 5 for the parts ofthe medium being continually more denfe the neerer they were to the bottom, the Ray p f was continually more and more deflected downwards from the (freight line. This Inflection may be mechanically explained, cither byMonfieur Des
whole
fides
and
DHGC,
D
â&#x20AC;˘
I
D
Sth&ms.XXXWll.
A
ÂŤ.
-*
M
GR APH
I
A*
t
Des Cartes principles,by conceiving the Globuk of the third Element to find lekand left refiftance againft that (ide of them which is downwards, or by a way, which I have further explicated in the Inquifition about Colours, to be from an obliquation of the pulfe of light, whence the^&ei! part is continually promoted, and confequendy refraftcd towards the perpendicular, which cuts the Orbs at right angles. What the particm lar Figure of the Curve line, defcrib'd by this way of light, is,, I ftall nbfl now frand to examine, efpecially mice there may be fomany ibrts of it as there may be varieties of the Portions of the intermedia* degrees of denfijf and rarity between the bottom and the top of the inflecting Medium. I could produce many more Examples and Experiments, toilmftrate and prove this firft Proposition, vi% that there is foch a conftitution of feme bodies as will cauie inflection. As not to mention thofe I have obferv'd in Horn, Tortoife-fiel/, tranjparent Gums, and reflnws Snbfiances t The veins of Glais, nay, of melted Crjfial, found, and much complained of by Glals-grinders, and others, might Efficiently demonifrate the truth of it to any diligent Obfervator. But that, I prefume, I have by this Example given proof fufficient ( viz. ocular demonjiration ) to evince, that there is fuch a modulation, or bending of the rayes of light , as I have call'd infletfhU) differing both from reflection, and refraction ( (ince they are both made in the fu* perficies, this only in the middle ) ^ and likewife, that this is able or fufficient to produce the effects I have afcribed to it. It remains therefore to ihew , that there is fuch a property in the Air, and that it is diffident to produce all the above mentioned ?h<enomen*9 and therefore may be the principal, if not the only cau(e of them. Firft, That there is fuch a property, may be proved from this, that the parts of the Air are fome of them more condens'd, others more rarified, either by the differing heat, or differing preflure itfultains, or by the fomewhat heterogeneous vapours interlopers' d through it. For as the Air | is more or lefs rarified, ib does it more or lefs refract a ray of light ( that you may This perpendicular. medium) the denfer from out of a comes find true, if you make tryai of this Experiment. the fecond in that of form the in made Glafs-bubble , Take a fmall and therehot, very Glafs the heating Scheme and by the Figure of 37. , by better, rarifyis which or, Air, included the rarifying much by very will which vapours, into in it, included water, quantity of ing a fmall fmall the up fealing and then Air, expel the molt part, if not all the vecon in a place it you find, if neck of it, and letting it cool, you may the refrato as difference, manifeft a nient Inltrument, that there will be %
ction.
or fight reprcfent fmall a to A fuppofe
fecond Figure you the through C, as object, an hole, through which the eye looks upon fixt exactly remain which Glafs-bubble B, and the fecond fight L 5 all it that placed, and cized fo being object C feveral the their places, in and L hole the edge of under : and upper the juft feem to touch may by then Air rarified 5 fo all of it be ieen through the fmall Glafs-ball of breaking
As
if in this
*
222
MlCROGR APHl
-
\
A.
breaking off the fmall feal'd neck of the Bubble ( without at all ftirrine the lights, object, or glafs ) and admitting the external Air, you will find your felf unable to fee the utmoft ends of the object but nating r ayes
AE
and
AD
the termi-
t,
(which were before refracted
toGandF andH^ which al-
by the
ranfied Air ) will proceed almoft directly to I teration of the rayes ( feeing there is no other alteration
Organ by which the Experiment is tryed,
made
in the
fave only the admiffion, or exclufion of the condens'd Air ) muft neceflarily be caufed by the variation of the medium contained in the Glafs B 5 the greateft difficulty in the ma-
king of which Experiment, is from the uneven furfaces of the bubbl-3 which will reprefent an uneven image of the object.
Now,that there is fuch a difference of the upper and under parts of the ^ Air, is dear enough evine'd from the late improvement of the Torricellian Experiment, which has been tryed at the tops and feet of • Mountains and may be further illuftrated , and inquired into, by a means , which ibme whiles fince I thought of, and us'd, for the finding by what degrees the Air paiTes from fuch a degree of Denfity to fuch a degree of Rarity. And another, for the finding what prefliire was requifite to make it pafi from fuch a degree of Rarefaction to a determinate Denfity : Which Experiments, becaufe they may be ufeful to illuftrate the prefem Inqui^ * ry, I (hall briefly defcribe. A
*fc. j.
*
took then a fmall Glafs-pipe A B, about the bignefs of a Swans quill 3 and aboutfour foot long, which was very equally drawn, fo that, as fa. I could perceive, no one part was bigger then another : This Tube being open at both ends) I fitted into another fmall TubeDE ( that had a fmall bore juft big enough to contain the fmall Pipe, and this was feal'd up at one, and open at the other, end 5 about which open end I faftned a fmall wooden box C with cement, fd that fillingv the bigger Tube, and part of the box, with Quickfilver, T could thruft the fmalJer Tube into it, till it were all covered with the Quickfilver Having thus done, I faftned my bigger Tube againft the fide of a wall , that it might ftand the fteadier , and plunging the fmall Tube cleer under the Mercu ry in the box, I ftopt the upper end of it very faft with cement, then lifting up the fmall Tube, I drew it up by a fmall pully, and a firing that I had faftned to the top of the Room, and found the height of the Mercurial Cylinder to be about twenty nine inches. Then letting down the Tube again, I opened the top, and then thruft down the fmallTube, till I perceived the Quickfilver to rife within it to a mark that I had placd juft an inch from the top^and immediately clapping on a fmall peice of cement that I had kept warm, I with a hot Iron feafd up the top very faft, then letting it cool (that both the cement might grow hard , and more efpecially , that the Air might come to its temper, natural for the Day I try'd the Experiment in) Iobferv'd diligently, and found the included Air to be exactly an Inch. Here you are to take notice, that after the Air is feal'd up, the top of the Tube is not to be elevated above the fuperficies of the Quickfilver I
.•
ia •
M IC ROGRAPH1A
(
225
furface of that within the Tube be equal the box for the Quickfilver ( as I have elfewhere prov'd ) being more heterogeneous to theGlafs then the Air, will not naturally rife upfo high within the fmall Pipe,as the fuperficies of the Mercury in the box \. a rid therefore
you are toobferve, how much below the outward fuperficies of the Mercury in the box, that of the fame in the Tube doesftand, when the W top being open, free ingrefs is admitted to the outward Air~ Having thus done,-----I permitted the Cylinder, or fmall Pifje, to rife out of the box, till I found the furface of the Quickfilver _ in the Pipe to be two inches above that in the box, and found the Air id h exp felf but one fixteerith part of an inch 5 then drawling up the final! A
;
I
i
ff
'
"
j
pipe
found the height of the Quickfilver within to be fjquj inches above that without, I obferved the Air to be expanded only f of an inch more then it was at firft D and ke up the room of then I ifed the Tube till the Cylinder was fix inches high, and found the Air take up if inches of room in the Pif & then 8 cs;ot2. the expanfion of the Air that I found to each of which Cylinders are fet down in the following Table ; where the firft row fignifies the height of the Mercurial Cylinder the next, the expanfion of the Air 5 the third, the preflure of the Atmofyhere,^ or the higheft Cylinder of Mercury which was then thirty inches : The laft fignifies the force of the Air fb expanded , which is found by fubftra&ing the firft row of numbers out of the third } for having found, that the outward Air would then keep up the Quickfilver to thirty inches, look whatever of that Air the Elater of depreffing. attributed tb the be wanting muft is height the* row,and fleight of leeond in Expanfion the the therefore having And greatelfc the and height Mercury in fir ft of the Cylinder of the fufejacent D the Cylinder di Mercury 9 which of it felf counterbalances the whole of numbers trffifirft row the fubftracting by Atmojphere $ preflure of the meafure the ofehe Cytinthird, willijave you the numbers of the out of ders fo depreft, and consequently the forcej^f the Air,in the federal Ex^ * pa nfiohs, regiftred. I
&
'
-,
',
r .
> '.
s
cr r
°!
o
c
id I
^
â&#x20AC;˘
or
r*
a= 2 S
The
Mic ROGRA
224
The height of the The Expan-jThe the
0/rjsthat,together
that
Air.
ballancd
the included Air.
Atmofphere
preflime
of the cxpan*
counter
with the Elater of
ballanced
fltength
Mercury of the Elater
Cylinder of Met- fion of the '
The
height o
the
I
ded Air.
the
of the
Atmofphere. J
L,
»>
*»
r
oo 02
04 06
o
OI i€
o
OI^7
30 o
Oli OI I OI
•
OI.i
i
OIL 6 i 02 *7
3
18
30 28 26
30
22 20
30 30 30
18
1
*4
J
V
*
3
JO 12 pt
OI
t-
t
»
4
*
02i
16
14 12
1
9
so t
°3
4
22
3° 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
7 »
i
24
t
26
7 if
08-;
ioi
2&4 87 SflT
»5r
10 ..#
5
4
I *
•
%
had
—
M
ROGRAPH1A
225
•
had (everal other Tables of my Obfervati d Calculation which I then made but being above a twelve month tincel made them and by that means having forgot many circumftances and par^ ticulars, I wasrefolved to make them over once agjain, which I did Auguft the fecond 1 66 i. with the very lame Tube which I ufed the year befiore when I firft made the Experiment ( for it being a very good one, I had carefully prefervd it;; And after having tryed over and over again 5 and being not well fatisfied of fome part I, at lair, having put all things in very good order, and being and obfervant, as poffibly 1 could, of every circumft ance requifite to be t; ken notice of, did regifter my feveral Obfervations in this followin Table. In the making of which, I did not exact ly follow the metho that I had ufed at firft but, having lately heard of Mr. Townlys Hyp Ifhap'd my courfeinfuch fort, as would be moft convenient for heft. the examination of that Hypothecs 5 the event of which you have in the latter part of the laft Table. The other Experiment was, to find what degrees of force were requi* I
to comprefs, or condenfe, the Air into fuch or fuch a bulk. The manner of proceeding therein was this : 1 took a Tube about five foot long, one of whofe ends was fealed up, and bended in the form of a Syphon , much like that repreiented in the fourth Figure of the 37. Scheme, one fide whereof A D, that was open at A, was about fifty inches lone, the other fide B C, fhut at B, was not much above ieve • • 1*1 1 1 o v ches Ions; then placing it exicrly perpend.^uim 5 J pour'd in a little and found that the Air B C was 6$ inches, or very near to Quickfilver, ., j then pouring in Quickfilver at th longer Tube, I continued fev filling of it till the Air in the fhorrerpart of it was contracted into half lite
•
a
>
1
1
*
1
the former dimenfions, and found the height exactly nine and twenty inches } and by making feveral other tryals, in feveral other degrees of condenfation of the Air, I found them exactly anfwer the former Hypothecs.
But having (by reafon
it
was a good while
madej forgotin others., I made the Ex-
fince
I firft
being much unfatisficd former the collected tryals, feveral periment over again and, from the hand left the 24 next row in the Where part of the following Table th of prefiure only the fuftaining fignifies the dimenfions of the Air, of Mercury of Cylinder to a tnojphere, which at that time was equal dimenfi the was abov and twenty inches ; The next Figure ) c Meroi Cylinder a by made comprellion, firft the induring the Air of twenty aitd nine cury 5»e high which the preflure of the 4tmofpkre be will compreft fo inches being added the elaftick ftrength of the Air
ten
many particulars,and
»
,
found 34
/
i 65
&
— .
M ICROGR A
226 Table
the Elafiick
power of the Air^
alculated, ally c Hypothetic Experimentally and both
according to
The dimcnfions
The
,
of the
included
!
Air.
variout Dimenfions.
its
height
The Mer cu- The fum What they 1
I
of the Mer
rial Cylinder
atrial Cylin
added
•)
der counter-
taken
from
pois'd
the former. \Cylinders
\
or
diffe
ought
two ding
thefe
12
29
the ffyo thefts.
29
f
58
58 53f,
4?;-
11
*3
2 9*
14
29
+
53s 49 s
29
t
43
43;
29
+
38r
38'r
34; 29
34f 29
.
18 20
\
24 76
i
29
24 48
t
6
O
29
I4.
2-
29 29
22f
8
» *sf
192
20
384 576 768 960
29— 29—
27r= 27^=
29 —
31-
3^
ii
*5
:
Ii s
28{.=
O
29—
28^=.
°b
9—
28f«=
°s
2
1152
to
fphere.
i
16
to
of be accor
or rence
Atmo
the *u
1
7* f
02
• *
From rruui *
a
*
.1 •
•
A
«
4
Mi CROGRAPH From which Experiments,
I think,
we may
27
conclude, that the Elater of the Air is reciproca 1 to its extension, or at leaft very neer. So that to apply it to our prefent purpofe ( which was indeed the chief caufe of inventing thefe wayes of tryal ) we will fuppofe a Cylinder indefinitely extended upwards, [I fay a Cylinder, not a piece of a C > becaufe, as I may elfewhere mew in the Explication of Gravity, that plicate proportion of the (hels of a Sph their refpecrive diameters, I fuppofe to be removed in this cafe by the decreafeofthepowerof Gra fafely
vity ] and the preflure of the Air at the bottom of this Cylinder to be ftrong enough to keep up a Cylinder of Mercury of thirty inches : Now becaufe by the moft accurate try a Is of the molt illuftrious and incomparable Mr. Boyle, publifhed in his defervedly famous Pneumatick Book,
the weight of Quickfil
that of the Air here below,
found about as fourteen thoufand If we fuppofe the parts of the Under of the Atmofyhere to be every where of an equal denfity, we (hall (as he there deduces ) find it extended to the height of thirty five thoufand feet, or feven miles : But becaufe by thefe Experiments we have fbmewhat confirmed the hypothefis of the reciprocal proportion of the Elaters to the Extenfions we (hall find, that by fuppofmg this Cylinder of the Atmojphere divided into a thoufand parts, each of which being equivalent to thirty five feet, or feven geometrical paces,that is,each of thefe divifions containing as much Air as is fuppos'd in a Cylinder neer the earth ofequal diameter,and thirty five foot high, we (hall find the lowermoft foprefs againftthefiirface of the Earth with the whole weight of the above mentioned thoufand parts 5 the preflure of the bottom of the I fecond againft the top of the firft to be 999. of the third 2 againft the fecond to be 998. of the fourth againft the third that next be or uppermoft againft the of the be 999. 997. 3 the lowermoft of extenfion fo that the . 1 low be 999 the Earth, will be to the extenfion of the next below the upperpreflure fuftained by the 999. is to the the moft as for as 999 is
m
preflure fuftain'd
by
the firft, fb
the extenfion
is
of the
fir ft
to the
we fhall calculation, hypothetical from tenfion of the 999* whole the fuppofe we For if : extended indefinitely find the Air to be thou-Âť into a inftanced, now juft divided, as I thicknefs of the Air to be fo that,
this
Altitudes, or Dimenfions, under differing (and parts, and each of thofe Cylinder, firft the that find, to contain an equall quantity of Air, we fhall extento be found be will Earth, the on whofe Bafe is fuppofed to lean 35 bap whofe Cylinder, ded 35 999 foot 5 the fecond equal Divifion, or high extended itstop have fuppofed to lean on the top of the firft,fhall 140 each onward, fo and b y35 998' the third 5)997 ' the fourth 3 5 99<0 fome t and by meafured 5. qual quantity of Air having its dimenfions whofe fraction a of manner , additional number expreft al wayes in the and by multipli'd 35. numerator â&#x20AC;&#x17E;alway the number of the place id fuftam bf the Atmfthen of whofe denominator is alwayes the preflure ot height the calculate that part, fothat by this means we may eafily 99^ uppermoft the divifions of thofe icoo. divifions, I fuppos'd 5 whereas i
Hh
may
MlCROGRAPHIA
228 may
extend it
(elf
more then as high again,nay, perhaps
â&#x20AC;˘
indefinitely, or
being the and Expansions in for Elaters reciprocal Moon 5 beyond proportions, fince we cannot yet find the plus ultra, beyond which the Air determine height of the cannot the Air for we felf, it expand not will finee, as we have (hewn, the proportion will be alway as the preflure the
:
35. lb 1000. to the expanfion of that part 5 the multiplication or product therefore of the preflure, and expanfion, that is, of the two extream proportionals, being alwayes equal to the
(uftain'd
by any partis to
product of the means, or 35000. it follows, fince that Rectangle or Product may be made up of the multiplication of infinite diversities of numbers, that the height of the Air is alfb indefinite 5 for fince (as far as I have yet been able to try) the Air feems capable of an indefinite Expanfion, the preflure may be decreafed in infinitum, and confequently its expanfion upwards indefinite alio. There being therefore fuch a difference of denfity, and no Experiment yet known to prove a Saltus, or Ikipping from one degree of rarity to another much differing from it, that is, that an upper part of the Air Ihould fo much differ from that immediately jubjacent to it, as to make a diltinct luperficies, liich as we obferve between the Air and Water, &c. But it being more likely, that there is a continual increale of rarity in the parts of the Air, the further they are removed from the furface of the Earth ; It will hence neceflarily follow, that ( as in the Experiment of the fait and frelh Water ) the ray of Light palling obliquely through the Air alio, which is of very different denfity, will be continually, and infinitely inflected, or bended, from a Itreight, or direct
motion Vhanomena, con* the above recited all realbn of the granted , This cermng the appearance of the Celeftial Bodies, will very ealily be deduced. As, Firlt, The redncfs of the Sun, Moon, and Stars, will be found to be caufed by the inflection of the rays within the Atmofphere. That it is be very fuppofe, eafily bodies, will, luminous I the near in not really or places differing feveral in rednels is obfervable this that granted, feeing in Longitude, to be at the fame time different, the fetting and riling Sun
of all
parts being for the molt part red
:
,\.
#
;
And fecondly, That it is
not meerly the colour of the Air interposd, will, Ifuppole, without much more difficulty be yielded, feeing that we may obferve a very great interfiitium of Air betwixt the Object and the Eye, makes it appear of a dead blew, far enough differing from a red,
yellow But thirdly, That it proceeds from the refraction,or inflection, of the rays by the Atmosphere > this following Experiment will, Ifuppole, Effici*
â&#x20AC;˘
ently manife ft
*
9
*-
IIU*
Fi fifth in the defcrib'd is as Viol, fiich a lphserical Cryftalline Take gure A BCD, and, having fill'd it with pure clear Water, expofe Sun beams * then taking a piece of very fine Venice Paper, gainlt that fide of the Globe that is oppofite to the Sun a as again '
*
M fideBC, and you
«
& iB
•
CROGRAPHIA;
perceive a bright red Ring to appear, cans 'd by the refraction ofthe Rays, A A A A, which is made by the Globe 5 which Experiment, if the Glafs and Water be very cleer, fo that there be no Sands nor bubbles in the Glafs, nor dirt in the Water, you (hall not perceive any appearance of any other colour. To apply which Experi(hail
m
ment, we may imagine the Atmojpher* to be a great tranfparent Globe which being of a fubftance more denfe then the other, or (which comes to the fame) that has its parts more denfe towards the middle, the Sun beams that are tangents, or next within the tangents of this GIobe,wili be refracted or inflected from their direct paflage towards the center of the; Globe, whence, according to the jaws of refractions made in a triangular Vrifm, and the generation of colour fet down in the defcription of Mufcovi-glafs,there mult neceflarily appear a red colour in the tranfttus or paflage of thofe tangent Rays. To make this more plain, we will fup-
D
pofe (in the fixth Figure) A B C A to represent the Globe of the to reprefent the opacous Globe of the Earth, lying mofyhere,
EFGH
the midft of it, neer to which, the parts of the Air, Maining a very great preflure, are thereby very much condem'd, from whence thofe in
Rays that arc by
made
tangents to the Globe of the £arth,and thofe without them, that pals through the more condensed part of the Atmojphere, as fuppofe between A and E, arebyreafon of the inequalit of the medium, infle&ed towards the center, whereby there muft nece infliction
be generated a red colour, as is more plainly (hewn in the former cited place $ hence whatloever opacous bodies (as vapours,or the likej (hall chance to be elevated into thoie parts, will reflect a red towards the eye $ and therefore thole evenings and mornings appear reddefr,that have the mod: (tore of vapours and halituous fubftances exhaled to a convenient diftance from the Earth 5 for thereby the inflection is made the greater,and thereby the colour alfo the more intenfe^and feveral of thofe exhalations being opacous, reflect feveral of thofe Rays, which, through an Homogeneous traniparent medium would pais unfeen 5 and therefore we fee, that when there chances to be any clouds (Ituated in thofe Regions they reflect a ftrong and vivid red. Now, though one great caufe of the rednefimay be this inflection,yet I cannot wholly exclude the colour of the vapours themfelves, which may have fomething of rednefs in them, they being partly nitrous^nd partly fuliginous ^ both which (teams tinge bodies at looking evident by made as is them, the Rays that pals through mentithe newly Nitre [as of fpirit or Aquafortis, through the fumes of of fmoak the through alio and oned IHuftrious Perfon has demonftrated] (arily
,
a Fire or Chimney*
.
Having therefore made
probable partly proceed from
at
it
leaft,
that the morning and
this inflection
or refraction of
evening rednefs may cafily likewife be will the Rays,we (hall next (hew, how the Oval Figure
deduced Suppofe
f!
we therefore,
t
heme, S the Figure of in the fixth 3 7. Ra} two L E and I, Atmofpere ? the h neathei the from upper,the other
EFGH
to reprefent the Earth 5 A B C D, coming from the Sun, the one from the
£
Limb
i
Mi CROGRAPHI
2ÂŁ0
by the Atmoffhere inflected, appear to the eye at E, as if they had come from the points, N and O 3 and becaufe the Ray L has a greater inclination upon the inequality of the Atmoffhere then I, therefore muft it (ufTer a greater inflection, and confequently be further elevated above its true place, then the Ray I, which has a lefi inclination , will be elevated above its true place $ whence it will Limb,
thefe Rays, being
fellow, that the lower fide appearing neerer the upper then really it is and the two lateral fides, viz,, the right and left fide, fufleringno ienfi ble alteration from the inflection, at leaft what it does fufFer, does rather
Diameter then diminiih it. as I (hall (hew by and by r the Figure of the luminous body muft neceflarily appear fomewhat
increase the vifible Elliptical.
This will be more plain, if in the feventh Figure of th 7. Scheme we 3 fuppofe A B to reprefent the fenfible Horizon 3 C E F, the body of the Sun really below it 5 G H I K, the fame appearing above it, elevated by the inflection of the Atmoffhere : For if, according to the beft obfervation, we make the vifible Diameter of the Sun to be about three or four and thirty minutes,and the Horizontal refraction according to Ticho be thereabout,or (bmewhat more,the lower limb of the Sun E,will be elevated to 1} but becaufc,by his account, the point C will be elevated but 29. minutes, as having not fo great an inclination upon the inequality of the Air, therefore I G. which will be the apparent refra&ed perpendicular Diameter ofthe Sun,will be lefs then C G,which is but29. minutes,and conlequeiitly fix or (even minutes (horter then the unrefra&ed apparent Diameter. The parts, and F, will be likewhe elevated to H and K, whofe refraction, by reafon of its inclination, will be bigger then that of the point C,though lefs then that of E ^therefore will the femidiameter I L, be (horter then L G, and confequently the .under fide of the appearing Sun more flat then the upper. Now, becaufe the Rays from the right and left fides of the Sun, &c. have been obferv'd by Ricciolo and Grimaldus^ to appear mere diftant one from another then really they are,though(by very manyObfervations that I have made for that purpofe,with a very good lelefcofefittcd with a divided Ruler) I could never perceive any great alteration, yet there being really fome,it will not be amifs,to (hew that this alfo proceeds from the refraction or inflection of the Atmoffhere 3 and this will be manifeft,if .._ confider the Atmoffhere as a tranfparent Globe, or at leaft a transparent (hell, encompafTing an opacous G)obe,which, being more denle then the medium encompaffing it, refra&sor infiecrs all the entring parallel Rays into a point or focus,io that wherelbever the Obfervator is plac'd within the Atmojphere3 between the focus and the luminous body, the lateral Rays muft neceflarily be more converg'd towards his eye by the refraction or inflection, then they would have been without it 5 and therefore the Horizontal Diameter of the luminous body muft neceflarily be aug-
D
D
mented. This might be more plainly manifeft to the eye by the fixth Figure 5 but became it would be (bmwhat tedious, and the thing being obvious
enough
M
I
CROC R APHiA
â&#x20AC;˘
enough to beimagindbyanyone that atttmively confident, Ifhall rather omit it, and proceed to fhew, that the mafs of Air neer the furface of theEarth,confifts,pr is made up,ofpa reels, which do very much differ from one another in point of denfity and rarity 5 and confequently the Rays of light that pafs through them will be varioufly inflefted 3 here one wayfand there another3 accordin g as they pafs fo or fo through thofe differing parts; and thofe parts being always in motion,either upwards or downwards,or the right or left or in fome way compounded of thefe, they do by this their motion inflect the Rays, now this way, and prefentfy that way This irregu ar,unequal and unconftant inflexion of the Rays of light* # is the reafon why the limb of the Sun, Moon, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, and Venus, appear to wave or dance 5 and why the body of the Starrs appear to tremulate or twinkle, their bodies,by this means, being fometimesmagmty?d,and fometimes diminifhed 5 fometimes elevated, otherwhiles deprefs'd j now thrown to the right hand, and then to the left. A " d *j} at th^eis fuch*a property or unequal diftribution of parts, Is manifeft from the various degrees of heat and cold that are found in the Air 3 from whence will follow a differing denfity and rarity, both as to quantity and refraction 5 and likewife from the vapours that are interpos'd, (which,by the way, I imagine,as to refraction or inflection* to do the fame thing, as if they were rarify'd Air 3 and that thofe vapours that
afcend,are both lighter, and lefs denfe, then the ambient Air which boys them up 5 and that thofe which defcend, are heavier and more denfe)
The firit of thefe may be found true,
if you take a
good thick piece of it upon fuch another piece
Glafs,and heating it pretty hot in the fire, lay of Clafs, or hanÂŁ it in the open Air by a piece of Wire, then looking upon fome far diftant Object ( fuch as a Steeple or Tree) fo as the Rays from that Object pafs directly over the Glafs before they enter your eye, you (hall find fuch a tremulation and wavering of the remote Object, as will very much offend your eye: The like tremulous motion you may
obferve to be caus'd by the afcending fleams of Water, and the like* ow, from the firit of thefe it is manifeft, that from the rarifaction of the parts of the Air,by heat,there is caus'd a differing refraction,and from the afcenfion of the more rarify'd parts of the Air, which are thruft up by the colder, and therefore more condens'd and heavie, is caus'd an undulation or wavering of the Object 5 for I think, that there are very few will grant , that Glafi , by as gentle a heat as may be endur'd by ones hand, fhould fend forth any of its parts in fteams or vapours, which does not feem to be much wafted by that violent fire of the green Glafs-houfc but, if yet it be doubted, let Experiment be further made with that bo dy that is accounted, by Chymifts and others,, the moft ponderous a in proceeding and Gold, of piece a heating of fix'd in the world 3 for by -,
the fame manner, you may find the fame effects. an by caus'd fenfibly more is This trembling and fhaking of fhe Rays, by as hot glowing heated elfe 5 actual flame, or quick fire, or anything the like the and : a Candle, live Coal, red-hot Iron, or a piece of Silver, betwixt Object an at look fame alfb appears very confp i
which
V
M
222
C
ROG RAPH v
which and your eye, the rifing fmoak of fome Chimney is interpos'd ^ 1 which brings into my mind what I had once the opportunity to obferve which was, the Sun rifing to my eye juft over a Chimney that fent forth a copious fteam of fmoak 5 and taking a (hort Tetejcope, which I had then by me, I obferv'dthe body of the Sun, though it was but juft peep <J above the Horizon, to have its underside, not onely flatted, and preis'd inward, as it ufually is when neer the Earth ^ but to appear more pro tuberant downwards then if it had fuffered no refraction all 5 _, and v belides all this, the whole body of the Sun appear'd to tremble or dance and the edges or limb to be very ragged or indented, undulating or waving, much in the manner of a flag in the Wind. This I have likewife often obferv'd in a hot Sunfhiny Summer's day that looking on an Objeft over a hot ftone,or dry hot earth,I have found the Object to be undulated or fbaken, much after the lame manner. And ifyou look upon any remote Object through a Telefcop hot Summer's day efpecially^you ftiall find it likewife to appear trem And „„„ further, if there chance. to blow any wind, or that the air between vou and the Object be in a motion whereby the parts of it, both rify'd and condens'd fwiftly remov'd towards the right or left, if then you obferve the Horizontal ridge of a Hill far diftant through a very 3 good Tele/cope^ you ftiall find it to wave much like the Sea. and thofe waves will appear to pals the fame way with the wind, _,
3
^
From which,and many other Experiments, 'tis cleer that the lower Re-
gion of the Air,efpecially that part of it which lieth neereft to the Earth, has, for the moftpart,its conftituent parcels varioufly agitated, either
by
heat or winds, by thefirft of which, Ibme of them are made more rare, and lb fuffer a left refraction 5 others are interwoven, either with amending or defcending vapours 5 the former of which being more light, and fo more rarify*d,have likewife a lefs refraction 5 the latter being more heavie, and consequently more denfe,have a greater. Now, becaufe that heat and cold are equally difTus'd every way 5 and that the further it is fpread, the weaker it grows } hence it Will follow, that the mofr part of the under Region of the Air will be made up of feveral kinds of lentes, Ibme whereof will have the properties of Convex , others of Concave glajjes $ which, that f may the more intelligibly make out, we will fuppofe in the eighth Figure o£ the 7. Scheme, that A re3 presents an afcending vapour, which, by reafon of its being fomtwhat Heterogeneous to the ambient Air,is thereby thruft into a kind of Globular form, not any where terminated, but gradually finrflied,that is, it is moll: rarity 'd in the middle about A, fomewhat more condens'd about B B, more then that about C C } yet lurther,about DD, almoft of the fame dertfity with the ambient Air about EE 5 and laftly, inclofed with the more denfe Air F F. fo that from A th creafe of denfity. The reafon of which will be manifeft, if we confider the rifing vapour to be much warmer then the ambient heavie Air$ for by the coldnefs of the ambient Air ; the fhell EE will be more refrigerat? d will th then C then C,which and that be yet more B and B, then 3
FR
DD
more
M
I
OGRAP HlA
more then A fothat from F to A, there is a continual mcreafe of heat and x* confequently w^iij^Liv-uiij uuuiuy of rarity 5 from iium whence it will neceflarily follow, that the Rays of Jight will be infleded refraded the fame manthey would be in a Concave-glafe for the Rays GKL h G K /will -, , be infleded by G K H H, which will eafily ^^ follow from what I before explained concerning the inflexion of the Mmofph
—
-
On
the other fide, a defcending vapour,or any part of the air included by an aiccnding vapour,wiIl exhibit the fame efleds with « „„«„, lens for,if we fuppofe,in the former Figure,the quite contrary conftit that laft defcrib'd that is, the ambient Air F F being hotter then any part of that matter with an) therefore the col deft part muft neceflarily be A being fartheft remov'd from he the intermediate fpaces will be gradually difcriminated by the continuall mixture of heat and cold, fo that it will be hotter at E E, then D, in C C then B B, and in B B then A.. From which, a like refradicn and condenfation will follow d conle quently a leiler greater refradion, fo that every included part will reirad more then the including, by which means the Rays, G K I, K J, coming irom a Starr, .
DD
D
CC
G
or fome remote Ob}ed, are fo infleded, that they will again cencurr and meet, in the point By the interposition therefore of this defcending vapour the vifible body of the Star, or other Ob jed, is very much aug-
M
mented, as by the former it was diminished. From the quick confecutions of thefetwo,one after another, between the Objed and your eye.caufed by their motion upwards or downwards, proceeding from their levity or gravity, or to the right or left,procceding from the wind, a Starr may appear, now bigger, now lefs, then really it would otherwise without them 3 and this is that property of a Starr, which is commonly calf d twinkling, or fcintillation. The reafon why a Star will now appear of one colour,now of another, which for the moft part happens when 'tis neer the Horizon, may very eafily be dedue'd from its appearing now in the middle of the vapour, other whiles neer the edge} for if you look againft the body of a Starr with a Telefcope that has a pretty deep Convex £ye-glafs, and ib order it, that the Star may appear fometimes in one place,and fometimesin another of it^you may perceive this or that particular colour to be predominant in the apparent Figure of the Starr, according as it is more or lefs remote from the middle of the Lens. This I had here further explain'd, but that does more properly btlong to another pi Ifhall therefore onely add fome few Queries, which the consideration of thefe particulars hinted, and fo finiih this Sedion. art be made not may there Whether propound is, firir fliall And the I fo that fhall Figure Globular an exad of body tranfp artificial any upon point, tall one from that,coming refrad Rays, infled or all the fide, opponte the on meet may one them of of Hemifphere it 5 that every alfo like the do that it may and in point and crofs one another exadly a 5 other any upon fall point, lateral with all the Rays that, coming from a Dioptric^ of perfedion a hoped Hemifphere 5 for if fo, there were to be I
i
*n<*
m
ft
,
Mi CROGRAP Hi
234
(U-fod
u
i
**
U
and a tranfmigration into heaven, even whii'ft we remain here upon earth penetrating into the center and the flefh, and a defcendi thly bodies 5 nay, it would open moft recefles of the earth Jy a cranney, but a large window (as I may fo fpeak) the Shop of Nature, whereby we might be enabled to lee both the tools and opera tors, and the very manner of the operation it felf of Nature 5 this, could it be effected, would as farr furpafs all other kind of perfpe&i ves as the vail: extent of Heaven does the imall point of the Earth, which diftance it would immediately remove, and unite them, as 'twere,into one,at lcafr, that there fhould appear no more diftance between them then the length of the Tube, into the ends of which thefe Glades fhould be nferted : Now, whether this may not be effected with parcels of Glafs of feveral denfities, I have fometimes proceeded fo farr as to doubt (though have wholly defpair'd of it) for I have often truth, as to the g obferv'd in Optical Glafies a very great variety of the parts, which commonly called Veins 5 nay, fbme of them round enough (for they for the moft part, drawn out into firings) ftitute a kind of lens This I fhould further proceed ope had any one been fb in quifitive as to have found out the way of making any tranfparent body, either more denfe or more rare, for then it might be poflible to compofe a Globule that fhould be more denfe in the middle of it any then other part, and to compofe the whole bulk^ fo as that there fhould b continual gradual tranfition from one degree of denfity to another 5 fuch as fhould be found requifite for the defired inflection of the tranfn/igrating Rays 5 but of this enough at prefent, becaufe I may fay more of it when I fet down my own Trials concerning the melioration of Dioptric fa where I fhall enumerate with how many feveral fubftanccs I have made both Microscopes^ and Telefccpes, and by what and how many, ways : Let fuch as have leiiure and opportunity farther confider it. The next Quaery fhall be, whether by the fame collection of amor denfe body then the other leaft, of the denfer part of the other there might not be imagin'd a reafbn of the apparition of fbme new fix'd Stars, Charr3 Serpentarius thofe in the Swan 3 Cetjfwp .
tus ,
&c
Thirdly, Whether it be poflible to define the height of the Atmofphcre from this infle&ion of the Rays, or from the Quickfilver Experiment of the rarifaciion or extenflon of the Air. Fourthly, Whether the difparity between the upper and under Air be not fometimes fo great, as to make a reflecting fuperficies I have had feveral Obfervations which feem to have proceeded from fbme fuch caufe, but it would be too long to relate and examine them. An Experiment, alfo fbmewhat analogous to this, I have made with Salt-water and Frefh, which two liquors^in moft Pofitions,feem'd the fame, and not to be feparated by any determinate fuperficies, which feparating furface yet in fome other Pofitions did plainly appear. And if fo3 Whether the reafbn of the equal bounding or ttrminm of the under parts of the clouds may not proceed from this caufe 3 whether, '>
fecondly,
v
MlCROGRAPHlA*
\-2
fecondly, the Rcaibn of the apparition of many Suns may not be found out, by confidcring how the Rays of the Sun may fb be reflected, as to defcribe a pretty true Image of the body,as we find them from any regular Superficies.
Whether
alio this
may not be found
to caufe the appa-
of fome of thofe Parelii^ or counterfeit Suns, which appear colouredjby refracting the Rays fb, as to make the body of the Sun appear in But of this more elfewhere. quite another place then really it is. 5. Whether the Phenomena of the Clouds may not be made out by this diverfity of denfity in the upper and under parts of the A fuppofing the Air above them to be much lighter then they themfelve are, and they themfelves to be yet lighter then that which is fubjacent to them, many of them feeming to be the fame fubftance with the Cobwebs that fly in the Air after a Fog Now that fuch a conftitution ot the Air and Clouds, if fuch there be, may be fufficient to perform this effect, may be confirmed by this Experition
riment.
Make as ftrong
a Solution
of
you are
Salt as
able, then filling a
Ghfs '
the other half with frelh Water, an poyfe a little Glafs-bubble, fo as that it may fink pretty quick in frefh Water, which take and put into the aforeiaid Glafs, and you (hall find
of fome depth half full with it,
k
fill
comes towards the middle, where it will remain fixt, without moving either upwards or, downwards. And by afecond Exis warmer. part Upper whole watery in bubble fuch periment, of poifing a and heavier colder which is under, the then lighter, and confcquently i is, which Qusery, this next in follows the manner of which not made be Water of 6*. condenfation and rarifaction Whether the heat Air by the d in produc 5 after the fame manner, as thofe effects are Imall never fo that exactly, fo Glafs-bubble for I once pois'd a feal'd up make it fwim, detraftion a fmall and as an addition would make it fink, alwayes I time fome for Water , which fuffering to reft In that Veflel of and night, at and Water, the found it about noon to be at the bottom of to fink
till it
Ran-the from proceed in the morning, at the top : imagining this to molt found and tryal, made faction of the Water, caused by the heat , I raile or todeprefs, true 5 for I was able at any time, either " * cold fome and cold 5 for if I let the Pipe ftand for '
little aa had I whither bottom, the from Bubble could eafily raife the this And Water. warm into Pipe fame fore detruded it, by putting the to Bubble a keep to considerable time,
Way Ihave been
able, for
avery
neither and middle, the in remain fhould poys'd in the Water, as that it a with Pipe the of rpart uppe the fink, nor fwim: For gently heating defcend, to begin Bubble the perceived Candle, Coal, or hot Iron/ till t or fuch to defcend to it obferved then forbearing, I have 'degrees heat the till hours, fome and there to remain fufpended for place to former afcend again Were quite vanifhed , when it would the ot heat the by performed naturally obferved I have alfo This often looner Water the of parts upper Air , which being able to rarifie the Air the of heat the contact , immediate its , by reafon of lower the then #as
^ ^^
I
i
2
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S
.
M
2$6
I
C
ROGRAP HI A
has fometimes Co (lowly increafed, that I have obferved the Bubble to be fome hours in pafling between the top and bottom. 7. Whether the appearance of the Pike of Tenerif, and feveral other high Mountains, at fo much greater a diftance then feems to agree with their refpective heights , be not to be attributed to the Curvature of the vifual Ray, that is made by its palling obliquely through fo differingly r*_£ w~i:.— r-„_ .u„ .__ Denjt Medium from the t he eye very far diftant in the Hon zon For fince we have already, I hope, made it very probable , that there is fuch an infleBion of the Rays by the differing denfity of the parts of the Air 5 and fince I have found , by feveral Experiments made on places comparatively not very high, and have yet found the preflure
_
by thofe parts of the Air at the top and bottom , and alfo their differing Expanfions very confiderable ; Infomuch that I have found the preflure of the Atmofphere lighter at the top of St. Paul's Steeple \riLond ( which is about two hundred foot high ) then at the bottom by a fixtieth or fiftieth part, and the expanfion at the top greater then that at the bottom by neer about fo much alfo 5 for the Mercurial Cylinder at the bottom was about 39. inches, and at the top half an inch lower the Air 3 alio included in the Weather- glafs that at the bottom fill d only 3 f pa 155. ces, at the top fhTd 158. though the heat at the top and bottom was fuftain'd
'
found exactly the fame with a fcal'd Thermometer: I think it very rational to fuppofe , that the greateft Curvature of the Rays is made neareft the Earth,and that the inflection of the Rays, above 3. or 4. miles upwards, is very inconfiderable., and therefore that by this means fuch calculations of the height of Mountains, as are made from the diftance they are vifible in the Horizon,from the fuppofal that that Ray is a ftraight Line ( that from the top of the Mountain is, as'twere, a Tangent to the Horizon whence it is feen) which really is a Curve, is very erroneous. Whence, I fuppofe,proceeds the reafon of the exceedingly differing Opinions and Aflertionsof feveral Authors, about the height of feveral very high Hills. 8 Whether this Inflection of the Air will not very much alter the fuppoied diftances of the Planets, which feemto have a very great dependence upon the Hypothetical refraction or inflection of the Air, and that refraction upon the hypothetical height and denfity of the AL . For fince ( as I hope ) I have here (hewn the Air to be quite otherwife then has been hitherto fuppos'd, by uy manifesting uKumciuiig u it to iu be, dc, Dotn both ot of a vait vaft , at Jeaft an uncertain, heigh and of an unconftant and irregular denfity 3 It muft neceflarily follow, that its inflexion muft be varied accordingly And therefore we may hence learn, upon what fure grounds all the Aftronomers hitherto have built, who have calculated the diftance of the Planets from their Horizontal Parallax for fince the Refraction and rallax are fo nearly ally'd, that the one cannot be known without the other, efpecially by any wayes that have been yet attempted, how uncertain muft the Parallax be 3 when the Refraction is unknown? And how eafie is it for Aftronomers to afiign what diftance they pleafe to the Planets,and defend them,when they have fuch a cunousfnbterfrge as that of Refract wherein a very little variation will allow them liberty enough to place tIje Celeftial podies at what diftance they pleafe
^
Ml CROGRAPHTA. If therefore we would come to any certainty in this point, we muftgo other wayes to work 5 and as I have here examined the height anp! refra-
property of the Air by other Wayes then are ufual , fomuft we find the Parallax of the Planets by wayes not yet pra&ifed 5 and to this end. I cannot imagine any better way, then the Obfervations of them by perfons at very far diffant parts of the Earth, that lye as neer as mayDegree of longitude , but differing be under the fameMerid much in latitude, as there can be places conveniently found : Thefe two perfons, at certain appointed times. (hould ( as near as could be ) both Venus, the Jupiter the way of obferve , time the fame large and good ma; a Tclefiope, Stars, with the fixt amongft Saturn, and that appear fixed Stars, to fmall of the pictures, or Iconifmes, little king the Planet, of and Center the of the way near or lye in to each of them comparing the from of Diam apparent the meafure of the exacr true diftance the know certainly we might together, fuch Obfervaticns Parallax of thefe any one true And having Planet. of the Parallax, apparent Diame^ by the^r other the have eafily very Planets, we might And thence, accurately. very us affords likewife ters, which theTekfeope Theories -their more and known, better much might be their motions one place .more not any know I thispurpofe And for u ted ftly the in Ifland then in, of made be to Obfervation for fuch an deg fixteen about lyes which St. Helena, upon the Coaft of Africk, to the according Jateft near, very is and Line, 10 the Southwards of the London? for though with Meridian fame the Geographical Map Obferv their yet fame, the in exactly they'may not perhaps lye will not be dim* (hew anon (hall I what to according being ordered both unde* they were But Planet. the of diftance true the cult to find better. much be would the fame Meridian, it accurately more and eafier, much be may Obfervations Andbecaufe will not, it Inftruments other any with then Telefeopes, good made with little a explain to impertinent Ifuppofe, feem the be (hall as therefore Such par that for fit and furnilhed be ihould Obfervators for this purpofe, Obkr then will exact more and better the ger had be that can manag'd difficultly more the fomewhat are they though be, di a fuch at placd .Scale divided or ed ^ith ; U .d c tould ,wh,cb y. een drfhnft be may they Eye-glafs.that the ftance Ob each Inftrument this by leconds and minutes of be the meafures other or Moon, the obferve times, prefect certain at (hould, fervator drffivery be may it becaufe and Meridian h the near, orvery F to hap^n will that ftadons convenient of them each fcall, they fame Meridian, Meridian the atter hour an and «u.« ' before, oeiurc, hour nour an .. for both tor -^"""V denote fa\\ they n Dtars fi & nxed fmall the amongft ftroke, and by a line, or be to p Planet the of; er Cen the d obferv them of each Lt the rhl w that way (hall of them each Obfervations Thefe hours two thofe for d mov in of both that '3 ha may it both PP that together* dayes many for peat theirt ctive
.
.
.
.
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MlCROGRAP
2^8 1
them may fometimes make
their Obfervations together,
and that from divers Experiments we may be the better allured of what certainty and exacrnefs fuch kind of Obfervations are like to prove. And becaufc many of the Stars which may happen to come within the compafsof fuch an Iconifm, or Map, may be fuch as are only vifible through a good Telefcope, whofe Pofitions perhaps have not been noted, nor their longitudes Or latitudes, any where remarked} therefore each Obfervator fhould indeavour to infert fome fixt Star,whofe longitude, and latitude, is known 3 or with his Telefeope he (hall find the Pofition of fome notable telefeopical Star, infertcd in his Map, to fome known fixt Star, whofe place in the ZoniacJ^
is
well defin'd.
Having by
means found the true diftance of the Moon , and having obferyed well the apparent Diameter of it at that time with a good Telefeope, it is eafie enough, by one fingle Obiervation of the apparent Diameter of the Moon with a goodGlafs, to determine her diftances in any other part of her. Orbit, or Dragon, and confequentlv, fome few Obfervations will tell us, whether (he be mov'd in an Ellipfis^ (which, by the way, may alio be found, even now, though I think we arc yet ignorant of her true diftance ) and next ( which without fuch Obfervations, I think, we (hall not be fure of) we may know exaftly the bignefs of that Etfipjts , or Circle, and her true velocity in each part, and thereby be much the better inabled to find out the true caufe of all her Motions. And though, even now alfb, we may, by fuch Obfervations in one (ration, as here at London, obferve the apparent Diameter and motion of the Moon in her Dragon , and confequently be inabled to make a better ghefs at the Species or kind of Curve, in which (he is mov d, that is, Whether it be fphaerical, or elliptical, or neither, and with what proportional velocities (he is carried in that Curve 3 yet till her true Parallax be known, we cannot determine either. Next, for the true diftance of the Sun, the beft way will be, by accurate Obfervations, made in both thefe forementioned ftations, of fome convenient Eclipfe of the Sun, many of which may fo happen , as to be feenbyboth} for the Penumbra of the Moon may, if (he be fixty Semidiameters diftant from the Earth, and the Sun above feven thoufand, extend to about feventy degrees on the Earth , and confequently be (een by Obfervators as far diftant as London, and St. Helena, which are not full fixty nine degrees diftant. And this would much more accurately, then any way that has been yet ufed, determine the Parallax , and diftance, of the Sun 3 for as for the Horizontal Parallax I have already (hewn it (ufficiently uncertain 3 nor is the way of finding it by the Eclipfe of the Moon any other then hypothetical 3 and that by the difference of the true and apparent quadrature of the Moon is lefs«et uncertain, wit »e(s their Deductions from it, who have made ule of it 3 for Vendeline puts that difference to be but 4'. 30". whence he deduces a vaft diftance of the Sun, as I have before (hewn. Ricciolo makes it full 30'. 00. but Reinoldttt, and Kircher, no lefs then three degrees. And no wonder, for if we examine the Theory , we (hall fipd it fo complicated with uncertain>
ties
this
Firft,
.
Micrograph* A* From
the irregular furface of the Moon, and from feveral Parallaxes, that nnlefs the Dichotomy happen in the Nonagefimm of the EclipFirft,
tk\, and that
'
,
Meridian, &c,
which happen fo very feldom, that it is almoft impollible to make them otherwife then uncertainly. Befides, we are not yet certain, but that there may be fbmewhat about the Moon analogus to the Air about the Earth, Which may caufe a refraction of the light of the Sun, and confequently make a great difference Their way indeed is very in the apparent dichotomy of the Moon. rational and ingenious 5 and fuchasis much to be preferr'd before the way by the Horizontal Parallax, could all the uncertainties be remov'd, and were the true diftance of the Moon known. But becaufe we find by the Experiments of Vendilitie, Keinoldus^ 8t& that Obfervations of this kind are very uncertain alio : It were to be wifht, that fiich kind of Oblervations, made at two Very diftant ftations, were promoted. And it is fo much the more defirable, becaufe, from what I have now fhewn of the nature of the Air, it is evident, that the refraction may be very much greater then all the Aftronomers hitherto have imagined it : And confequently, that the diftance of the Moon, and other Planets , may be much lefle then what they have hitherto made in the
all
it.
For firft, this Inflexion, I have here propounded, will allow the ftiadow of "the Earth to be much fhorter then it can be made by the other an fuffer not will Moon the confequently, and Hypothecs of refraction, Aftronomers the then Earth nearer the much Eclipfe, unlefs it comes very hitherto have fuppofed it. of the fhadow other any be Hypothecs this Secondly, There will not in the fhais which Tenumbra, the calls and Earth, fuch as Kepler fuppofes, being a' the Rays of bending the for dow of the refra&ing Atmofphere 5 that part all ttiewn already have , together caus'd by Inflexion, as I Tetiumbra, or the to him, after others which is afcribed by Kepler, and for in vanifh clear does terra, umbra 5 dark part, which is without the confequently and Ajr, the of furface this Hypothecs there is no refracting the of Figure ninth 37. the in appear fuch as therecanbenofhadows, Atthe and Earth, reprefentthe let Scheme, where Water or like a Sphere fuppofition,is s Kepler to according mqfphere .vtixich ID, B, L F, lines the let EFGH, furface exad an terminated with beRayes the all that manifeft, 'tis Sun the 5 of Rays the K H, reprefent Earth the -of furface the by reflected be D, will I tween LB, and and dark be would fpace conical the confequently, BAD, and and F, between Rays the Kepler, of obfeure b but, fay the followers reare Atmfphere the on , falling H, K and I D, L B. and between nearer Atmofihere the of out egrefs and ingrefs frafted, both at their ghten inl confequently, and C O fhadow fpzrical wards the Axis of the toÂŁ and contracts fhorten, and Cone, a great part of that former dark is there they, fay Rays thefe of Reflection this of And becaufe N. to yet is P Apex whofe H, P F Cone fuperinduc d another fhell of a dark Moon the they> fay Tenumbra, : By this Earth the from diftant further
EFGH
ABCD
M
BOD
M
,
M
240 is
3
EcKpfed,
for
it
I
CROGRA alwayes pafies
between
the lines
i
2y
nd
4
To which I fay, That if the Airbefuch
have newly fhewn h be, and confequently caufe fuch an inflection of the Rays that fall it, thofe dark Penumbra's F Y Z CL H X VT , and O R P S, will al nifh. For if we fuppofe the Air indefinitely extended, and to be 4J where bounded with a determinate refracting turface, as I have ihew uncapable of having, from the nature of -,- will follow, that the -.„ .-, .„ Moon will no where be totally obfeured, but when it is below the Apex N, of the dark blunt Cone of the Earth's fhadow :Now,from the fuppofitfon, that the Sun is diftant about feven thoufand Diameters, the point I
.
N
-ccording to calculation, being not above twenty five terreft rial Semidiameters from the Center of the Earth : It follows, that whenfoever the Moon eel ipfed is totally darkned, without affording any kind
of
be within twenty five Semidiameters of the Earth, and confequently much lower then any Aftronomers have hitherto put it. This will feem much more confonant to the reft of the lecundary Planets 5 for the higheft of Jupiter s Moons is between twenty and "thirty Jovial Semidiameters diftant from the Center of Jupiter $ and the Moons of Saturn much about the fame number oCSatumial Semidiameters from the Center of that Planet. But thefe are but conjectures abound muft be determin'd by fuch kind of Obfervations as I have newly mention'd. Nor will it be difficult, by this Hypothecs, to Calve all the appearances of Eclipfes of the Moon, for in this Hypothecs alfo, there will be,on each fide of the (hadow of the Earth, a Penumbra, not caus'd by the Refraction of the Air, as in the Hypothecs of Kepler 5 but by the faint inlight g of it by the Sun : For if in the fixth Fi we fuppofe E S Q^ and G S R,to be the Rays that terminate the (hadow from either fide of the Earth „ E S CL coming from the upper limb of the Sun, and G S R from the und will follow, that the fhadow of the Earth, within thoie Ray that is, the Cone G S E, will be totally dark. But the Sun being not a point, but a large area of light, there will be a fecondary dark Cone of fhadow E P G, which will be caus'd by the earth's hindring part of the Rays of the Sun from falling on the parts G P R, and E P Q. of which halved fhadow, or Penumbra, that part will appear brighteft which lyes neareft the terminating Rayes G P, andEP, and thofe dar ker that lye neareft to G S, and E S when therefore the Moon appears quite dark in the middle of the Eclipfe,fhe muft be below S,that is, between S and F 5 when fhe appears lighter near the middle of the Eclipfe, fhe muft pa fi fame where between R Q_and S; and when fhe is alike light through the whole Eclypfe, fhe muft pafs between R Q_ light,
it ffluft
,
;
and
P.
Obferv.
\
eta a u as . ;
chaw.: xxxvm
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Mi CROGRAP
l
A.
241 J
Obfcrv.
L I X.
Of mulmJes
offrnall Scars difcowable by the
Tclefcope i
Aving,in the laft Obfervation, premise! fome particulars obiervable the medium through which we muff: look upon Cmleftial b jefo, I ftrall here add one Obfervation of the Bodies *hemf( nd for facimenl have made choice of rhe P/cZa^ or fevcn Stars, commonly fb called ( though in our time and Climate there appear no more rbenhx to the naked eye ) and this I did the rather, becaurfe the defervedly famous Galilee^ having publifht a Picture of this Afterifme^ was able, it feems, with hisClals to difcovcr nomorc then thirty ux, whereas with a pretty good twelve foot Tekjeope^by which I drew thk ^8 Icamfm^l could very plainly dhcover feventj eigftV placed in the order they are ranged in the Figure, and of as many differing Magnitudes as the Afteris^ wherewith they are Marked, do fpecifie 5 there being no left then four-
O
ieveral Magnitudes
of thoie Stars, which are compris'd within the draug biggeft whereof is not accounted greater then one of the third Magnitude , and wdeed that account is much too big,if it be com pared with other Stars of the third Magnitude, efpecially by the help of a Telefcope 5 for then by it may be perceiv'd, that its fplendor, to the naked eye, may foe ibmewhat augmented by the three Jktte Stars ironaedL tely above it, which are near adfoyning to it. The Tdefiope alio cfilco ^ers a great variety, even in thebjgneis of thole, commonly reckoned, of the firft, feoond, third, fourth, fifth, and fixth Magnitude fo that ithouihi they be diftinguifti'd thereby, thofeiiix (Magnitudes would, .atleait, afIbrd no lefs then thrice that number of Magnitudes, plainly enough diftinguifhable by their Magnitude, and brightneis^ foithata good twel**e foot Glais would afford us notefs then twenty flvp fe venal Magnitudes^ £for are thefeall, but a longer <31a(s does yet further, both more nicely diftinguifti the Magnitudes of thofe already noted, and alfo difoovoi fcveral other of fmaller 'Magnitudes, not idHcernatie by the twelve foot Clafs : Thus haw Ibeen able, with a *ood thirty fix loot-G'lais, todiie© vet many more Stars in the Pleiades then are here delineated, andthofe of three or fourdiftincl: Magnitudes fefs then any <©f thofe {pots of the cesof other divers of twinkling the by And fourteenth Ma with that tothirik* I am apt dear, very was this Aftmjmc, when theSky be daere might aperture, bigger ixeara wowld fbchas longer Glafles
*
\,
r
And inincorilpicuotts. yet Stars, fmall tother discovered multitudes of the be, thzApMwe thcblgger deed, for the ^difcovery of fmaii Stars* thefeeral make does k peuhaps forthmigh better adapted is thcGlafs* Ray* *aore miting yetoyiilMtiEneans, fpecks more radiant, and glaring, confp* pomts radiant th©fe. of very near to one point, it ifoes make many cuous K k
#
f> V
ICROGRAP
44
HI
batter, there feeming to be generated in the Earth fromibme fubterraneous fires, or heat, great quantities of vapours, that is, ot* expanded aerial fubftances, which not prefently finding a paflage through the ambient parts of the Earth, do, as they are increafed by thefupplying
and ( having not fufficient room mly condens'd, at laft overpower with their elaftick^ properties, the refiftence of the incompaffing Earth, and lifting it up, or cleaving it, and lb (battering of the parts of the Earth above it, do at length, where they find the parts of the Earth above them more loofe, make their way upwards, and carrying a great part of the Earth before them ly raife a fmall brim round about the place of which they break , but for the mod: part confiderable high Hills and Mountains, and when they break from under the Sea, divers times, mountainous Iflands ; this feems ccnfirm'd the Vulcan ÂŤ in feveral places of the Earth, the mouths of which, for the moll: part, are incompalled With a Hill of a confiderable height, and the tops of thole Hills, and generating principl pand themfelvesj
or Mountains, are ufually (hap d very much like thefe pits, or ditties, of* the Moon Inftances of this we have in the deferiptions of Mtna in 8i* .â&#x20AC;˘
city)
of'Jiecla in Iceland , of Tenerif
in
the Canaries^ of the feVtral Vub>
cans in New-Spain^, defcrib'd by Gage^ and more efpecially in the eruption of late years in one of the Canary Iflands. In all of Which there is not only a confiderable high Hill raifed about the mouth of the Vulcan but tike the fpots of the Moon, the top of thole Hills are like a dilh. or bafon.
And indeed,
one attentively confider the nature of the thing, one may find fufficient realbn to judge , that it cannot be otherwife 5 for thele eruptions, whether of fire, or fmoak, alwayes rayfing great quan*psof Earth before thein, mutt necefiarily, by the fall of thofe parts either fide, raife very confiderable heap Now., both from the figures of them , and from feveral other cireumftan thefe pits in the Moon feem to have been generated much after the fame manner that the holes inAlabafter, and the Vul of the Earth made. For firft, it is not improbable, but that the fiibftance of the Moon may be very^ touch like that of our Earth that is, may confift of an earthy, fandy, or rocky (iibftance, in feveral of luperficial parts, which parts being agitated, undermin'd, or iheav'd up, by erup f vap lly be thrown into the lame may kind of figured holes, as the fmall duft, or powder of Alabatter. Nextv it is not improbable, but that there- may be generated, within the body of the Moon, divers fuch kind of internal fires and heats, asmaypro dnce fuch Exhalations 5 for fince we can plainly enough difeover with Ttlefcope^ that there are multitudes of luch kind of eruptions the body of the Sun itfelf, which is accounted the moft noble ^Etherial bo ainly we need not be much fcandaliz'd at fuch kind of altera-C icorruptions, in the body of this lower and left confiderable part of the univerfe, the Moon, which is only fecundary, or attendant, on the bigger, and more ble body of the Earth, Third!) if
i
m
f
not unlikely
but that roppofing fuch a fandy or raouldring Jubilance
be
M ICROG RAPH1A
245
be there found, and fuppofingalibapoflibility of the generation of the internal elajiical body (whether you will call it air or vapours) 'tis not unlikely. I fay, but that there is in the Moon a principle of gravitation, fuch as in the Earth. And to make this probable, I think, we need no better Argument, then the roundne/s, or globular Figure of the body of the Moon it felt] which we may perceive very plainly by theTele/cope^ to be ( bating the fmall inequality of the Hills and Vales in it, 3
which are all of tiKmlikewiiefliap'd, or levelled, as it were, toanfwer to the center of the Moons body ) perfectly of a Sphserical figure, that is, all the parts of it are fo rang a (bating the comparitively fmall ruggednefs -of the Hills and Dales) that the outmoft bounds of them are equally dif rant from the Center of the Moon, and conlequently, it is exceedingly probable alfo, that they are cquidiftant from the Center of gravitation } and indeed, the figure of the fuperficial parts of the Moon are fo exaclly fhap'd, according as they (houldbe, foppofing it had a gravitating principle as the Earth has, that even the figure of thole parts themlelves is of (ufficient efficacy to make the gravitation, and the
other
two
fuppofitions probable
:
fo that the other foppofitions
may be
rather prov'd by this confiderableCircumitance, or Observation, then this fuppos'd Explication can by them 5 for he that (hall attentively oblervewkh an excellent Tekfc ope > how all the Circumftances, notable in
the fhape of the foperficial parts, are, as
were, exactly adapted to fuit with fuch a principle, will,if he weH confiders theuiual method of Nature in its other proceed ings,tfind abundant argument to believe itto have really there alfo -men a principle^ for I could never obierve,among all the mountainous or prominent parts of the Moon ( whereof there is a huge variety ) that any one part of it was plac'd in fuch a manner,that if there fhould be a gravitating, or attracting principle inthebody of theMoon, it would make that part to fall, or be mov'd out of its viftble pofture. Next, the fhape and pofition of the parts is fuch, that they all feem put For fir/r,there into thole very fhapes they are inby a gravitating power afcent of in thefe the declivities Iteep clifts, or very few very but are Hevelius call'd the are by which Mountains, befides thofe Mountains 5 for Apennine Mountains, and fome other, which feem to border on the Seas alfo in common thofe is as one fide, upon thofe only and Moon, the of feem to have that few very are there the Earth} here on are Hills that very round. made are part, they moft but, the afcents, for very freep alio of the Mountains Hills and the make refemble the of and much this Vale, incompailing Hills the by perceived partly be may Earth 5 this middlemoft the alfo, the Earth on as and defcrib'd here } which I have Tea good through alfo, obvious is it of thefe Hills feems the higheft, fo d fhap much are many alfo in Vales lefeope, in thofe of the Moon 5 the upon look could we that think, to like thofe of the Earth, and I am apt enough eafily might we Telefcope, the Earth from the Moon, with a good Moon. -the that of like much furface very to be perceive its if multitudes be would there (as Now whereas in this fmall draught, it
.*
the whole
Moon were drawn after this
manner) there are feveral
little
Ebullitions,
V
M
246
i
ROGR AP HI A.
even in the Vales themfelves,and in the incompaf(ing Hills alfo 3 this will, from this fuppofition, ("which I have, 1 think, upon very good reafbn taken J be exceeding eafily explicable 5 for, as I have feveral times alio obferv'd, in the lurfacc of Alabafter fo ordered, as I before dcfcrib'd, fo may the later eruptions of vapours be even in the middle, or on the edges of the former 5 and other fucceeding thefe alfo in time may be in the middle or edges of thefe, &c. of which there are Inftanccs enough in divers parts of the body of the Moon, and by a boyling pot of Alabafter will be fufficiently exemplifi'd. To conclude therefore, it being very probable, that the Moon has a principle of gravitation , it affords an excellent diftinguiftiing Inftance in the (earch after the caufe of gravitation, or attraction, to hint, that it does not depend upon the diurnal or turbinated motion of the Earth, as fome have fomewhat inconfiderately (uppofed and affirmed it to do 5 for if the Moon has an attractive principle, whereby it is not only ftiap'd round , but does firmly contain and hold all its parts united, though many of them feem as loofo as the land on the Earth, and that the Moon is not mov'd about its Center 5 then certainly the turbination cannot be the caufe of the attraction of the Earth 5 and therefore fome other principle muft be thought oÂŁ that will agree with all the focundary as But this, I confeis, is but a probability, and well as primary Planets. not a demonftration, which (from any Obfervation yet made J it foems hardly capable ofy though how fuccefsful future indeavours (promoted by the meliorating of Glafles, and obferving particular circumftances) may be in this, or any other, kind, muft be with patience expected. Ebullitions, or Difhes,
F
p_
Âť
N 1
.
9 4 7 1 5
*"* /
i
H
â&#x20AC;˘-
Pag
Pag
Of the point of a Nee
Defcription
2
f
fome other Phaenomena mention d depending on the fame caufe.
â&#x20AC;˘
dJ
what other
of
Obferv.
Bodies have the Jharpeji points : the rnggednefs of polijht Metal. A
y
and
points
from Obferv.2.
a
Of the Edge
of a Razor
/ *
A defcription
of
the caufes
it :
of
roughnefi: of the roughnefi of very well polifit Optick^ Glajjes. its
5
Of Glafs-Canes
verd.'feveralPhxnomcm of it mention'd. An attempt to explicate them
jecret intelligence : the caufe ofthi
courfnefi ofprinted lines
6.
The exceeding fmalnefi of fome of Bi what means the hoihefe Bodies lownefi of thefe fmall pipes was difco-
defcription of a printed p Of fmall writings and the ufe of itfot
5
V
^
Obft
I
TABLE
the congruity
and incongruity of 12
Bodies : what thofe proprieties are.
A
hypothetical explication offluidity
of
:
&
c "mgruity^illuflr at edwithfever alEx-
Of fine Lawn
A defcription of it : mention
the roundnefi of the Jurface of fluid Bodies ; how the ingref offluid bodies
1
1
a fmall hole of an heterogenous 2 body is kindred by incongruity 5 a
d,an attempt to explicate the
Phaenomena of
6
16
xplication of 18
hefe properti
Ajilktn Flax
13
thefluidity ofthe air,andjeveral other 1 in- 1 Phenomena ofit : of congruity
periments:what ejft&s may be afcrib'd Obfer.2.
1
int
thaconjetl
multitude of Phaenomena explicable 21 hereby. Several Queries propounded light propagation the of Concerning I. 22 Con2. attain through dijfering
the caufe of theglofiof Silk.
*-,
Obferv.
4..
Of Tabby
-
-
7
A Jhort defcription of
A conje-
it.
8ure about the reafon why
Silk. #"
fa
why and : colours fufceptible of vivid tjetlure flax and H, that it
may perhaps be
a k$nd of
artificial
poffible to
Jpin
Silk out of fome
glutinous fubftance that
may
:
8
%.
Of water'd Silks. of artifi-
9
The great unaccuratene.fi apiece of * defcription of cial work** the Explication of water d Si lib *n tje
the of
Phaenom
the
way by
performed is operation which that
v
Concerning the
Sun, Moon, and Pla4. Concerning the roundnefiof
roundnefiof the nets.
divers artificial and Stones, Fruits, Bodies. His HighnefiFrince Rupert's 25 2 the roundntfi shot. making Of 4 way
f
9
Kettering of Hail. Of $.ConSparks the of fire. nd of the grain
cerning
Obferv.
3
.
of
equalize
I Silk.
cerning Gravity.
and
tenacity
Jpringinefi Founoriginal the of 6. Concerning Experiand tains 5 feveral Hiftories
ments
relating thereto, j.
25
26
Concerning 27
Liquors. in Bodies the dijjolution of 2$ Concemingthcuniverfalityofthfs 8. in. taken was method Principle : what
experiments. applying making and
The
explication
Ta
The
and fever al
explication offiltration,
]
20 other Phenomena '^fuch ax the motion Bodies on the furface of Liquors^fe 30 vera I Experiments mention d to this J>urpofe.Of the height to which the wa-
plicated by another Experiment
f
explicated : that
may rjfe in thefe Pipes^anda conje&wre about ike juices of Vegetables,&
Phenomena oftheftrange
Experiment of the fijpenfion of the
Mercury
much greater
thefe bo-
may have manyflaws, though not vifible,and why : how a gradual heating and cooling does put the parts of^A and other hardned hod Glafi into a loofe
A
2 3
'tis probable
dies
further explithe ufe of their pores, cation of Congruity:And an attempt of folving the
made
with a hollow Glafi ball: the reafon of^the flying afunder of the p art s further
ter
3I
ting themfelves by the contignation of the Glafi drop $ which if fur the
height
then thirty inches. The efficacy of
tm
Obfcrv. 8.
Of Fiery
Spark
mediate contaft, and the reafon of
33
Obfcrv.7.
Of Glafi drop
«-
Several Experiments made with the manner The Bodies, fmall thefe of 34 breaking and flawing of them, expl
|
other bodies by What Figures. cated 5 3 the fame manwill beflawed much
I
m
ner : fome other tryals, and a defirip of the Drops themfelves ; fome ije&ures at the eaufe of the Phae-
nomsnajndeavoured to be made p and Exp Arguments al by bable fever 6 3
Obferv,?.
riments.An Experiment of the expanby by inking he Water at, and fi)r of fion
Experiments to fhew, that bodies ex3 8 pand by heat. The manner of making Thermometers , and the inflrument manner The them. graduating of 3 9 for graduating them, and their ufe ther Experiments to prove the exp 40 fion of bodies by heat.,F our experimental Arguments to prove the expanfion 41 of Glafi by heat ; further prov'd by the labaji boyling Experiment An xplication which if explicated. of the controlling of heated Glafi up-
that it exhibits feveral colours
£
,
.
and
g
how 'fiver al Obfervations and Expert ments about thofe colours : the reafi 49 na ture this the cowhy on occafion of lours is inquird into. A conjecture \
I
the reafon of thefe colours explicated^
byfiveral Experiments andReajo Firfi, by continual cleaving the Body Secondly, by till it become colhur 'd.
kinds of colours with Thirdly, by flat Plates of Glafi. blowing Gla&jh thin in the Lamp, till J produce thefame efleft. Fourthly, by doing the fame bbles of di Sarent Bod the vers othe r
producing
•3
<
how th xplication voting 4* farts of the Glafi become bent byfitd-
J
from extrka-
\
kept
Of Fautaftical Colours.
The texture of Mufcovy Glafi^ its Figures :what other Bodies are like it:
cold ; the like Proprieties fuppos'd in 37 Glafidrops , and what effe&s proceed from them : the feven Prop oft ions on which the conjeSture s are grounded.
dm cold, and how
The occafion and manner of making this Experiment : divers Obfer- * Jet down in order to thefind ing out the reafons : fome conjectures concerning it, which are endeavoured he explicated and confirm d byfe the vtral Experiments and Reafe Hypothefis a little further expli ted. Some Obfervations about the 47 Globular Figure : and an Experiment or Tin Lead reducing the filings of of a&ly round Globules
all
reafons of the colours on nealed Steel, 2 where by the way the canjes of the 5
hardning
1
Th
LE
and tempering of Steely endeavour d to be /hewn andtxph ted by fever al Reafons and Experiments: the reafonofthe colours on
52 hardning
refraction. |
hereunto ^explicated by Figures.
quors^
Des Ca
and determined by and Experiment s : ral Reafons 55
\
a
fevethree
Medium [th
no Experiment that motion of proves the Inji ~] the manner the propagati light of 7 on of light through them. Of the ho mogeniety and heterogeniety tranfparent Mediums 3 and what effects they canfe on the Rayes of light. therefeems to be
ÂŤ?
?plicated by a Fig
lours.
"J
feveral Arguments and Obfervations are recited : how Colours become in-
73
capable of diluting , explicated by a Similitude. An Inftrument, by which
74
one and the fame coloured Liquor at once exhibited all the degrees of colours between the paleft yellow
and
deepefe red ; as bkgwife another th hibited all varieties of blues
Exami
rg nation of the refraction of the Rays by a plain Surface 5 which caufes Co-
of two colours only jndeavot,
probably theparticles of moji metalline Colours are tranfparent jfor this,
1 he dijiinguijhing Prop 'IP
thefis
ed to be anjwer'd, by fever al Reafi nd Experiments The ifbn why feme Colours are capable of being d luted^others not : what thofe are; that
diftinguijhing Properties of the moti-
t^onof light.
may be hereby explicated ; how 70
many wayes fitch Chymical Liquors may alter the colours of Bodies. Objections made againfi this Hypo- 7
Colours examind. Hypothefis An of 54 th Hypothefis ft :pl light by motion^ indeavoured to be
explicated
Bow 69
fever al Experiments , of thefitdden changing of Colours by Chymical Li-,
Lead^Braf^Copper^Silver^Q. other 53 ances of fitch colour d -bodies in mal fubfi ances : fever al other diJlinguiftjing Obfervations.
An Hypothefis confi
|
veral Exp
d
with thefe
drawn from
Objection
the 7 5 nature of Painters colours anjwered. that diluting and whitening a colour
An Examination of the like efi
; by a ical Surface produced fiber o feci s operations 5 as are the ufe that may be made of thefe deepening and blackening : why Come examination the for of periments , ni be diluted by Colours. Des grinding^ Hypothefes andfeme al ay of fever 6*0 Cartes Hypothefis examind. Some other by being tempered with Oyl 6 1 Difficulties taken notice of in it. What feveral Experiments for the explica- j6 cothe be to Afjertions why : former likely caufe ting of feme of 77 feems moft Painters are forced to make ufe of lour : that propriety is indeavoured : that colours ball the what are colours : a : in thofe many Clafi 92 tbbe fhewn that produce to mixt. The not how conclufion^ necefiary is and 78 reflection to the Bodies double refraction : coloured feem conftft a nor moft 63 Colours particles : that all cotranfparent Hypothefisfurther examinedjboth in of 79 <?
dm
\
|
in and Eye. the Medium pellucid the 64
lours dijjolubk in Liquors are capa-
s^and Colour afurThe definitions of examination and explication if 6 5 ther Bodie laminated Proprieties of 66 the th they cond\ means what y by 6
ble
">
production of Colours.
Obfi
68
Of Metalline Colours
That all Coloursfeem
to be caus'dby
diluting :feme of
range variety
of mixings what
may
thereby bep
d Obferv. 11. Sand.
Of
Of
the Figu
the fubfi ances
L
1
and
fiiapes
of
of %
common
Th
/
common and
other
ABLE.
Sands
a defcri-
ption of a very fmall Shell.
8
Obferv. 12.
Of Gravel
Oculus Mundi fime other Confide- qq :
and Experiments about the poroufnefeof Bodies:fome other Con- I0 rations
Urine
in
federations about the propagation light
A defer ipti on offetch Gravely 82 feme tryals made with
it ,
and
and
of
refraction.
and
conje-
Of
Obferv. 16.
Charcoal
ctures at its caufe.
Obfer. 13.
Of Diamonds
A defeription and
in Flints
Jhape of them
examination of
fime of them , explicated further by 83 Cornijh Diamonds : fiver al Obfirvaabout reflection and refrad d fime deduBions therefrom 5 as plication of whitenefi^ that the Air has afironger refleUion then Water.
g*
Howfever al Bodies may
be
made
of the
:ph
ft
Phenomena 0/OculusMundi 85 Q£ gj
Of
the regular. Geometrical Fig fiveral Bodies : an hypothetical expl
cation mentioned: the
Of two fort of Pores to be found in all Woods and Vegetables 5 the
method ofpn
ficuting this inquiry.
nefi,
An
5
the
manner and
number
ufe
,
1
thick:
of thefe Pores.
explication of the
Phenomena 102
of Coals. The manner of charring Wood) or any other body. What part of Wood is combuflible. An Hypo- %£<* thefis of fire explicated in twelve Ia, particulars
wherein the ACtion of the Air^ as a Menftruum, in thedifi ,
folution of all fulphureous bodies•, is very particularly explicated , and 105 fome other Confederations about the Air propofed: the examination of
Lignum fofiile fent from lQ £ Rome, and fome Conclufeons thence apiece of dedue'd.
88
Obf<
4.
Of
frozen Fig
Obferv. 7 he Figures ofhoarFrofi, and the go Vertices on windows : fiveral Obfervations on the branched Figures of Vrine: the Figures of Regulus Marqq oj tis ftellatus, and of Fern. Of the FtHrts Snow. °f 9 2 S>
Obfer v.
1 5.
Offrozen water.
1
7.
Of Wood, and other
Bodies, petrified
Several Obfe of diver. kinds of thefefitbftances.A more particular
of the
93 o ^ Particles , and of the Pores, and of the oe Contexture. S ever al Obferv ations and n 5 Confederation's thereupon : fome Conjectures about the
ay pagation of
and fluid f
light,
medium and
and the
An
account of fome Experi-
ments to this purpofi
petrified Bodies, as Shells, See.
made on an
lQQ
And no
feme probable Conclufeons thence d> III ducd, about the original caufe of 112 hofi Bodies. '
Obferv. 1 8.
Of the
Pores ofCork
n
and other Bodies.
Se-
veral Experiments to prove the po8 y reujhefi of t Marble , and fome other Stones.
08
fied Wood 5 and fome Conjectures about th$ caufe of thofi productions .•
pro-
conflitution
tranjparent Bodie
1
examination and explicati-
feveral Obfervations made. on other
A defeription of the Figure
I0 7
on of one very notable piece ofpetri-
OfKettering Stone.
1
Several Obfirvations and Confederations about the nature of Cork,: the
number of Pores in a cubical Inch^
*
^
I
Th
AB
and fever al Coufider a Several Exp
Inch) 5 hot
Mf/fai upon
%
Conje&ures,about the manner
and
Obfervations about the nature of Cork^: the Texture and Pores of the Tith of an Elder, andfever a I oth
of the Stalks
produ&ion of
of
piece
of Clockwork- Thevafi difeJ0/t rence of the bivneftnf ^T »»**LuJi>~ bignefof vegetable
f
die s
d the
•>
probability that tie
may comprehend
leafi
curious
<**
contrivances as thegreateft. Ofmultitudes of other Moulds , MojJes,and Mufi)romes, and other vegetating
"gued a
from the Phenomena ofthefenfe1 1 7 ble and humble Plant : feme Ob 120 vat ions on which are
kinds of Bodies,
andfeme of them explicated by a Similitude tak§n from a *33
6 Feme,Reeds,&c. of the frothy texture of the Tith of a Feather : feme ConjeUures about the probability of hefe
thefe
of the
are hinted,
docks ?eafils,Daifiesfarret, Fennel,
va lues
this occafion feveral
Principles , in Water,
WoocL
inferted,
i
o<
&c
Obferv. 22.OfSponges.and other fibrous Bodies.
Obferv 19. OF a Vegetabh growing on blighted Leaves
Several Obfervations and Conje ttnres about the making of thefe Bo
122
Several Obfervations and 3 minations made of them : fever al 24 Confid about Jfrontaneous 5 generation arifing from the putre
dies
I
1 39
faUion ofBodie
there defer ib'd ) come near eft to it. That *P tryal with piece
of
Obferv Of Blew Mould and Muflirome
Spunge and Oyl the
7he defcriptien offeveral kinds 7 of Moulds. The method ofproceeding in natural Inquiries,
wee
of
the curioufly
f
face e
5.
of Mufhromes. and m anner of the
3
13
tions, about the nature
of the vege
tation of Mould and Mufhromes.
Obferv
Of
Mofs,
2
of the
Surfke$ of
fome Leaves.
loft fort
production ofpetrified Iceiclesfe ral dedudlionsfrom thefe Confidera
130
0b ferv#
A more particular explica-
Of the figure
Sea.mej
conje&uredthepojjibilityofl^ multitudes of the like.
curious without a figures feed. 4.0/ g I2 dkjnd ej Mujfjrome growing in a
20
this
feapd d feme
t hers, is
That they feem to have none, That Salts,&.c. arejhap'd into as
tion of this
1a
Of the Form of Sea
Obft
Mould and Mufhromes. 1. That they may beproducd without feed.
Candle :
of re-
Several
^federations about the nature
3.
necejfity
foiration could not be alter d.
6
2.
dfeveral Hiftories out of ^utho Scarce am other Body hath 137 fuch a texture 5 thejfibrous texture 138 of Leather, Spun^fScc. (which are
The defeription, Surfaces of
ny '
Surf
1.
Of
the bald
)fthe do
vf fever al
yfthe gummous exfud,
or 3 final! transparent Pearls, difeovei ed
with a Microfcope in feveral An Inftance of all which thers. afforded in a Rofemary Leaf
The defeription offeveral forts of
Obfe
1
3 *
.
/
Tlie Obferv. 25.
Of
the
E.
Of Purflane Seeds.
Obferv. 31.
flinging
i
Points of a Nettle.
A defer iption
-
A
H3
•
of the Needles and
defcription
Obferv.
upon this /ever al confderations about poyfoning Darts are fet
Of
32.
Hair.
*57
:
The Hair ;
down. An Experiment of kitting Effs,
and Fijhes with Salt. Some conjectures at the efficacy of Baths $ the ufe that may be mad* of injeUing into the
145 Veins.
of thefe and many
other Seeds.
fever al ether contrivances in the leaf • a how the flinging fain is Nettle of 1 44 created
\
of fever al forts of their Figures and Textures:
defcription
*%
the reafon of their colours ,A defer ipti- i* 9 on of the texture of the skin, and of i6 Q
andfome Confiderations about gaining and dying of
tion feems to be
Bodies.
Vegetables
}
Obferv. 26.
\
Spunky and Sponges hat paf- I61 [ages and pores of the skin tranfpira-
Avery remarkable Hijlory
out of Bellonius
s6
.
Experiments
prove the poroufnefs of the skin
to
Of Cowage
made
Of
Obferv. 33.
the Scales
of a ,^ 2
Soale,
The de/cription of it out e/Parkin1 4* foTKan Experiment made of it :adefcription^ and fame conjectures at the \form.
A defcription
\
caufe of the
Obferv. 27. Of the Beard of a wild Oat.
Obferv. 3 4,Of the Sting of a Bee. ,g
A defcription of its Jhape
of its Jhape and properties; the manner of making a Hygrofcope with it 5 and a Conje~ 50 1 ,5! Uureatthecaufes of thefe motions^ and the motions of of the Mufcles. jj t
and ufe.
Obferv. 28. Of the Seeds of Ve. nice Looking. glafs.
The defcription of them.
^ defcription A ^^nyuunvj vw jvapeanacuJhape and cuof the rious contexture
54
Of the Seeds of Time,
A defcription of them. A digreffion about Natures method.
Obferv. 30.
Of Poppy Seeds.
*
The
d efeript
and
:
16 ? 166 \^ 7
and *
•*
1
«
Obfer
.
3 6.
Of Peacocks Feathers.
<
A defcription of their curious form ^8 ;
with a conjecture at
\69
the cau/e of their variable colours.
Obfer. 37. Of the Feet of Fly and other Infects
A defcription of their figure parts and
Sf
of Feathers
conjectures thereupon.
andproprieties Obfer. 29.
Of Feathers.
Obferv. 35.
feme
1
u*
defcription
^9
*T3
meckas
,
nifmet
The
their beauteous
Phenomena. 1
147 148
of
uft
and
f
m
f
thereupt
them
Obferv*
/
%
The
AB
EiE^
A
grejfiveiand transformation. i 7*
Obfer.38.
Of the Wings of Flyes
I
ry fomewbat
Hift'o-
Analogue cited cut
187
of
(
Pifo. Several Observations about the i
3
,
After what manner\and'how fwiftlythe wings of InfeUs move, de.
various wayes- of the generation lnfefts by what means they at~l [a q i q feemingly wifely and prudent !v- S 9 I Queer ies propounded. Pofifcript, tqi csntaining A relation of anofheVv cry ji ?2 odd way of the feneratibnof Infeels, An Observation aboht the fertility of
A
fcription
74 wings
,
:
of the Pendulums under the and their motion: the fhap
andfiruBure of thepartVofthe w
$\
1
J
r..
y Obfer. 39.
Of the Head
g$
of a Fly
Earth of%ur> Climate, in producing In[ells, and of divers other wayes of 1 oh the
^# fl&* face ofa Drone-fly is no
I.
thing alrnoji but eyes.
6 of two magnitudes.
I
Thofe
2.
ar,
their generati
*
\
They
3.
and very refleUive and fmooth. 4 Some direBed toward, fpheres,
Obferv* 44.
Of the tufted Gnat t
.
ry quarter.
5.
Bow theFlycleanft
them.6 Their number.
77 178
Âť
1
7. Their order
diversip'articular sobfervd in the dif
That thefe are very
feUing a head.
*-*
Ob.45.Of the great belly'd Gnat
that Experiments, Crabs 3 Lobflers, 79 Shrimps^feemto be water Infers, and be framed mucb life Air Infeci
Several Conf/di go manner of vtfu
abo
Ajldort
' 4
iU
Obfer.40.0ftheTeethofaSnaiL
|
Of
M
a white
A
defcription of the feathers
and jg^ In. I9?
wings of this, and fever al other feSls. Divers Confederations about th wings, and the flying of Infe fits
-
*
f
dt
Obfer. 16.
I
A briefdefer iption of
9t
their
\
8
*-
%
probably the eyes of the CreAtuh \ ar* gued from fever al Obfervations and
S.
1
Several Obfervables abou, nd a more particular defcription of 94 the parts of tki s
to'l
and
Bird
it,
-
I
r-
Obfer v. 41.
Of the Eggs
of
Obf. 47.
Silk
Of the
Shepherd Sp
worms
A defcription of its Eyes 1 82
Several ObfervabU
ab
the
foe l^e ts
of its long
legs
:
:
and th
and a
Conje
tlure of the mechanical reafon of its
Eggs of lnfeBs:
1
99
1
ti
fabric k. i together with a (uppojition^
Obferv. 42.
Of a blue Fly
\
Âť
A
defcription of its outward and inwardparts. Its bar dinefs to indure
\
that
'tis
net unlikely Jut Spiders
may
have the ma\e of their inward parts exactly like a Crab , which may be 2C0 call'd a water Spider,
wine. inSpirit freeqing^andfteeping of 8 i *-
Obfer.48.
Obferv, 4?.
Of the hunting Spid
Of a water Infedt Ajfjort defcription of
%6
A
excellent Hifiory
defer iption ofitsjhape, tranfp
rencj t motion^ both internal andpr
it > to
de by
which
of
aot *
Mr, Evelyn. Some further
Mm
Obfer*
1
The Obfervations on other Spider their
Webs, if
and with anexami-
together
f
Mttes, with a Conjecture at the tea
I
S uhft ante flying up
a white
and down in the Air after a Fog
Ob.
Of
rtf.
X
I
•
,\
both Vege-
their original
their
$
final-
\
to come. \
Several particulars
Obferv.
Of
57.
Vinegar-worms
2o f and a /fjort defer iption of jits parts $0.
Of the
riiag
»-.
compared with that of a Woodloufejfrom which they may be fuppos'd
lated of the aBions of this Creatt
Obf.
a
i
nefs
wither. ibe beft remedy 1 found to bin* der it t and to make the Animal lye ftiM to be obferv d.
iH exceeding
-^ defcriptionoftb
and Animal> do quickly dry and
table
\
.
_
Tto a# /*W/ Bodies,
£
Vine-Mites
finall
OWer.49. Qf an A
20$
H
w
-\
\
20$
the variety offorms in othe
A de/cription of them
M
rfiderations
h with fo
,
«*-
7
on their motions.
r*
] i
t
A de/cription ofthis Creature, and
06
f
\pany.
the original of
M
Ajbort rehearfal oj
Ofa Crab- like Infedt.
'
P
OfaBook
Obferv. 52.
A defeription of
20
way
is
fever al
An attemp
Ph«
8
'pi
9 1
red to be made out by feveralEx'ments. i
What
and rarity
denfity
resell of refration: the rtfrafti-
of Spirit of Wine compared with it
where by the
'>
|
inferted a digrefft
that of common Water of Ice.
-.the
72C refrattion
An Experiment of
making an VndulationoftheJ{aysbythemx/ng of Liq uors of differing denfity The
Phaenome
mentally explicating the
A confederation of
fP
i*
them.tbe fuppofnion founded on two. Propofit indt 9 both which
A brief de/eription @f
8
"»
A Conjecture nomena.
Obferv.51.
Of the
Inflexion of tl Rays of Light in the Air
which uft
another very fmall
a Syb 207
Obf. 58.
.
explication
digeflive faculty
of inflexion * mechanic cally and hypothetic ally what Bodies have (uch an inflexion. Several Ex-
221
;
Obferv.
53.
Of
a Fie
n *
A Ibert defcribt
211
of
peximents to Jhew that the Air has t this propriety $ that it proceeds from 222
it
m
the differing denfty of the Air : at the upper and under partvf tiCAir
1
-
*
Of aLoufe
Obferv. 54.
are of differing denfity
212
A defcription of
its parts t and fo
ments to prove
3 notable circumft
Obferv. 5f
Th e
this.
-.
A
feme Exptri- 2 2 ? Table of the
.
Of Mites
ding fmalnefl of
when fitft made and when repeated 224 Another Experiment of compreffing 225 the Air. Table oftheftrength ofthe 2 2 # Air , anfwering to each compr ,
A
fo
A defcription
effi
*ftke
8
tgthof the fpring of the anfwering to each degree of extenfron ;
Mites ^and their Eggs.
4
<
Mites of Cheefe
:
and an intu
\
and expanfion $from which
tie height
-
j
The Ta
LE«
_
be may Air fuppos'dindefi, 227 *27% to "what degree the Air is rarifd at any diflance above the Surface of the Earth : how, from this, Inflexion is al and Phenomena fever r*d; infer 2 20 That the Air near the explain* d. 3
Moon may
be lefs then
on not fo probable
has been
it
the explication
;
Phenomena by
the
another
Of the
multitudes of Stars difco-
^Tekfcope., and
waving and dancing of Bodies i and of the twinkling of the Stars.
variety of their magnitudes:78. Stars
explicated.
^ theStars
are degrees ofbigne/s evfy in
'
this Principle
may
longer the Glares are,
and the bigger
apertures they willindure, the more fit they are for the/e dtfeoveries
\
'tis
probable, longer Glaffes
Whether from this^P the apparition of feme new sta
5.
M
1
.
r?*
£. S
tl
C
Whether there be fo great a
d
may
O
i
35
pi
f of dm •J
4
ttm
Clouds. ? pofe
{
to this pur-
Steepl
ofth
dift
e
Vlanets will not be more difficult > What wayes are moft like37 be found the diflance the of ly to reUifie
the
way of
Moon
Telefcopes f How to make th and how from them t
fitting
fuch Obft attons Obferv a 3
what fubfiances Moon may be cover d. with
f
j\ayes the from Whether 7. $6 bended into not are Mountains top of Ctrve-lines by inflexion ? An Argumont fir it,taken from an Experiment " ' '
Whether the
,
the true diflance of the*
-
litis
•
and
Ricciohis .and how defcrih'dhy th
clure at their caufe \
that
Moon a
find the Su, diflance the How of any time. Obfervators.Th two by found be may I 9 way by the Dicotomy of the Moon un
the
the hills
;
_
ptions
two
lit
Exp
Alabafter
of the ft
drift
feeming
344
to be refemblcdby . ^
the body out vapours of of of
Moon :
the 3,
nd a con
make it probable, that
mo„ft likely
of
A defer iption
theM
the pits of
face of boy I'd
made on St. Paul/
d by Hev
t
i
th
8.
call'
J
of a Vale in
iption
Moon ^ what
the
An Experiment
3*1 •
will this if fo,
Ph
tl
*-Of the Moon,
'A
'riot
Surf $
i
.
under and upper the between p fity he a TefieUirto Air the if 5
Whether,
Stars 2 a 1
Sword.
the height of the A'tr it
that
of Orion /
not be explicated ?
mqy be defin'd by
*
wouldyet
2.
3
\
accounted ofthe fame magnitude : the
be madeufe of for perfeeling Optiek. hoped be might from What ? Glaffes ,4 be do to were it if
th
the
dijlmgu^ht in the Pleiacjc r.that there
Quceries added
Whether
I
:m
24.1
verable by
Some
.Si
.
this propriety produces the effect
^Several Phenomena
I
Hypo-
Of the fixt Stars*
Obferv. $Q.
the
a
of 246
thefis*
;
3
the diflance of the
hitherto fuppos'd. Kepler'/ Suppofitu
Earth is compos d of parts of differing denjity , made probable by feveral Experiments and Obfew at ions how
1
That
certain.
of the
th c
that Earthquakes jeem to be\
generated much the fame way, and their effeUs feem very ftmilar. An Ar>
gument that the
there
may be fuel?
Moon
,
varia-
beeaufe greater
have been obferv din the Sun.becaufe 2 the fabjiance of the Moon and Earth feem much alike: andbecetufe bable the
Moon
principle
this is
:
h
^
'tis pro-
gravitating
argued from feveral
The reafon why feveral pits are one within another. The ufe that may be made of this lnftance of gravity in the Moon
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